Diodorus Siculus

Library of History, Volume XII

Fragments of Books 33-40

Translated by Francis R. Walton.

Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian of Agyrium in Sicily, ca. 80–20 BCE, wrote forty books of world history, called Library of History, in three parts: mythical history of peoples, non-Greek and Greek, to the Trojan War; history to Alexander's death (323 BCE); history to 54 BCE. Of this we have complete Books I–V (Egyptians, Assyrians, Ethiopians, Greeks) and Books XI–XX (Greek history 480–302 BCE); and fragments of the rest. He was an uncritical compiler, but used good sources and reproduced them faithfully. He is valuable for details unrecorded elsewhere, and as evidence for works now lost, especially writings of Ephorus, Apollodorus, Agatharchides, Philistus, and Timaeus.

The Loeb Classical Library edition of Diodorus Siculus is in twelve volumes.

Bibiliographic reference

Diodorus Siculus. Library of History, Volume XII: Fragments of Books 33-40. Translated by Francis R. Walton. Loeb Classical Library 423. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.

LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB 1911
EDITED BY
JEFFREY HENDERSON
DIODORUS OF SICILY
XII
LCL 423
i
ii

DIODORUS
OF SICILY
THE LIBRARY OF HISTORY
BOOKS XXXIII–XL
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
FRANCIS R. WALTON
GENERAL INDEX BY
RUSSEL M. GEER
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
LONDON, ENGLAND
iii

Copyright © 1967 by the President and Fellows
of Harvard College
All rights reserved
First published 1967
LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY® is a registered trademark
of the President and Fellows of Harvard College
ISBN 978-0-674-99465-2
Printed on acid-free paper and bound by
The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group
iv

Contents

  • introduction vii
  • The Library of History
    • book xxxiii fragments 2
    • book xxxiv and xxxv fragments 52
    • book xxxvi fragments 142
    • book xxxvii fragments 182
    • book xxxviii and xxxix fragments 240
    • book xl fragments 272
    • fragments of uncertain location 296
  • introductory note to index 307
  • table of olympiads and years 311
  • index to diodorus 318
  • concordance of editions 669
  • corrigenda 677
  • Volume I: Books 1-2.34 LCL 279
  • Volume II: Books 2.35-4.58 LCL 303
  • Volume III: Books 4.59-8 LCL 340
  • Volume IV: Books 9-12.40 LCL 375
  • Volume V: Books 12.41-13 LCL 384
  • Volume VI: Books 14-15.19 LCL 399
  • Volume VII: Books 15.20-16.65 LCL 389
  • Volume VIII: Books 16.66-17 LCL 422
  • Volume IX: Books 18-19.65 LCL 377
  • Volume X: Books 19.66-20 LCL 390
  • Volume XI: Books 21-32 LCL 409
v
vi

Introduction

In the Introduction to volume XI, p. xxiii, I noted that the text of the Photius fragments of Diodorus should, ideally, have been based on a collation of the two primary manuscripts of the Bibliotheca, A and M (Cod. Marc. Ven. 450 and 451), of which Bekker knew only the former. In 1959 a new edition of the Bibliotheca, a long-felt need, began to appear in the Budé series, “Collection Byzantine.” Edited and translated by René Henry, the work is now half-way to completion, and in due course we may expect to have a definitive text of the learned patriarch’s extracts from Diodorus. Meanwhile, Professor Henry has generously provided me with his collation of the manuscripts. Since my text was already prepared, and in proofs since 1957, it was not, unfortunately, possible to make direct use of this material. I have, however, recorded in the Addenda and Corrigenda a certain number of readings that seemed to be of particular importance or interest.

My particular thanks are due also to Mr. B. Panayiotopoulos and to Professor E. Gabba for their help in reading and interpreting an Athos manuscript of John of Antioch. This late but interesting document, which I have discussed at some length in Historic, 14 (1965), pp. 236–251, provides a new text for Bk. 38/9.5, and a new, if dubious, fragmentum sedis incertae (no. 15).

vii

Professor Frank J. Frost kindly called to my attention what appeared to be a new fragment of Diodorus in a scholion on Gregorius Nazianzenus (Piccolomini, Annali delle Università Toscane, xvi, p. 232). A discussion of the ὀβολός and other monetary units, it is specifically ascribed to Diodorus of Sicily. In fact, it is almost certainly by a later Diodorus, the author of the Περὶ σταθμῶν (cp. Suidas, s.v. τάλαντον). Though irrelevant to our present concern, I record its elimination to spare some future editor.

Francis R. Walton

Athens, May 1966

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Diodorus of Sicily

The Library of History of Diodorus of Sicily

Fragments of Books XXXIII–XL

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Diodorus of Sicily

FRAGMENTA LIBRI XXXIII

1. Ὅτι Λυσιτανοί, φησί, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον οὐκ ἔχοντες ἀξιόχρεων ἡγεμόνα εὐάλωτοι καθίσταντο Ῥωμαίοις πολεμοῦντες, ὕστερον δὲ Ὑριάτθου κυρήσαντες μεγάλα Ῥωμαίους ἔβλαψαν. ἦν μὲν οὖν οὗτος τῶν παρὰ τὸν Ὠκεανὸν οἰκούντων Λυσιτανῶν, ποιμαίνων δ᾿1 ἐκ παιδὸς ὀρείῳ βίῳ κατέστη συνήθης, συνεργὸν ἔχων καὶ τὴν τοῦ σώματος φύσιν· καὶ γὰρ ῥώμῃ καὶ τάχει καὶ τῇ τῶν λοιπῶν μερῶν εὐκινησίᾳ πολὺ διήνεγκε τῶν Ἰβήρων.2 2συνεθίσας δὲ αὑτὸν τροφῇ μὲν ὀλίγῃ γυμνασίοις δὲ πολλοῖς χρῆσθαι καὶ ὕπνῳ μέχρι μόνου τοῦ ἀναγκαίου, καθόλου δὲ σιδηροφορῶν συνεχῶς καὶ θηρίοις καὶ λῃσταῖς εἰς ἀγῶνας καθιστάμενος, περιβόητος ἐγένετο παρὰ τοῖς πλήθεσι, καὶ ἡγεμὼν αὐτοῖς

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The Library of History of Diodorus of Sicily

Fragments of Book XXXIII

1. The Lusitanians, says Diodorus, were at first for lack of any adequate leader an easy prey in their war with Rome, but later, after they found Viriathus, inflicted heavy losses on the Romans.1 This Viriathus was one of the Lusitanians who dwell near the ocean, and having been a shepherd from boyhood was a practised mountaineer; to this mode of life, indeed, his physical endowment well suited him, since in strength of arm, in speed of foot, and in agility and nimbleness generally he was far superior to the other Iberians. Having accustomed himself to a regime of little food, much exercise, and a bare minimum of sleep, and in short by living at all times under arms and in constant conflict with beasts of the wild and with brigands, he had made his name a byword with the populace, was chosen to be their leader, and in

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Diodorus of Sicily

ᾑρέθη, καὶ ταχὺ σύστημα περὶ ἑαυτὸν λῃστῶν ἤθροισε. καὶ προκόπτων ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις οὐ μόνον ἐθαυμαστώθη δι᾿ ἀλκήν, ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατηγεῖν 3ἔδοξε διαφερόντως. ἦν δὲ καὶ δίκαιος ἐν ταῖς διανομαῖς τῶν λαφύρων καὶ κατ᾿ ἀξίαν τοὺς ἀνδραγαθήσαντας ἐξῆρε1 τοῖς δώροις. προϊὼν δὲ οὐκέτι λῃστὴν ἀλλὰ δυνάστην αὑτὸν ἀναδείξας ἐπολέμησε Ῥωμαίοις καὶ πολλαῖς ἐκράτησε μάχαις, ὡς καὶ στρατηγὸν Ῥωμαίων Οὐιτέλλιον αὐτῷ καταπολεμῆσαι στρατῷ καὶ αἰχμάλωτον λαβεῖν καὶ ξίφει ἀνελεῖν, καὶ πολλὰ ἕτερα εὐημερῆσαι κατὰ πόλεμον, ἕως Φάβιος στρατηγὸς τοῦ πρὸς αὐτὸν πολέμου 4κεχειροτόνητο. ἐκεῖθεν δ᾿ ἐλαττοῦσθαι ἤρξατο ἐπ᾿ οὐκ ὀλίγον. εἶτα ἀναλαβὼν καὶ κατευδοκιμήσας Φαβίου εἰς συνθήκας αὐτὸν ἐλθεῖν ἀναξίους Ῥωμαίων ἠνάγκασεν. ἀλλ᾿ ὅ γε Καιπίων2 στρατηγεῖν καθ᾿ Ὑριάτθου αἱρεθεὶς τάς τε συνθήκας ἠκύρωσε, καὶ πολλάκις Ὑρίατθον ἐλαττώσας, εἶτα εἰς ἔσχατον ἥττης συνελάσας ὥστε καὶ πρὸς σπονδὰς ὁρᾶν, διὰ τῶν οἰκείων ἐδολοφόνησε. καὶ τὸν διαδεξάμενον αὐτοῦ τὴν στρατηγίαν Ταύταμον καὶ τοὺς μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ καταπληξάμενος καὶ σπονδὰς οἵας ἐβούλετο θέσθαι παρασκευασάμενος, ἔδωκε χώραν καὶ πόλιν εἰς κατοίκησιν.

(Photius, Bibl. pp. 383–384 B.)

5Ὅτι Ὑρίατθος ὁ λῄσταρχος ὁ Λυσιτανὸς καὶ

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a short while gathered about him a band of freebooters. By his success on the battlefield he not only won acclaim as a warrior but gained besides a reputation for exceptional qualities of leadership. He was, moreover, scrupulous in the division of spoils and according to their deserts honoured with gifts those of his men who distinguished themselves for bravery. As time went on he proclaimed himself chieftain, a brigand no more, and taking up arms against the Romans, he defeated them in many battles: the Roman general Vetilius,1 for147 b.c. example, he utterly crushed, with all his army, and taking the general himself captive, put him to death by the sword. He won many military successes besides, until Fabius2 was chosen to take charge of145/4 b.c. the war against him. Thereupon his fortunes began to decline in no small measure. Then, rallying, he won new laurels at the expense of Fabius and forced140 b.c. him to subscribe to a treaty unworthy of the Romans. But Caepio,3 on being picked to command the forces140/39 b.c. opposing Viriathus, annulled the treaty, and after first inflicting repeated reverses on Viriathus and then bringing him to utter defeat—so that he even sought a truce—got him assassinated by the man’s own kinsmen. Then, having cowed Tautamus, who succeeded to the command, and his army, and having arranged a treaty such as he wished to impose, he granted them land and a city in which to dwell.

Viriathus, the Lusitanian robbercaptain, was

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Diodorus of Sicily

δίκαιος ἦν ἐν ταῖς διανομαῖς τῶν λαφύρων καὶ κατ᾿ ἀξίαν τιμῶν τοὺς ἀνδραγαθήσαντας ἐξαιρέτοις δώροις, ἔτι δὲ οὐδὲν ἁπλῶς ἐκ τῶν κοινῶν νοσφιζόμενος. διὸ καὶ συνέβαινε τοὺς Λυσιτανοὺς1 προθυμότατα συγκινδυνεύειν αὐτῷ, τιμῶντας οἱονεί τινα κοινὸν εὐεργέτην καὶ σωτῆρα.

2. Ὅτι ὁ Πλαύτιος ὁ ἑξαπέλεκυς στρατηγὸς τῶν Ῥωμαίων κακὸς προστάτης ἐγένετο ἐν τῇ ἐπαρχίᾳ· ἀνθ᾿ ὧν κατάκριτος ἐν τῇ πατρίδι γενόμενος ἐπὶ τῷ τεταπεινωκέναι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔφυγεν ἐκ τῆς Ῥώμης.

3. Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Συρίαν Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ βασιλεὺς διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς ψυχῆς ἄχρηστος ὢν εἰς προστασίαν βασιλείας τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν ἐπέτρεψεν2 Ἱέρακι καὶ Διοδότῳ.

4. Ὅτι Δημήτριος, τεταπεινωμένης τῆς κατ᾿ Αἴγυπτον βασιλείας, καὶ μόνος ἀπολειφθεὶς ἀπολελύσθαι διέλαβεν ἑαυτὸν παντὸς κινδύνου. διόπερ τῆς συνήθους τοῖς ὄχλοις ἀρεσκείας καταφρονήσας καὶ βαρύτερος ἀεὶ μᾶλλον τοῖς προστάγμασι γινόμενος ἀπέσκηψεν εἰς ὠμότητα τυραννικὴν καὶ ποικίλων ἀνομημάτων ὑπερβολάς. αἰτία δ᾿ ἦν αὐτῷ

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scrupulous in the division of spoils: he based his rewards on merit, making special gifts to those of his men who distinguished themselves for bravery, and took for his own use not one thing belonging to the common store. In consequence the Lusitanians followed him wholeheartedly into battle, and honoured him as their common benefactor and saviour.

2. In his provincial governorship Plautius,1 the4146 b.c. Roman praetor, proved to be a poor leader. Found guilty on his return home on charges of minuta maiestas, he left Rome and went into exile.

3. In Syria King Alexander, whose weakness of145 b.c. (?) character rendered him incompetent to govern a kingdom, had turned over the administration of Antioch to Hierax and Diodotus.2

4. Demetrius, now that the royal power of Egypt145 b.c. had been shattered and he alone was left,3 assumed that he was quit of all danger. Scorning, therefore, to ingratiate himself with the populace as was customary, and waxing ever more burdensome in his demands upon them, he sank into ways of despotic brutality and extravagantly lawless behaviour of every sort. Now the responsibility for his disposition

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Diodorus of Sicily

τῆς διαθέσεως ταύτης οὐ μόνον ἡ φύσις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ τῆς βασιλείας προεστηκώς· οὗτος γὰρ ἀσεβὴς ὢν καὶ ῥᾳδιουργὸς πάντων τῶν κακῶν εἰσηγητὴς ἐγένετο, κολακεύων τὸ1 μειράκιον καὶ προτρεπόμενος 2πρὸς τὰς αἰσχίστας πράξεις. τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον τοὺς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ γεγονότας ἀλλοτρίους οὐ μετρίαις ἐπιτιμήσεσιν ἐκόλαζεν, ἀλλὰ τιμωρίαις ἐξηλλαγμέναις περιέβαλλεν. ἔπειτα τῶν Ἀντιοχέων χρωμένων πρὸς αὐτὸν τῇ συνηθείᾳ, ξενικὴν δύναμιν ἀξιόλογον ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς συνεστήσατο καὶ τὰ μὲν ὅπλα παρείλετο, τῶν δὲ μὴ προαιρουμένων παραδοῦναι τοὺς μὲν ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ διέφθειρεν, τοὺς δὲ ἐν ταῖς οἰκίαις μετὰ τέκνων καὶ γυναικῶν κατεκέντησεν. μεγάλης δὲ ταραχῆς γενομένης περὶ τὸν παροπλισμόν, 3τὰ πλεῖστα τῆς πόλεως ἐνέπρησε. πολλοὺς δὲ τῶν καταιτιαθέντων τιμωρησάμενος εἰς τὸ βασιλικὸν ταμεῖον τὰς οὐσίας ἀνέλαβε. διὰ δὲ τὸν φόβον καὶ τὸ μῖσος πολλοὶ τῶν Ἀντιοχέων φυγόντες ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος ἠλῶντο καθ᾿ ὅλην τὴν Συρίαν, τηροῦντες τοὺς κατὰ τοῦ βασιλέως καιρούς. ὁ δὲ Δημήτριος ὑπάρχων αὐτοῖς πολέμιος οὐ διέλιπε ποιῶν σφαγὰς καὶ φυγὰς καὶ χρημάτων ἀφαιρέσεις, πολὺ καὶ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς χαλεπότητα καὶ μιαιφονίαν 4ὑπερβαλόμενος. καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος οὐ βασιλικὴν ἐπιείκειαν ἀλλὰ τυραννικὴν παρανομίαν ἐζηλωκὼς ἀνηκέστοις κακοῖς τοὺς ὑποταττομένους περιεβεβλήκει· ὥστε συνέβαινε τοὺς μὲν ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς οἰκίας βασιλεῖς διὰ τὴν παρανομίαν μισεῖσθαι, τοὺς δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἑτέρας διὰ τὴν ἐπιείκειαν ἀγαπᾶσθαι.

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lay not only in his nature, but also with the man1 who was set over the kingdom. For he, being an impious knave, was the author of all these evils, since he flattered the youth and prompted him to deeds of utter infamy. In the first instance Demetrius chastened those who had been hostile to him in the war, not with mild censure, but visited them with outlandish punishments. Then, when the citizens of Antioch behaved towards him in their usual fashion, he arrayed against them a considerable body of mercenary troops and stripped the citizens of their arms; those who did not choose to hand them over he either slew in open combat or cut down, together with their wives and children, in their own homes; and when serious riots broke out over the disarming he set fire to the greater part of the city.2 After punishing many of those implicated, he confiscated their property to the royal purse. Many Antiochenes, in fear and hatred, fled the city and wandered all about Syria, biding their time to attack the king. Demetrius, now their avowed enemy, never ceased to murder, banish, and rob, and even outdid his father in harshness and thirst for blood. For in fact his father, who had affected, not a kingly equity, but a tyrant’s lawlessness, had involved his subjects in irremediable misfortunes, with the consequence that the kings of this house were hated for their transgressions, and those of the other house were loved for their equity.

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διὸ καὶ παρ᾿ ἕκαστον ἀγῶνες καὶ πόλεμοι συνεχεῖς ἐγίνοντο κατὰ Συρίαν, ἐφεδρευόντων ἀλλήλοις ἀεὶ τῶν δυναστῶν τῶν ἀφ᾿ ἑκάστης οἰκίας. καὶ γὰρ τὰ πλήθη διὰ τὴν τῶν κατιόντων ἀεὶ βασιλέων ἀρέσκειαν εὐθέτως εἶχε πρὸς τὰς μεταβολάς.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 294–295.)

4a. Ὅτι Διόδοτός τις ἐπικαλούμενος Τρύφων, ὑπάρχων δὲ ἐν πολλῷ ἀξιώματι τῶν παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ φίλων, ὁρῶν τὰς ὁρμὰς τῶν ὄχλων καὶ τὸ πρὸς τὸν δυνάστην μῖσος, ἀποστὰς τοῦ Δημητρίου καὶ ταχὺ πολλοὺς εὑρὼν κοινωνοῦντας τῆς προαιρέσεως . . . τοὺς περὶ τὴν Λάρισσαν διωνομασμένους ἐπ᾿ ἀνδρείᾳ καὶ τὴν ἐνθάδε κατοικίαν εἰληφότας δι᾿ ἀνδραγαθίαν, ἀποίκους δὲ ὄντας τῆς Θετταλικῆς Λαρίσσης, καὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ Σελεύκου1 τοῦ Νικάτορος βασιλεῦσι γεγονότας συμμάχους κατὰ τὸ πρῶτον ἄγημα τῆς ἱππικῆς δυνάμεως . . . ἐποιήσατο δὲ σύμμαχον καὶ τὸν τῆς Ἀραβίας δυνάστην Ἰάμβλιχον, ὃς ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων παραθήκην2 Ἀντίοχον τὸν Ἐπιφανῆ χρηματίζοντα, παῖδα μὲν τὴν ἡλικίαν, υἱὸν δὲ ὄντα Ἀλεξάνδρου. τούτῳ μὲν οὖν διάδημα περιθεὶς καὶ τὴν ἁρμόζουσαν βασιλεῖ θεραπείαν κατήγαγεν ἐπὶ τὴν πατρῴαν ἀρχήν. ὑπελάμβανε γάρ, ὅπερ ἦν εἰκός, τὰ πλήθη μεταβολῆς ὀρεγόμενα προθύμως τὸν παῖδα κατάξειν διὰ τὴν ἐπιείκειαν τῶν . . .3 βασιλέων καὶ διὰ τὴν τοῦ τότε ἄρχοντος παρανομίαν. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἀθροίσας μέτριον σύστημα κατεστρατοπέδευσε περὶ4

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Hence at any moment there were struggles and continual wars in Syria, as the princesxof each house constantly lay in wait for one another. The populace, in fact, welcomed the dynastic changes, since each king on being restored sought their favour.

4a. A certain Diodotus, also called Tryphon, who stood high in esteem among the king’s “Friends,” perceiving the excitement of the masses and their hatred for the prince, revolted from Demetrius, and soon finding large numbers ready to join him (enlisted first?) the men of Larissa, who were renowned for their courage, and had indeed received their present habitation as a reward of valour (for they were colonists from Thessalian Larissa), and as loyal allies to the royal line descended from Seleucus Nicator (had always fought?) in the front ranks of the cavalry. He also made an ally of the Arab sheikh Iamblichus1 who happened to have in his keeping Antiochus (styled Epiphanes),2 a mere child, the son of Alexander. Setting a diadem on his head and providing him with the retinue appropriate to a king, he restored the child to his father’s throne. For he supposed, as was only natural, that the populace, eager for a change, would welcome him home because of the equity of the kings (of this house?) and because of the lawlessness of the present ruler. Having collected a modest host he first

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πόλιν Χαλκίδα κειμένην ἐν τοῖς μεθορίοις τῆς Ἀραβίας, δυναμένην δὲ δυνάμεις ἐνδιατριβούσας διαθρέψαι καὶ παρέχεσθαι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν, ἐντεῦθέν τε1 ὁρμώμενος προσηγάγετο τοὺς πλησιοχώρους καὶ τῶν πρὸς πόλεμον χρησίμων τὰς παρασκευὰς ἐποιεῖτο. ὁ δὲ Δημήτριος πρῶτον μὲν ὡς λῃστοῦ τινος κατεφρόνει καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις συλλαβεῖν αὐτὸν προσέταξεν· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα παράδοξον δύναμιν περιποιησαμένου καὶ πρόσχημα τῆς ἰδίας τόλμης λαβόντος2 τὴν τοῦ παιδὸς κάθοδον ἐπὶ τὴν βασιλείαν, ἔγνω στρατηγὸν ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν ἐκπέμπειν.

(Const. Exc. 3, pp. 204–205.)

5. Ὅτι οἱ τὴν Ἄραδον οἰκοῦντες ὑπέλαβον καιρὸν εἰληφέναι πρὸς τὴν τῶν Μαραθηνῶν ἀπώλειαν. ἀποστείλαντες οὖν ἐν ἀπορρήτοις πρὸς Ἀμμώνιον τὸν προεστηκότα τῆς βασιλείας ἔπεισαν τριακοσίοις ταλάντοις παραδοῦναι τὴν Μάραθον αὐτοῖς. ὁ δὲ Ἰσίδωρον αὐτοῖς ἀπέστειλε λόγῳ μὲν ὡς ἐφ᾿ ἑτέρας χρείας, ἔργῳ δὲ τὴν πόλιν ἐξαιρήσοντα καὶ παραδώσοντα 2τοῖς Ἀραδίοις. οἱ δὲ Μαραθηνοὶ τὸν κεκυρωμένον καθ᾿ αὑτῶν ὄλεθρον ἀγνοοῦντες, τοὺς δὲ Ἀραδίους ὁρῶντες ἐν προτιμήσει παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ φερομένους, ἔγνωσαν τοὺς μὲν παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως στρατιώτας εἰς τὴν πόλιν μὴ προσδέχεσθαι, τῶν δὲ Ἀραδίων αὐτοὺς ἱκέτας γενέσθαι. εὐθὺς οὖν τῶν πρεσβυτάτων τοὺς ἐπιφανεστάτους παρ᾿ ἑαυτοῖς3 δέκα πρεσβευτὰς ἐξέπεμψαν εἰς τὴν Ἄραδον ἱκετηρίαν κομίζοντας4 μεθ᾿ ἑαυτῶν καὶ τὰ παλαιότατα τῶν κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἀφιδρυμάτων· ὑπελάμβανον

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encamped around Chaleis, a city situated on the Arabian border and capable of supporting an army quartered there and assuring it safety; with this as his base he brought over the neighbouring regions and accumulated the supplies needed for war. Demetrius at first made light of him as a mere brigand, and ordered his soldiers to arrest the man, but later, when Tryphon had built up an army of unexpected size and taken as a pretext for his own venture the restoration of the boy to his kingdom, Demetrius resolved to dispatch a general against him.

5. The inhabitants of Aradus thought that the(?) moment had come to destroy the city of Marathus. Sending secretly therefore to Ammonius,1 the prime minister of the realm, they persuaded him by a gift of three hundred talents to betray Marathus to them. He sent Isidorus to Marathus, ostensibly on some other business, in reality to seize the city and hand it over to the Aradians. But the Marathenes, ignorant of the doom pronounced against them and aware that the Aradians stood high in favour with the king, resolved not to admit into the city the soldiers sent by the king, and instead to appeal personally for help from Aradus. Accordingly they at once selected ten of their oldest citizens, men of the highest distinction, and sent them to Aradus bearing branches of supplication, and carrying with them the most ancient of the city’s idols, hoping,

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γὰρ ἐλέῳ συγγενείας1 καὶ θεῶν εὐσεβείᾳ μεταθήσειν τὴν πᾶσαν ὀργὴν τῶν Ἀραδίων. 3οἱ δὲ κατὰ τὰς δεδομένας ἐντολὰς ἐκβάντες τῆς νηὸς εἰς ἱκεσίαν καὶ δέησιν ἐτρέποντο τῶν ὄχλων. οἱ δὲ Ἀράδιοι ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἀνηρτημένοι κατεφρόνησαν μὲν τῶν κοινῶν τῆς ἱκεσίας νόμων, παρ᾿ οὐδὲν δὴ ἡγήσαντο τὴν τῶν συγγενικῶν ἀφιδρυμάτων καὶ θεῶν εὐσέβειαν· διόπερ τὰ μὲν τῶν θεῶν ἀγάλματα συντρίψαντες ὑβριστικῶς κατεπάτησαν, τοὺς δὲ πρεσβευτὰς ἐπεβάλοντο τοῖς λίθοις καταλεύειν. πρεσβυτέρων δέ τινων ἐπιλαβομένων τῆς ὁρμῆς τῶν ὄχλων, μόγις διὰ τὴν τούτων ἐντροπὴν τοῦ βάλλειν ἀποσχόμενοι προσέταξαν εἰς τὴν φυλακὴν αὐτοὺς ἀπαγαγεῖν.

(Const. Exc. 1, p. 405.)

4Ὅτι οἱ Ἀράδιοι ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἀνηρτημένοι τοὺς πρεσβευτὰς ἠτίμασαν. ἐπιβοωμένων δὲ τῶν ἀτυχούντων2 τὴν ἱερὰν τῶν ἱκετῶν τιμὴν καὶ τὴν ἄδειαν τῆς τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἀσυλίας, παροξυνθέντες οἱ τολμηρότατοι τῶν νέων ἐξεκέντησαν τοὺς ἱκέτας. οἱ δὲ ἀνόσιον φόνον ἐπιτελεσάμενοι συνέδραμον ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ τοῖς ἑαυτῶν παρανομήμασι συνεπιχειρονομοῦντες ἄλλην κατὰ τῶν Μαραθηνῶν ἐπιβουλὴν3 5ἀσεβῆ συνεστήσαντο. περιελόμενοι γὰρ τῶν σφαγέντων τοὺς δακτυλίους ἔπεμψαν ὡς παρὰ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἐπιστολὴν πρὸς τὸν δῆμον τῶν Μαραθηνῶν, ἐν ᾗ ἐδήλουν ἐπαγγελλομένους τοὺς Ἀραδίους πέμψαι4 στρατιώτας τοὺς βοηθήσοντας, ὅπως πιστευσάντων τῶν Μαραθηνῶν ὡς πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ἔχειν συμμάχους ἀποστελλομένους, προσδεχθῶσιν

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by an appeal to the ties of kinship and to reverence for the gods, to effect a complete change in the attitude of the Aradians. The emissaries, following instructions, disembarked from their ship and addressed their appeals and supplications to the populace. The Aradians, keyed to a frenzy, paid no heed to the laws everywhere observed with respect to suppliants, and counted as nought the reverence due to the images and gods of a kindred people. So, dashing to pieces the divine images they wantonly trampled them under foot, and attempted to stone the envoys to death. But when a few elderly men intervened to check the excited mob, the crowd reluctantly and in deference to the elders stopped throwing stones, but bade them lead the envoys off to prison.

The Aradians, keyed to a frenzy, showed no respect for the envoys. And when the hapless emissaries in protest invoked the sacred rights of suppliants and the inviolability assured to envoys, the most reckless of the young men in a fury ran them through. As soon as the unholy slaughter was ended, they rushed to the assembly, and compounding their offences contrived yet another impious plot against the Marathenes. Stripping the dead men of their rings,1 they sent a letter to the people of Marathus, ostensibly from the ambassadors, in which they informed them that the Aradians promised to send soldiers to their aid, hoping that, if the Marathenes believed that they had, in truth, allies on the way, their soldiers would be admitted to the

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6οἱ παρ᾿ αὐτῶν1 στρατιῶται. οὐ μὴν ἠδυνήθησάν γε τὴν ἄνομον ἐπιβολὴν εἰς πέρας ἀγαγεῖν, ἀνδρὸς εὐσεβοῦς καὶ δικαίου κατελεήσαντος τὴν τύχην τῶν μελλόντων πάσχειν ἀνήκεστα. τῶν γὰρ Ἀραδίων πάντα τὰ πλοῖα παρελομένων, ὅπως μηδεὶς δυνηθῇ δηλῶσαι τοῖς ἐπιβουλευομένοις τὴν κατ᾿ αὐτῶν σκευωρίαν, θαλαττουργός τις πρὸς τοὺς Μαραθηνοὺς οἰκείως διακείμενος καὶ τὸν αὐλῶνα τὸν περὶ ἐκείνους τοὺς τόπους ἐργαζόμενος, παρῃρημένης αὐτοῦ τῆς ἁλιάδος, διενήξατο νυκτὸς τὸν πόρον καὶ παραβόλως διήνυσε τοὺς ὀκτὼ σταδίους καὶ ἐδήλωσε τοῖς Μαραθηνοῖς τὴν κατ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐπιβουλήν. οἱ δὲ Ἀράδιοι γνόντες διὰ τῶν κατασκόπων μεμηνυμένην τὴν ἰδίαν ἐπιβολὴν ἀπέστησαν τῆς διὰ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν κακουργίας.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 295–296.)

5a. Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Πισιδίαν Μολκέστης2 τις ἦν, τὸ μὲν γένος Βουβωνεύς, ἀξίωμα δὲ μέγιστον ἔχων τῶν περὶ τοὺς τόπους τούτους κατοικούντων, διά τε τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν στρατηγὸς αἱρούμενος. ἐπὶ πολὺ δὲ ἰσχύων σωματοφύλακας ἔσχε καὶ φανερῶς ἑαυτὸν ἀνέδειξε τύραννον. μετὰ δέ τινας χρόνους ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ Σεμίας, σπεύδων εἰς ἑαυτὸν περιστῆσαι τὴν δυναστείαν καὶ πιστευόμενος ὡς ἂν ἀδελφός, ἀνεῖλε τὸν Μοκέλτην καὶ τὴν τυραννίδα διεδέξατο. οἱ δὲ υἱοὶ τοῦ σφαγέντος, ἀντίπαιδες ἔτι τὴν ἡλικίαν ὄντες, ὑπό τινος συγγενοῦς ἀπήχθησαν εἰς τὴν Τερμησσὸν3 λαθραίως. ἐν ταύτῃ δὲ

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city. They were not, however, able to carry through their wicked design, since a god-fearing and upright man took pity on their fate even as they were about to be utterly ruined. Though the Aradians had removed all boats, so that no one should be able to reveal to the intended victims the intrigue aimed at them, a certain seaman, well disposed towards the Marathenes and accustomed to ply the waterways thereabouts, swam by night across the strait (for his own bark had been taken away), safely accomplished the perilous mile-long crossing, and revealed to the Marathenes the plot against them. And when the Aradians learned through spies that their project had been made known, they gave up the villainous scheme of the letters.

5a. In Pisidia there was a man named Molcestes1:145/39 b.c. a native of Boubo, he stood first in esteem among all in those parts, and because of his prominence was chosen general. As his power grew, he obtained bodyguards, and then openly proclaimed himself tyrant. After a certain time his brother, Semias, who sought to transfer the power to himself and who was trusted as a brother would be, slew Moceltes and succeeded to his position. The sons of the murdered man, who at the time were still in their teens, were secretly taken by a kinsman to Termessus. There they were reared, and on reaching

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τραφέντες καὶ γενηθέντες ἐνήλικοι τόν τε πατρῷον φόνον μετῆλθον, καὶ τὸν τύραννον ἀνελόντες δυναστεύειν οὐ προείλαντο, τῇ δὲ πατρίδι τὴν δημοκρατίαν ἀπεκατέστησαν.

(Const. Exc. 3, p. 205.)

6. Ὅτι ὁ Πτολεμαῖος ὁ τοῦ Πτολεμαίου τοῦ Φιλομήτορος ἀδελφὸς βασιλεύσας ἐξ ἀνομημάτων ἤρξατο μεγάλων διοικεῖν τὰ κατὰ τὴν βασιλείαν· πολλοὺς μὲν γὰρ ψευδέσιν1 αἰτίαις περιβάλλων ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντας αὐτῷ ὠμῶς καὶ παρανόμως ἀνῄρει, ἄλλους2 δὲ ποικίλαις προφάσεσι συκοφαντῶν ὡς ἀδικοῦντας ἐφυγάδευε καὶ τὰς τούτων οὐσίας ἀφῃρεῖτο. ἐφ᾿ οἶς δυσχεραινόντων καὶ ἀγανακτούντων, τὴν παρὰ πάντων ὀργὴν ἐπαναιρούμενος ταχὺ τοῖς ὑποτεταγμένοις ἦλθεν εἰς μῖσος. ὅμως ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη πεντεκαίδεκα.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 296.)

6a. Διόδωρος δέ φησιν ὅτι πεντεκαίδεκα (ἔτη) ὁ νεώτερος Πτολεμαῖος ἐβασίλευσεν μετὰ τὸν πρεσβύτερον ἀδελφόν, πολλάς τε παρανομίας διεπράξατο τήν τε ἰδίαν ἀδελφὴν ἀδελφὴν Κλεοπάτραν γήμας καὶ πολλοὺς διαβάλλων3 ψευδῶς ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοντας αὐτῷ, καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἀναιρῶν τοὺς δὲ συκοφαντίαις φυγαδεύων καὶ τὰς οὐσίας αὐτῶν ἀφαιρούμενος. (Georgius Syncellus, p. 539 Dind.)

7. Ὅτι Ὑρίατθος, πολλῶν παρατεθέντων κατὰ τὸν γάμον ἀργυρῶν τε καὶ χρυσῶν ἐκπωμάτων καὶ ποικίλων καὶ παντοδαπῶν ὑφασμάτων, τῇ λόγχῃ προσαιωρησάμενος ἀπεθεώρει τὸ τοιοῦτο πλῆθος, οὐ θαυμάζων οὐδὲ4 ἐκπληττόμενος, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον καταφρονήσεως ἔννοιαν ἐπιφαίνων. καὶ πολλὰ

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full manhood set out to avenge their father’s murder. But after slaying the tyrant, they elected not to assume power themselves, but restored their country’s popular government.

6. Ptolemy,1 the brother of Ptolemy Philometor,145 b.c. on becoming king began his administration of the realm with flagrant breaches of the law. There were many persons, for example, whom he ensnared on false charges of plotting against him, and cruelly and illegally put to death; others he falsely charged with crime on various counts, and driving them into exile confiscated their property. As these acts provoked dissatisfaction and resentment, he brought upon himself the wrath of the entire populace and soon became an object of hatred to his subjects. None the less he ruled for fifteen years.

6a. Diodorus says that the younger Ptolemy, succeeding his elder brother, ruled for fifteen years, and committed many lawless acts: he married his own sister, Cleopatra,2 falsely accused many of plotting against him, and putting some to death, drove others into exile by his charges and seized their property.

7. Viriathus, when many gold and silver cups and all sorts of broidered robes had been set out for his wedding, supporting himself on his lance, regarded the lavish display with no sign of admiration or wonder, but showed rather a feeling of disdain. He

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εἰπὼν πραγματικῶς ἀποκρίσει μιᾷ πολλὰς ἐμφάσεις ἀπέλειπεν1 ἀχαριστίας εἰς τοὺς εὐεργέτας καὶ ἀφροσύνης . . . ἐπὶ τὸ μέγα φρονεῖν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀστάτοις τῆς τύχης δωρήμασιν, τὸ δὲ μέγιστον, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ περιβόητος τοῦ συγκηδεστοῦ πλοῦτος δοῦλος ἦν τοῦ τὴν λόγχην ἔχοντος, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ὅτι χάριν αὐτῷ μᾶλλον ὀφείλει, δίδωσιν δὲ οὐδὲν 2ἴδιον τῷ κυρίῳ πάντων. ὁ δ᾿ οὖν Ὑρίατθος οὔτε ἐλούσατο λιπαρούντων οὔτε κατεκλίθη· τραπέζης δὲ παρατεθείσης παντοδαπῶν βρωμάτων, ἀφελὼν ἄρτους καὶ κρέα τοῖς μεθ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ πορευθεῖσιν ἔδωκε καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπὸ χειρῶν βραχέα προσενεγκάμενος ἄγειν ἐκέλευσε τὴν νύμφην. θύσας δὲ τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ τὰ2 νομιζόμενα παρ᾿ Ἴβηρσι ποιήσας ἐπέθετο τὴν παρθένον ἐπὶ τὴν ἵππον, καὶ παραχρῆμα ἀπήλαυνεν εἰς τὰς ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσι παρασκευάς.3 3ὑπελάμβανεν γὰρ τὴν μὲν αὐτάρκειαν μέγιστον ὑπάρχειν πλοῦτον, τήν δὲ ἐλευθερίαν πατρίδα, τὴν δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀνδρείας ὑπεροχὴν βεβαιοτάτην κτῆσιν. ἦν δὲ ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος καὶ κατὰ τὰς ὁμιλίας4 εὔστοχος, ὡς ἂν ἐξ αὐτοδιδάκτου καὶ ἀδιαστρόφου φύσεως ἀμωμήτους φέρων τοὺς λόγους. (Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 296–297.)

4Ὅτι ὁ Ὑρίατθος, ἐπὶ τὸν γάμον πολλῶν προτεθέντων πραγμάτων καὶ πολυτελῶν, ὡς ἄδην5 εἶχε τῆς θέας, ἐπηρώτησε τὸν Ἀστόλπαν, Εἶτα6 ταῦθ᾿ ὁρῶντες οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι παρὰ σοὶ κατὰ τὰς ἑστιάσεις

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also in a single remark spoke volumes of good sense, and he let fall many statements about ingratitude towards benefactors and about folly . . . at being puffed up over the unstable gifts of fortune: above all, that the much-touted wealth of his father-in-law was itself subject to the man who held the spear; further, that he owed him a greater debt than others, yet offered him, the true master of it all, no personal gift.1 Viriathus therefore neither bathed nor took his place at table, though importuned to do so, but when a table with viands of all sorts was set before him, he took bread and meat and gave it to those who had made the journey with him; then, after casually2 taking a few morsels himself, he ordered them to fetch the bride. Having offered sacrifice and performed the rites customary among the Iberians, he set the maiden on his mare and rode off at once to the place he had in readiness in the mountains. For he considered self-sufficiency his greatest wealth, freedom his country, and the eminence won by bravery his securest possession. He was a man who in conversation too went straight to the mark, since the words he uttered were the faultless outpouring of an untutored and unspoilt nature.

When many costly objects had been set out for his wedding, Viriathus, having looked his fill, said to Astolpas: “How is it, pray, that the Romans, who saw all this at your banquets, kept their hands

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πῶς τῆς τούτων πολυτελείας ἀπείχοντο, δυνάμενοι ταῦτ᾿ ἀφαιρεῖσθαι διὰ τὴν ἐξουσίαν; τοῦ δὲ εἰπόντος ὅτι πολλῶν εἰδότων1 οὐδεὶς ἐπεβάλετο λαβεῖν ἢ αἰτῆσαι, Τί οὖν, εἶπεν, ἄνθρωπε, διδόντων σοι τὴν ἄδειαν καὶ τὴν ἀσφαλῆ τούτων ἀπόλαυσιν τῶν κρατούντων, καταλιπὼν τούτους ἐπεθύμησας τῆς ἐμῆς ἀγραυλίας καὶ ἀγενείας οἰκεῖος γενέσθαι;

5Ἦν δὲ οὗτος κατὰ τὰς ὁμιλίας2 εὔστοχος, ὡς ἂν ἐξ αὐτοδιδάκτου καὶ ἀδιαστρόφου φύσεως φέρων τοὺς λόγους· καὶ γὰρ τῶν τὴν Τύκκην οἰκούντων οὐδέποτε μενόντων ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς αἱρέσεως, ἀλλ᾿ ὁτὲ μὲν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ὁτὲ δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀφισταμένων, καὶ πολλάκις τοῦτο πραττόντων, αἶνόν τινα διελθὼν οὐκ ἀσόφως ἔσκωψεν ἅμα καὶ ἐπέπληξε 6τὸ τῆς κρίσεως αὐτῶν ἀβέβαιον. ἔφη γάρ τινα μέσον ἤδη τὴν ἡλικίαν ὄντα γαμῆσαι δύο γυναῖκας, καὶ τὴν μὲν νεωτέραν ἐξομοιοῦν ἑαυτῇ φιλοτιμουμένην τὸν ἄνδρα ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς τὰς πολιὰς ἐκτίλλειν αὐτοῦ, τὴν δὲ γραῦν τὰς μελαίνας, καὶ πέρας ὑπ᾿ ἀμφοτέρων αὐτὸν ἐκτιλλόμενον ταχὺ γενέσθαι φαλακρόν. τὸ παραπλήσιον δὲ καὶ τοῖς τὴν Τύκκην οἰκοῦσιν ἔσεσθαι· τῶν μὲν γὰρ Ῥωμαίων ἀποκτεινόντων3 τοὺς ἀλλοτρίως πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἔχοντας, τῶν δὲ Λυσιτανῶν ἀναιρούντων τοὺς αὑτῶν ἐχθρούς, 7ταχὺ τὴν πόλιν ἐρημωθήσεσθαι. πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἕτερά φασιν αὐτὸν ἐν βραχέσιν4 ἀποφθέγξασθαι, τῆς μὲν ἐγκυκλίου παιδείας ἄπειρον ὄντα, πρακτικῇ δὲ συνέσει πεπαιδευμένον· ἀνδρὸς γὰρ ἀκολούθως τῇ φύσει ζῶντος σύντομος λόγος ἐστὶν ἀρετῇ συνησκημένος,

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off such valuables, though it was in their power to wrest them from you?” When Astolpas replied that no one had ever moved to seize or ask for them, though many knew of their existence, he said: “Then why in the world, man, if the authorities granted you immunity and the secure enjoyment of these things, did you desert them and choose to ally yourself with my nomadic life and my humble company?”

This was, indeed, a man who in conversation went straight to the mark, since his words flowed from an untutored and unspoilt nature. So, for example, a propos of the people of Tucca,1 who never stuck to the same course, but went over now to the Romans, now to him, and often repeated these moves, he told a story that subtly rallied, and at the same time rebuked their uncertainty of purpose. There was, he said, a certain middle-aged man who took two wives. The younger, eager to have her husband resemble her, pulled out his grey hairs, while the old woman pulled out the black ones, until between them he was soon left quite bald.2 A similar fate, he said, would be in store for the people of Tucca; for as the Romans put to death those who were at odds with them and the Lusitanians did away with their enemies, the city would soon be left empty. He is said to have made many other pithy remarks as well, for though he had had no formal education, he was schooled in the understanding of practical affairs. For the speech of one who lives according to nature is concise, being a by-product of virtuous

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τὸ δὲ ἀφελείᾳ λόγου βραχέως καὶ ἀπερίττως ῥηθὲν τοῦ μὲν εἰπόντος ἀπόφθεγμα γίνεται, τοῦ δὲ ἀκούσαντος ἀπομνημόνευμα.

8. Ὅτι φιλεῖ ἡ μὲν ἀσθένεια καὶ ταπεινότης ἀεὶ τὴν λιτὴν αὐτάρκειαν καὶ τὸ δίκαιον, ἡ δὲ ὑπεροχὴ τὴν πλεονεξίαν καὶ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀδικίας παρανομίαν.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 382.)

9. Ὅτι ὁ Δημήτριος ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ διατρίβων ῥᾳθύμως διῆγε, πότους τε συνάγων καὶ ταῖς πολυτελεστάταις ἀπολαύσεσιν ἐκκεχυμένως χρώμενος. ὁμοίως δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἀγωγὴν ὁ αὐτὸς διέμεινεν εἰς πολλοὺς εἰκῇ παρανομῶν καὶ μὴ δυνάμενος ὑπὸ τῶν ἐλαττωμάτων διορθωθῆναι.

10. Ὅτι οἱ Κνώσιοι τῶν πρωτείων ἀντείχοντο. προῆγεν δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς ἡγεμονίας φιλοτιμίαν τὸ παλαιὸν ἀξίωμα τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῶν προγόνων ἡ διαβεβοημένη1 δόξα κατὰ τοὺς ἡρωικοὺς χρόνους· τόν τε γὰρ Δία παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς τεθράφθαι2 μυθολογοῦσί τινες καὶ Μίνω τὸν θαλαττοκρατήσαντα Κνώσιον ὄντα παιδευθῆναι ὑπὸ Διὸς καὶ πολὺ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρετῇ διενεγκεῖν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 297.)

11. Ὅτι κατὰ τὸν μῦθον τὸν λεγόμενον περὶ Ἀγαμέμνονος, ὡς ἔθετο ἀρὰν κατὰ τῶν ἀπολειφθέντων εἰς Κρήτην στρατιωτῶν, παλαιὰ διαμένει παρὰ τοῖς Κρησὶ παροιμία δι᾿ ἑνὸς στίχου μηνύουσα τὴν νῦν γενηθεῖσαν περιπέτειαν,

Αἰαῖ, Περγάμιοι παρά τοι κακὸν ἡγήσαντο.3 (Const. Exc. 4, p. 383.)

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pursuits; and when a thing is stated simply, briefly, and without frills, the speaker is credited with a pointed saying, while the hearer has something to remember.

8. Weakness and a lowly status in life foster a frugal self-sufficiency and honesty, but a lofty estate goes hand in hand with self-aggrandizement and a disregard for law that is rooted in dishonesty.

9. Demetrius, during his stay at Laodiceia, spent145/4 b.c his time idly, giving drinking parties and lavishly indulging in the most costly pleasures. So too his public conduct remained unchanged, in that he continued to commit random outrages on many persons and was incapable of profiting by his reverses to mend his ways.

10. The men of Cnossos clung stubbornly to their primacy. What prompted them to ambitions of leadership was the ancient repute of their city and the widespread fame of their ancestors in the heroic age. For Zeus, as some tell the tale, was reared among them, and Minos, the sea-lord, who was a Cnossian, was educated by Zeus and far surpassed all other men in valiancy.

11. In keeping with the tale told about Agamemnon, how he laid a curse on the soldiers left behind in Crete, there is still current among the Cretans an ancient proverb, which in a single verse prophesies the unexpected disaster that now took place:

Alas, the men of Pergamus were heedless of ruin.1

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12. Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Αἴγυπτον τὸν Πτολεμαῖον διὰ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ἀρχομένους ὠμότητα καὶ παρανομίαν οὐ μετρίως ἐμίσει τὸ πλῆθος. παράλληλος γὰρ ὁ τούτου τρόπος πρὸς τὸν τοῦ Φιλομήτορος θεωρούμενος οὐδὲ σύγκρισιν ἐπεδέχετο διὰ τὰς παρ᾿ ἀμφοτέροις ὑπερβολάς, τοῦ μὲν ἐπιεικείας, τοῦ δὲ ὠμότητος καὶ μιαιφονίας. διὸ τὰ πλήθη καὶ1 πρὸς μεταβολὴν οἰκείως ἔχοντα τὸν τῆς ἀποστάσεως2 ἐκαραδόκει καιρόν.

13. Ὅτι Πτολεμαίου κατὰ τὴν Μέμφιν ἐνθρονιζομένου τοῖς βασιλείοις κατὰ τοὺς Αἰγυπτίων νόμους, παῖς ἐγένετο ἐκ τῆς Κλεοπάτρας τῷ βασιλεῖ. ἡσθεὶς δὲ διαφερόντως προσηγόρευσε τὸν παῖδα Μεμφίτην ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως καθ᾿ ἣν τὰς θυσίας ἐπιτελοῦντος ἐγεννήθη. ἄγων δὲ παιδογόνια καὶ τῇ συνήθει μιαιφονίᾳ χρώμενος προσέταξεν ἀποκτεῖναι τῶν Κυρηναίων τοὺς συγκαταγαγόντας μὲν αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, ἐγκαλουμένους δὲ ἐπί τισι δικαίαις παρρησίαις διὰ τὴν παλλακὴν Εἰρήνην. (Ζήτει ἐν τῷ Περὶ Γάμων.)

14. Ὅτι Διήγυλις ὁ τῶν Θρᾳκῶν βασιλεὺς παραλαβὼν τὴν βασιλείαν, καὶ παραδόξως αὐτῷ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐπιρρεόντων, οὐκέτι τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων ὡς φίλων καὶ συμμάχων ἦρχεν, ἀλλ᾿ ὡς ἀργυρωνήτων ἀνδραπόδων ἢ πολεμίων αἰχμαλώτων ὠμῶς3 ἐδέσποζεν. πολλοὺς μὲν γὰρ καλοὺς καὶ ἀγαθοὺς

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12. The Egyptian populace cherished a deep hatred for Ptolemy because of his brutality towards his subjects and his lawless conduct. For when his character was considered side by side with that of Philometor it did not even admit of comparison, since each of the two went to an extreme, the one of equity, the other of bloodthirsty brutality. Therefore the populace was ripe for a change and awaited the proper moment to revolt.

13. While Ptolemy was being enthroned in his144 b.c. palace at Memphis in accordance with Egyptian custom, Cleopatra bore the king a son. Exceedingly pleased, he surnamed the child Memphites, after the city in which he was performing sacrifice when the child was born. During the birth festival, indulging his usual thirst for blood he ordered the execution of the Cyreneans who had accompanied him on his return to Egypt, but were now under accusation for certain frank and honest statements because of his concubine, Irenê.1

14. When Diegylis, the king of the Thracians,2 ascended the throne and the tide of fortune was flowing in his favour beyond all expectations, he ceased to govern his subjects as friends and comrades-in-arms, but lorded it over them harshly as if they were bought slaves or captive foes. Many were the

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ἄνδρας Θρᾳκῶν ἀνεῖλε μετ᾿ αἰκίας, οὐκ ὀλίγους δὲ ὕβριζεν καὶ ταῖς ἐσχάταις παροινίαις περιέβαλλεν. οὐ γὰρ ἦν οὐ γυναικὸς οὐ παιδὸς αὐτῷ κάλλος ἄθικτον, οὐ κατασκευὴ κτημάτων πολυτελὴς ἀναφαίρετος, ἀλλὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ὑφ᾿ ἑαυτὸν δυναστείαν 2ἐπλήρου παρανομίας. ἐπόρθει δὲ καὶ τῶν Ἑλληνίδων πόλεων τὰς πλησιοχώρους καὶ τῶν ἁλισκομένων οὓς μὲν ὕβριζεν, οὓς δὲ δειναῖς καὶ παρηλλαγμέναις αἰκίαις ἐτιμωρεῖτο. κυριεύσας δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς πόλεως Λυσιμαχείας, τεταγμένης ὑπὸ τὸν Ἄτταλον, τὴν μὲν πόλιν ἐνέπρησεν, τῶν δὲ αἰχμαλώτων ἐπιλέξας τοὺς ἀξιολογωτάτους ἰδίαις καὶ παρηλλαγμέναις κατ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐχρήσατο τιμωρίαις. 3παίδων μὲν γὰρ ἀποκόπτων χεῖρας καὶ πόδας καὶ κεφαλὰς ἐξῆπτε ταῦτα φέρειν τοῖς τῶν γονέων τραχήλοις, ἀνδρῶν δὲ καὶ γυναικῶν ἐκταμὼν1 διήλλαττεν ἀμφοτέρων τὰ μέλη, καὶ τινὰς μὲν χειροκοπήσας διεμέλιζεν τὰ σώματα κατὰ ῥάχιν, ἔστιν δ᾿ ὅτε καὶ τὰς διακοπὰς ἐπ᾿ ἄκραις ταῖς λόγχαις ἔφερεν,2 ὡς Φάλαριν καὶ τὸν Κασσανδρέων τύραννον Ἀπολλόδωρον ὑπερβάλλειν ὠμότητι. παραλιπὼν δ᾿ ἄν τις τὰ λοιπὰ τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν μιαιφονίας ἐξ ἑνὸς τοῦ μέλλοντος λέγεσθαι τεκμήραιτο τὴν ὑπερβολὴν 4τῆς ὠμότητος. γάμων ἀγομένων τούτῳ κατά τι Θρᾳκικὸν παλαιὸν ἔθος δύο νεανίσκους Ἕλληνας ἐκ τῆς Ἀτταλικῆς βασιλείας καθ᾿ ὁδοιπορίαν συνήρπασεν, ἀδελφοὺς μὲν ὑπάρχοντας, τῇ δὲ εὐπρεπείᾳ διαφόρους, τὸν μὲν ἴουλον κατάγοντα, τὸν δὲ ὑπογραφὴν ἄρτι λαμβάνοντα ταύτης τῆς

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fine, noble Thracians he tortured and put to death, and many were the victims of his abusive treatment and unbridled violence. There was no woman, no boy whose beauty he left intact, no rich store of possessions that was left undiminished: the whole realm was full of his lawlessness. He ravaged also the Greek cities along his borders, and the captives were subjected to his outrages or punished with terrible and exquisite tortures. Becoming master of Lysimacheia, a city subject to Attalus, he set the city afire, and picking out the most prominent of the captives visited them with peculiar and outlandish punishments. He would, for example, cut off the hands and feet and heads of children and hang them about their parents’ necks to wear, or cut off the parts of husbands and wives and exchange them; at times, after lopping off his victims’ hands, he would split them down the spine, and on occasion would even carry the hewn halves on the points of spears, whereby he surpassed in cruelty Phalaris and the tyrant of Cassandreia, Apollodorus.1 Even leaving out of account all the rest of his bloodthirstiness, one could judge of his surpassing cruelty by the single instance now to be related. In the course of celebrating his marriage according to ancient Thracian usage, he seized two young travellers, Greeks from the kingdom of Attalus, a pair of brothers, both strikingly handsome, one with the first down sprouting on his cheeks, the other just

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5ἀκμῆς. τούτους ἀμφοτέρους καταστέψας ἱερείου τρόπον εἰσήγαγε, καὶ τὸν μὲν νεώτερον κατατείνας μακρὸν διὰ τῶν ὑπηρετῶν ὡς μέσον διακόψων, ἀνεφώνησεν ὡς οὐχ ὁμοίοις1 ἱερείοις δεῖ χρῆσθαι τοὺς ἰδιώτας καὶ τοὺς βασιλεῖς. κλαίοντος δὲ τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου καὶ φιλάδελφον πάθος προφαίνοντος καὶ τιθέντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὸ τὸν σίδηρον, προσέταξεν τοῖς ὑπηρέταις καὶ τοῦτον ὁμοίως τεῖναι μακρόν. διπλασιάζων δὲ τὴν ὠμότητα καὶ μιᾷ πληγῇ καθ᾿ ἑκατέρου2 χρησάμενος ἐν ἀμφοτέροις εὐστόχησε, παιᾶνι τῶν θεωμένων ἐπισημηνάντων τὴν κατόρθωσιν. πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα παράνομα ἐποίησεν.

15. Ὅτι ὁ Ἄτταλος ἀκούων τὸν Διήγυλιν παρὰ τοῖς ὑποτεταγμένοις διαβεβλῆσθαι διά τε τὴν πλεονεξίαν καὶ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς ὠμότητος ἐζήλωσε τὴν ἐναντίαν προαίρεσιν. διὸ καὶ τοὺς ἁλισκομένους τῶν Θρᾳκῶν ἀπολύων μετὰ φιλανθρωπίας πολλοὺς ἔσχε κήρυκας τῆς ἰδίας ἐπιεικείας. ἃ δὴ πυνθανόμενος ὁ Διήγυλις τῶν μὲν ἀποχωρούντων τοὺς ὁμήρους δειναῖς ὕβρεσι καὶ παρανόμοις αἰκίαις περιέβαλλεν, ὧν ἦσάν τινες τῶν ἀσθενεστάτων παίδων ἡλικίᾳ καὶ φύσει. καὶ γὰρ τούτων οἱ μὲν διαμεμελισμένοι τὰ σώματα ποικίλως, οἱ δὲ κεφαλὰς καὶ χεῖρας καὶ πόδας ἀφῃρημένοι· καὶ τούτων οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ σκόλοψιν, οἱ δὲ ἐπὶ δένδρεσιν3 2ἀνήρτηντο. οὐκ ὀλίγας δὲ καὶ τῶν γυναικῶν ἀνεπτυγμένας4 τὰ σώματα πρὸς ὕβριν τε ἦν ἰδεῖν πρὸς ταῖς τοῦ θανάτου συμφοραῖς προκειμένας, καὶ5 παντοίας

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acquiring a suggestion of this bloom. Having garlanded them both like sacrificial victims he brought them in, and when he had had his attendants stretch out the younger at full length, as if to split him down the middle, he exclaimed that it was not right for kings and commoners to use the same kind of victims. When the older youth wailed, displaying a brotherly affection, and threw himself beneath the axe, the king ordered the attendants to stretch him out as well. His cruelty then redoubled, he aimed a single blow at each, and both times drove it home, while the spectators raised the paean to signal his success. And many other crimes as well did he commit.

15. Attalus,1 hearing how Diêgylis was hated by his subjects because of his rapacity and his extreme cruelty, affected a policy that was just the opposite. Accordingly, by treating the Thracians who were taken captive with humanity and setting them free, he enlisted many voices to proclaim his mercy. Diêgylis, on learning of this, inflicted terrible outrages and cruel tortures on the hostages left by any who absconded, among them children of very tender years and delicate constitution. For even these were torn limb from limb by every possible means, or had their heads, hands, and feet chopped off. Some of them were impaled on stakes, others exposed on trees. Women—and not a few only—were to be seen with bodies spread-eagled and offered for outrage in addition to the fate of death, being made

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διαθέσεις αἰσχύνης ἐξ ὑπερηφανίας βαρβάρων συντετελεσμένας, αἳ τοῖς μὲν πράξασιν1 ὠμότητος ἀναισχύντου δεῖγμα προέκειντο,2 τῶν δὲ3 θεωρούντων καὶ τὸν ἥμερον ἐχόντων λογισμὸν πολλοὺς ἐξεκαλοῦντο πρὸς τὸν τῶν ἠτυχηκότων ἔλεον.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 298–300.)

16. Ὅτι Νομαντῖνοι καὶ Τερμήσσιοι περὶ διαλύσεως διαπρεσβευσάμενοι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους συνεχώρησαν αὐτοῖς τὴν εἰρήνην ἐπὶ τούτοις· δοῦναι τῶν πόλεων ἑκατέραν Ῥωμαίοις ὁμήρους τριακοσίους, σάγους ἐνακισχιλίους, βύρσας τρισχιλίας, ἵππους πολεμιστὰς ὀκτακοσίους, ὅπλα πάντα· καὶ ταῦτα πράξαντας φίλους εἶναι καὶ συμμάχους. ταχθείσης δὲ ἡμέρας ἐν ᾗ ταῦτα συντελεῖν ἔδει τὰς πόλεις, 2κατὰ τὰς ὁμολογίας πάντα ἐτέλεσαν. ὡς δὲ ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ἔδει τὴν τῶν ὅπλων παράδοσιν ποιήσασθαι, ὀδυρμός τις εὐγενὴς ἦν καὶ παράστασις ψυχῆς πρὸς ἐλευθερίαν ἐνέπεσε τοῖς πλήθεσιν. διὸ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἐδεινοπάθουν, εἰ γυναικῶν τρόπον γυμνώσουσιν ἑαυτοὺς ὅπλων. μεταμελόμενοι δὲ τοῖς ψηφισθεῖσιν ἀλλήλους κατεμέμφοντο, καὶ πατέρες μὲν υἱοῖς4 ἐνεκάλουν, παῖδες δὲ γονεῦσι, γυναῖκες δὲ ἀνδράσι. καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς διάθεσιν ἀναδραμόντες καὶ τῶν ὅπλων οὐ παραχωρήσαντες ἀνεκαίνισαν τὸν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πόλεμον.

(Const. Exc. 1, p. 406.)

17. Ὅτι τοῦ Πομπηίου ἐλθόντος ἐπὶ πόλιν τὴν καλουμένην Λαγνὶ καὶ ταύτην πολιορκοῦντος, οἱ

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to assume every shameful position that the arrogance of barbarians could suggest. Thus the victims were presented to their violaters as the demonstration of a shameless savagery, but provoked many who were onlookers with a capacity for civilized reflection to feelings of pity for the hapless creatures.

16. When Numantia and Termessus sent envoys143 b.c. or later. to the Romans to discuss the cessation of hostilities, the Romans granted them peace1 on the following terms: each city was to surrender to the Romans three hundred hostages, nine thousand cloaks, three thousand hides, eight hundred war-horses, and all their arms; this done, they would be “friends and allies.” A day having been set for the cities to comply, they duly fulfilled all the terms of the agreement. But when last of all they were required to surrender their arms, there was an outburst of noble lamentation as a frenzy of independence swept over the crowd. It was an outrage, they complained to one another, if they were to strip themselves of arms, like so many women. Repenting of their decision, they engaged in mutual reproaches, and fathers accused sons, children their parents, wives their husbands. Reverting, therefore, to their original disposition and refusing to give up their arms, they renewed the conflict with the Romans.

17. When Pompeius2 advanced against the city140 b.c. called Lagni and laid it under siege, the Numantians,

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Νουμαντῖνοι βουλόμενοι βοηθῆσαι τοῖς ὁμοεθνέσιν ἔπεμψαν στρατιώτας τετρακοσίους νυκτός. οἳ1 τούτους ἀσμένως δεξάμενοι σωτῆρας ἀπεκάλουν καὶ δωρεαῖς ἐτίμων. μετὰ δὲ ἡμέρας ὀλίγας καταπλαγέντες καὶ τὴν πόλιν προδιδόντες τοῖς σώμασιν 2ᾔτουν ἀσφάλειαν. τοῦ δὲ Πομπηίου δόντος ἀπόκρισιν ὡς οὐκ ἂν ἄλλως ποιήσαιτο2 πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὁμολογίας, εἰ μὴ πρῶτον ἐκδώσουσι3 τοὺς συμμάχους, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐντρεπόμενοι τὸ πρὸς τοὺς εὐεργέτας ἀνόμημα διεκαρτέρουν· τοῦ δὲ δεινοῦ πλησίον ὄντος διεπρεσβεύοντο, καὶ τῇ τῶν φίλων ἀπωλείᾳ τὴν σωτηρίαν αὑτοῖς ἐπεχείρουν περιποιήσασθαι.4 οὐ μὴν ἔλαθόν γε τοὺς ἐπιβουλευομένους, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μαθόντες πρὸς ἀλκὴν ἐτράποντο καὶ νυκτὸς τοῖς κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἐπιθέμενοι πολὺν ἐποίουν 3φόνον. ὁ δὲ Πομπήιος τοῦ θορύβου αἰσθόμενος καὶ κλίμακας προσερείσας τοῖς τείχεσιν ἐκυρίευσε τῆς πόλεως. καὶ τοὺς μὲν εὐγενεῖς5 ἅπαντας ἀπέσφαξεν, τοὺς δὲ συμμάχους ὄντας διακοσίους τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἀπέλυσε τῶν κινδύνων, ἅμα μὲν ἐλεήσας κινδυνεύουσαν ἀρετὴν καὶ τὸ περὶ τοὺς ἀκληροῦντας γενόμενον6 πάθος δι᾿ ἀχαριστίαν, ἅμα δὲ τὴν Νουμαντίνων7 εὔνοιαν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πόρρωθεν ἐκκαλούμενος ταῖς εὐεργεσίαις· τὴν δὲ πόλιν κατέσκαψεν.

18. Ὅτι ὁ Ἀρσάκης ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐπιείκειαν καὶ

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wishing to succour their countrymen, sent four hundred soldiers under cover of night. The inhabitants, welcoming them with delight, called them “saviours” and honoured them with gifts. A few days later, however, overcome with fear, they offered to yield the city and sought assurances of safety for their persons. Now when Pompeius replied that he would not make terms with them unless they first surrendered their allies, they at first held out, scrupling to wrong their benefactors. But as the situation grew desperate, they resumed negotiations and attempted to secure their own safety by the destruction of their friends. Their resolve did not, however, pass unnoticed by the intended victims, who, on learning what was afoot, prepared to defend themselves, and attacking the townsmen by night, spilled much blood. Pompeius, hearing the din, set ladders to the walls and seized the city. All the nobles he slaughtered, but he released from jeopardy the allies, two hundred in number, partly out of pity for their imperilled valour and for the mischance that had befallen these victims of ingratitude, and partly as a means of soliciting at long range the good will of the Numantians for the Romans. The city he razed to the ground.

18. King Arsaces,1 by pursuing a set policy of

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φιλανθρωπίαν ζηλώσας αὐτομάτην ἔσχε τὴν ἐπίρροιαν τῶν ἀγαθῶν καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν ἐπὶ πλεῖον ηὔξησε· μέχρι γὰρ1 τῆς Ἰνδικῆς διατείνας τῆς ὑπὸ τὸν Πῶρον γενομένης χώρας ἐκυρίευσεν ἀκινδύνως. εἰς τηλικοῦτο δὲ μέγεθος προαχθεὶς βασιλείας οὐκ ἐζήλωσε τρυφὴν οὐδὲ ὑπερηφανίαν, ἅπερ ταῖς πλείσταις δυναστείαις ἀκολουθεῖν εἴωθεν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐπιείκειαν μὲν πρὸς τοὺς ὑποτεταγμένους, ἀνδρείαν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀντιταττομένους. καθόλου δὲ πολλῶν ἐθνῶν ἐγκρατὴς γενόμενος τὰ παρ᾿ ἑκάστοις ἄριστα κατέδειξε τῶν νομίμων τοῖς Πάρθοις.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 300.)

19. Ὅτι ὁ ὕπατος Ποπίλλιος Ὑριάτθου περὶ διαλέξεως ἀξιοῦντος ἔκρινε προστάττειν καθ᾿ ἕκαστα τῶν ἀρεσκόντων, ὅπως μὴ λεχθέντων ἀθρόον2 ἀπογνοὺς ἀποθηριωθῇ πρὸς πόλεμον ἀκατάλλακτον.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 383.)

20. Ὅτι Γαλαίστης τις Ἀθαμὰν τὸ γένος, υἱὸς δὲ Ἀμυνάνδρου τοῦ βεβασιλευκότος Ἀθαμάνων, γένει καὶ πλούτῳ καὶ δόξῃ πολὺ προέχων τῶν ὁμοεθνῶν, ἐγένετο φίλος Πτολεμαίου τοῦ Φιλομήτορος· ἐν δὲ τῇ πρὸς Δημήτριον μάχῃ τῶν δυνάμεων τῶν ἀπὸ Ἀλεξανδρείας ἡγεμὼν ἐγεγόνει. οὗτος μετὰ τὴν ἧτταν καὶ τελευτὴν Πτολεμαίου ἐλθὼν εἰς διαβολὰς ψευδεῖς ὡς ἑκουσίως τοῖς πολεμίοις καταπροέμενος τὰ πράγματα, καὶ τοῦ διαδεξαμένου τὴν βασιλείαν Πτολεμαίου τὰς δωρεὰς ἀφελομένου καὶ χαλεπῶς διακειμένου πρὸς αὐτόν,

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clemency and humanity, won an automatic stream of advantages and further enlarged his kingdom. For he extended his power even to India, and without a battle brought under his sway the region once ruled by Porus. But, though raised to such heights of royal power, he did not cultivate luxury or arrogance, the usual accompaniments of power, but prided himself on the exercise of equity towards those who accepted his rule and courage towards those who opposed him. In short, having made himself master over many peoples, he taught the Parthians the best of the customs practised by each.

19. When Viriathus requested an interview, the139 b.c. consul Popillius1 decided to state one by one the Roman demands, for fear that if they were mentioned all at once, in desperation and fury he would be driven to implacable hostility.

20. A certain Galaestes, an Athamanian by birth and son of Amynander, the former king of the Athamanians, was a man far superior to his countrymen in birth, wealth, and renown; he became the friend of Ptolemy Philometor, and in the struggle against Demetrius had served as commander of the Alexandrian forces. Now after the defeat and death of Ptolemy false charges were levelled against him, that he had wilfully betrayed the Egyptian cause to the enemy, and when the Ptolemy2 who inherited the kingdom stripped him of his estates and showed himself ill-disposed towards him, he took fright and

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φοβηθεὶς ἀπεχώρησεν εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα. ἐκπεσόντων δὲ καὶ ἄλλων πολλῶν ἐκ τῆς Αἰγύπτου διὰ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς ὀψωνιαζομένους στρατιώτας στάσιν, ἀνέλαβε τοὺς φυγάδας. φήσας δὲ ἐν παρακαταθήκῃ τὸν βασιλέα Πτολεμαῖον τὸν Φιλομήτορα δεδωκέναι παιδίον αὐτῷ τρέφειν ἐκ τῆς Κλεοπάτρας ἐπὶ βασιλείᾳ, καὶ τούτῳ διάδημα περιθείς, καὶ συναγωνιστὰς ἔχων πολλοὺς φυγάδας, παρεσκευάζετο κατάγειν ἐπὶ τὴν πατρῴαν βασιλείαν τὸν παῖδα.

21. Ὅτι Αὔδας καὶ Διτάλκης1 καὶ Νικορόντης ἐκ πόλεως Ὄρσωνος, οἰκεῖοι δὲ ἀλλήλων καὶ φίλοι,2 θεωροῦντες τὴν περὶ τὸν Ὑρίατθον ὑπεροχὴν καταπονουμένην ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων καὶ περὶ αὑτῶν δείσαντες, καταθέσθαι τινὰ χάριν τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ἔκριναν,3 δι᾿ ἧς ἑαυτοῖς περιποιήσασθαι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν. . . .4 ὁρῶντες γὰρ τὸν Ὑρίατθον ἐπιθυμοῦντα καταλύσασθαι τὸν πόλεμον ἐπηγγείλαντο πείσειν Καιπίωνα συνθέσθαι τὴν εἰρήνην, ἐὰν αὐτοὺς ἀπολύσῃ πρεσβευτὰς περὶ διαλύσεων. προθύμως δὲ τοῦ δυνάστου συγχωρήσαντος, οὗτοι μὲν συντόμως παραγενόμενοι5 πρὸς τὸν Καιπίωνα ῥᾳδίως ἔπεισαν δοῦναί σφισιν αὐτοῖς τὴν ἀσφάλειαν ἐπαγγελλομένοις δολοφονήσειν τὸν Ὑρίατθον. δόντες οὖν καὶ λαβόντες περὶ τούτων πίστεις ταχέως ἐπανῆλθον εἰς τὴν παρεμβολήν· εἰπόντες δὲ πεπεικέναι τοὺς Ῥωμαίους περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης εἰς ἐλπίδας ἀγαθὰς ἤγαγον τὸν Ὑρίατθον, σπεύδοντες τῆς ἀληθοῦς ἐννοίας ἀπαγαγεῖν αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν ὡς

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departed for Greece. As many others besides were being banished from Egypt because of the strife140/39 b.c. with the mercenary troops, he made the exiles welcome. Claiming that King Ptolemy Philometor had entrusted to him a son by Cleopatra to be reared as heir to the kingdom, he placed a diadem on the boy’s head, and with a number of exiles as partisans of the cause made ready to restore him to his father’s kingdom.

21. Audas, Ditalces, and Nicorontes,1 men of the139 b.c. city of Orso, all three close kinsmen and friends, observing that Viriathus’ prestige was suffering under the Roman blows and apprehensive on their own score, decided to establish some claim to favour with the Romans as a means of insuring their personal safety. Seeing that Viriathus was eager to bring the war to an end, they promised to persuade Caepio2 to make peace, if Viriathus would send them as envoys to arrange a cessation of hostilities. When the chieftain gave his ready assent, they hastened to Caepio and easily persuaded him to grant them assurances of safety on their promise to assassinate Viriathus. After an exchange of pledges, they quickly returned to the camp, and asserting that they had won the consent of the Romans to the peace aroused Viriathus to high hopes—for they were eager to distract his mind as far as possible from any suspicion of the truth.

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πορρωτάτω. πιστευόμενοι1 δ᾿ ὑπ᾿2 αὐτοῦ διὰ τὴν φιλίαν νυκτὸς ἔλαθον εἰς τὴν σκηνὴν παρεισελθόντες καὶ τοῖς ξίφεσι διαχρησάμενοι τὸν Ὑρίατθον πληγαῖς εὐκαίροις, ἐκ τῆς παρεμβολῆς ἐκπηδήσαντες παραχρῆμα διὰ τῆς ὀρεινῆς ἀνοδίαις χρησάμενοι διεσώθησαν πρὸς Καιπίωνα.

(Const. Exc. 3, pp. 205–206.)

21a. Ὅτι τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ὑριάτθου3 ταφῆς παραδόξου καὶ μεγαλοπρεποῦς ἠξίωσαν καὶ διακοσίοις ζεύγεσι μονομάχων ἀγῶνα πρὸς τῷ τάφῳ συνετέλεσαν, τιμῶντες αὐτοῦ τὴν διαβεβοημένην ἀνδρείαν. ὁμολογουμένως γὰρ ἦν πολεμικώτατος μὲν ἐν τοῖς κινδύνοις, στρατηγικώτατος δὲ ἐν τῷ προϊδέσθαι τὸ συμφέρον, τὸ δὲ μέγιστον, διετέλεσε πάντα τὸν τῆς στρατηγίας χρόνον ἀγαπώμενος ὑπὸ τῶν στρατιωτῶν ὡς οὐδεὶς ἕτερος. κατὰ μὲν γὰρ τὰς ἐκ τῆς λῃστείας διανομὰς οὐδὲν πλέον ἀπεφέρετο τῆς τοῖς4 ἰδιώταις ἐπιβαλλούσης μοίρας, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν αὐτῷ πορισθέντων ἐτίμα τοὺς ἀξίους χάριτος καὶ τοὺς ἀπόρους τῶν στρατιωτῶν ὑπελάμβανεν. ὑπῆρχε δὲ καὶ νήπτης καὶ ἀγρυπνητικὸς καὶ παντὸς πόνου καὶ κινδύνου κατεξανεστηκώς, ἔτι δὲ πάσης ἡδονῆς κρείττων. αἱ δὲ ἀποδείξεις τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν ἀρετῆς ἐμφανεῖς εἰσιν· ἕνδεκα γὰρ ἔτη δυναστεύοντος αὐτοῦ Λυσιτανῶν, οὐ μόνον αἱ δυνάμεις ἀστασίαστοι διέμειναν, ἀλλὰ καὶ σχεδὸν ἀνίκητοι. μετὰ δὲ τὴν τούτου τελευτὴν τὸ σύστημα τῶν Λυσιτανῶν διελύθη στερηθὲν τῆς τούτου προστασίας.

22. Ὅτι Πτολεμαῖος . . .5 διὰ τὴν ὠμότητα καὶ

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Since they were trusted by virtue of their friendship with Viriathus, they made their way unobserved into his tent by night, and having dispatched him with well-aimed strokes of the sword rushed at once from the camp, and by keeping to trackless mountain country escaped safely to Caepio.

21a. They1 accorded the body of Viriathus a marvellous and resplendent burial, and by the tomb, in honour of his far-famed courage, held funeral games in which two hundred pairs of gladiators participated. By common consent he was a most valiant fighter in battle, and a most able general in foreseeing what would be advantageous; most important of all, throughout his entire career as a general he commanded the devotion of his troops to a degree unequalled by anyone. In the distribution of booty he took no more than the share apportioned to the common soldiers, and from what was assigned to him he rewarded the soldiers who merited thanks and succoured those who were in need. He was sober, tireless, and alert to every difficulty and danger; and he was superior to every pleasure. The proofs of his ability are manifest: for in the eleven years that he commanded the Lusitanians his troops not only remained free of dissension but were all but invincible, whereas after his death the confederacy of the Lusitanians disintegrated, once it was deprived of his leadership.

22. Ptolemy . . . because of his cruelty and thirst

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μιαιφονίαν καὶ διὰ τὰς ἀνέδην1 τῶν αἰσχίστων ἡδονῶν ἀπολαύσεις καὶ τὸ τοῦ σώματος ἀγεννὲς πάθος,2 διὸ Φύσκων ἐκαλεῖτο. ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς Ἱέραξ ἐν τοῖς πολεμικοῖς ἔργοις θαυμαστὸς ὢν καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἐντεύξεις τοῖς ὄχλοις εὔθετος, ἔτι δὲ μεγαλόψυχος, συνέσχε τὴν τοῦ Πτολεμαίου3 βασιλείαν. τούτου γὰρ ἀπορουμένου χρημάτων, καὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν βουλομένων ἀφίστασθαι πρὸς Γαλαίστην διὰ τὸ μὴ κομίζεσθαι τοὺς μισθούς, ἐκ τῆς ἰδίας οὐσίας ὀψωνιάσας τὴν δύναμιν διωρθώσατο τὴν ὅλην μεταβολήν.

23. Ὅτι τοῦ Πτολεμαίου παντελῶς οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι κατεφρόνησαν, ὁρῶντες ἔν τε ταῖς ὁμιλίαις ὄντα παιδαριώδη καὶ πρὸς τὰς αἰσχίστας ἡδονὰς ἐκκεχυμένον καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀκολασίαν τὸ σῶμα γυναικῶδες περιπεποιημένον.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 301.)

24. Ὅτι ἡ πόλις ἡ καλουμένη Κόντοβρις ἀπέστειλε πρεσβευτὰς πρὸς Ῥωμαίους, οἳ κατὰ τὰς δεδομένας ἐντολὰς προὔλεγον ἀπαλλάττεσθαι τὴν ταχίστην ἐκ τῆς χώρας πρὶν ἤ τι παθεῖν· καὶ γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων τοὺς τολμήσαντας ἐμβαλεῖν εἰς τούσδε τοὺς τόπους πολεμίᾳ δυνάμει πάντας ἀπολωλέναι. ὁ δὲ ὕπατος τούτοις ἀπεκρίθη διότι Λυσιτανοὶ μὲν καὶ Κελτίβηρες μάλιστα ἐπιτηδεύουσιν ἀπειλεῖν4 μεγάλα καὶ πλεονεκτεῖν, Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ κολάζειν τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας καὶ καταφρονεῖν τῶν ἀπειλῶν· προσήκειν οὖν μὴ ταῖς ἀπειλαῖς, ἀλλὰ ταῖς χερσὶν ἐπιδείκνυσθαι

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for blood, and because of his unabashed enjoyment of the most shameful pleasures and his gross physical deformity (whence his nickname, “Pot-belly”). But his general, Hierax,1 being a man of extraordinary talent in the arts of war, and having a gift for dealing with crowds, besides being open-hearted, held together the kingdom of Ptolemy. Thus, when Ptolemy’s funds were low and the soldiers were inclined to go over to Galaestes because they were not paid,2 by providing for the army from his private purse he brought the movement to an end.

23. The Egyptians utterly despised Ptolemy, for they saw that he was childish in dealing with people, that he had abandoned himself to the most shameful pleasures, and that he had grown physically effeminate through self-indulgence.

24. The city known as Contobris sent envoys to139/7 b.c. the Romans, who, in accordance with their instructions, ordered the Romans to quit the region with all possible speed before some disaster befell them, inasmuch as all others who had had the temerity to invade those areas with a hostile army had perished to a man. The consul replied that though the Lusitanians and Celtiberians were much given to great threats and encroachments, the Romans made it their practice to punish wrongdoers and to disregard threats: accordingly, it would become them to demonstrate their valour not with threats but

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τὴν ἀνδρείαν, ἧς δὴ πεῖραν λήψεσθαι τὴν ἀκριβεστάτην.

25. Ἔκρινε κρεῖττον εἶναι μαχομένους ἀποθανεῖν ἐπιφανῶς ἢ γυμνὰ τὰ σώματα τῶν ὅπλων εἰς τὴν αἰσχίστην παραδοῦναι δουλείαν.

26. Ὁ δὲ Ἰούνιος παρακαλέσας τοὺς στρατιώτας, εἰ καί ποτε, νῦν ἀνδραγαθῆσαι καὶ τῶν προγεγονότων κατορθωμάτων ἀξίους φανῆναι. . . . ὅμως οὐκ ἔκαμον ταῖς ψυχαῖς, κατισχύοντος τοῦ λογισμοῦ τὴν τῶν σωμάτων ἀσθένειαν.

2Ὅτι διεδόθη ἡ τῶν Ῥωμαίων πρὸς μὲν τοὺς ἀντιπραττομένους1 ἀπαραίτητος τιμωρία, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς πειθαρχοῦντας ἡ τῆς ἐπιεικείας ὑπερβολή.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 383.)

27. Ὅτι ὁ Αἰμίλιος ὁ ὕπατος διὰ τὴν βαρύτητα2 καὶ δυσκινησίαν τοῦ σώματος τῇ διὰ τὸν ὄγκον ὑπεροχῇ καὶ τῷ πλήθει τῶν περικεχυμένων σαρκῶν ἄχρηστος ἦν ἐν ταῖς κατὰ πόλεμον ἐνεργείαις. (Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 301–302.)

28. Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Συρίαν Διόδοτος ὁ Τρύφων ἐπικαλούμενος ἀνῃρηκὼς Ἀντίοχον τὸν Ἀλεξάνδρου τὸν ἐπὶ βασιλείᾳ τρεφόμενον, παῖδα τὴν ἡλικίαν ὄντα, περιέθετο διάδημα τῆς βασιλείας, καὶ κρατήσας ἔρημον αὑτὸν3 ἀνηγόρευσε βασιλέα, καὶ κατὰ4

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with actions, and, indeed, their valour would be put to the most precise test.1

25. He considered it better for them to fight and meet death gloriously than to submit their persons, stripped of arms, to a most shameful slavery.

26. Iunius2 exhorted his soldiers now, if ever, to138/7 b.c. acquit them like men and to show themselves worthy of their former successes. . . . Nevertheless, their hearts did not falter, for the power of reason prevailed over their physical weakness.

Word was spread abroad of the inexorable vengeance of the Romans on those who opposed them, and of their outstandingly fair treatment of those who obeyed their commands.3

27. The consul Aemilius4 was ineffectual in the137/6 b.c. pursuits of war because of his physical bulk and lack of agility, what with his excess of weight and his great rolls of flesh.

28. In Syria Diodotus, surnamed Tryphon, havingc. 138 b.c. murdered Antiochus, the son of Alexander, a mere child who was being reared as one destined to the throne,5 put on his own head the royal diadem and, having seized the vacant throne, proclaimed himself

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τῶν σατραπῶν καὶ τῶν στρατηγῶν τοῦ1 ἀπὸ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ γένους πολεμεῖν ἐπειρᾶτο. περὶ μὲν γὰρ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν ἦν Διονύσιος ὁ Μῆδος, περὶ δὲ τὴν Κοίλην Συρίαν οἱ περὶ τὸν Σαρπηδόνα καὶ Παλαμήδην, ἐν δὲ τῇ παρὰ θάλατταν Σελευκείᾳ Αἰσχρίων, ἔχων μεθ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ τὴν βασίλισσαν Κλεοπάτραν, Δημητρίου δὲ γυναῖκα τοῦ ζωγρηθέντος ὑπ᾿ Ἀρσάκου.2

(Const. Exc. 3, p. 206.)

28a. Ὅτι Τρύφων ἐξ ἰδιώτου βασιλεὺς γεγονὼς ἔσπευδε τὴν δυναστείαν αὑτῷ διὰ δόγματος συγκλητικοῦ βεβαιῶσαι. διόπερ κατασκευάσας Νίκην χρυσῆν ἄγουσαν ὁλκὴν χρυσίνων3 μυρίων ἐξαπέστειλε πρεσβευτὰς εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην τοὺς ταύτην κομιοῦντας τῷ δήμῳ. ὑπελάμβανε γὰρ τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἅμα μὲν διὰ τὸ λυσιτελές, ἅμα δὲ διὰ τὸ εὐοιώνιστον εἶναι, προσδέξασθαι τὴν Νίκην, καὶ προσαγορευθῆναι βασιλέα. εὗρε δὲ τὴν σύγκλητον πάνυ4 πανουργοτέραν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τοὺς ἀπάτῃ παρακρουομένους συνέσει καταστρατηγοῦσαν.5 τὸ μὲν γὰρ δῶρον ἐδέξατο καὶ τὴν εὐφημίαν μετὰ τοῦ λυσιτελοῦς ἐτήρησεν, ἀντὶ δὲ Τρύφωνος μεταχρηματίσασα τὴν δόσιν εἰς τὸν ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ δολοφονηθέντα βασιλέα τὴν ἐπιγραφὴν ἐποιήσατο. διὰ δὲ ταύτης τῆς πράξεως ἀνέδειξεν ἑαυτὴν μισοπονηροῦσαν ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ παιδὸς ἀναιρέσει καὶ δωρεὰς ἀσεβῶν ἀνδρῶν οὐ προσδεχομένην.6

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monarch and engaged in war on the satraps and generals of the legitimate king.1 For in Mesopotamia there was Dionysius the Mede, in Coele Syria Sarpedon and Palamedes, and in Seleuceia-by-thesea Aeschrion, who had with him Queen Cleopatra, the wife of Demetrius (whom Arsaces had taken captive).

28a. Tryphon, having risen from private estate to the kingship, was eager to strengthen his position by means of a senatorial decree. Accordingly, having prepared a golden statue of Victory, of the weight of ten thousand gold staters, he dispatched envoys to Rome to convey it to the Roman people. For he supposed that the Romans would accept the Victory, both because of its value and as an object of good omen, and would acclaim him as king. But he found that the senators were more cunning than himself and that they shrewdly outmanœuvred those who sought to mislead and deceive them. For the senate accepted the gift and secured the good omen together with the profit, but changed the attribution of the gift and in Tryphon’s stead inscribed it with the name of the king whom he had assassinated. By this act the senate went on record as condemning the murder of the boy and as refusing the gifts of impious men.

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28b. Ὅτι ἧκον εἰς Ἀλεξάνδρειαν οἱ περὶ τὸν Σκιπίωνα τὸν Ἀφρικανὸν πρεσβευταὶ κατασκεψόμενοι τὴν ὅλην βασιλείαν. ὁ δὲ Πτολεμαῖος μετὰ μεγάλης ἀπαντήσεως καὶ παρασκευῆς προσδεξάμενος τοὺς ἄνδρας τάς τε ἑστιάσεις πολυτελεῖς ἐποιεῖτο καὶ τὰ βασίλεια περιάγων ἐπεδείκνυτο καὶ 2τὴν ἄλλην τὴν βασιλικὴν γάζαν. οἱ δὲ τῶν Ῥωμαίων πρέσβεις ἀρετῇ διαφέροντες τοῖς μὲν βρωτοῖς ὀλίγοις καὶ πρὸς ὑγείαν διατείνουσι χρώμενοι κατεφρόνουν τῆς πολυτελείας, ὡς διαφθειρούσης καὶ ψυχὴν καὶ σῶμα, τῶν δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως θαυμαζομένων ἐν παρέργῳ τὴν θέαν ὡς οὐδενὸς ἀξίων ποιησάμενοι1 τὰ θέας ἄξια πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ἐπολυπραγμόνησαν ἀκριβῶς, τῆς πόλεως τὴν θέσιν καὶ τὸ βάρος καὶ τὰς περὶ τὸν Φάρον ἰδιότητας· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ἀναπλεύσαντες εἰς Μέμφιν τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς χώρας καὶ τὰς κατὰ τὸν Νεῖλον εὐκαιρίας, τό τε πλῆθος τῶν κατ᾿ Αἴγυπτον πόλεων καὶ τὰς ἀναριθμήτους τῶν οἰκητόρων μυριάδας καὶ τὴν ὀχυρότητα τῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ τὴν ὅλην τῆς χώρας ὑπεροχήν, ὡς εὖ διάκειται πρὸς ἡγεμονίας ἀσφάλειάν 3τε καὶ μέγεθος. καὶ θαυμάσαντες τὰ πλήθη τῶν κατοικούντων τὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ τὰ τῶν τόπων ἐπιτεύγματα διέλαβον μεγίστην ἡγεμονίαν δύνασθαι συσταθῆναι, τυχούσης τῆς βασιλείας ταύτης ἀξίων τῶν ἡγεμόνων.

Οἱ μὲν οὖν πρεσβευταὶ κατασκεψάμενοι τὰ κατὰ

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28b. Scipio Africanus1 and his fellow ambassadors came to Alexandria to survey the entire kingdom. Ptolemy welcomed the men with a great reception and much pomp, held costly banquets for them, and conducting them about showed them his palace and other royal treasures. Now the Roman envoys were men of superior virtue, and since their normal diet was limited to a few dishes, and only such as were conducive to health, they were scornful of his extravagance as detrimental to both body and mind. The spectacle of all that the king considered marvellous they regarded as a side show of no real account, but busied themselves in detail with what was truly worth seeing: the situation and strength of the city, the unique features of the Pharos, then, proceeding up the river to Memphis, the quality of the land and the blessings brought to it by the Nile, the great number of Egyptian cities and the untold myriads of their inhabitants, the strong defensive position of Egypt, and the general excellence of the country, in that it is well suited to provide for the security and greatness of an empire. And when they had marvelled at the number of the inhabitants of Egypt and the natural advantages of its terrain, they apprehended that a very great power could be built there, if this kingdom should ever find rulers worthy of it.

Having surveyed Egypt, the envoys embarked for

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τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐπὶ Κύπρου κἀκεῖθεν ἐπὶ Συρίας τὴν ἀναγωγὴν ἐποιήσαντο. καθόλου δὲ καὶ τὰ πλεῖστα μέρη τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐπῆλθον, καὶ παρὰ πᾶσι σώφρονα καὶ θαυμαστὴν ποιησάμενοι τὴν ἐπιδημίαν1 μεγάλης ἀποδοχῆς ἔτυχον, καὶ2 μετ᾿ εὐφημίας 4ὑπὸ πάντων συμφωνουμένης ἐπανῆλθον. τῶν γὰρ ἐχόντων τὰς ἀμφισβητήσεις οὓς μὲν διηλλάχεσαν ἀλλήλοις, οὓς δ᾿ ἐπεπείκεσαν τὰ δίκαια ποιῆσαι τοῖς ἐγκαλοῦσι, τοὺς δὲ ἀναισχυντοῦντας διὰ τῆς ἀνάγκης κατεστάλκεσαν, τοὺς δὲ δυσδιακρίτους ἀνεπεπόμφεσαν ἐπὶ τὴν σύγκλητον. ὡμιληκότες δὲ βασιλεῦσι καὶ δήμοις καὶ τὴν προϋπάρχουσαν αὐτοῖς φιλίαν πρὸς ἅπαντας ἀνανεωσάμενοι πρὸς εὔνοιαν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἐπηύξησαν, καὶ πάντες ταῖς αἱρέσεσιν οἰκείως διατεθέντες ἐξαπέστειλαν πρεσβευτὰς εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην, καὶ3 ἐπῄνεσαν ὅτι τοιούτους ἄνδρας ἐξέπεμψαν.

(Const. Exc. 1, pp. 406–407.)

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Cyprus, and thence for Syria. In sum they traversed the greater part of the inhabited world, and on all sides, since they conducted their visit in sober fashion, worthy of wonder, they received a warm welcome, and returned home with plaudits in which all concurred. For where there were parties in dispute, some they had reconciled one to the other, some they had persuaded to do justice to those who had brought complaint; some who could not be abashed they had put under restraint, and those whose cases admitted of no easy decision they had referred to the senate. They had had dealings with kings and with popular governments, and by renewing the existing ties of friendship with one and all had enhanced, in terms of good will, the leadership of Rome. As a result all, having now been won over to a friendly attitude,1 dispatched embassies to Rome and expressed appreciation that the Romans had sent out men of this stamp.

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Fragmenta Librorum XXXIV Et XXXV

1. Ὡς Ἀντίοχος ὁ βασιλεύς, φησίν, ἐπολιόρκει τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα, οἱ δὲ Ἰουδαῖοι μέχρι μέν τινος ἀντέσχον, ἐξαναλωθέντων δὲ τῶν ἐπιτηδείων ἁπάντων ἠναγκάσθησαν περὶ διαλύσεως διαπρεσβεύσασθαι. οἱ δὲ πλείους αὐτῷ τῶν φίλων συνεβούλευον κατὰ κράτος αἱρήσειν τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὸ γένος ἄρδην ἀνελεῖν τῶν Ἰουδαίων· μόνους γὰρ ἁπάντων ἐθνῶν ἀκοινωνήτους εἶναι τῆς πρὸς ἄλλο ἔθνος ἐπιμιξίας καὶ πολεμίους ὑπολαμβάνειν πάντας. ἀπεδείκνυον δὲ καὶ τοὺς προγόνους αὐτῶν ὡς ἀσεβεῖς καὶ μισουμένους ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν ἐξ ἁπάσης τῆς Αἰγύπτου 2πεφυγαδευμένους. τοὺς γὰρ ἀλφοὺς ἢ λέπρας ἔχοντας ἐν τοῖς σώμασι καθαρμοῦ χάριν ὡς ἐναγεῖς συναθροισθέντας ὑπερορίους ἐκβεβλῆσθαι· τοὺς δὲ ἐξορισθέντας καταλαβέσθαι μὲν τοὺς περὶ τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα τόπους, συστησαμένους δὲ τὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἔθνος παραδόσιμον ποιῆσαι τὸ μῖσος τὸ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους· διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ νόμιμα παντελῶς ἐξηλλαγμένα καταδεῖξαι, τὸ μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ ἔθνει τραπέζης 3κοινωνεῖν μηδ᾿ εὐνοεῖν τὸ παράπαν. ὑπέμνησαν δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ περὶ τοῦ προγενομένου μίσους

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Fragments of Book XXXIV and XXXV

1. When King Antiochus,1 says Diodorus, was134 b.c. laying siege to Jerusalem, the Jews held out for a time, but when all their supplies were exhausted they found themselves compelled to make overtures for a cessation of hostilities. Now the majority of his friends advised the king to take the city by storm and to wipe out completely the race of Jews, since they alone of all nations avoided dealings with any other people and looked upon all men as their enemies. They pointed out, too, that the ancestors of the Jews had been driven out of all Egypt as men who were impious and detested by the gods. For by way of purging the country all persons who had white or leprous marks on their bodies had been assembled and driven across the border, as being under a curse; the refugees had occupied the territory round about Jerusalem, and having organized the nation of the Jews had made their hatred of mankind into a tradition, and on this account had introduced utterly outlandish laws: not to break bread with any other race, nor to show them any good will at all. His friends reminded Antiochus also of the enmity that in times past his ancestors had

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τοῖς προγόνοις πρὸς τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος. Ἀντίοχος γὰρ ὁ προσαγορευθεὶς Ἐπιφανὴς καταπολεμήσας τοὺς Ἰουδαίους εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν ἄδυτον τοῦ θεοῦ σηκόν, οἷ1 νόμιμον εἰσιέναι μόνον τὸν ἱερέα· εὑρὼν δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ λίθινον ἄγαλμα ἀνδρὸς βαθυπώγωνος καθήμενον ἐπ᾿ ὄνου, μετὰ χεῖρας ἔχον βιβλίον, τοῦτο μὲν ὑπέλαβε Μωυσέως εἶναι τοῦ κτίσαντος τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα καὶ συστησαμένου τὸ ἔθνος, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις νομοθετήσαντος τὰ μισάνθρωπα καὶ παράνομα ἔθη τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις· αὐτὸς δὲ στυγήσας2 τὴν μισανθρωπίαν πάντων ἐθνῶν ἐφιλοτιμήθη καταλῦσαι 4τὰ νόμιμα. διὸ τῷ ἀγάλματι τοῦ κτίστου καὶ τῷ ὑπαίθρῳ βωμῷ τοῦ θεοῦ μεγάλην ὗν θύσας, τό τε αἷμα προσέχεεν αὐτοῖς, καὶ τὰ κρέα σκευάσας προσέταξε τῷ μὲν ἀπὸ τούτων ζωμῷ τὰς ἱερὰς αὐτῶν βίβλους καὶ περιεχούσας τὰ μισόξενα νόμιμα καταρρᾶναι, τὸν δὲ ἀθάνατον λεγόμενον παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς λύχνον καὶ καιόμενον ἀδιαλείπτως ἐν τῷ ναῷ κατασβέσαι, τῶν τε κρεῶν ἀναγκάσαι3 προσενέγκασθαι τὸν ἀρχιερέα καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους Ἰουδαίους.

Ταῦτα δὴ διεξιόντες οἱ φίλοι τὸν Ἀντίοχον παρεκάλουν μάλιστα μὲν ἄρδην ἀνελεῖν τὸ ἔθνος, εἰ δὲ μή, καταλῦσαι τὰ νόμιμα καὶ συναναγκάσαι τὰς 5ἀγωγὰς μεταθέσθαι. ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς μεγαλόψυχος ὢν καὶ τὸ ἦθος ἥμερος, λαβὼν ὁμήρους ἀπέλυσε τῶν ἐγκλημάτων τοὺς Ἰουδαίους, φόρους τε τοὺς ὀφειλομένους πραξάμενος καὶ τὰ τείχη περιελὼν τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων.

(Photius, Bibl. p. 379 B.)

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felt for this people. Antiochus, called Epiphanes, on defeating the Jews1 had entered the innermost sanctuary of the god’s temple, where it was lawful for the priest alone to enter. Finding there a marble statue of a heavily bearded man seated on an ass, with a book in his hands,2 he supposed it to be an image of Moses, the founder of Jerusalem and organizer of the nation, the man, moreover, who had ordained for the Jews their misanthropic and lawless customs. And since Epiphanes was shocked by such hatred directed against all mankind, he had set himself to break down their traditional practices. Accordingly, he sacrificed before the image of the founder and the open-air altar of the god a great sow, and poured its blood over them. Then, having prepared its flesh, he ordered that their holy books, containing the xenophobic laws, should be sprinkled with the broth of the meat; that the lamp, which they call undying and which burns continually in the temple, should be extinguished; and that the high priest and the rest of the Jews should be compelled to partake of the meat.

Rehearsing all these events, his friends strongly urged Antiochus to make an end of the race completely, or, failing that, to abolish their laws and force them to change their ways. But the king, being a magnanimous and mild-mannered person, took hostages but dismissed the charges against the Jews, once he had exacted the tribute that was due and had dismantled the walls of Jerusalem.

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2. Ὅτι μετὰ τὴν Καρχηδονίων κατάλυσιν ἐπὶ1 ἑξήκοντα ἔτεσι τῶν Σικελῶν εὐροούντων ἐν πᾶσιν, ὁ δουλικὸς αὐτοῖς ἐπανέστη πόλεμος ἐξ αἰτίας τοιαύτης. ἐπὶ πολὺ τοῖς βίοις ἀναδραμόντες καὶ μεγάλους περιποιησάμενοι πλούτους συνηγόραζον οἰκετῶν πλῆθος, οἷς ἐκ τῶν σωματοτροφείων ἀγεληδὸν ἀπαχθεῖσιν εὐθὺς χαρακτῆρας2 ἐπέβαλλον καὶ 2στιγμὰς τοῖς σώμασιν. ἐχρῶντο δὲ αὐτῶν τοῖς μὲν νέοις νομεῦσι, τοῖς δ᾿ ἄλλοις ὥς πῃ ἑκάστῳ ἡ χρεία ἐπέβαλλε. βαρέως δ᾿ αὐτοῖς κατά τε τὰς ὑπηρεσίας ἐχρῶντο, καὶ ἐπιμελείας παντελῶς ὀλίγης ἠξίουν, ὅσα τε ἐντρέφεσθαι καὶ ὅσα ἐνδύσασθαι. ἐξ ὧν οἱ πλείους ἀπὸ λῃστείας τὸ ζῆν ἐπορίζοντο, καὶ μεστὰ3 φόνων ἦν ἅπαντα, καθάπερ στρατευμάτων διεσπαρμένων 3τῶν λῃστῶν. οἱ δὲ στρατηγοὶ κωλύειν μὲν ἐπεχείρουν, κολάζειν δὲ οὐ τολμῶντες διὰ τὴν ἰσχὺν καὶ τὸ βάρος τῶν κυρίων, οἳ ἐδέσποζον τῶν λῃστῶν, ἠναγκάζοντο περιορᾶν λῃστευομένην τὴν ἐπαρχίαν· οἱ πλεῖστοι γὰρ τῶν κτητόρων ἱππεῖς ὄντες τῶν Ῥωμαίων, καὶ κριταὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπαρχιῶν κατηγορουμένοις στρατηγοῖς4 γινόμενοι, φοβεροὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ὑπῆρχον.

4Πιεζόμενοι δὲ οἱ δοῦλοι ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις καὶ

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2. When Sicily, after the Carthaginian collapse, had135 b.c. (?) enjoyed sixty years of good fortune in all respects, the Servile War1 broke out for the following reason. The Sicilians, having shot up in prosperity and acquired great wealth, began to purchase a vast number of slaves, to whose bodies, as they were brought in droves from the slave markets, they at once applied marks and brands. The young men they used as cowherds, the others in such ways as they happened to be useful. But they treated them with a heavy hand in their service, and granted them the most meagre care, the bare minimum for food and clothing. As a result most of them made their livelihood by brigandage, and there was bloodshed everywhere, since the brigands were like scattered bands of soldiers. The governors (praetores) attempted to repress them, but since they did not dare to punish them because of the power and prestige of the gentry who owned the brigands, they were forced to connive at the pillaging of the province. For most of the landowners were Roman knights (equites), and since it was the knights who acted as judges when charges arising from provincial affairs were brought against the governors,2 the magistrates stood in awe of them.

The slaves, distressed by their hardships, and frequently

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πληγαῖς τὰ πολλὰ παραλόγως ὑβριζόμενοι, οὐχ ὑπέμενον. συνιόντες οὖν ἀλλήλοις κατὰ τὰς εὐκαιρίας συνελάλουν περὶ ἀποστάσεως, ἕως εἰς ἔργον 5τὴν βουλὴν ἤγαγον. ἦν δέ τις οἰκέτης Ἀντιγένους Ἐνναίου, Σύρος1 τὸ γένος ἐκ τῆς Ἀπαμείας, ἄνθρωπος μάγος καὶ τερατουργὸς τὸν τρόπον. οὗτος προσεποιεῖτο θεῶν ἐπιτάγμασι καθ᾿ ὕπνον προλέγειν τὰ μέλλοντα, καὶ πολλοὺς διὰ τὴν εἰς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος εὐφυΐαν ἐξηπάτα. ἐντεῦθεν προϊὼν οὐ μόνον ἐξ ὀνείρων ἐμαντεύετο, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐγρηγορότως θεοὺς ὁρᾶν ὑπεκρίνετο καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀκούειν τὰ 6μέλλοντα. πολλῶν δ᾿ ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ σχεδιαζομένων ἀπὸ τύχης ἔνια πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ἐξέβαινε· καὶ τῶν μὲν μὴ γινομένων ὑπ᾿ οὐδενὸς ἐλεγχομένων, τῶν δὲ συντελουμένων ἐπισημασίας τυγχανόντων, προκοπὴν ἐλάμβανεν ἡ περὶ αὐτὸν δόξα. τελευταῖον διά τινος μηχανῆς πῦρ μετά τινος ἐνθουσιασμοῦ καὶ φλόγα διὰ τοῦ στόματος ἠφίει, καὶ οὕτω τὰ 7μέλλοντα ἀπεφοίβαζεν. εἰς γὰρ κάρυον ἤ τι τοιοῦτο τετρημένον ἐξ ἑκατέρου μέρους ἐνετίθει πῦρ καὶ τὴν συνέχειν αὐτὸ δυναμένην ὕλην· εἶτα ἐντιθεὶς τῷ στόματι καὶ προσπνέων ποτὲ μὲν σπινθῆρας, ποτὲ δὲ φλόγα ἐξέκαεν. οὗτος πρὸς τῆς ἀποστάσεως ἔλεγε τὴν Συρίαν θεὸν ἐπιφαινομένην αὐτῷ λέγειν ὅτι βασιλεύσει· καὶ τοῦτο οὐ πρὸς ἄλλους μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸν κύριον αὑτοῦ 8διετέλει λέγων. εἰς δὲ γέλωτα τρεπομένου τοῦ πράγματος, ὁ μὲν Ἀντιγένης ψυχαγωγούμενος ἐπὶ τῇ τερατείᾳ παρῆγε τὸν Εὔνουν εἰς τὰ σύνδειπνα—τοῦτο γὰρ ὄνομα τῷ τερατίᾳ—καὶ διηρώτα περὶ

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outraged and beaten beyond all reason, could not endure their treatment. Getting together as opportunity offered, they discussed the possibility of revolt, until at last they put their plans into action. There was a certain Syrian slave, belonging to Antigenes of Enna; he was an Apamean by birth and had an aptitude for magic and the working of wonders. He claimed to foretell the future, by divine command, through dreams, and because of his talent along these lines deceived many. Going on from there he not only gave oracles by means of dreams, but even made a pretence of having waking visions of the gods and of hearing the future from their own lips. Of his many improvisations some by chance turned out true, and since those which failed to do so were left unchallenged, while those that were fulfilled attracted attention, his reputation advanced apace. Finally, through some device, while in a state of divine possession, he would produce fire and flame from his mouth, and thus rave oracularly about things to come. For he would place fire, and fuel to maintain it, in a nut—or something similar—that was pierced on both sides; then, placing it in his mouth and blowing on it, he kindled now sparks, and now a flame. Prior to the revolt he used to say that the Syrian goddess1 appeared to him, saying that he should be king, and he repeated this, not only to others, but even to his own master. Since his claims were treated as a joke, Antigenes, taken by his hocus-pocus, would introduce Eunus (for that was the wonder-worker’s name) at his dinner parties,

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τῆς βασιλείας καὶ πῶς ἑκάστῳ χρήσεται τῶν παρόντων· τοῦ δὲ ἀτρέπτως πάντα διηγουμένου, καὶ ὡς μετρίως χρήσεται τοῖς κυρίοις, καὶ τὸ σύνολον ποικίλως τερατευομένου, γέλωτες ἐγίνοντο τοῖς παρακεκλημένοις, καί τινες αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης ἀξιολόγους μερίδας αἴροντες ἐδωροῦντο, ἐπιλέγοντες ὅπως, ὅταν γένηται βασιλεύς, τῆς χάριτος 9μνημονεύοι. οὐ μὴν ἀλλ᾿ ἡ τερατεία προῆλθεν εἰς ἀληθινὸν ἀποτέλεσμα βασιλείας, καὶ τὴν ἀνταπόδοσιν τοῖς παρὰ τὰ δεῖπνα δεξιωσαμένοις ἐν γέλωτι οὐ χωρὶς σπουδῆς ἐποιήσατο τῆς χάριτος. ἀρχὴ δὲ τῆς ὅλης ἀποστάσεως ἐγένετο τοιαύτη.

10Δαμόφιλός τις ἦν Ἐνναῖος, τὴν δ᾿ οὐσίαν μεγαλόπλουτος,1 ὑπερήφανος δὲ τὸν τρόπον. οὗτος κακῶς εἰς ὑπερβολὴν ἐκέχρητο τοῖς δούλοις, καὶ ἡ γυνὴ δὴ2 Μεγαλλὶς ἀντεφιλονείκει τἀνδρὶ πρὸς τὴν τιμωρίαν καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἀπανθρωπίαν τὴν περὶ τοὺς δούλους. ἐξ ὧν ἀποθηριωθέντες οἱ προπηλακιζόμενοι συνέθεντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὑπὲρ ἀποστάσεως καὶ φόνου τῶν κυρίων. καὶ πρὸς τὸν Εὔνουν ἐλθόντες ἠρώτων εἰ συγχωρεῖται παρὰ τῶν θεῶν αὐτοῖς τὸ βεβουλευμένον. ὁ δὲ μετὰ τερατείας, ὡς εἰώθει, συνθέμενος ὅτι συγχωροῦσι, παραχρῆμα 11πείθει ἔχεσθαι τῆς ἐγχειρήσεως. εὐθὺς οὖν τετρακοσίους τῶν ὁμοδούλων συνήθροισαν, καὶ ὡς ἂν ὁ καιρὸς ἐδίδου καθοπλισθέντες εἰς τὴν Ἔνναν τὴν πόλιν εἰσπίπτουσιν, ἀφηγουμένου αὐτῶν καὶ τοῦ πυρὸς τὰς φλόγας τερατευομένου τούτοις τοῦ Εὔνου. ταῖς δ᾿ οἰκίαις ἐπεισελθόντες πλεῖστον φόνον εἰργάζοντο,

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and cross-question him about his kingship and how he would treat each of the men present. And since he gave a full account of everything without hesitation, explaining with what moderation he would treat the masters and in sum making a colourful tale of his quackery, the guests were always stirred to laughter, and some of them, picking up a nice tidbit from the table, would present it to him, adding, as they did so, that when he became king, he should remember the favour. But, as it happened, his charlatanism did in fact result in kingship, and for the favours received in jest at the banquets he made a return of thanks in good earnest. The beginning of the whole revolt took place as follows.

There was a certain Damophilus of Enna, a man of great wealth but insolent of manner; he had abused his slaves to excess, and his wife Megallis vied even with her husband in punishing the slaves and in her general inhumanity towards them. The slaves, reduced by this degrading treatment to the level of brutes, conspired to revolt and to murder their masters. Going to Eunus they asked him whether their resolve had the favour of the gods. He, resorting to his usual mummery, promised them the favour of the gods, and soon persuaded them to act at once. Immediately, therefore, they brought together four hundred of their fellow slaves and, having armed themselves in such ways as opportunity permitted, they fell upon the city of Enna, with Eunus at their head and working his miracle of the flames of fire for their benefit. When they found their way into the houses they shed much

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12μηδ᾿ αὐτῶν τῶν ὑπομαζίων φειδόμενοι. ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν τῆς θηλῆς ἀποσπῶντες προσήρασσον τῇ γῇ· εἰς δὲ τὰς γυναῖκας οὐδ᾿ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα1 βλεπόντων τῶν ἀνδρῶν, ὅσα ἐνύβριζόν τε καὶ ἐνησέλγαινον, πολλοῦ αὐτοῖς πλήθους τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως δούλων προστεθέντος, οἳ καὶ κατὰ τῶν κυρίων πρότερον τὰ ἔσχατα ἐνδεικνύμενοι οὕτω 13πρὸς τὸν τῶν ἄλλων φόνον ἐτρέποντο. οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Εὔνουν πυθόμενοι τὸν Δαμόφιλον ὅτι κατὰ τὸν πλησίον τῆς πόλεως περίκηπον διατρίβει μετὰ τῆς γυναικός, εἷλκον ἐκεῖθεν διά τινων ἐξ αὑτῶν σταλέντων αὐτόν τε καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα δεδεμένους ἐξαγκωνίσαντες, πολλὰς κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ὕβρεις ὑποσχόντας. μόνης δὲ τῆς θυγατρὸς αὐτῶν οἱ δοῦλοι ὤφθησαν εἰς πάντα φεισάμενοι διὰ τὸ φιλάνθρωπον αὐτῆς ἦθος καὶ περὶ τοὺς δούλους συμπαθὲς καὶ βοηθητικὸν κατὰ δύναμιν. ἐξ ὧν ἐδείκνυτο τῶν δούλων οὐχὶ ὠμότης εἶναι φύσεως τὰ γινόμενα εἰς τοὺς ἄλλους, ἀλλὰ τῶν προϋπηργμένων εἰς 14αὐτοὺς ἀδικημάτων ἀνταπόδοσις. τὸν δὲ Δαμόφιλον καὶ τὴν Μεγαλλίδα εἰς τὴν πόλιν οἱ ἀπεσταλμένοι ἑλκύσαντες, ὥσπερ ἔφημεν, εἰς τὸ θέατρον εἰσήγαγον, συνεληλυθότος ἐνταῦθα τοῦ πλήθους τῶν ἀποστατῶν. καὶ τοῦ Δαμοφίλου τεχνάσασθαί τι πρὸς τὴν σωτηρίαν ἐγχειρήσαντος καὶ πολλοὺς τοῦ πλήθους τοῖς λόγοις ἐπαγομένου, Ἑρμείας καὶ Ζεῦξις πικρῶς πρὸς αὐτὸν διακείμενοι πλάνον τε ἀπεκάλουν, καὶ οὐκ ἀναμείναντες τὴν ἀκριβῆ τοῦ δήμου κρίσιν ὁ μὲν διὰ τῶν πλευρῶν τὸ ξίφος ὠθεῖ, ὁ δὲ πελέκει τὸν τράχηλον ἔκοψεν. ἐκεῖθεν αἱρεῖται βασιλεὺς ὁ Εὔνους οὔτε δι᾿ ἀνδρείαν οὔτε

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blood, sparing not even suckling babes. Rather they tore them from the breast and dashed them to the ground, while as for the women—and under their husbands’ very eyes—but words cannot tell the extent of their outrages and acts of lewdness! By now a great multitude of slaves from the city had joined them, who, after first demonstrating against their own masters their utter ruthlessness, then turned to the slaughter of others. When Eunus and his men learned that Damophilus and his wife were in the garden that lay near the city, they sent some of their band and dragged them off, both the man and his wife, fettered and with hands bound behind their backs, subjecting them to many outrages along the way. Only in the case of the couple’s daughter were the slaves seen to show consideration throughout, and this was because of her kindly nature, in that to the extent of her power she was always compassionate and ready to succour the slaves. Thereby it was demonstrated that the others were treated as they were, not because of some “natural savagery of slaves,” but rather in revenge for wrongs previously received. The men appointed to the task, having dragged Damophilus and Megallis into the city, as we said, brought them to the theatre, where the crowd of rebels had assembled. But when Damophilus attempted to devise a plea to get them off safe and was winning over many of the crowd with his words, Hermeias and Zeuxis, men bitterly disposed towards him, denounced him as a cheat, and without waiting for a formal trial by the assembly the one ran him through the chest with a sword, the other chopped off his head with an axe. Thereupon Eunus was chosen king, not for his manly courage

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διὰ στρατηγίαν, διὰ δὲ μόνην τερατείαν καὶ τὸ τῆς ἀποστάσεως ἄρξαι, ἅμα δὲ καὶ τῆς προσηγορίας οἱονεί τινα καλὸν οἰωνὸν ἐχούσης πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὑποταττομένων εὔνοιαν.

15Τῶν ὅλων δὲ τοῖς ἀποστάταις καταστὰς κύριος καὶ συναγαγὼν ἐκκλησίαν ἀνεῖλε μὲν τοὺς ἐζωγρημένους τῶν Ἐνναίων, ὅσοις οὐκ ἦν ἡ τέχνη ὅπλα ἐργάζεσθαι, ἐκείνους δὲ δεδεμένους τοῖς ἔργοις ὑπέβαλλεν. ἔδωκε δὲ καὶ ταῖς θεραπαίναις τὴν Μεγαλλίδα χρήσασθαι ὡς ἂν βούλοιντο· καὶ αὗται κατεκρήμνισαν αἰκισάμεναι. καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ τοὺς ἰδίους 16ἀνεῖλε κυρίους Ἀντιγένη καὶ Πύθωνα. περιθέμενος δὲ διάδημα καὶ πάντα τὰ ἄλλα τὰ περὶ αὑτὸν βασιλικῶς διακοσμήσας τήν τε συμβιοῦσαν αὐτῷ, Σύραν καὶ συμπολῖτιν οὖσαν, βασίλισσαν ἀποδείξας συνέδρους τε τοὺς συνέσει δοκοῦντας διαφέρειν ποιησάμενος, ὧν ἦν Ἀχαιὸς καὶ τοὔνομα καὶ τὸ γένος, ἀνὴρ καὶ βουλῇ καὶ χειρὶ διαφέρων, καὶ ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις πλείους τῶν ἑξακισχιλίων τὸν δυνατὸν καθοπλίσας τρόπον καὶ ἑτέρους συνεπαγόμενος ἀξίναις καὶ πελέκεσι χρωμένους ἢ σφενδόναις ἢ δρεπάνοις ἢ ξύλοις πεπυρακτωμένοις ἢ καὶ μαγείρων ὀβελοῖς, ἐπῄει πᾶσαν λεηλατῶν τὴν χώραν, καὶ πλῆθος ἄπειρον οἰκετῶν προσλαμβάνων ἐθάρρησε καὶ στρατηγοῖς Ῥωμαίων πολεμῆσαι, καὶ συμπλακεὶς τῷ πλήθει πολλάκις ἐκράτησεν, ἔχων ἤδη στρατιώτας ὑπὲρ τοὺς μυρίους.

17Ἐν τούτῳ δὲ Κλέων τις Κίλιξ ἄλλων δούλων ἀποστάσεως ἦρξε. καὶ πάντων ταῖς ἐλπίσι μετεωρισθέντων

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or his ability as a military leader, but solely for his marvels and his setting of the revolt in motion, and because his name seemed to contain a favourable omen that suggested good will towards his subjects.1

Established as the rebels’ supreme commander, he called an assembly and put to death all the citizenry of Enna except for those who were skilled in the manufacture of arms: these he put in chains and assigned them to this task. He gave Megallis to the maidservants to deal with as they might wish; they subjected her to torture and threw her over a precipice. He himself murdered his own masters, Antigenes and Pytho. Having set a diadem upon his head, and arrayed himself in full royal style, he proclaimed his wife queen (she was a fellow Syrian and of the same city), and appointed to the royal council such men as seemed to be gifted with superior intelligence, among them one Achaeus (Achaeus by name and an Achaean by birth), a man who excelled both at planning and in action. In three days Eunus had armed, as best he could, more than six thousand men, besides others in his train who had only axes and hatchets, or slings, or sickles, or fire-hardened stakes, or even kitchen spits; and he went about ravaging the countryside. Then, since he kept recruiting untold numbers of slaves, he ventured even to do battle with Roman generals, and on joining combat repeatedly overcame them with his superior numbers, for he now had more than ten thousand soldiers.

Meanwhile a man named Cleon, a Cilician, began a revolt of still other slaves. And though there were

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ὡς ἀντιπολεμήσει τὰ στασιάσαντα πρὸς ἀλλήλους καὶ αὐτοὶ ἑαυτοὺς οἱ ἀποστάται διαφθείροντες ἐλευθερώσουσι τὴν Σικελίαν τῆς στάσεως, παρὰ δόξαν ἀλλήλοις συνέβησαν, τοῦ Κλέωνος ὑποταγέντος ψιλῷ τοῦ Εὔνου προστάγματι καὶ τὴν τοῦ στρατηγοῦ οἷα δὴ1 βασιλεῖ χρείαν ἀποπληροῦντος, ἔχοντος οἰκεῖον πλῆθος στρατιωτῶν πεντακισχιλίων· ἡμέραι δ᾿ ἐγγὺς ἦσαν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀποστάσεως τριάκοντα.

18Καὶ μετὰ βραχὺ ἐκ Ῥώμης ἥκοντι στρατηγῷ Λευκίῳ Ὑψαίῳ, ἔχοντι στρατιώτας ἐκ Σικελίας ὀκτακισχιλίους, εἰς πόλεμον καταστάντες οἱ ἀποστάται ἐνίκησαν, πλῆθος ὄντες δισμύριοι. μετ᾿ οὐ πολὺ δὲ ἀθροίζεται τὸ σύστημα αὐτῶν εἰς μυριάδας εἴκοσι, καὶ πολλοῖς τοῖς πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πολέμοις 19ἐνευδοκιμήσαντες ἔλαττον αὐτοὶ ἔπταιον. οὗ διαβοηθέντος κατά τε Ῥώμην δούλων ἀπόστασις ἑκατὸν πεντήκοντα συνομοσάντων ἀνήπτετο, καὶ κατὰ τὴν Ἀττικὴν ὑπὲρ χιλίων, ἔν τε Δήλῳ καὶ κατ᾿ ἄλλους πολλοὺς τόπους· οὓς τάχει τε τῆς βοηθείας καὶ τῇ σφοδρᾷ κολάσει τῆς τιμωρίας οἱ καθ᾿ ἕκαστον ἐπιμεληταὶ τῶν κοινῶν θᾶττον ἠφάνισαν, σωφρονίσαντες καὶ τὸ ἄλλο ὅσον ἦν ἐπὶ ἀποστάσει 20μετέωρον. κατὰ δὲ Σικελίαν ηὔξετο τὸ κακόν, καί πόλεις ἡλίσκοντο αὔτανδροι καὶ πολλὰ στρατόπεδα ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστατῶν κατεκόπησαν, ἕως Ῥουπίλιος2 ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς τὸ Ταυρομένιον ἀνεσώσατο Ῥωμαίοις, καρτερῶς μὲν αὐτὸ πολιορκήσας καὶ

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high hopes everywhere that the revolutionary groups would come into conflict one with the other, and that the rebels, by destroying themselves, would free Sicily of strife, contrary to expectations the two groups joined forces, Cleon having subordinated himself to Eunus at his mere command, and discharging, as it were, the function of a general serving a king; his particular band numbered five thousand men. It was now about thirty days since the outbreak.

Soon after, engaging in battle with a general arrived from Rome, Lucius Hypsaeus,1 who had eight thousand Sicilian troops, the rebels were victorious, since they now numbered twenty thousand. Before long their band reached a total of two hundred thousand, and in numerous battles with the Romans they acquitted themselves well, and failed but seldom. As word of this was bruited about, a revolt of one hundred and fifty slaves, banded together, flared up in Rome, of more than a thousand in Attica, and of yet others in Delos and many other places. But thanks to the speed with which forces were brought up and to the severity of their punitive measures, the magistrates of these communities at once disposed of the rebels and brought to their senses any who were wavering on the verge of revolt. In Sicily, however, the trouble grew. Cities were captured with all their inhabitants, and many armies were cut to pieces by the rebels, until Rupilius,2 the132 b.c. Roman commander, recovered Tauromenium for the Romans by placing it under strict siege and confining

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εἰς ἄφατον ἀνάγκην καὶ λιμὸν τοὺς ἀποστάτας συγκλείσας, ὥστε ἀρξαμένους ἐκ παίδων βορᾶς καὶ διελθόντας διὰ γυναικῶν μηδὲ τῆς αὑτῶν ἀλληλοφαγίας μηδ᾿ ὅλως φείσασθαι· ὅτε καὶ Κομανὸν τὸν ἀδελφὸν Κλέωνος φεύγοντα ἐκ1 τῆς πολιορκουμένης 21πόλεως εἷλε. καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον Σαραπίωνος Σύρου τὴν ἄκραν προδόντος, συμπάντων τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει δραπετῶν ὁ στρατηγὸς ἐκυρίευσεν· οὓς καὶ αἰκισάμενος κατεκρήμνισεν. ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἔνναν ἐλθὼν παραπλησίως ἐπολιόρκει, εἰς ἐσχάτην ἀνάγκην συγκλείων τὰς τῶν ἀποστατῶν ἐλπίδας. καὶ Κλέωνα τὸν στρατηγὸν ἐξελθόντα τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἡρωικῶς ἀγωνισάμενον μετ᾿ ὀλίγων ὑπὸ τῶν τραυμάτων δείξας νεκρόν, εἷλε καὶ ταύτην προδοσίᾳ τὴν πόλιν, ἐπεὶ οὐδ᾿2 ἦν ἁλώσιμος διὰ τὴν 22ὀχυρότητα βίᾳ χειρός. ὁ δὲ Εὔνους ἀναλαβὼν τοὺς σωματοφύλακας ὄντας χιλίους3 ἔφυγεν4 ἀνάνδρως εἴς τινας παρακρήμνους τόπους. ἀλλ᾿ οἱ μὲν σὺν αὐτῷ ἄφυκτον τὸ περὶ αὑτοὺς δεινὸν ἐπιστάμενοι, ἤδη γὰρ καὶ ὁ στρατηγὸς Ῥουπίλιος ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς ἤλαυνεν, ἀλλήλους τοῖς ξίφεσιν ἔσφαζον ἀπαυχενίσαντες.5 ὁ δὲ τερατίας Εὔνους καὶ βασιλεὺς καταφυγὼν διὰ δειλίαν ἔν τισι κοιλάσιν ἐξειλκύσθη ἅμα τεττάρων, μαγείρου καὶ ἀρτοποιοῦ καὶ τοῦ τρίβοντος αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ λουτρῷ καὶ τετάρτου τοῦ παρὰ 23τοὺς πότους εἰωθότος ψυχαγωγεῖν αὐτόν. καὶ παραδοθεὶς εἰς φυλακὴν καὶ τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ διαλυθέντος εἰς φθειρῶν πλῆθος οἰκείως τῆς περὶ

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the rebels under conditions of unspeakable duress and famine: conditions such that, beginning by eating the children, they progressed to the women, and did not altogether abstain even from eating one another. It was on this occasion that Rupilius captured Comanus, the brother of Cleon, as he was attempting to escape from the beleaguered city. Finally, after Sarapion, a Syrian, had betrayed the citadel, the general laid hands on all the runaway slaves in the city, whom, after torture, he threw over a cliff. From there he advanced to Enna, which he put under siege in much the same manner, bringing the rebels into extreme straits and frustrating their hopes. Cleon came forth from the city with a few men, but after an heroic struggle, covered with wounds, he was displayed dead, and Rupilius captured this city also by betrayal, since its strength was impregnable to force of arms. Eunus, taking with him his bodyguards, a thousand strong, fled in unmanly fashion to a certain precipitous region. The men with him, however, aware that their dreaded fate was inevitable, inasmuch as the general, Rupilius, was already marching against them, killed one another with the sword, by beheading. Eunus, the wonder-worker and king, who through cowardice had sought refuge in certain caves, was dragged out with four others, a cook, a baker, the man who massaged him at his bath, and a fourth, whose duty it had been to amuse him at drinking parties. Remanded to prison, where his flesh disintegrated into a mass of

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αὐτὸν ῥᾳδιουργίας κατέστρεψε τὸν βίον ἐν τῇ Μοργαντίνῃ. ἐντεῦθεν Ῥουπίλιος ἐπιτρέχων ὅλην τὴν Σικελίαν ἅμα λογάσιν ὀλίγοις θᾶττον ἤπερ τις ἤλπισε παντὸς αὐτὴν ἠλευθέρωσε λῃστηρίου.

24Ὅτι ὁ τῶν ἀποστατῶν βασιλεὺς Εὔνους ἑαυτὸν μὲν Ἀντίοχον, Σύρους δὲ τῶν ἀποστατῶν τὸ πλῆθος ἐπωνόμασεν.

(Photius, Bibl. pp. 384–386 B.)

Chap. 2. 24b: see below, after Chap. 2. 37.

25Ὅτι οὐδέποτε στάσις ἐγένετο τηλικαύτη δούλων ἡλίκη συνέστη ἐν τῇ Σικελίᾳ. δι᾿ ἣν πολλαὶ μὲν πόλεις δειναῖς περιέπεσον συμφοραῖς, ἀναρίθμητοι δὲ ἄνδρες καὶ γυναῖκες μετὰ τέκνων ἐπειράθησαν τῶν μεγίστων ἀτυχημάτων, πᾶσα δὲ ἡ νῆσος ἐκινδύνευσεν πεσεῖν εἰς ἐξουσίαν δραπετῶν, ὅρον τῆς ἐξουσίας τιθεμένων τὴν τῶν ἐλευθέρων ὑπερβολὴν τῶν ἀκληρημάτων. καὶ ταῦτα ἀπήντησε τοῖς μὲν πολλοῖς ἀνελπίστως καὶ παραδόξως, τοῖς δὲ πραγματικῶς ἕκαστα δυναμένοις κρίνειν οὐκ ἀλόγως 26ἔδοξε συμβαίνειν. διὰ γὰρ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς εὐπορίας τῶν τὴν κρατίστην νῆσον ἐκκαρπουμένων1 ἅπαντες σχεδὸν οἱ τοῖς πλούτοις προκεκοφότες ἐζήλωσαν τὸ μὲν πρῶτον τρυφήν, εἶθ᾿ ὑπερηφανίαν καὶ ὕβριν. ἐξ ὧν ἁπάντων αὐξανομένης ἐπ᾿ ἴσης τῆς τε κατὰ τῶν οἰκετῶν κακουχίας καὶ τῆς κατὰ τῶν δεσποτῶν ἀλλοτριότητος, ἐρράγη2 ποτὲ σὺν

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lice,1 he met such an end as befitted his knavery, and died at Morgantina.2 Thereupon Rupilius, traversing the whole of Sicily with a few picked troops, sooner than had been expected rid it of every nest of robbers.

Eunus, king of the rebels, called himself Antiochus, and his horde of rebels Syrians.

There3 was never a sedition of slaves so great as135 b.c. (?) that which occurred in Sicily, whereby many cities met with grave calamities, innumerable men and women, together with their children, experienced the greatest misfortunes, and all the island was in danger of falling into the power of fugitive slaves, who measured their authority only by the excessive suffering of the freeborn. To most people these events came as an unexpected and sudden surprise, but to those who were capable of judging affairs realistically they did not seem to happen without reason. Because of the superabundant prosperity of those who exploited the products of this mighty island, nearly all who had risen in wealth affected first a luxurious mode of living, then arrogance and insolence. As a result of all this, since both the maltreatment of the slaves and their estrangement from their masters increased at an equal rate, there was at last, when occasion offered, a violent outburst

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καιρῷ τὸ μῖσος. ἐξ οὗ χωρὶς παραγγέλματος πολλαὶ μυριάδες συνέδραμον οἰκετῶν ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν δεσποτῶν ἀπώλειαν. τὸ παραπλήσιον δὲ γέγονε καὶ κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν κατὰ τοὺς αὐτοὺς καιρούς, Ἀριστονίκου μὲν ἀντιποιησαμένου τῆς μὴ προσηκούσης βασιλείας, τῶν δὲ δούλων διὰ τὰς ἐκ τῶν δεσποτῶν κακουχίας συναπονοησαμένων ἐκείνῳ1 καὶ μεγάλοις ἀτυχήμασι πολλὰς πόλεις περιβαλόντων.

27Ὅτι παραπλησίως καὶ πρὸς τὰς γεωργίας ἕκαστος τῶν πολλὴν χώραν κεκτημένων ὅλα σωματοτροφεῖα συνηγόραζον· . . .2 τοὺς μὲν πέδαις δεσμεύειν, τοὺς δὲ ταῖς βαρύτησι τῶν ἔργων καταπονεῖν, πάντας3 δὲ τοῖς ὑπερηφάνοις χαρακτῆρσι κατέστιζον. διὸ καὶ τοσοῦτο τῶν οἰκετῶν ἐπέκλυσε πλῆθος ἅπασαν4 Σικελίαν, ὥστε τοὺς ἀκούοντας τὴν ὑπερβολὴν μὴ πιστεῦσαι. καὶ γὰρ τῶν Σικελιωτῶν οἱ πολλοὺς πλούτους κεκτημένοι διημιλλῶντο πρὸς τὰς τῶν Ἰταλιωτῶν ὑπερηφανίας τε καὶ πλεονεξίας καὶ κακουργίας. εἰς τοιαύτην γὰρ συνήθειαν ῥᾳδιουργίας τοὺς νομεῖς ἤγαγον οἱ πολλοὺς οἰκέτας κεκτημένοι τῶν Ἰταλικῶν ὥστε τροφὰς μὲν 28μὴ παρέχειν, ἐπιτρέπειν δὲ λῃστεύειν. τοιαύτης δοθείσης ἐξουσίας ἀνθρώποις διὰ μὲν τὴν ἰσχὺν τῶν σωμάτων δυναμένοις πᾶν τὸ κριθὲν ἐπιτελεῖν, διὰ δὲ τὴν ἄνεσιν καὶ σχολὴν εὐκαιροῦσι, διὰ δὲ τὴν τῆς τροφῆς ἔνδειαν ἀναγκαζομένοις ταῖς παραβόλοις ἐγχειρεῖν πράξεσιν, συνέβη ταχὺ τὴν παρανομίαν

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of hatred. So without a word of summons tens of thousands of slaves joined forces to destroy their masters. Similar events took place throughout Asia at the same period, after Aristonicus1 laid claim to a kingdom that was not rightfully his, and the slaves, because of their owners’ maltreatment of them, joined him in his mad venture and involved many cities in great misfortunes.

In like fashion2 each of the large landowners bought up whole slave marts to work their lands; ... to bind some in fetters, to wear out others by the severity of their tasks; and they marked all with their arrogant brands. In consequence, so great a multitude of slaves inundated all Sicily that those who heard tell of the immense number were incredulous. For in fact the Sicilians who had acquired much wealth were now rivalling the Italians in arrogance, greed, and villainy. And the Italians who owned large numbers of slaves had made crime so familiar to their herdsmen that they provided them no food, but permitted them to plunder. With such licence given to men who had the physical strength to accomplish their every resolve, who had scope and leisure to seize the opportunity, and who for want of food were constrained to embark on perilous enterprises, there was soon an increase in

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αὐξηθῆναι. τὸ γὰρ πρῶτον ἐν τοῖς ἐπιφανεστάτοις1 τόποις τοὺς καθ᾿ ἕνα καὶ δύο τὰς ὁδοιπορίας ποιουμένους ἐφόνευον· εἶτα ἐπὶ τὰς τῶν ἀσθενεστέρων ἐπαύλεις νυκτὸς ἀθρόοι συντρέχοντες ἐξῄρουν βίᾳ ταύτας καὶ τὰς κτήσεις διήρπαζον καὶ τοὺς ἀνθισταμένους 29ἀνῄρουν. ἀεὶ δὲ μᾶλλον τῆς τόλμης προβαινούσης, οὔτε τοῖς ὁδοιπόροις νυκτὸς ἡ Σικελία βάσιμος ἦν οὔτε τοῖς ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας ζῆν εἰωθόσιν ἀσφαλὴς ἐπὶ ταύτης ἡ διατριβή, πάντα δὲ βίας καὶ λῃστείας καὶ παντοδαπῶν φόνων ἦν μεστά. τοῖς δὲ νομεῦσιν2 ἀγραυλίας γεγενημένης καὶ σκευῆς στρατιωτικῆς, εὐλόγως ἅπαντες ἐνεπιμπλῶντο φρονήματος καὶ θράσους· περιφέροντες γὰρ ῥόπαλα καὶ λόγχας καὶ καλαύροπας ἀξιολόγους καὶ δέρματα λύκων ἢ συάγρων ἐσκεπασμένοι τὰ σώματα καταπληκτικὴν εἶχον τὴν πρόσοψιν καὶ πολεμικῶν 30ἔργων οὐ πόρρω κειμένην. κυνῶν τε ἀλκίμων ἄθροισμα συνεπόμενον ἑκάστῳ καὶ τροφῆς καὶ γάλακτος καὶ κρεῶν παρακειμένων πλῆθος ἐξηγρίου τάς τε ψυχὰς καὶ τὰ σώματα. ἦν οὖν πᾶσα χώρα μεστὴ καθάπερ στρατευμάτων διεσπαρμένων, ὡς ἂν ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν δεσποτῶν ἐπιτροπῆς τοῦ 31θράσους τῶν δούλων καθωπλισμένου.3 οἱ δὲ στρατηγοὶ κωλύειν μὲν ἐπεχείρουν τὴν ἀπόνοιαν τῶν οἰκετῶν, κολάζειν δὲ οὐ τολμῶντες διὰ τὴν ἰσχὺν καὶ τὸ βάρος τῶν κυρίων ἠναγκάζοντο περιορᾶν τὴν ἐπαρχίαν λῃστευομένην. οἱ πλεῖστοι γὰρ τῶν κτητόρων ἱππεῖς ὄντες ἐντελεῖς τῶν Ῥωμαίων, καὶ κριταὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπαρχιῶν κατηγορουμένοις

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lawlessness. They began by murdering men who were travelling singly or in pairs, in the most conspicuous1 areas. Then they took to assaulting in a body, by night, the homesteads of the less well protected, which they destroyed, seizing the property and killing all who resisted. As their boldness grew steadily greater, Sicily became impassable to travellers by night; those who normally lived in the country found it no longer safe to stay there; and there was violence, robbery, and all manner of bloodshed on every side. The herdsmen, however, because of their experience of life in the open and their military accoutrements, were naturally all brimming with high spirits and audacity; and since they carried clubs or spears or stout staves, while their bodies were protected by the skins of wolves or wild boars, they presented a terrifying appearance that was little short of actual belligerency. Moreover, each had at his heels a pack of valiant dogs, while the plentiful diet of milk and meat available to the men rendered them savage in temper and in physique. So every region was filled with what were practically scattered bands of soldiers, since with the permission of their masters the reckless daring of the slaves had been furnished with arms. The praetors attempted to hold the raging slaves in check, but not daring to punish them because of the power and influence of the masters were forced to wink at the plundering of their province. For most of the landowners were Roman knights in full standing, and since it was the knights who acted as judges when

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στρατηγοῖς γινόμενοι,1 φοβεροὶ ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ὑπῆρχον.

32Ὅτι οἱ περὶ τὰς γεωργίας ἀσχολούμενοι τῶν Ἰταλικῶν παμπληθεῖς οἰκέτας ὠνούμενοι καὶ πάντας χαράττοντες τοῖς στίγμασι τροφὰς μὲν οὐχ ἱκανὰς παρείχοντο, τῇ δὲ βαρύτητι τῶν ἔργων κατέξαινον . . .2 τὴν παρ᾿ αὐτῶν ταλαιπωρίαν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 302–303.)

33Ὅτι οὐ μόνον κατὰ τὰς πολιτικὰς δυναστείας τοὺς ἐν ὑπεροχῇ ὄντας ἐπιεικῶς χρὴ προσφέρεσθαι τοῖς ταπεινοτέροις, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τοὺς ἰδιωτικοὺς βίους πρᾴως προσενεκτέον τοῖς οἰκέταις τοὺς εὖ φρονοῦντας. ἡ γὰρ ὑπερηφανία καὶ βαρύτης ἐν μὲν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἀπεργάζεται στάσεις ἐμφυλίους τῶν ἐλευθέρων, ἐν δὲ τοῖς κατὰ μέρος τῶν ἰδιωτῶν οἴκοις δούλων ἐπιβουλὰς τοῖς δεσπόταις καὶ ἀποστάσεις φοβερὰς κοινῇ ταῖς πόλεσι κατασκευάζει. ὅσῳ δ᾿ ἂν3 τὰ τῆς ἐξουσίας εἰς ὠμότητα καὶ παρανομίαν ἐκτρέπηται, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον καὶ τὰ τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων ἤθη πρὸς ἀπόνοιαν ἀποθηριοῦται· πᾶς γὰρ ὁ τῇ τύχῃ ταπεινὸς τοῦ μὲν καλοῦ καὶ τῆς δόξης ἑκουσίως ἐκχωρεῖ τοῖς ὑπερέχουσι, τῆς δὲ καθηκούσης φιλανθρωπίας στερισκόμενος πολέμιος γίνεται τῶν ἀνημέρως δεσποζόντων.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 383–384.)

34Ὅτι Δαμόφιλός τις ἦν τὸ γένος Ἐνναῖος, τὴν οὐσίαν μεγαλόπλουτος, τὸν τρόπον ὑπερήφανος, ὃς πολλὴν χώρας4 περίοδον5 γεωργῶν, παμπληθεῖς δὲ βοσκημάτων ἀγέλας κεκτημένος6 οὐ μόνον τὴν

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charges arising from provincial affairs were brought against the governors,1 the magistrates stood in awe of them.

The Italians who were engaged in agriculture purchased great numbers of slaves, all of whom they marked with brands, but failed to provide them sufficient food, and by oppressive toil wore them out . . . their distress.

Not only in the exercise of political power should men of prominence be considerate towards those of low estate, but so also in private life they should—if they are sensible—treat their slaves gently. For heavy-handed arrogance leads states into civil strife and factionalism between citizens, and in individual households it paves the way for plots of slaves against masters and for terrible uprisings in concert against the whole state. The more power is perverted to cruelty and lawlessness, the more the character of those subject to that power is brutalized to the point of desperation. Anyone whom fortune has set in low estate willingly yields place to his superiors in point of gentility and esteem, but if he is deprived of due consideration, he comes to regard those who harshly lord it over him with bitter enmity.

There2 was a certain Damophilus, a native of Enna, a man of great wealth but arrogant in manner, who, since he had under cultivation a great circuit of land and owned many herds of cattle, emulated

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τρυφὴν τῶν κατὰ Σικελίαν Ἰταλικῶν ἐζήλωσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ κατὰ τοὺς οἰκέτας πλῆθος καὶ τὴν εἰς τούτους ἀπανθρωπίαν καὶ βαρύτητα. ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τῆς χώρας ἵππους τε πολυτελεῖς καὶ τετρακύκλους ἀπήνας μετ᾿ οἰκετῶν στρατιωτικῶν περιήγετο· πρὸς δὲ τούτοις εὐπρεπῶν παίδων πλῆθος, ἔτι δὲ κολάκων ἀνάγωγον παραδρομὴν ἔχειν ἐφιλοτιμεῖτο. 35κατὰ δὲ τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὰς ἐπαύλεις ἀργυρωμάτων ἐκθέσεις τορευτῶν καὶ στρωμάτων θαλαττίων πολυτελείας ἐκπονούμενος παρετίθετο τραπέζας ὑπερηφάνους καὶ βασιλικὰς ταῖς δαψιλείαις, ὑπεραίρων τὴν Περσικὴν τρυφὴν ταῖς δαπάναις καὶ πολυτελείαις· ὑπερέβαλε δὲ1 καὶ κατὰ2 τὴν ὑπερηφανίαν. ἀνάγωγος γὰρ καὶ ἀπαίδευτος τρόπος3 ἐξουσίας ἀνυπευθύνου καὶ τύχης μεγαλοπλούτου κυριεύσας τὸ μὲν πρῶτον κόρον ἐγέννησεν, εἶθ᾿ ὕβριν, τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον ὄλεθρόν τε αὐτῷ4 καὶ συμφορὰς μεγάλας 36τῇ πατρίδι. ἀγοράζων γὰρ οἰκετῶν πλῆθος ὑβριστικῶς αὐτοῖς προσεφέρετο, στίγμασι σιδήρου χαράττων τὰ σώματα τῶν ἐλευθέρων μὲν ἐν ταῖς5 πατρίσι γεγενημένων, αἰχμαλωσίας δὲ καὶ δουλικῆς τύχης πεπειραμένων. καὶ τούτων τοὺς μὲν πέδαις δεσμεύων εἰς τὰς συνεργασίας ἐνέβαλλε, τοὺς δὲ νομεῖς ἀποδεικνύων οὔτ᾿ ἐσθῆτας οὔτε τροφὰς ἐχορήγει τὰς ἁρμοττούσας.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 304.)

Chap. 2. 37: see below, after Chap. 2. 38.

38Ὅτι Δαμόφιλος ὁ Ἐνναῖός ποτε προσελθόντων

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not only the luxury affected by the Italian landowners in Sicily, but also their troops of slaves and their inhumanity and severity towards them. He drove about the countryside with expensive horses, four-wheeled carriages, and a bodyguard of slaves, and prided himself, in addition, on his great train of handsome serving-boys and ill-mannered parasites.1 Both in town and at his villas he took pains to provide a veritable exhibition of embossed silver and costly crimson spreads, and had himself served sumptuous and regally lavish dinners, in which he surpassed even the luxury of the Persians in outlay and extravagance, as indeed he outdid them also in arrogance. His uncouth and boorish nature, in fact, being set in possession of irresponsible power and in control of a vast fortune, first of all engendered satiety, then overweening pride, and, at last, destruction for him and great calamities for his country. Purchasing a large number of slaves, he treated them outrageously, marking with branding irons the bodies of men who in their own countries had been free, but who through capture in war had come to know the fate of a slave. Some of these he put in fetters and thrust into slave pens; others he designated to act as his herdsmen, but neglected to provide them with suitable clothing or food.

On one occasion when approached by a group of

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αὐτῷ τινων οἰκετῶν γυμνῶν καὶ διαλεγομένων ὑπὲρ ἐσθῆτος οὐκ ἠνέσχετο τὴν ἔντευξιν, ἀλλ᾿ εἰπὼν· Τί γάρ; οἱ διὰ τῆς χώρας ὁδοιποροῦντες γυμνοὶ βαδίζουσι, καὶ οὐχ ἑτοίμην παρέχονται τὴν χορηγίαν τοῖς χρείαν ἔχουσιν ἱματίων;1 ἐπέταξε προσδῆσαι τοῖς κίοσι καὶ πληγὰς ἐμφορήσας ἐξαπέστειλεν ὑπερηφάνως.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 384.)

Chap. 2. 39: see below, after Chap. 2. 24b.

37Ὅτι ὁ αὐτὸς Δαμόφιλος διὰ τὴν αὐθάδειαν καὶ τὴν ὠμότητα τῶν τρόπων οὐκ ἦν ἡμέρα καθ᾿ ἣν οὐκ ᾐκίζετό τινας τῶν οἰκετῶν ἐπ᾿ αἰτίαις οὐ δικαίαις.2 οὐχ ἧττον δὲ ἡ γυνὴ τούτου Μεταλλὶς χαίρουσα ταῖς ὑπερηφάνοις τιμωρίαις ὠμῶς προσεφέρετο ταῖς θεραπαινίσι καὶ τῶν οἰκετῶν τοῖς ὑποπεσοῦσιν. καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων ὕβριν καὶ τιμωρίαν ἀπεθηριώθησαν οἱ δοῦλοι πρὸς τοὺς κυρίους, καὶ διαλαβόντες μηδὲν ἔτι χεῖρον τῶν παρόντων αὐτοῖς κακῶν ἀπαντήσεσθαι. . . .

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 304.)

Chap. 2. 38: see above, after Chap. 2. 36.

24 bὍτι συνετίθεντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους οἱ δοῦλοι περὶ ἀποστάσεως καὶ φόνου3 τῶν κυρίων. παρελθόντες δὲ πρὸς τὸν Εὔνουν οὐκ ἄπωθεν διατρίβοντα ἠρώτων εἰ συγχωρεῖται παρὰ τῶν θεῶν αὐτοῖς τὸ βεβουλευμένον. ὁ δὲ τερατευόμενος μετ᾿ ἐνθουσιασμοῦ καὶ περὶ τίνων ἥκουσι ἀκούσας4 διεσάφησεν ὅτι διδόασιν αὐτοῖς οἱ θεοὶ τὴν ἀπόστασιν, ἐὰν μηδεμίαν ὑπερβολὴν ποιησάμενοι παραχρῆμα μὲν5 ἐγχειρήσωσι ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς· ὑπὸ γὰρ τῆς πεπρωμένης1

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naked domestics with a request for clothing, Damophilus of Enna impatiently refused to listen. “What!” he said, “do those who travel through the country go naked? Do they not offer a ready source of supply for anyone who needs garments?” Having said this, he ordered them bound to pillars, piled blows on them, and arrogantly dismissed them.

Because of his arbitrary and savage humour not a day passed that this same Damophilus did not torment some of his slaves without just cause. His wife Metallis,1 who delighted no less in these arrogant punishments, treated her maidservants cruelly, as well as any other slaves who fell into her clutches. And because of the despiteful punishments received from them both, the slaves were filled with rage against their masters, and conceiving that they could encounter nothing worse than their present misfortunes2 began to form conspiracies to revolt and to murder their masters. Approaching Eunus, who lived not far away, they asked whether their project had the approval of the gods. He put on a display of his inspired transports, and when he learned why they had come, stated clearly that the gods favoured their revolt, provided they made no delay but applied themselves to the enterprise at once; for it was

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αὐτοῖς κεκυρῶσθαι2 πατρίδα τὴν Ἔνναν, οὖσαν ἀκρόπολιν ὅλης τῆς νήσου. τοιούτων λόγων ἀκούσαντες καὶ διαλαβόντες ὅτι τὸ δαιμόνιον αὐτοῖς συνεπιλαμβάνεται τῆς προαιρέσεως, οὕτως παρέστησαν ταῖς ψυχαῖς πρὸς τὴν ἀπόστασιν ὥστε μηδεμίαν ἀναβολὴν τῶν δεδογμένων ποιεῖσθαι. εὐθὺς οὖν τοὺς μὲν δεδεμένους ἔλυον, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων τοὺς πλησίον διατρίβοντας συλλαβόμενοι περὶ τετρακοσίους συνήθροισαν ἐπί τινος ἀγροῦ πλησίον ὄντος τῆς Ἔννης. συνθέμενοι δὲ πρὸς ἀλλήλους καὶ πίστεις ἐπὶ σφαγίων ἐνόρκους νυκτὸς ποιησάμενοι καθωπλίσθησαν, ὥς ποτ᾿ οὖν ὁ καιρὸς συνεχώρει· πάντες δὲ τὸ κράτιστον τῶν ὅπλων τὸν θυμὸν ἀνελάμβανον3 κατὰ τῆς ἀπωλείας τῶν ὑπερηφάνων κυρίων· καὶ τούτων ἀφηγεῖτο Εὔνους. καὶ παρακαλοῦντες ἀλλήλους περὶ μέσας νύκτας εἰσέπεσον εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ πολλοὺς4 ἀνῄρουν.

(Const. Exc. 3, pp. 206–207.)

Chap. 2. 25: see above, after Chap. 2. 24.

39Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν ἦν τοῦ Δαμοφίλου θυγάτηρ, παρθένος μὲν τὴν ἡλικίαν, ἁπλότητι δὲ τρόπων καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ διαφέρουσα. αὕτη τοὺς μαστιζομένους ὑπὸ τῶν γονέων ἀεὶ φιλοτίμως εἰώθει παρηγορεῖσθαι, καὶ τοῖς δεδεμένοις τῶν οἰκετῶν ἐπαρκοῦσα διὰ τὴν ἐπιείκειαν θαυμαστῶς ὑπὸ πάντων ἠγαπᾶτο. καὶ τότ᾿ οὖν τῆς προγεγενημένης χάριτος ξενολογησάσης αὐτῇ τὸν παρὰ τῶν εὖ πεπονθότων ἔλεον, οὐ μόνον οὐδεὶς ἐτόλμησε μεθ᾿ ὕβρεως ἐπιβαλεῖν τῇ κόρῃ τὰς χεῖρας, ἀλλὰ πάντες ἄθικτον πάσης ὕβρεως τὴν ἀκμὴν αὐτῆς ἐτήρησαν.

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decreed by Fate that Enna, the citadel of the whole island, should be their land. Having heard this, and believing that Providence was assisting them in their project, they were so keenly wrought up for revolt that there was no delay in executing their resolve. At once, therefore, they set free those in bonds, and collecting such of the others as lived near by they assembled about four hundred men at a certain field not far from Enna. After making a compact and exchanging pledges sworn by night over sacrificial victims, they armed themselves in such fashion as the occasion allowed; but all were equipped with the best of weapons, fury, which was bent on the destruction of their arrogant masters. Their leader was Eunus. With cries of encouragement to one another they broke into the city about midnight and put many to the sword.

There was in Sicily a daughter of Damophilus, a girl of marriageable age, remarkable for her simplicity of manner and her kindness of heart. It was always her practice to do all she could to comfort the slaves who were beaten by her parents, and since she also took the part of any who had been put in bonds, she was wondrously loved by one and all for her kindness. So now at this time,1 since her past favours enlisted in her service the mercy of those to whom she had shown kindness, no one was so bold as to lay violent hands upon the girl, but all maintained her fresh young beauty inviolate. And

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προχειρισάμενοι δὲ ἐξ αὑτῶν τοὺς εὐθέτους, ὧν ἐκτενέστατος ἦν Ἑρμείας, ἀπήγαγον εἰς Κατάνην πρός τινας οἰκείους.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 305.)

40Ὅτι ἀπηγριωμένων τῶν ἀποστατῶν δούλων πρὸς ὅλην τὴν οἰκίαν τῶν δεσποτῶν καὶ τρεπομένων πρὸς ἀπαραίτητον ὕβριν καὶ τιμωρίαν, ὑπέφαινον ὡς οὐ δι᾿ ὠμότητα φύσεως, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὰς προγεγενημένας εἰς αὐτοὺς ὑπερηφανίας ἐλύττων πρὸς τὴν τῶν1 προαδικησάντων2 κόλασιν τραπέντες.

Ὅτι καὶ παρὰ τοῖς οἰκέταις αὐτοδίδακτός ἐστιν ἡ φύσις εἰς δικαίαν ἀπόδοσιν χάριτός τε καὶ τιμωρίας.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 384.)

41Ὅτι ὁ Εὔνους3 μετὰ ἀναγορευθῆναι βασιλεὺς πάντας ἀνελών, ἐκκλέψας4 μόνους ἀφῆκε τοὺς ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν χρόνοις κατὰ τὰς5 τοῦ κυρίου συμπεριφορὰς ἐν τοῖς συνδείπνοις ἀποδεδεγμένους αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ τε μαντικῇ καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἐκ6 τῆς τραπέζης δόσεις φιλανθρώπως7· ὥστε θαυμάσαι ἦν8 τήν τε τῆς τύχης περιπέτειαν καὶ τὸ τὴν κατὰ9 τῶν εὐτελεστάτων εὐεργεσίαν ἀμειφθῆναι σὺν καιρῷ τηλικαύτῃ χάριτι.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 305.)

42Ὅτι Ἀχαιὸς ὁ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἀντιόχου σύμβουλος τοῖς πραττομένοις ὑπὸ τῶν δραπετῶν οὐκ εὐαρεστούμενος ἐπετίμα τε τοῖς τολμωμένοις ὑπ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ μάλα θρασέως προέλεγεν ὅτι συντόμου

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selecting suitable men from their number, among them Hermeias, her warmest champion, they escorted her to the home of certain kinsmen in Catana.

Although the rebellious slaves were enraged against the whole household of their masters, and resorted to unrelenting abuse and vengeance, there were yet some indications that it was not from innate savagery but rather because of the arrogant treatment they had themselves received that they now ran amuck when they turned to avenge themselves on their persecutors.

Even among slaves human nature needs no instructor in regard to a just repayment, whether of gratitude or of revenge.

Eunus, after being proclaimed king, put them all1 to death, except for the men who in times past had, when his master indulged him, admitted him to their banquets, and had shown him courtesy both in respect of his prophecies and in their gifts of good things from the table; these men he spirited away and set free. Here indeed was cause for astonishment: that their fortunes should be so dramatically reversed, and that a kindness in such trivial matters should be requited so opportunely and with so great a boon.

Achaeus, the counsellor of King Antiochus,2 being far from pleased at the conduct of the runaway slaves, censured them for their recklessness and boldly warned them that they would meet with

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τεύξονται τιμωρίας. ὃν ὁ Εὔνους παρρησιαζόμενον τοσοῦτον ἀπέσχε τοῦ1 θανάτῳ περιβαλεῖν ὥστε οὐ μόνον ἐδωρήσατο τὴν τῶν δεσποτῶν οἰκίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ σύμβουλον ἐποιήσατο.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 384.)

43Ὅτι καὶ ἄλλη τις ἐγένετο ἀπόστασις δραπετῶν καὶ σύστημα ἀξιόλογον. Κλέων γάρ τις Κίλιξ ἐκ τῶν περὶ τὸν Ταῦρον τόπων, συνήθης ὢν ἐκ παίδων τῷ ληστρικῷ βίῳ καὶ κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν νομεὺς γεγονὼς ἱπποφορβίων, οὐ διέλιπεν ὁδοιδοκῶν καὶ παντοδαποὺς φόνους ἐπιτελούμενος. ὃς πυθόμενος τὴν κατὰ τὸν Εὔνουν προκοπὴν καὶ τὰς τῶν2 μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ δραπετῶν εὐημερίας ἀποστάτης ἐγένετο, καί τινας τῶν πλησίον3 οἰκετῶν πείσας συναπονοήσασθαι κατέτρεχε τὴν πόλιν τῶν Ἀκραγαντίνων καὶ τὴν πλησιόχωρον πᾶσαν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 305.)

44Ὅτι ἡ κατεπείγουσα4 χρεία καὶ σπάνις ἠνάγκαζε πάντα δοκιμάζειν τοὺς ἀποστάτας δούλους, οὐ διδοῦσα τὴν τῶν κρειττόνων ἐκλογήν.

45Ὅτι ὑπῆρχεν οὐ διοσημίας δεόμενον τὸ5 συλλογίσασθαι τῆς πόλεως τὸ εὐάλωτον. φανερὸν γὰρ ἦν καὶ τοῖς εὐηθεστάτοις ὅτι τῶν τειχῶν διὰ τὴν πολυχρόνιον εἰρήνην κατερρυηκότων καὶ πολλῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς στρατιωτῶν ἀπολωλότων, ἔσται τῆς πόλεως εὐκατόρθωτος ἡ πολιορκία.

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speedy punishment. So far from putting him to death for his outspokenness, Eunus not only presented him with the house of his former masters but made him a royal counsellor.

There was, in addition, another revolt of fugitive slaves who banded together in considerable numbers.1 A certain Cleon, a Cilician from the region about Taurus, who was accustomed from childhood to a life of brigandage and had become in Sicily a herder of horses, constantly waylaid travellers and perpetrated murders of all kinds. On hearing the news of Eunus’ success and of the victories of the fugitives serving with him, he rose in revolt, and persuading some of the slaves near by to join him in his mad venture overran the city of Acragas and all the surrounding country.

Their pressing needs and their poverty forced the rebel slaves to regard everyone as acceptable, giving them no opportunity to pick and choose.2

It needed no portent from the heavens to realize how easily the city could be captured. For it was evident even to the most simple-minded that because of the long period of peace the walls had crumbled, and that now, when many of its soldiers had been killed, the siege of the city would bring an easy success.3

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46Ὅτι ὁ Εὔνους ἐκτὸς βέλους ἐπιστήσας1 τὴν δύναμιν ἐβλασφήμει τοὺς Ῥωμαίους, ἀποφαινόμενος οὐχ ἑαυτοὺς ἀλλ᾿ ἐκείνους εἶναι δραπέτας τῶν κινδύνων. μίμους δὲ ἐξ ἀποστάσεως τοῖς ἔνδον ἐπεδείκνυτο, δι᾿ ὧν οἱ δοῦλοι τὰς ἀπὸ2 τῶν ἰδίων κυρίων ἀποστασίας3 ἐξεθεάτριζον, ὀνειδίζοντες αὐτῶν τὴν ὑπερηφανίαν καὶ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς εἰς τὸν ὄλεθρον προαγούσης ὕβρεως.

47Ὅτι τὰ ἐξηλλαγμένα δυστυχήματα, εἰ καί τινες πεπεισμένοι τυγχάνουσι μηδενὸς τῶν τοιούτων ἐπιστροφὴν ποιεῖσθαι τὸ θεῖον, ἀλλ᾿ οὖν γε σύμφορόν ἐστι τῷ κοινῷ βίῳ τὴν ἐκ θεῶν δεισιδαιμονίαν ἐντετηκέναι ταῖς τῶν πολλῶν ψυχαῖς. ὀλίγοι γὰρ οἱ4 δι᾿ ἀρετὴν ἰδίαν δικαιοπραγοῦντες, τὸ δὲ πολὺ φῦλον τῶν ἀνθρώπων νομικαῖς κολάσεσι καὶ ταῖς ἐκ θεοῦ τιμωρίαις ἀπέχεται τῶν κακουργημάτων.

48Ὅτι πολλῶν καὶ μεγάλων κακῶν ἐπισυμβάντων τοῖς Σικελιώταις, τούτοις ἅπασιν ὁ δημοτικὸς ὄχλος οὐχ οἷον συνέπασχεν, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἐπέχαιρε προσεπιφθονῶν ἀνίσου τύχης καὶ ἀνωμάλου ζωῆς. ὁ γὰρ φθόνος ἐκ τῆς προγεγενημένης λύπης μετέβαλεν εἰς χαράν, ὁρῶν τὸ λαμπρὸν τῆς τύχης μεταπεπτωκὸς εἰς τὸ πρότερον ὑπ᾿ αὐτῆς ὑπερορώμενον σχῆμα, καὶ τὸ πάντων δεινότατον, οἱ μὲν ἀποστάται προνοηθέντες ἐμφρόνως περὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος οὔτε τὰς ἐπαύλεις ἐνεπύριζον οὔτε τὰς ἐν αὐταῖς κτήσεις καὶ καρπῶν ἀποθέσεις ἐλυμαίνοντο, τῶν τε πρὸς τὴν γεωργίαν ὡρμηκότων ἀπείχοντο, οἱ δὲ δημοτικοὶ διὰ τὸν φθόνον ἐπὶ τῇ προφάσει

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Eunus, having stationed his army out of range of their missiles, taunted the Romans by declaring that it was they, and not his men, who were runaways from battle. For the inhabitants of the city, at a safe distance (?), he staged a production of mimes, in which the slaves acted out scenes of revolt from their individual masters, heaping abuse on their arrogance and the inordinate insolence that had led to their destruction.

As for unusual strokes of ill fortune, even though some persons may be convinced that Providence has no concern with anything of the sort, yet surely it is to the interest of society that the fear of the gods should be deeply embedded in the hearts of the people. For those who act honestly because they are themselves virtuous are but few, and the great mass of humanity abstain from evil-doing only because of the penalties of the law and the retribution that comes from the gods.

When these many great troubles fell upon the Sicilians, the common people were not only unsympathetic, but actually gloated over their plight, being envious because of the inequality in their respective lots, and the disparity in their modes of life. Their envy, from being a gnawing canker, now turned to joy, as it beheld the once resplendent lot of the rich changed and fallen into a condition such as was formerly beneath their very notice. Worst of all, though the rebels, making prudent provision for the future, did not set fire to the country estates nor damage the stock or the stored harvests, and abstained from harming anyone whose pursuit was agriculture, the populace, making the runaway slaves

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τῶν δραπετῶν ἐξιόντες ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν οὐ μόνον τὰς κτήσεις διήρπαζον. ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἐπαύλεις ἐνεπύριζον.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 384–385.)

3. Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν Ἄτταλος ὁ βασιλεὺς προσφάτως διαδεδεγμένος τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀλλοτρίαν ἔσχε διάθεσιν τῶν προβεβασιλευκότων.1 καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι χρηστότητι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ χρώμενοι ταῖς βασιλείαις ἐνευδαιμόνησαν· οὗτος δὲ γενόμενος ὠμὸς καὶ μιαιφόνος πολλοὺς τῶν ὑπὸ τὴν βασιλείαν τεταγμένων ἀνηκέστοις συμφοραῖς καὶ σφαγαῖς περιέβαλε. τῶν δὲ πατρῴων φίλων τοὺς δυνατωτάτους ὑποπτεύσας ὡς κατ᾿ αὐτοῦ τι βουλευσαμένους, ἔκρινε δεῖν ἅπαντας ἐκποδὼν ποιήσασθαι. ἐπιλεξάμενος οὖν τῶν βαρβάρων μισθοφόρων τοὺς ἀγριωτάτους εἰς φόνον, ἀπλήστους δὲ εἰς χρημάτων περιουσίαν, τούτους ἔν τισιν οἰκήμασι κατέκρυψεν ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις, τῶν δὲ φίλων τοὺς ὑποπτευομένους μετεπέμπετο. παραγενομένων δὲ τῶν φίλων . . .2 πάντας ἀπέκτεινεν, ἔχων ὑπηρέτας οἰκείους τῆς ἰδίας μιαιφονίας. εὐθὺς δὲ τέκνα καὶ γυναῖκας τούτων προσέταξε τῆς αὐτῆς τιμωρίας ἀξιῶσαι. τῶν δὲ ἄλλων φίλων τῶν ἐπ᾿ ἐξουσίᾳ στρατιωτῶν ἢ πόλεων τεταγμένων οὓς μὲν ἐδολοφόνησεν, οὓς δὲ συλλαβὼν πανοικίους ἀνεῖλε. διὰ δὲ3 τὴν ὠμότητα μισηθεὶς οὐ μόνον ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχομένων ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν πλησιοχώρων πάντας τοὺς ὑποτεταγμένους ἐποίησε μετεώρους πρὸς καινοτομίαν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 305–306.)

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a pretext, made sallies into the country and with the malice of envy not only plundered the estates but set fire to the buildings as well.

3. In Asia King Attalus, soon after his accession133 b.c (?) to the throne,1 adopted an attitude markedly different from that of his predecessors. For they, by practising kindness and benevolence, had prospered in their kingship; he, however, being cruel and bloodthirsty, visited on many of those subject to his rule irremediable disaster or death. Suspecting the most powerful of his father’s friends of having formed designs against him, he decided that all must be put out of the way. Accordingly, he selected the most savagely murderous of his barbarian mercenaries, men who were also insatiate in their thirst for gold, and concealing them in certain chambers of the palace sent in turn for the friends who were under suspicion. When they appeared ... he had them all killed, for his underlings were as bloodthirsty as himself, and he gave immediate orders to inflict the same harsh treatment on their wives and children also. Of the other friends, those who had been appointed to commands in the army or as governors of cities, he had some assassinated, while others he arrested and put to death with their entire households. Because of his cruelty he was hated not only by everyone subject to him but by the neighbouring peoples as well. Thus he stirred all his subjects to hope for a revolution.

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4. Ὅτι οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν ἁλόντων βαρβάρων κατὰ τὰς ὁδοιπορίας ἀγόμενοι οἱ μὲν ἑαυτοὺς οἱ δὲ ἀλλήλους ἀνῄρουν, οὐχ ὑπομένοντες τὴν ἐκ τῆς δουλείας ὕβριν. παῖς δέ τις ἄνηβος παραστὰς τρισὶν ἀδελφαῖς κοιμωμέναις διὰ τὸν κόπον, ταύτας ἀπέσφαξεν· ἑαυτὸν δὲ οὐ φθάσας ἀνελεῖν ὑπὸ τῶν συλλαβόντων ἀνεκρίνετο δι᾿ ἣν αἰτίαν τὰς ἀδελφὰς ἀπέκτεινε. τούτοις μὲν οὖν ἀπεκρίθη διότι τοῦ ζῆν οὐδὲν ἄξιον αὐταῖς κατελέλειπτο,1 αὐτὸς δὲ τροφῆς ἀποσχόμενος ἐνδείᾳ κατέστρεψε τὸν βίον.

2Ὅτι οἱ αὐτοὶ αἰχμάλωτοι ὡς ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρους τῆς χώρας κατήντησαν, ῥίψαντες ἑαυτοὺς εἰς ἔδαφος τήν τε γῆν κατεφίλουν μετ᾿ οἰμωγῆς καὶ τῆς κόνεως εἰς τοὺς κόλπους ἀνελάμβανον, ὥστε εἰς ἔλεον καὶ συμπάθειαν ἅπαν τραπῆαι2 τὸ στρατόπεδον. ἕκαστος γὰρ τοῖς κοινοῖς τῆς φύσεως πάθεσιν ἐχειροῦτο θείῳ φόβῳ, θεωρῶν ὅτι καὶ βαρβάρων ψυχαὶ θηριώδεις, ὅταν ἡ τύχη διαζευγνύῃ τὸ σύνηθες ἀπὸ τῆς πατρίδος, ὅμως οὐκ ἐπιλανθάνονται τῆς πρὸς τὴν θρέψασαν γῆν φιλοστοργίας.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 386.)

5. Ὅτι Τιβέριος ὁ Γράκχος ἦν υἱὸς Τιβερίου τοῦ3 δὶς ὑπατευκότος καὶ πολέμους ἐπιφανεῖς καὶ μεγάλους κεχειρικότος, ἔτι δὲ καλῶς πεπολιτευμένου, θυγατριδοῦς δὲ Ποπλίου Σκιπίωνος τοῦ καταπεπολεμηκότος Ἀννίβαν καὶ Καρχηδονίους. ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων

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4. Most of the captive barbarians,1 while they 133 b.c. (?) were being marched away, committed suicide or killed one another, being unwilling to tolerate the indignity of servitude. One, a mere lad, went up to his three sisters as they lay sleeping from exhaustion and cut their throats. Thwarted in his attempt to do away with himself as well, he was asked by his captors why he had killed his sisters. He replied that there was nothing worth living for left to them. He himself, by refusing to eat, ended his life by starvation.

These same captives, on reaching the boundaries of their land, threw themselves to the ground and with cries of lamentation kissed the earth and even collected some of the dust in the folds of their garments, whereat all the army was moved to pity and sympathy. Each man, touched by the emotions common to humankind, was overcome with a sense of divine awe as he perceived that even barbarians, brutelike in spirit though they were, when fortune broke the customary bond between them and their native land, did not forget their fond affection for the sod that had reared them.

5. Tiberius Gracchus2 was a son of that Tiberius 133 b.c who had been twice consul, had conducted brilliant and important military affairs, and had had an honourable political career. Through his mother he was also a grandson of Publius Scipio, the conqueror of Hannibal and the Carthaginians. But quite apart

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δὲ τῶν γονέων ἐπισημοτάτου γένους πεφυκὼς ἰδίᾳ πολὺ προεῖχε τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν τῇ1 συνέσει τε καὶ λόγου δεινότητι καὶ τὸ σύνολον πάσῃ παιδείᾳ, καὶ δυνάμενος παρρησίαν ἄγειν πρὸς τὴν ὑπεροχὴν τῶν ἀντιπραττόντων.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 306.)

6. Καὶ συνέρρεον εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην οἱ ὄχλοι ἀπὸ τῆς χώρας ὡσπερεὶ ποταμοί τινες εἰς τὴν πάντα δυναμένην δέχεσθαι θάλατταν. οἱ δὲ ὄχλοι μετεωρισθέντες πρὸς τὸ βοηθεῖν ἑαυτοῖς, νόμον μὲν ἔχοντες ἡγεμόνα καὶ σύμμαχον, προστάτην δὲ ἄρχοντα τὸν μήτε χάριτος μήτε φόβου δοῦλον, ὑπὲρ δὲ τοῦ τὴν χώραν ἀνακτήσασθαι τῷ δήμῳ πάντα πόνον καὶ κίνδυνον ὑπομένειν κεκρικότα μέχρι τῆς ἐσχάτης ἀναπνοῆς . . . .

2. . . ἔχων πλῆθος οὐ νεοσύλλογον καὶ φυλῶδες,2 ἀλλὰ τὸ πρακτικώτατον τοῦ δήμου καὶ τοῖς βίοις κάρπιμον. διὸ καὶ τῆς βίας ἐν ἀμφοτέροις τοῖς μέρεσιν ταλαντευομένης καὶ τῆς ῥοπῆς δεῦρο κἀκεῖσε πάλιν ἐκκλινούσης, πολλῶν μυριάδων ἠθροισμένων τὰ μέρη βιαίως συνίσταντο καὶ καθάπερ ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ κυμάτων φαντασίαι καὶ διαθέσεις ἐγίνοντο κατὰ τὰς τοῦ πλήθους ἐκκλησίας.

7. Ὅτι ὁ Ὀκτάβιος μετὰ τὴν καθαίρεσιν οὔθ᾿ ὁμολογῶν ἑαυτὸν ἰδιώτην ὑπάρχειν οὔθ᾿ ὡς ἄρχων τολμῶν πρᾶξαί τι δημαρχικόν, ἔμενε κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν οἰκίαν ἡσυχάζων. καίτοι γε ἐξῆν πρὶν3 αὐτὸν οὕτως ἔχειν, ὅτε ὁ Γράκχος εἰσέφερε ψήφισμα περὶ

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from his position as the scion of a distinguished family on both sides, even in his own right he towered above the men of his generation in sagacity, in skill as a speaker, and, in short, in every acquirement; and he was competent to hold his own in debate despite the greater prestige of his opponents.

6. The crowds poured into Rome from the country like rivers into the all-receptive sea. Buoyed up with the hope of effecting their own salvation, since the law was their leader and ally, and their champion a man subject neither to favour nor to fear—a man, moreover, who for the sake of restoring the land to the people was determined to endure any toil or danger, to his last breath. . . .

. . . while his1 was not a group just recently assembled and drawn from many tribes, but comprised the most politically alert and the well-to-do segments of the populace. Since, then, the strength on both sides was evenly balanced, and the scales tipped now this way, now that, the two parties, being assembled many thousands strong, clashed violently, and in the public assemblies there appeared billowing forms and patterns like waves of the sea.

7. Octavius,2 after being deposed, though refusing to acknowledge that he was a private citizen, yet did not dare to exercise as a magistrate the tribunician powers, but stayed quietly at home. Yet before ever he reached this state, he too had the opportunity, when Gracchus first proposed the plebiscite

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τῆς κατ᾿ ἀρχὴν ἀφαιρέσεως αὐτοῦ, κἀκεῖνον ἅμα ψήφισμα κυροῦν περιέχον τὴν ἀφαίρεσιν τῆς Γράκχου δημαρχίας· ἢ γὰρ ἂν ἑκάτεροι κατέστησαν ἰδιῶται τῶν ψηφισμάτων ἐννόμων ὄντων, ἢ πάλιν διακατεῖχον τὴν ἀρχὴν δοξάντων παρανόμως εἰσενηνέχθαι.1

2Οὗτος μὲν οὖν ἀμετάπτωτον ἔχων τὴν ἐπὶ τὸν ὄλεθρον ὁρμὴν ταχὺ τῆς προσηκούσης κολάσεως ἔτυχεν. καὶ ὁ Σκιπίων ξύλον ἁρπάσας ἐκ τῶν παρακειμένων, ὁ γὰρ θυμὸς παντὸς τοῦ δοκοῦντος εἶναι δυσκόλου περιεγένετο. . . .

3Ὅτι προσέπεσε τοῖς περὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον ἡ τοῦ Γράκχου τελευτή, καὶ τὸν Ἀφρικανόν φασιν ἐπιβοῆσαι τοιαῦτα,2

ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος ὅτις τοιαῦτά γε ῥέζοι.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 386–387.)

8. Ὅτι οἱ Σύροι οἱ δραπέται τῶν αἰχμαλώτων τὰς χεῖρας ἀπέκοπτον, οὐκ ἀρκούμενοι ταῖς παρὰ τοὺς καρποὺς τομαῖς, ἀλλὰ σὺν αὐτοῖς τοῖς βραχίοσιν ἀκρωτηριάζοντες.3

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 306.)

9. Ὅτι τοῖς καταφαγοῦσι τοὺς ἱερωμένους ἰχθῦς οὐκ ἦν παῦλα τῶν κακῶν· τὸ γὰρ δαιμόνιον ὥσπερ ἐπίτηδες εἰς παραδειγματισμὸν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπαντας τοὺς ἀπονενοημένους περιεῖδεν ἀβοηθήτους. οὗτοι

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on his removal from office, to agree to a simultaneous motion1 that would have embraced the removal of Gracchus from the tribunate. In that case, either they would both have become private citizens if the proposals were legal, or both would have continued in office if the proposals were adjudged unconstitutional.

Since he2 was heading straight for destruction, he speedily met with the punishment he merited. Scipio,3 seizing a club that lay ready at hand—for his anger prevailed over any seeming difficulties. . . .

The news of the death of Gracchus reached the camp, and Africanus4 is said to have cried out:

“So perish any other besides, who does such deeds.”

8. The runaway “Syrian”5 slaves cut off the hands of their captives, but not content with amputation at the wrist included arms and all in the mutilation.

9. Those who ate of the sacred fish6 found no relief from their pains. For the Divine Power, as if with the intention of holding up an example to deter the others, left all those who had acted so madly to suffer unsuccoured. And since in keeping

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μὲν οὖν ἀκολούθως τῇ παρὰ θεῶν κολάσει καὶ τῆς διὰ τῆς ἱστορίας βλασφημίας1 τετευχότες ἀπέλαυσαν2 τῆς δικαίας ἐπιτιμήσεως.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 387.)

10. Ὅτι ἡ σύγκλητος δεισιδαιμονοῦσα ἐξαπέστειλεν εἰς Σικελίαν3 κατὰ Σιβυλλιακὸν λόγιον. οἱ δὲ ἐπελθόντες καθ᾿ ὅλην τὴν Σικελίαν τοὺς τῷ Αἰτναίῳ Διὶ καθιδρυμένους βωμούς, θυσιάσαντες καὶ περιφράγματα ποιήσαντες ἀβάτους ἀπεδείκνυον τοὺς τόπους πλὴν τοῖς ἔχουσι4 καθ᾿ ἕκαστον πολίτευμα πατρίους θύειν θυσίας.

11. Ὅτι ἦν τις Γοργὸς Μοργαντῖνος ἐπικαλούμενος Κάμβαλος, πλούτῳ καὶ δόξῃ διαφέρων, ὃς ἐπὶ κυνηγίαν ὁρμήσας καὶ περιπεσὼν λῃστηρίῳ δραπετῶν ἔφευγε πεζὸς πρὸς τὴν πόλιν. ἀπαντήσαντος δὲ αὐτῷ Γοργοῦ τοῦ τούτου πατρὸς ἐφ᾿ ἵππου καὶ καθαλομένου5 καὶ παραδιδόντος τὸν ἵππον, ὅπως ἐφαλόμενος6 ἀφιππεύσῃ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, οὔθ᾿ ὁ παῖς τὴν ἰδίαν σωτηρίαν τῆς τοῦ πατρὸς προέκρινεν οὔθ᾿ ὁ πατὴρ προσεδέχετο τῷ τοῦ τέκνου θανάτῳ διαφυγεῖν τὸν κίνδυνον. δεομένων δὲ ἀλλήλων μετὰ δακρύων καὶ διαφιλοτιμουμένων ὑπὲρ εὐσεβείας τε καὶ φιλοστοργίας, σύγκρισίν τε λαμβάνοντος ἤθους φιλοτέκνου πρὸς τρόπον φιλοπάτορα, συνέβη τοὺς λῃστὰς ἐπιφανέντας ἀμφοτέρους ἀνελεῖν.

12. Ὅτι ὁ τοῦ Διηγύλιος υἱὸς Ζιβέλμιος, ἐζηλωκὼς

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with the retribution visited on them by the gods they have also received abuse in the pages of hitsory, they have indeed reaped a just reward.

10. The senate, prompted by religious scruples, sent a delegation to Sicily in accordance with an oracle of the Sibylline Books.1 They visited throughout Sicily the altars set up to Aetnaean Zeus; here they offered sacrifice and fenced in the areas, and forbade access to them except in the case of those in each state who had traditional sacrifices to perform.

11. There was a certain Gorgus of Morgantina,2 c. 133/1 b.c. surnamed Cambalus, a man of wealth and good standing, who, having gone out hunting, happened upon a robber-nest of fugitive slaves, and tried to escape on foot to the city. His father, Gorgus, chancing to meet him on horseback, jumped down and offered him the horse that he might mount and ride off to the city. But the son did not choose to save himself at his father’s expense, nor was the father willing to make good his escape from danger by letting his son die. While they were still pleading with one another, both in tears, and were engaged in a contest of piety and affection, as paternal devotion vied with a son’s love for his father, the bandits appeared on the scene and killed them both.

12. Zibelmius, the son of Diêgylis,3 emulating his

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τὰς τοῦ πατρὸς μιαιφονίας, μνησικακῶν δὲ ὑπὲρ τῶν εἰς Διήγυλιν τοῖς Θρᾳξὶ πραχθέντων, ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον προῆλθεν ὠμότητος καὶ παρανομίας ὥστε τοὺς προσκόψαντας πανοικίους τιμωρεῖσθαι. ἐπὶ γὰρ ταῖς τυχούσαις αἰτίαις τοὺς μὲν διεμέλιζε, τοὺς δὲ ἀνεσταύρου, τοὺς δὲ καὶ ζῶντας ἐνεπύριζε.1 γονέων δὲ ἐν ὄμμασι καὶ κόλποις ἐγκατέσφαζε τέκνα, καὶ κρεανομῶν τὰ σώματα παρετίθει τοῖς συγγενεστάτοις, ἀνανεούμενος τὰς παλαιὰς ἐκείνας Τηρέως ἢ Θυέστου θοινάς. οἱ δὲ Θρᾷκες συλλαβόντες τὸν Ζισέλμιον, τὸ μὲν καθ᾿ ἓν αὐτὸν ἀντιδιατιθέναι σχεδὸν ἀδύνατον ὑπῆρχε· πῶς γὰρ ἐνδεχόμενον ἦν ἓν σῶμα τὴν εἰς ὅλον ἔθνος παρανομίαν γενομένην2 ἀναδέξασθαι; ὅμως δ᾿ ἐκ τῶν ἐνδεχομένων ἐφιλοτιμήθησαν πᾶσαν ὕβριν καὶ τιμωρίαν προσαγαγεῖν τῷ σώματι.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 306–307.)

13. Ὅτι τοῦ Ἀττάλου τοῦ πρώτου βασιλέως χρηστηριαζομένου περί τινος, ἀπαυτοματίσαι3 τὴν Πυθίαν φασὶ

Θάρσει, ταυρόκερως, ἕξεις βασιληίδα τιμὴν καὶ παῖδες παίδων, τούτων γε μὲν4 οὐκέτι παῖδες.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 387.)

14. Ὅτι ὁ Πτολεμαῖος ὁ Φύσκων προσαγορευόμενος πυθόμενος τὴν τῆς Κλεοπάτρας πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀλλοτρίωσιν καὶ οὐ δυνάμενος ἄλλως αὐτὴν λυπῆσαι,

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father’s thirst for blood and nursing his anger at what the Thracians had done to Diêgylis, went to such lengths of cruelty and lawlessness that he exacted punishment from those who offended him together with all their households. On the most trivial provocation he tore men limb from limb, or crucified them, or burned them alive. He slaughtered children before the eyes of their parents or in a parent’s arms, and carving up their bodies would serve them to the closest of kin, reviving the storied banquets of Tereus and Thyestes. Finally the Thracians laid hands on Ziselmius, and though it was virtually impossible to retaliate upon him for his individual offences—for how could a single body make satisfaction for violence perpetrated against a whole nation?—nevertheless, within the range of what was possible, they exerted themselves to visit every indignity and punishment upon his person.

13. When the first King Attalus consulted the oracle on some matter the Pythia is said to have volunteered this response:

Be of stout heart, thou of the bull horns, thou shalt bear kingly honour, Thou and thy children’s children, but the children of these no longer.1

14. Ptolemy, nicknamed Physcon, having discovered 131/0 b.c. Cleopatra’s estrangement from him and being unable to wound her in any other way, had

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πρᾶξιν ἀνοσιωτάτην ἐτόλμησεν ἐπιτελέσασθαι· μιμησάμενος γὰρ τὴν τῆς Μηδείας ὠμότητα καὶ μιαιφονίαν τὸν κοινὸν αὐτοῦ1 τε κἀκείνης υἱὸν ἔσφαξεν ἐν τῇ Κύπρῳ, παῖδα μὲν ὄντα τὴν ἡλικίαν, ὀνομαζόμενον δὲ Μεμφίτην. οὐκ ἀρκεσθεὶς2 δὲ τῷ ἀσεβήματι τούτῳ πολλῷ μεῖζον μύσος ἕτερον ἐπετελέσατο· ἀκρωτηριάσας γὰρ τὸ σῶμα τοῦ παιδὸς καὶ ἐνθεὶς εἴς τινα κίστην3 προσέταξέ τινι τῶν ὑπηρετῶν εἰς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν διακομίσαι. κατὰ τύχην δὲ σύνεγγυς ὄντων τῇ Κλεοπάτρᾳ τῶν γενεθλίων, τῇ πρὸ τούτων νυκτὶ θεῖναι τὴν κίστην πρὸ τῶν βασιλείων παρεσκευάσατο. οὗ συντελεσθέντος καὶ τῆς περιστάσεως ἐπιγνωσθείσης, ἡ Κλεοπάτρα πένθος ἤρατο, καὶ τὸ πλῆθος παντελῶς ἀπεθηριώθη πρὸς τὸν Πτολεμαῖον.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 307–308.)

15. Ὅτι τῆς ἐαρινῆς ὥρας τῇ χλιᾷ τηκούσης τὴν χιόνα καὶ τῶν καρπῶν ἐκ τοῦ συνεχοῦς πάγου πρὸς τὴν φυὴν καὶ βλάστησιν προϊόντων, τῶν δὲ ἀνθρώπων ἐπὶ τὰς πράξεις ὡρμημένων, ὁ Ἀρσάκης ἀποπειραθῆναι βουλόμενος τῶν πολεμίων πρεσβευτὰς ἀπέστειλε περὶ εἰρήνης, οἷς Ἀντίοχος ἀντέδωκεν4 ἀποκρίσεις διότι συγχωρήσει τὴν εἰρήνην, ἐὰν τὸν μὲν5 ἀδελφὸν Δημήτριον ἀπολύσας τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας παραδῷ, τῶν δὲ δυναστειῶν τῶν ἀφῃρημένων ἐκχωρήσῃ, τὴν δὲ πάτριον δυναστείαν ἔχων τελῇ φόρον.

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the audacity to commit a most wicked deed. Copying the murderous savagery of Medea, he put to death, in Cyprus, his own son and hers, a mere boy who was known as Memphites.1 Not content with this act of impiety, he committed another, far more heinous, abomination. After mutilating the body of the boy and placing it in a chest, he ordered one of his servants to convey it to Alexandria: for since the birthday of Cleopatra was approaching, he had made arrangements to set the chest down in front of the palace on the eve of the occasion. This was done, and when the circumstance became known Cleopatra put on mourning and the populace went completely wild with rage against Ptolemy.

15. When spring with its warmth was melting the129 b.c snow and crops were now, after the long period of frost, beginning to develop and grow, and men too were resuming their activity, Arsaces,2 wishing to feel out his enemies, sent envoys to discuss terms of peace. In reply Antiochus told them that he would agree to the peace if Arsaces would release his brother Demetrius from captivity and send him home, if he would withdraw from the satrapies that he had seized by force, and if, retaining only his ancestral domain, he would pay tribute. Arsaces,

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ὁ δὲ Ἀρσάκης προσκόψας τῇ βαρύτητι τῶν ἀποκρίσεων ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν ὥρμησεν.

16. Ὅτι τῶν τοῦ Ἀντιόχου φίλων παρακαλούντων μὴ συνάπτειν μάχην πρὸς πολλαπλασίους Πάρθους, δύνασθαι γὰρ αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν ὑπερκειμένην1 ὀρεινὴν καταφυγόντας ἀποτρίψασθαι τῇ δυσχωρίᾳ τὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἱππέων κίνδυνον, ὁ Ἀντίοχος οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ προσεδέχετο τοὺς λόγους, ἀποφαινόμενος αἰσχρὸν εἶναι τοὺς νενικηκότας δεδιέναι τὰς τῶν προηττημένων τόλμας. παρακαλέσας οὖν τοὺς μεθ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ πρὸς τὸν κίνδυνον ἀνεδέχετο τὴν τῶν βαρβάρων ἔφοδον εὐρώστως.

17. Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν ἀναμαθόντες τὸν θάνατον Ἀντιόχου οὐ μόνον κοινὸν ἡ πόλις ἐπήρατο πένθος, ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶς ἰδιωτικὸς οἶκος κατηφείας καὶ θρήνων ἐπληροῦτο, καὶ μάλιστα τοῦ περὶ τὰς γυναῖκας ὀδυρμοῦ τὸ πάθος ἐκκάοντος. τριάκοντα γὰρ μυριάδων ἀπολομένων σὺν τοῖς ἐκτὸς τῆς τάξεως ἀναβεβηκόσιν οὐκ ἦν εὑρεῖν οἰκίαν ἄμοιρον ἀτυχήματος. αἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀδελφοὺς αἱ δὲ ἄνδρας αἱ δὲ υἱοὺς ἀπολωλότας ἐπένθουν, πολλαὶ δὲ παρθένοι καὶ παῖδες ὀρφανοὶ γεγονότες τὴν ἐρημίαν ἑαυτῶν κατωδύροντο, μέχρις ὅτου τῆς λύπης ὁ κάλλιστος ἰατρὸς χρόνος ἐξέλυσε τὴν ἀκμὴν τοῦ πένθους.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 387–388.)

2Ὅτι ὁ στρατηγὸς Ἀντιόχου Ἀθήναιος πλεῖστα ἐν ταῖς ἐπισταθμίαις εἰργασμένος κακά, τῆς φυγῆς κατάρξας καὶ τὸν Ἀντίοχον ἐγκαταλιπὼν τῆς προσηκούσης καταστροφῆς ἔτυχε. διεκπεσόντος γὰρ αὐτοῦ πρός τινας κώμας ἠδικημένας ἐν ταῖς ἐπισταθμίαις, οὐδεὶς αὐτὸν ἐδέξατο εἰς οἰκίαν οὐδὲ2

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taking offence at the harshness of the reply, placed an army in the field against him.

16. His friends pleaded with Antiochus not to join battle with the far more numerous Parthian hordes, since they, by taking refuge in the mountainous country that overlooked them, with its rough terrain, could neutralize the threat of his cavalry. Antiochus, however, completely disregarded their advice, remarking that it was disgraceful for the victorious to fear any ventures of those whom they had previously defeated. So, exhorting his men to the fray, he awaited with stout heart the onslaught of the barbarians.

17. When Antioch received the news of Antiochus’ death, not only did the city go into public mourning, but every private house as well was dejected and filled with lamentation. Above all, the wailing of the women enflamed their grief. Indeed, since three hundred thousand men had been lost, including those who had accompanied the army as supernumeraries, not a household could be found that was exempt from misfortune. Some were mourning the loss of brothers, some of husbands, and some of sons, while many girls and boys, left orphaned, wept for their own bereavement, till at last Time, the best healer of grief, dulled the edge of their sorrow.

Athenaeus, the general of Antiochus, who in billeting his soldiers had done many wrongs, was the first to take flight. But though he abandoned Antiochus, he met the end he deserved, for when in his flight he reached certain villages that he had mistreated in connection with quartering his men, no one would admit him to his home or share food

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τροφῆς μετέδωκεν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν χώραν ἀλώμενος λιμῷ κατέστρεψε τὸν βίον.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 308.)

18. Ὅτι Ἀρσάκης ὁ Πάρθων βασιλεὺς καταπεπολεμηκὼς Ἀντίοχον διενοεῖτο καταβαίνειν ἐπὶ τὴν Συρίαν, ἐλπίζων ῥᾳδίως αὐτῆς κυριεύσειν. οὐ μὴν ἐξουσίαν γ᾿ ἔλαβε1 τῆς στρατείας, ἀλλὰ τῷ μεγέθει τῶν ἐπιτετευγμένων2 ἡ τύχη πολλαπλασίους αὐτῷ κινδύνους καὶ συμφορὰς ἐπέστησεν. οἶμαι γὰρ ἐκ θεοῦ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὐδὲν εἰλικρινὲς δίδοται τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἀλλ᾿ ὡς ἐπίτηδες τοῖς μὲν καλοῖς τὰ3 φαῦλα, τοῖς δὲ κακοῖς4 ἐπεισάγει τὰ ἀγαθὰ τὸ δαιμόνιον. οὐ μὴν ἡ τύχη γε ἐπελάθετο τῆς ἰδίας φύσεως, ἀλλὰ καθάπερ κοπιῶσα τῷ τοὺς αὐτοὺς συνεχῶς εὖ ποιεῖν, τηλικαύτην τὴν παλίρροιαν εἰργάσατο τοῦ πολέμου παντὸς ὥστε τοὺς εὐημεροῦντας εἰς τέλος ταπεινῶσαι.

19. Ὅτι Ἀρσάκης ὁ τῶν Πάρθων βασιλεὺς ἀλλοτρίως πρὸς Σελευκεῖς διακείμενος καὶ μνησικακῶν ἐπὶ ταῖς ὕβρεσι καὶ ταῖς τιμωρίαις αἷς ἐχρήσαντο κατ᾿ Ἐνίου τοῦ στρατηγοῦ, καὶ τῶν Σελευκέων ἀποστειλάντων πρέσβεις καὶ παρακαλούντων συγγνώμης τυχεῖν ἐπὶ τοῖς γεγονόσι καὶ βουλομένων αὐτῶν ἀπόκρισιν λαβεῖν, ἤγαγε τοὺς πρέσβεις ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον οὗπερ Πιτθίδης τυφλὸς5 ἐκάθητο ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐκτετυφλωμένος, καὶ προσέταξεν ἀπαγγέλλειν τοῖς Σελευκεῦσιν ὅτι πάντας αὐτοὺς δεῖ τὰ αὐτὰ παθεῖν. οἱ δὲ φοβηθέντες τῶν μὲν προγεγενημένων

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with him, and he roamed the countryside until he perished of starvation.

18. Arsaces, king of the Parthians, having crushed Antiochus, was minded to advance upon Syria, thinking that it would fall an easy prey. He did not, however, find it in his power to make the campaign; far from it, for because of the magnitude of his successes, Fortune set in his way perils and misfortunes many times as great. It is, I think, true that no unmixed blessing is granted to man by God; as if on purpose the Divine Power sees that fortune and misfortune, good and evil, succeed one another. Of a certainty Fortune did not on this occasion forget her proper nature, but as if fatigued by the bestowal of continuous favour on the same men, she contrived so great a turn of the tide in the whole conflict that the hitherto successful side was now completely humbled.1

19. Arsaces, king of the Parthians, was angry with the people of Seleuceia2 and bore them a grudge for the despites and punishments that they had inflicted on his general, Enius. When they sent a mission to him, pleading to win pardon for what had taken place, and pressed him for an answer, he led the envoys to the place where blind Pitthides sat on the ground, his eyes gouged out, and bade them report to the men of Seleuceia that they must all suffer the same fate. Thoroughly alarmed, they

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συμφορῶν ἐπελάθοντο διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῶν προσδοκωμένων δεινῶν· ἀεὶ γὰρ ἡ καινότης τῶν κακῶν ἀμαυροῦν εἴωθε τὰς προγεγενημένας ἀτυχίας τοῖς ἀνθρώποις.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 388n–389.)

20. Ὅτι ἀποσταλεὶς παρὰ Πτολεμαίου τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου Ἡγέλοχος στρατηγὸς ἐπὶ Μαρσύαν τὸν τῶν Ἀλεξανδρέων στρατηγὸν μετὰ δυνάμεως, αὐτόν τε ἐζώγρησε καὶ τὴν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ δύναμιν ἄρδην ἀνεῖλεν. ἐπαναχθέντος δὲ τοῦ Μαρσύου πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, καὶ πάντων προσδοκώντων τιμωρίας αὐτὸν τεύξεσθαι τῆς μεγίστης, ἀπέλυσεν αὐτὸν τῶν ἐγκλημάτων. μετενόει γὰρ ἤδη καὶ ταῖς φιλανθρωπίαις ἔσπευδε διορθώσασθαι τὴν τῶν ὄχλων πρὸς αὑτὸν1 ἀποθηρίωσιν.

21. Ὅτι Εὐήμερος ὁ τῶν Πάρθων βασιλεύς,2 Ὑρκάνιος ὢν τὸ γένος, ὠμότητι δὲ ὑπερβάλλων πάντας τοὺς μνημονευομένους τυράννους, οὐκ ἔστιν ὁποῖον τιμωρίας γένος ἀπέλιπεν. πολλοὺς δὲ τῶν Βαβυλωνίων καὶ ἐπὶ ταῖς τυχούσαις αἰτίαις πανοικίους ἐξανδραποδισάμενος εἰς τὴν Μηδίαν ἐξέπεμψε, προστάξας λαφυροπωλῆσαι. καὶ τῆς Βαβυλῶνος τὴν ἀγορὰν καί τινα τῶν ἱερῶν ἐνέπρησε καὶ τὸ κράτιστον τῆς πόλεως διέφθειρεν.

22. Ὅτι Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Ζαβινᾶς ἐπικληθείς, ἀξιολόγων ἡγεμόνων ἀποστάντων Ἀντιπάτρου καὶ

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forgot their former troubles in view of the enormity of the horrors now anticipated, for men’s new troubles regularly tend to cast prior misfortunes into the shade.

20. Hegelochus, sent by the elder Ptolemy1 in127/6 b.c. command of an army against Marsyas, the general of the Alexandrians, captured him alive and wiped out his army. When Marsyas was brought before the king, and everyone anticipated that he would receive the most severe punishment, Ptolemy let the charges against him drop. For he was now beginning to suffer a change of heart, and by acts of kindness sought to remedy the hatred that the populace bore him.

21. Euhemerus,2 the king of the Parthians, was an Hyrcanian by race and surpassed in cruelty all tyrants of whom we have record, so that there is no manner of punishment whatsoever that he did not employ. On the most casual pretexts he enslaved many of the Babylonians, together with all their families, and sent them to Media with orders that they should be sold as booty. He set fire to the agora of Babylon and to some of the temples, and destroyed the best part of the city.

22. When Antipater, Clonius, and Aeropus, leaders128 b.c. or after. of note, revolted and seized Laodiceia, Alexander

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Κλονίου καὶ Ἀερόπου, τούτους καταλαβομένους Λαοδίκειαν ἐξεπολιόρκησεν. καὶ χρησάμενος μεγαλοψύχως αὐτοῖς ἀπέλυσε τῶν ἐγκλημάτων· ἦν γὰρ πρᾷος καὶ συγγνωμονικός, ἔτι δὲ ἐν ταῖς ὁμιλίαις καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἐντεύξεσι προσηνής. ὧν χάριν διαφερόντως ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν ἠγαπᾶτο.

23. Ὅτι Σεξτίου1 τὴν τῶν Γαλατῶν πόλιν ἑλόντος καὶ τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ λαφυροπωλοῦντος, Κράτων τις ὄνομα γεγονὼς φιλορώμαιος καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πολλὰς ὕβρεις καὶ βασάνους ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστάντων πολιτῶν ὑπομεμενηκὼς ἤγετο δέσμιος μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων αἰχμαλώτων. ἰδὼν δὲ χρηματίζοντα τὸν ὕπατον, καὶ δηλώσας ὅστις ἦν καὶ ὅτι πολλοὺς καὶ πολλάκις ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν ὑποστὰς κινδύνους, ὥσπερ ὑπὲρ Ῥωμαίων πολιτευόμενος, οὐ μόνον αὐτὸς μεθ᾿ ὅλης τῆς συγγενείας ἀπολυθεὶς ἀπέλαβε τὴν κτῆσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὴν εἰς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους εὔνοιαν ἐξουσίαν ἔλαβεν ἐννακοσίους τῶν πολιτῶν ἐκ τῆς δουλείας ἐξελέσθαι. ὁ γὰρ ὕπατος μεγαλοψυχότερον τῆς ἰδίας ἐλπίδος αὐτῷ προσηνέχθη, πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν τιθεὶς τοῖς Γαλάταις τὴν εἰς ἑκάτερον μέρος τῶν Ῥωμαίων ὑπερβολὴν τῆς φιλανθρωπίας καὶ τιμωρίας.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 308–309.)

24. Τὸ δὲ πλῆθος οὐ μόνον λαβόντι τὴν ἀρχήν, ἀλλὰ καὶ μεταπορευομένῳ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ μετιέναι παρηκολούθει, καὶ καταπλέοντι ἐκ τῆς Σαρδόνος

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(nicknamed Zabinas)1 successfully attacked the city. But behaving with magnanimity, he gave them a free pardon, for he was kindly and of a forgiving nature, and moreover was gentle in speech and in manners, wherefore he was deeply beloved by the common people.

23. When Sextius,2 after capturing the city of the124 b.c. Gauls, was selling its inhabitants as booty, a certain Crato, who had been a partisan of the Roman cause and for that reason had endured many outrages and tortures at the hands of the rebels, his fellow citizens, was being conducted in chains together with the rest of the captives. When he espied the consul at his duties, and disclosed who he was and that, as a supporter of Roman policy, he had gone through many and oft repeated perils at the hands of his fellow citizens, not only was he, together with all his kindred, released and their property restored, but because of his loyalty to Rome he was granted permission to exempt nine hundred of his fellows from slavery. Indeed, the consul treated him more generously even than he had anticipated, since he wished to give the Gauls a clear demonstration of Roman thoroughness, whether in dispensing mercy or in exacting reprisals.

24. The populace thronged about him3 not only123 b.c. when he took office, but also when he was a candidate, and even before; and on his return home

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συνήντα, καὶ ἐκβάντα1 μετ᾿ εὐφημίας καὶ κρότων ἐδέχετο. τοσαύτη πρὸς αὐτὸν ἦν εὐνοίας ὀχλικῆς ὑπερβολή.2

25. Ὅτι ὁ Γράκχος δημηγορήσας περὶ3 τοῦ καταλῦσαι ἀριστοκρατίαν,4 δημοκρατίαν δὲ συστῆσαι, καὶ ἐφικόμενος τῆς ἁπάντων εὐχρηστίας τῶν μερῶν, οὐκέτι συναγωνιστὰς ἀλλὰ καθάπερ αὐθέντας εἶχε τούτους ὑπὲρ τῆς ἰδίας τόλμης. δεδεκασμένος γὰρ ἕκαστος ταῖς ἰδίαις ἐλπίσιν ὡς ὑπὲρ ἰδίων ἀγαθῶν τῶν εἰσφερομένων νόμων ἕτοιμος ἦν πάντα κίνδυνον ὑπομένειν. τῶν μὲν γὰρ συγκλητικῶν τὸ δικάζειν ἀφελόμενος καὶ ἀποδείξας τοὺς ἱππεῖς κριτάς, τὸ χεῖρον τῆς πολιτείας τοῦ κρείττονος κύριον5 ἐποίησε, καὶ τὴν προϋπάρχουσαν τῷ συνεδρίῳ πρὸς τοὺς ἱππεῖς σύμπνοιαν διαστήσας βαρὺν τὸν ὄχλον κατ᾿ ἀμφοτέρων κατεσκεύασε, διὰ δὲ τῆς πάντων διχοστασίας ἑαυτῷ δυναστείαν κατασκευάζων καὶ τὸ κοινὸν ταμιεῖον εἰς αἰσχρὰς καὶ ἀκαίρους δαπάνας καὶ χάριτας ἀναλίσκων εἰς ἑαυτὸν πάντας ἀποβλέπειν ἐποίησε, καὶ τῇ μὲν τῶν δημοσιωνῶν6 τόλμῃ καὶ πλεονεξίᾳ τὰς ἐπαρχίας ὑπορρίψας7 ἐπεσπάσατο παρὰ τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων δίκαιον μῖσος κατὰ τῆς ἡγεμονίας, τοῖς δὲ στρατιώταις διὰ τῶν νόμων τὰ τῆς ἀρχαίας ἀγωγῆς αὐστηρὰ καταχαρισάμενος8 ἀπείθειαν καὶ ἀναρχίαν εἰσήγαγεν εἰς τὴν πολιτείαν· τῶν γὰρ ἀρχόντων

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from Sardinia they met him, and, as he disembarked, greeted him with acclamations and applause: such was his extreme popularity with the common people.

25. Gracchus, having delivered public harangues on the subject of abolishing aristocratic rule and establishing democracy, and having won credit with all classes,1 had in these men no longer mere supporters but rather sponsors of his own daring plans. Each man, in fact, bribed by hope of private gains, was ready to face any risk on behalf of the proposed laws, quite as though they were a personal interest. By taking away from the senators the right to serve in the courts and designating the knights as jurors, he made the inferior element in the state supreme over their betters; by disrupting the existing harmony of senate and knights, he rendered the common people hostile towards both; then, by using this general dissension as a steppingstone to personal power, and by exhausting the public treasury on base and unsuitable expenditures and favours, he made everyone look only to him as leader; by sacrificing the provinces to the reckless rapacity of the tax farmers he provoked the subject peoples to well-merited hatred of their rulers; and by relaxing through legislation the severity of the old discipline, as a means of currying favour with the soldiers, he introduced disobedience and anarchy into the state: for a man who despises those in authority over him

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καταφρονήσας1 κατεξανίσταται καὶ τῶν νόμων,2 ἐκ δὲ τούτων τῶν ἐθῶν ὀλέθριος ἀνομία καὶ πόλεως ἀνατροπὴ γίνεται.

2Ὅτι ὁ Γράκχος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτο προέβη δυναστείας καὶ ὕβρεως, ὥστε τῶν ὄχλων κρινάντων ἐκβαλεῖν τὸν Ὀκτάυιον ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἀφῆκεν αὐτόν, εἰπὼν τῷ δήμῳ διότι ταύτην χάριν δίδωσι τῇ μητρὶ προεντετευγμένος ὑπ᾿ αὐτῆς.

26. Ὅτι ὁ Πόπλιος3 μετὰ δακρύων ὑπὸ τῶν ὄχλων προεπέμφθη ἐκβαλλόμενος ἐκ τῆς πόλεως. οὐ γὰρ ἠγνόει τὸ πλῆθος τὸ τῆς ἐκβολῆς ἄδικον, ἀλλὰ τῇ κατ᾿ αὐτοῦ δωροδοκίᾳ4 δεκαζόμενον ἀπεστέρητο τῆς μισοπονηρούσης παρρησίας.

27. Ὅτι ἑπτακαίδεκα φυλαὶ τὸν νόμον ἀπεδοκίμαζον, ἄλλαι δὲ ταύταις ἴσαι παρεδέχοντο· τῆς δὲ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτης διαριθμουμένης μία ψῆφος ὑπερῆρε τῶν κυρούντων τὸν νόμον. τῆς δὲ τοῦ δήμου κρίσεως εἰς οὕτω μικρὰν ῥοπὴν συγκλειομένης, ὁ Γράκχος ἠγωνία ὡς ὑπὲρ τοῦ ζῆν κινδυνεύων, τῇ δὲ προσθήκῃ5 μιᾶς γνώμης μαθὼν ἑαυτὸν νικῶντα μετὰ χαρᾶς ἀνεφθέγξατο, Τὸ μὲν ξίφος ἐπίκειται6

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rebels also against the laws, and from these practices come fatal lawlessness and the overthrow of the state.1

Gracchus reached such heights of power and arrogance that when the plebs voted to exile Octavius2 from the city he set him free, stating to the people that he did this as a favour to his own mother, who had interceded for the man.

26. Publius3 was escorted by weeping throngs as he departed from the city into exile. Indeed, the populace was not unaware that his banishment was unjust, but corrupted by bribery directed against him, it had deprived itself of the freedom to denounce evil.

27. Seventeen tribes voted against the law,4 and an equal number of others approved it. When the eighteenth was tallied, there was a plurality of one for those supporting the measure. While the decision of the people was narrowing down to so close a finish Gracchus was as overwrought as if he were fighting for very life, but when he realized that he had won by the addition of a single vote he cried out: “Now the sword hangs over the head of my enemies!

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τοῖς ἐχθροῖς, περὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ὡς ἂν ἡ τύχη βραβεύσῃ1 στέρξομεν.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 389–390.)

28. Ὅτι ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος οὐ πιστεύων τοῖς ὄχλοις διά τε τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ κινδύνων καὶ τὴν2 πρὸς τὰς μεταβολὰς ὀξύτητα παρατάξασθαι μὲν οὐκ ἐτόλμησε, διενοεῖτο δὲ συσκευάσασθαι τὰ βασιλικὰ χρήματα καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀναθήματα συλῆσαι, καὶ μετὰ τούτων νυκτὸς ἀπᾶραι εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα. συλᾶν δὲ ἐπιβαλόμενος διά τινων βαρβάρων τὸ τοῦ Διὸς ἱερόν, καὶ φωραθείς, ἐκινδύνευσε μὲν μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ἐκ χειρὸς τυχεῖν τῆς ἁρμοττούσης τιμωρίας, φθὰς δὲ καὶ διαδρὰς μετ᾿ ὀλίγων ἐπεβάλετο φεύγειν εἰς Σελεύκειαν. τῆς δὲ φήμης αὐτὸν καταταχούσης, οἱ Σελευκεῖς ἀκούσαντες τὰ περὶ τὴν ἱεροσυλίαν ἀπέκλεισαν αὐτὸν τῆς πόλεως. ὁ δὲ ἀποπεσὼν καὶ ταύτης τῆς ἐπιβολῆς ὥρμησε φεύγειν ἐπὶ τὸ Ποσίδειον,3 ἀντεχόμενος τῶν παραθαλαττίων τόπων.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 309.)

2Ὅτι Ἀλέξανδρος μετὰ τὸ ἱεροσυλῆσαι ἔφευγεν ἐπὶ τὸ Ποσίδειον.5 εἵπετο δὲ αὐτῷ, ὡς ἔοικε, τὸ δαιμόνιον ἀόρατον ἐκ ποδῶν διῶκον, καὶ τῇ κατ᾿ αὐτοῦ τιμωρίᾳ συνεργὸν γινόμενον συνέκλειεν εἰς τὸ τυχεῖν τῆς ἁρμοττούσης δίκης· συλληφθεὶς γὰρ ἀνήχθη πρὸς τὸν Ἀντίοχον εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν δυσὶν ἡμέραις ὕστερον τῆς ἱεροσυλίας. οὕτως ἀνέκφευκτος ἡ τιμωρὸς δίκη μετέρχεται τὴν τῶν ἀσεβῶν τόλμαν· ἐγρηγορυῖαι γὰρ διώκουσι τοὺς ἀνοσίους ποιναὶ σύντομον τὴν τιμωρίαν φέρουσαι. ἄρτι γὰρ

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As for all else, whatever the decision of Fortune, we shall be content.

28. Alexander,1 having no confidence in the masses because of their inexperience of the hazards of war and their readiness for any change, did not venture to join battle, but resolved to get together the royal treasures and steal the offerings dedicated to the gods, and with these to sail away by night to Greece. He made an attempt to plunder the temple of Zeus,2 employing for the purpose certain barbarians, but was detected, and together with his troops all but met with condign punishment on the spot. Having managed, however, to slip away with a few men, he attempted to make his escape to Seleuceia. The news, however, outran him, and when the Seleuceians heard about the temple robbery, they barred his entry into the city. Having failed in this attempt too, he rushed to seek refuge at Posideium, clinging to the sea-coast in his flight.

Alexander, after his temple robbery, tried to escape to Posideium. But all unseen, we may assume, a Divine Power was following at his heels in close pursuit, and, co-operating to effect his punishment, forced him closer and ever closer to his proper doom. He was, in fact, apprehended and taken before Antiochus at his camp only two days after the temple robbery. In such wise does avenging justice inescapably pursue the rash deeds of impious men. Aye, vigilant Avengers track down the sinner, and the punishment that they bring is swift. But yesterday

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βασιλεὺς ἦν καὶ τεσσάρων μυριάδων στρατοπεδευουσῶν ἀφηγεῖτο, καὶ νῦν1 δεδεμένος ἐπανήγετο πρὸς ὕβριν καὶ τιμωρίαν πολεμίων.

3Ὅτι ἀγομένου δεδεμένου διὰ τῆς παρεμβολῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ βασιλέως τῆς Συρίας, τοῦτο ἄπιστον ἐδόκει οὐ μόνον2 τοῖς ἀκούουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ὁρῶσιν· τὴν γὰρ ἐνάργειαν3 τῆς αἰσθήσεως τὸ μηδέποτ᾿ ἂν4 γενέσθαι προσδοκηθὲν εἰς τοὐναντίον ῥέπειν ἐβιάζετο· ἐπεὶ δὲ διὰ τῆς ὁράσεως ἐβεβαιοῦτο τἀληθές, ἅπαντες θαυμάζοντες ἀνέλυον ἀπὸ τῆς θέας, οἱ μὲν ἀθρόοις καὶ συμπαθέσι φωναῖς ἐπισημαινόμενοι τὴν τοῦ δαιμονίου δύναμιν, οἱ δὲ ποικίλως ἐπιφθεγγόμενοι τὸ τῆς τύχης ἄστατον, τὸ παλίντροπον τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων, τὴν ὀξύτητα τῆς παλιρροίας, ὡς εὐμετάβολος ὁ βίος, οἷόν τις5 οὐκ ἂν προσεδόκησεν.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 390–391.)

28a. Ὅτι πολλοὺς ἔχων τοὺς συναγωνιστὰς ἀντετάττετο ὁ Γράκχος,6 καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον ταπεινούμενος καὶ παρὰ προσδοκίαν ἀποπίπτων εἰς λύτταν τινὰ καὶ μανιώδη διάθεσιν ἐνέπιπτε. συναγαγὼν γὰρ τοὺς συνωμότας εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν οἰκίαν καὶ μετὰ τοῦ Φλάκκου συνεδρεύσας ἔκρινε τοῖς ὅπλοις δεῖν κρατεῖν τῶν ἀντιπραττόντων καὶ τὰς χεῖρας τοῖς τε ἄρχουσι καὶ τῇ συγκλήτῳ προσφέρειν. διὸ παρεκελεύσατο πᾶσιν ὑπὸ ταῖς τηβένναις7 φέρειν ξίφη καὶ συνακολουθοῦντας αὐτῷ τὸν

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he had been a king, and the leader of forty thousand men under arms. Now he was being led in chains to face insults and punishment at the hands of his foes.

When Alexander, the king of Syria, was being led in chains through the camp, it appeared incredible, not only to those who heard of it, but even to eyewitnesses, for the expectation that it could never happen strove to tip the balance against the plain evidence of the senses. But when the truth was confirmed by actual sight, one and all marvelled as they turned from the scene, some applauding with frequent expressions of approval the manifestation of divine power, others commenting variously on the instability of fortune, the changeableness of human affairs, the sudden turns of the tide, and the mutability of human life, so far beyond all that a man would expect.

28a. Gracchus, whose partisans were numerous,121 b.c. continued to resist; but as he was constantly and increasingly being humiliated, and had unexpected disappointments, he began to fall into a kind of frenzy and state of madness. Assembling the conspirators at his own house he decided, after consultation with Flaccus,1 that they must overcome their opponents by force of arms and make an attack on the consuls and the senate. Accordingly he urged them all to wear swords beneath their togas, and as they accompanied him to pay close attention to his

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νοῦν προσέχειν τοῖς παραγγελλομένοις. Ὀπιμίου δὲ βουλευομένου εἰς τὸ Καπιτώλιον περὶ τοῦ συμφέροντος, ὥρμησεν ἐκεῖσε μετὰ τῶν καχεκτῶν· εὑρὼν δὲ τὸν νεὼ1 προκατειλημμένον καὶ πλῆθος τῶν ἀρίστων ἠθροισμένον ἀπεχώρησεν εἰς τὴν ὀπίσω τοῦ νεὼ στοὰν ἀδημονῶν καὶ ποινηλατούμενος. οὕτω δ᾿ αὐτοῦ παροιστρηκότος, Κόιντός τις συνήθειαν ἔχων πρὸς αὐτὸν προσέπεσε τοῖς γόνασιν αὐτοῦ δεόμενος μηδὲν βίαιον ἢ ἀνήκεστον πρᾶξαι κατὰ τῆς πατρίδος. ὁ δὲ τυραννικῶς ἤδη διεξάγων αὐτὸν μὲν προέωσε πρηνῆ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, τοῖς δὲ ἀκολουθοῦσι προσέταξε διαχειρίσασθαι καὶ ταύτην ἀρχὴν ποιήσασθαι τῆς κατὰ τῶν ἐναντιουμένων τιμωρίας. ὁ δὲ ὕπατος καταπλαγεὶς τόν τε φόνον ἐδήλωσε τῇ συγκλήτῳ καὶ τὴν κατ᾿ αὐτῶν ἐπίθεσιν. (Ζήτει ἐν τῷ Περὶ Συμβολῆς Πολέμων.)

(Const. Exc. 3, p. 207.)

29. Ὅτι μετὰ τὸ ἀποθανεῖν τὸν Γράκχον ὑπὸ τοῦ ἰδίου δούλου, τῶν γεγονότων αὐτοῦ φίλων Λεύκιος Οὐιτέλλιος πρῶτος ἐπιστὰς τῷ πτώματι αὐτοῦ οὐχ ὅπως ἠχθέσθη τῇ συμφορᾷ τοῦ τετελευτηκότος, ἀλλὰ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀφελὼν καὶ κομίσας πρὸς ἑαυτὸν εἰς οἶκον ἰδίαν τινὰ πλεονεξίας ἐπίνοιαν καὶ ὠμότητος ὑπερβολὴν ἐπεδείξατο. ὁ γὰρ ὕπατος ἦν ἐπικεκηρυχὼς τῷ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀπενέγκαντι δώσειν ἰσόσταθμον χρυσίον· ὁ δὲ τὸν τράχηλον διατρήσας καὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἐκκενώσας ἐνέτηξεν ἀντὶ τούτου μόλυβδον· ἀναδοὺς δὲ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐκομίσατο μὲν

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orders. Since Opimius1 was at the Capitol debating what should be done, Gracchus and his malcontents started for that place, but finding the temple already occupied and a large number of nobles collected, he withdrew to the portico behind the temple, a prey to agony of spirit and fiendish torments. While he was still in this frenzied state, a certain Quintus,2 a man on terms of familiarity with him, fell at his knees and besought him to take no violent or irreparable steps against the fatherland. Gracchus, however, acting now openly as a tyrant, knocked him headlong to the ground and ordered his companions to dispatch him, and to make this the beginning of reprisals against their opponents. The consul, aghast, announced to the senate the murder and the coming attack upon themselves.3

29. After the death of Gracchus at the hands of his own slave, Lucius Vitellius, who had been one of his friends and was the first to come upon his body, not only did not grieve at what had befallen his dead friend, but having removed his head and carried it home, displayed a special ingenuity in exorbitant greed and a callousness that knew no bounds. The consul had made proclamation that he would give for the head its weight in gold to the man who brought it in. Lucius, therefore, bored through the neck, and having removed the brain, poured in molten lead. He then produced the head and

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τὸ χρυσίον, κατεγνώσθη δὲ εἰς ἅπαντα τὸν βίον ἐπὶ προδοσίᾳ φιλίας. ὁμοίως δὲ οἱ Φλάκκοι διεχειρίσθησαν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 309–310.)

30. Ὅτι ὁ Φλάκκος ἐπι

special character
χάριν γεν δηλοῦν καὶ
special character
ρον ἐπειδὰν τὸν
special character
διαδρομ
special character
προγραφῆς
special character
τὴν προσδοκίαν
special character
ευομένοις ἡ παρανομία α(ὕ)τη προς
special character

30a. Ὅτι οἱ Κορδίσκοι κομίσαντες λάφυρα πλεῖστα πολλοὺς προήγαγον καὶ ἄλλους1 γενέσθαι τῆς ὁμοίας προαιρέσεως καὶ νομίζειν τὸ τὰ ἀλλότρια συλᾶν2 καὶ τοῖς ὅπλοις ἄγειν καὶ φέρειν

special character
τῶν ἀνδραγαθούντων εἶναι· βεβαιώσαντες γὰρ τὸν τῆς φύσεως νόμον οἱ ἰσχυρότεροι3 τὰς τῶν ἀσθενεστέρων κτήσεις διαρπάζουσι.4

30b. Ὅτι οἱ Σκορδίσκοι ὕστερον ἀναστελλόμενοι πορείαν5 ἀπεφήναντο καὶ τὴν Ῥώμην ἐπικρατεῖν οὐ διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν δύναμιν ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ἄλλων6 ἀσθένειαν.

30c. Ὅτι ἡ φρόνησις δοκοῦσα πάντων κυριεύειν ὑπὸ μόνης τῆς τύχης ἡττᾶται· καὶ γὰρ ἃ7 διὰ σύνεσιν καὶ ἀγχίνοιαν

special character
8 πολλάκις ἡ ταύτης

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received the gold, but was despised for the rest of his life for this betrayal of friendship.1 Like Gracchus, the Flacci also were killed.

30. Flaccus2 . . . to reveal his identity (?) for the sake of . . . running about . . . proscription (or confiscation) . . . expectation . . . this lawlessness. . . .

30a. The Cordisci,3 having taken great quantities119/105 b.c. of booty, induced many others to adopt the same policy, and to consider the pillaging of others’ property and the harrying of . . . the mark of manly behaviour: for it is but a confirmation of the law of nature when the strong ravage the property of the weak.

30b. Later the Scordisci, by refusing passage,4 demonstrated that even Rome’s superiority rested not on her own strength but on the weakness of others.

30c. Understanding, which is thought to be master of all things, is weaker than one thing only, Fortune. Many a time her spitefulness unexpectedly ruins what a man (has mapped out) with intelligence and

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ἐπήρεια παραδόξως ἐλυμήνατο. καὶ ἔστιν1 ὅτε τὰ δι᾿ ἀφροσύνην ἀπορρηθέντα2 . . . παρὰ τὰς ἁπάντων ἐλπίδας διωρθώσατο· ὥσθ᾿ ὁ μὲν εὐμενοῦς3 αὐτῆς λαβόμενος ἀδιαλείπτως4 σχέδον ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἐπιβολὴν ἐπιτυγχάνοι ἄν,5 οἱ δὲ ἀλλοτρίαν6 ἔχοντες7 ἑκάστοτε8 πταίουσιν ἐν ταῖς κατὰ μέρος πράξεσιν, καὶ τοὺς μὲν9 ἔστιν ἰδεῖν10 . . . (2 lines).

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 391–392, and Appendix I.)

31. Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Λιβύην παραταξαμένων ἀλλήλοις τῶν βασιλέων, Ἰογόρθας κρατήσας τῇ μάχῃ πολλοὺς ἀνεῖλε τῶν Νομάδων· ὁ δὲ Ἀτάρβας ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ καταφυγὼν εἰς Κίρταν, καὶ συγκλεισθεὶς εἰς πολιορκίαν, ἐξαπέστειλε πρεσβευτὰς εἰς Ῥώμην μὴ περιιδεῖν βασιλέα φίλον καὶ σύμμαχον κινδυνεύοντα. ἡ δὲ σύγκλητος ἔπεμψε πρέσβεις λύειν11 τὴν πολιορκίαν. οὐ προσέχοντος δὲ Ἰογόρθα, πάλιν ἑτέρους ἔπεμψαν ἀξίωμα μεῖζον ἔχοντας. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τούτων ἀπράκτων ἐπανελθόντων, ὁ Ἰογόρθας περιταφρεύσας τὴν πόλιν ἐνδείᾳ κατεπόνησε τοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει· τὸν δὲ ἀδελφὸν ἐξελθόντα μεθ᾿ ἱκετηρίας καὶ τῆς μὲν βασιλείας ἐξιστάμενον, τὸ δὲ ζῆν αἰτούμενον ἀπέσφαξεν, οὐκ ἐντραπεὶς οὔτε συγγένειαν οὔτε τὸν τῆς ἱκεσίας νόμον.

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shrewdness . . ., and again, at times, contrary to all expectations she sets to right affairs which in our folly we have despaired of. As a result, one who finds her unfailingly propitious may succeed in almost all undertakings, while those to whom she is adverse fail in their individual actions, and some may be seen. . . .

31. In Libya when the kings1 met in combat,112 b.c. Jugurtha was victorious in battle and slew many of the Numidians. His brother Adherbal took refuge in Cirta, where, being beleaguered in a close siege, he sent envoys to Rome, begging the Romans not to ignore the jeopardy of a friendly and allied king. The senate dispatched legates to break the siege. When Jugurtha paid no heed, they sent a second legation2 of greater weight. After they too had returned empty-handed, Jugurtha surrounded the city with a trench and through privation wore down its inhabitants. His brother came out holding a suppliant’s bough, and though he abdicated the kingship and begged only for life, Jugurtha slew him, without regard either to kinship or to the rights

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ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν Ἰταλῶν τοὺς συμμαχήσαντας τἀδελφῷ πάντας αἰκισάμενος ἀπέκτεινεν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 310.)

32. Ὅτι ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Νομάδων Ἰογόρθας θαυμάσας τὴν ἀνδραγαθίαν τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τὰς ἀρετὰς αὐτῶν ἐπαινέσας ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις φίλοις ἀπεφήνατο διότι τούτοις τοῖς ἀνδράσι1 δι᾿ ἁπάσης τῆς Λιβύης διεξ . . . (about 2 lines).

32a. Ὅτι προσπεσούσης τῆς ἀγγελίας περὶ τῆς τοῦ ΒΙΟΥ2 τελευτῆς καὶ τῶν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ special character πολὺς θόρυβος καὶ πένθος ἐπῄει3 τὴν πόλιν· πολλοὶ μὲν γὰρ παῖδες ὀρφανοὶ special character, οὐκ ὀλίγοι δὲ ἀδελ | (the following page of the codex is completely obliterated).

(Const. Exc.4, p. 392, and Appendix I.)

33. Ὅτι Νασικᾶς ὁ ὕπατος ὑπῆρχεν ἀνὴρ καὶ κατ᾿ ἀρετὴν4 ἀξιόλογος καὶ κατὰ τὴν εὐγένειαν θαυμαζόμενος· ἐξ ἐκείνου γὰρ ἦν τοῦ γένους ἐξ οὗ τοὺς Ἀφρικανοὺς καὶ τοὺς Ἀσιαγενεῖς καὶ τοὺς Ἱσπανοὺς ὀνομάζεσθαι συμβέβηκεν, ὧν ὁ μὲν τὴν Λιβύην, ὁ δὲ τὴν Ἀσίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν Ἱσπανίαν καταστρεψάμενος ἔτυχε τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν πράξεων φερωνύμου προσηγορίας. καὶ πρὸς δὲ τῇ κοινῇ τοῦ γένους δόξῃ πατέρα καὶ πάππον ἔσχεν ἐπιφανεστάτους Ῥωμαίων· ἄμφω μὲν γὰρ προεκάθισαν5

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of a suppliant. He likewise tortured and put to death all the Italians1 who had fought on his brother’s side.

32. Jugurtha, the king of the Numidians, marvelling at the manly courage of the Romans and praising their exploits, declared to his friends that with these men (?) he could traverse all Libya. . . .2

32a. When the news broke upon them of the death of . . . and of those who had perished with him . . . the city was filled with cries and lamentation. For many were the children left orphans, and not a few . . . brothers. . . .

33. The consul Nasica3 was a man distinguished111 b.c. in his own right and was, as well, esteemed for his noble lineage. He belonged, in fact, to that gens whose scions had acquired the names Africanus, Asiaticus, and Hispanus; for since one of their number subdued Libya, another Asia, and the third Spain, each won for himself a cognomen signifying his achievements. But in addition to the high repute of his ancestors generally, he had for father and grandfather two of the most prominent men in Rome. Both held the position of leader of the

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τοῦ συνεδρίου καὶ πρώτην ἐπεῖχον γνώμην μέχρι τῆς τελευτῆς, ὁ δὲ πάππος αὐτοῦ καὶ κατὰ δόγμα 2τῆς συγκλήτου τῶν πολιτῶν1 ἄριστος ἐκρίθη. ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς τῆς Σιβύλλης χρησμοῖς ἐκρίθη γεγραμμένον ὅτι δεῖ τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἱδρύσασθαι νεὼν τῆς μεγάλης μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν, καὶ τῶν μὲν ἱερῶν τὴν καταγωγὴν ἐκ Πεσσινοῦντος2 τῆς Ἀσίας ποιήσασθαι, τὴν δὲ ἐκδοχὴν αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ γενέσθαι πανδημεὶ τῆς ἀπαντήσεως γινομένης,3 καὶ τῶν τε ἀνδρῶν τῶν ἀρίστων4 καὶ γυναικῶν ὁμοίως τὴν ἀγαθήν . . . καὶ τούτους ἀφηγεῖσθαι τῆς ἀπαντήσεως γενομένης5 καὶ δέξασθαι τὰ ἱερὰ τῆς θεᾶς. τῆς δὲ συγκλήτου πάντα συντελούσης κατὰ τὸν χρησμόν, ἐκρίθη τῶν μὲν ἀνδρῶν ἄριστος 3Πόπλιος Νασικᾶς, τῶν δὲ γυναικῶν Οὐαλερία. οὐ μόνον γὰρ τῇ πρὸς θεοὺς εὐσεβείᾳ διαφέρειν ἔδοξεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολιτικὸς ὑπῆρξεν καὶ συνετὸς ἐν τῷ τὴν γνώμην ἀποφαίνεσθαι. μετὰ γὰρ τὸν Ἀννιβιακὸν πόλεμον Μάρκος μὲν Κάτων ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Δημοσθένης εἰώθει λέγειν6 παρ᾿ ἕκαστον ἐν τῇ συγκλήτῳ κατὰ τὴν ἀπόφασιν τῆς ἰδίας γνώμης Καρχηδόνα μὴ εἶναι. καὶ τοῦτο ἐποίει πολλάκις οὐχ ὑποκειμένης περὶ τούτου βουλῆς, ἀλλ᾿ ἑτέρων τινῶν ἀεὶ ζητουμένων. ὁ δὲ Νασικᾶς ἀεὶ τοὐναντίον

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senate1 and of “first speaker,” each to the time of his death, and in addition the grandfather2 was by decree of the senate adjudged the “best” man in the state. For it was found written in the Sibylline oracles that the Romans should establish a temple for the Great Mother of the Gods, that her sacred objects should be fetched from Pessinus in Asia, and be received in Rome by a muster of the whole populace going forth to meet them, that of the noblest men and women alike . . . the good woman . . . and that they should lead the welcoming procession, when it took place, and receive the sacred objects of the goddess. When the senate proceeded to carry out the instructions of the oracle, Publius Nasica was selected as the best of all the men and Valeria as the best of the women. Not only was he considered outstanding in piety towards the gods, but he was a statesman as well, and a man who spoke his mind in public debate shrewdly. After the Hannibalic War, for example, Marcus Cato (dubbed Demosthenes) made it his practice to remark on every occasion, when stating his opinion in the senate, “Would that Carthage did not exist,” and he kept repeating this even when no relevant motion was before the house and different matters were in turn being considered. Nasica,3 however,

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4ἀπεφαίνετο Καρχηδόνα διὰ παντὸς1 εἶναι. ἑκατέρα μὲν οὖν ἀπόφασις ἐδόκει τῷ συνεδρίῳ μεγάλην ἔχειν ἀναθεώρησιν· τοῖς δὲ διαφέρουσι τῇ φρονήσει πολὺ προτερεῖν ἡ τοῦ Νασικᾶ διελαμβάνετο. οὐ γὰρ ἐκ τῆς ἄλλων ἀσθενείας ἔκριναν δεῖν θεωρεῖσθαι τὴν τῆς Ῥώμης ἰσχύν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐκ τοῦ φαίνεσθαι τῶν 5μεγάλων μείζονα. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις σωζομένης μὲν τῆς Καρχηδόνος ὁ ἀπὸ ταύτης φόβος ἠνάγκαζεν ὁμονοεῖν τοὺς Ῥωμαίους καὶ τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων ἐπιεικῶς καὶ ἐνδόξως ἄρχειν· ὧν οὐδὲν κάλλιόν ἐστιν πρὸς ἡγεμονίας διαμονήν τε καὶ αὔξησιν· ἀπολομένης δὲ τῆς ἀντιπάλου πόλεως πρόδηλος ἦν ἐν μὲν τοῖς πολίταις ἐμφύλιος πόλεμος ἐσόμενος, ἐκ δὲ τῶν συμμάχων ἁπάντων μῖσος εἰς τὴν ἡγεμονίαν διὰ τὴν εἰς αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἀρχόντων πλεονεξίαν τε 6καὶ παρανομίαν. ἅπερ ἅπαντα συνέβη τῇ Ῥώμῃ μετὰ τὴν2 τῆς Καρχηδόνος κατασκαφήν· καὶ γὰρ ἐπικίνδυνοι δημαγωγίαι καὶ χώρας ἀναδασμοὶ καὶ συμμάχων ἀποστάσεις μεγάλαι καὶ ἐμφύλιοι πόλεμοι πολυετεῖς καὶ φοβεροὶ καὶ τἄλλα τὰ προαγορευθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ Σκιπίωνος ἠκολούθησεν. ὁ τούτου δὲ υἱὸς πρεσβύτης ὢν3 τὴν ἡλικίαν Τιβέριον Γράκχον τυραννεῖν ἐπιχειρήσαντα ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσὶν 7ἀπέκτεινε, προηγούμενος τῆς συγκλήτου. τῆς δὲ πληθύος4 ἀγανακτούσης καὶ τεθηριωμένης πρὸς

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always expressed the contrary wish, “May Carthage exist for all time.” Now though each point of view seemed to the senate to merit consideration, that of Nasica was regarded by the more intelligent members as being far and away the better. Rome’s strength should be judged, they thought, not by the weakness of others, but by showing herself greater than the great. Furthermore, so long as Carthage survived, the fear that she generated compelled the Romans to live together in harmony and to rule their subjects equitably and with credit to themselves—much the best means to maintain and extend an empire; but once the rival city was destroyed, it was only too evident that there would be civil war at home, and that hatred for the governing power would spring up among all the allies because of the rapacity and lawlessness to which the Roman magistrates would subject them.1 All this did indeed happen to Rome after the destruction of Carthage, which brought in its wake the following: dangerous demagoguery, the redistribution of land, major revolts among the allies, prolonged and frightful civil wars, and all the other things predicted by Scipio. Now it was this man’s son who, as an old man, and leader of the senate,2 killed with his own hands Tiberius Gracchus, after the latter had attempted to gain absolute power. The masses were angry, and raged against the perpetrators of the

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τοὺς τὸν φόνον δράσαντας, ἔτι δὲ τῶν δημάρχων καθ᾿ ἕνα τῶν συγκλητικῶν προαγαγόντων ἐπὶ τὰ ἔμβολα καὶ ἐπερωτώντων τίς ἔστιν ὁ ἀνελών, οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι ἅπαντες κατεπτηχότες τὴν τῶν ὄχλων ὁρμὴν καὶ βίαν ἠρνοῦντο καὶ τὰς ἀποκρίσεις ἐξηλλάττοντο, ὁ δὲ Σκιπίων μόνος ὡμολόγησεν ὑφ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ γεγονέναι τὴν ἀναίρεσιν, ἐπειπὼν ὅτι τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ὁ Γράκχος ἐλάνθανεν ἐπιτιθέμενος τυραννίδι, ἑαυτὸν δὲ καὶ τὴν σύγκλητον οὐκ ἔλαθεν. ὁ δὲ ὄχλος, καίπερ ἀγανακτῶν, ἡσύχασεν ἐντραπεὶς 8τὸ βάρος καὶ τὴν παρρησίαν τἀνδρός. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ὁ τούτου υἱός, κατὰ τὸν ὑποκείμενον ἐνιαυτὸν τελευτήσας, ἀδωροδόκητος μὲν ἅπαντα τὸν βίον διετέλεσεν, μετασχὼν δὲ τῆς πολιτείας, καὶ τῷ βίῳ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ἀλλ᾿ οὐ τοῖς λόγοις μόνοις φιλοσοφήσας, ἀκόλουθον ἔσχε τῇ τοῦ γένους διαδοχῇ καὶ τὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς κληρονομίαν.

34. Ὅτι ὁ Ἀντίοχος ὁ Κυζικηνὸς ἀρτίως παρειληφὼς τὴν βασιλείαν ἐξέπεσεν εἰς μέθας καὶ τρυφὴν ἀγεννῆ καὶ ζηλώματα βασιλείας ἀλλοτριώτατα. ἔχαιρε γὰρ μίμοις καὶ προδείκταις καὶ καθόλου πᾶσι τοῖς θαυματοποιοῖς, καὶ τὰ τούτων ἐπιτηδεύματα μανθάνειν ἐφιλοτιμεῖτο. ἐπετήδευσε δὲ καὶ νευροσπαστεῖν καὶ δι᾿ αὑτοῦ κινεῖν ζῷα πενταπήχεα1 κατάργυρα καὶ κατάχρυσα καὶ ἕτερα πλείονα τοιαῦτα μηχανήματα. οὐκ εἶχε δ᾿ ἑλεπόλεων2 οὐδὲ

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deed, while the tribunes even haled the senators, one by one, to the rostra and demanded to know who the actual murderer was. All the rest, fearing the impetuosity and violence of the crowd, denied any knowledge or gave devious and conflicting answers. Scipio alone admitted that the killing was done by him, adding that unbeknown to the rest of the city Gracchus had been aiming at tyranny, and that only he and the senate had not been deceived. The crowd, though disgruntled, subsided, awed by the dignity of the man and his frank statement. Now this man’s son,1 too, who died in the year in question, remained incorruptible throughout his entire career, and since he took part in public affairs and proved himself a true lover of wisdom, not in words alone but in his way of life, his legacy of virtue was indeed in keeping with his noble lineage.

34. Shortly after Antiochus Cyzicenus2 gained the throne he lapsed into drunken habits, crass self-indulgence, and pursuits utterly inappropriate to a king. He delighted, for example, in mimes and pantomimic actors, and generally in all showmen, and devoted himself eagerly to learning their crafts. He practised also how to manipulate puppets, and personally to keep in motion silver-plated and gilded animals five cubits high, and many another such contrivance. On the other hand, he possessed no

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ὀργάνων πολιορκητικῶν κατασκευάς, ἃ καὶ δόξαν μεγάλην καὶ χρείας ἀξιολόγους ἂν παρέσχετο. ἐνεθουσία δὲ καὶ πρὸς κυνηγεσίας ἀκαίρους, καὶ πολλάκις νύκτωρ λάθρᾳ τῶν φίλων μετὰ δυεῖν ἢ τριῶν οἰκετῶν ἐξιὼν ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν ἐκυνήγει λέοντας καὶ παρδάλεις καὶ ὗς ἀγρίους. παραβόλως δὲ συμπλεκόμενος ἀλόγοις θηρίοις πολλάκις ἦλθεν εἰς τοὺς ἐσχάτους κινδύνους.

35. Ὅτι Μικίψας ὁ Μασσανάσσου υἱὸς τοῦ Νομάδων βασιλέως εἶχε καὶ ἄλλους υἱοὺς πλείους, μάλιστα δὲ προτετιμημένους Ἀτάρβαν τὸν πρεσβύτερον τῶν παίδων καὶ Ἰάμψαμον καὶ Μικίψαν. ὃς ἐπιεικέστατος τῶν κατὰ Λιβύην βασιλέων γενόμενος καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν πεπαιδευμένων Ἑλλήνων μεταπεμπόμενος συνεβίου τούτοις. πολλὴν δὲ ἐπιμέλειαν ποιούμενος παιδείας, μάλιστα δὲ φιλοσοφίας, ἐνεγήρασε τῇ δυναστείᾳ καὶ τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 310–313.)

35a. Ὅτι ἧκεν εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην ἀπὸ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ γένους ὑπάρχων Ἰογόρθας ἕτερος, ἀντιποιούμενος τῆς Νομαδικῆς βασιλείας. εὐδοκιμοῦντος δὲ αὐτοῦ καθ᾿ ὑπερβολήν, ὁ Ἰογόρθας μισθωσάμενός τινας σφαγεῖς τοῦτον μὲν ἐδολοφόνησεν, αὐτὸς δὲ οὐδενὸς κωλύοντος ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν.

(Const. Exc. 3, pp. 207–208.)

36. Ὅτι Κοντωνιατός τις ὁ βασιλεὺς τῆς Γαλατικῆς πόλεως τῆς οὕτω καλουμένης Ἰοντώρας

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store of “city-takers” or other instruments of siegecraft that might have brought him high renown and performed some service worth recording. He was, moreover, addicted to hunting at odd and unseasonable hours, and many a time would slip away from his friends at night, and making his way to the country with two or three servants go in pursuit of lions, panthers, or wild boars. And since in grappling with brute beasts he was reckless, he frequently put his own life in extreme peril.

35. Micipsa, the son of the Numidian king Masinissa, had several other sons, but his favourites were Adherbal, the elder (sic) of his children, Iampsamus,1 and Micipsa. Now Micipsa was the most civilized of all the Numidian kings, and lived much in the company of cultivated Greeks whom he had summoned to his court. He took a great interest in culture, especially philosophy, and waxed old both in the exercise of power and in the pursuit of wisdom.

35a. There came to Rome a member of the royal110 b.c. family, another Jugurtha,2 who was a contender for the throne of Numidia. Since he was extremely popular, Jugurtha hired murderers to assassinate him, then returned without let or hindrance to his kingdom.

36. Contoniatus,3 chieftain of the Gaulish city called Iontora, was a man of unusual sagacity and

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συνέσει καὶ στρατηγίᾳ διάφορος ἦν, φίλος δε καὶ1 σύμμαχος Ῥωμαίων, ὡς ἂν ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν χρόνοις διατετριφὼς ἐν Ῥώμῃ καὶ κεκοινωνηκὼς ἀρετῆς καὶ ἀγωγῆς νομίμου, διὰ Ῥωμαίων δὲ παρειληφὼς τὴν ἐν Γαλατίᾳ βασιλείαν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 313.)

Chap. 37: see below, after Chap. 39a.

38. Ὅτι ὁ Μάριος εἷς ὢν τῶν συμβούλων καὶ τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ2 παρεθεωρεῖτο,3 ταπεινότατος ὢν τῶν πρεσβευτῶν τῇ δόξῃ. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλοι τοῖς ἀξιώμασι καὶ ταῖς εὐγενείαις ὑπερέχοντες μεγάλης ἀποδοχῆς ἐτύγχανον ὑπὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ, οὗτος δὲ δοκῶν γεγονέναι δημοσιώνης καὶ τὰς ὑποδεεστέρας ἀρχὰς μόγις εἰληφὼς ἐν ταῖς εἰς δόξαν προαγωγαῖς παρεθεωρεῖτο. καὶ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἕκαστος περιφεύγων πᾶσαν ἐν4 τοῖς πολεμικοῖς ἔργοις κακοπάθειαν5 ᾑρεῖτο τὴν ῥᾳθυμίαν καὶ ῥᾳστώνην, οὗτος δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἐν ταῖς μάχαις κινδύνους πολλάκις ἡγεμὼν ἐκπεμπόμενος τὴν μὲν ἐκ τούτων ἀτιμίαν προσεποιεῖτο,6 ἑτοίμως7 δ᾿ ἑαυτὸν8 εἰς τὰς τοιαύτας λειτουργίας ἐπιδιδοὺς πολλὴν ἐμπειρίαν 2περιεποιήσατο τῶν πολεμικῶν ἔργων. ὢν δὲ εὐφυὴς πρὸς ἀγῶνας καὶ κινδύνους καὶ τούτους ὑπομένων προθύμως ταχὺ μεγάλην ἐκτήσατο δύναμιν καὶ δόξαν ἐπ᾿ ἀνδρείᾳ. ἐπιεικῶς δὲ τοῖς στρατιώταις προσφερόμενος καὶ ταῖς δωρεαῖς καὶ

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military ability, and was a friend and ally of the Roman people. This was natural, as he had previously spent much time in Rome, had come to share their ideals and way of life, and through Rome’s support had succeeded to his chieftainship in Gaul.

38. Marius, though a member of the staff and a109/8 b.c. legate,1 received scant notice from the general, since he was least of the legates in repute. While the other legates, more prominent by virtue of the offices they had held and the nobility of their birth, received many marks of favour from the general, Marius, who was reputed to have been a tax farmer and had barely secured election to the lower ranks of office,2 was slighted whenever preferment was made to posts of honour. But whereas each of the others, avoiding all possible discomfort in the performance of their military duties, preferred a life of ease and indolence, Marius, when assigned, as he frequently was, to lead his men into the thick of battle, welcomed the disparagement shown therein, and applying himself eagerly to such services acquired much experience in warfare. And since he had a natural talent for combat and battle, and gladly exposed himself to their risks, he soon won great influence and a reputation for courage. Moreover, by treating his soldiers with consideration and by employing means designed to please those under his command,

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ταῖς ὁμιλίαις καὶ συμπεριφοραῖς κεχαρισμέναις τοῖς ὑποτεταγμένοις χρώμενος μεγάλην εὔνοιαν ἐν τοῖς στρατιώταις περιεποιήσατο. πάντες γὰρ τῆς εὐεργεσίας χάριν ἀποδιδόντες ἐν ταῖς μετὰ τούτου μάχαις φιλοτιμότερον ἠγωνίζοντο, συναύξοντες αὐτοῦ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν· εἰ δὲ τύχοι τις τῶν ἄλλων πρεσβευτῶν ἡγούμενος, ἐθελοκακοῦντες ἀπεδειλίων κατὰ τοὺς ἀναγκαιοτάτους1 καιρούς. καὶ συνέβαινε κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον ἐν μὲν ταῖς τῶν ἄλλων ἡγεμονίαις Ῥωμαίους ἡττᾶσθαι, κατὰ δὲ τὰς τοῦ Μαρίου παρουσίας ἀεὶ νικᾶν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 313–314.)

39. Ὅτι Βόκχος ὁ κατὰ τὴν Λιβύην βασιλεύων πολλὰ καταμεμψάμενος τοῖς πείσασιν αὐτὸν πολεμεῖν τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις πρέσβεις ἔπεμψε πρὸς τὸν Μάριον, περὶ μὲν τῶν ἡμαρτημένων αἰτούμενος συγγνώμην, ἀξιῶν δὲ φιλίαν συνθέσθαι καὶ πολλὰ κατεπαγγελλόμενος χρήσιμος ἔσεσθαι Ῥωμαίοις. τοῦ δὲ Μαρίου κελεύσαντος περὶ τούτων πρεσβεύειν πρὸς τὴν σύγκλητον, ὁ μὲν βασιλεὺς ἐξαπέστειλεν εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην πρεσβευτὰς περὶ τούτων, ἡ δὲ σύγκλητος αὐτοῖς ἀπόκρισιν ἔδωκεν ἁπάντων τεύξεσθαι τῶν φιλανθρώπων τὸν2 Βόκχον, ἐὰν Μάριον πείσῃ. τοῦ δὲ Μαρίου σπεύδοντος αἰχμάλωτον λαβεῖν Ἰογόρθαν τὸν βασιλέα, ὑπακούσας ὁ Βόκχος καὶ μεταπεμψάμενος τοῦτον, ὡς περί τινων κοινῇ συμφερόντων διαλεξόμενος, συνέλαβε τὸν Ἰογόρθαν καὶ δήσας παρέδωκε Λευκίῳ Σύλλᾳ τῷ ταμίᾳ τῷ πρὸς τὴν παράπεμψιν ἐκπεμφθέντι. τῇ δὲ τούτου συμφορᾷ τὴν ἰδίαν σωτηρίαν πορισάμενος διελύθη τῆς παρὰ τῶν Ῥωμαίων τιμωρίας.

(Const. Exc. 1, pp. 407–408.)

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whether in bestowing gifts, in conversation, or in routine contacts with them, he gained great popularity among his men. In return for his favours they fought all the more zealously when in battle with him, in order to enhance his prestige; but if some other legate happened to be in command they played the coward deliberately and at the most crucial moments. So it came about that as a rule the Romans suffered setbacks under the command of the others, but always conquered if Marius was present.

39. Bocchus,1 who had a kingdom in Libya, after105 b.c. hurling many reproaches at the men who had persuaded him to take up arms against the Romans, sent envoys to Marius; he besought pardon for his past offences and requested a pact of friendship, promising that he would be helpful to the Romans in many ways. When Marius told him to address his petitions to the senate, the king dispatched an embassy to Rome charged with these matters. The senate, however, returned them the answer that Bocchus would be granted complete satisfaction provided he won Marius’ consent. Now Marius had in mind to capture King Jugurtha, and Bocchus met his wishes by sending for Jugurtha, ostensibly to discuss with him matters pertaining to their common advantage; and having seized and bound him, he then handed him over to Lucius Sulla, the quaestor appointed to escort him. Thus did Bocchus, securing his own safety at Jugurtha’s expense, escape retribution at the hands of the Romans.

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39a. Ὅτι ὁ πρεσβύτερος Πτολεμαῖος ἐν Σελευκείᾳ τῇ πόλει ὢν συγκεκλεισμένος ὑπό τινος τῶν φίλων ἐπιβουλευθείς, τὸν μὲν ἐπιβουλεύσαντα συλλαβὼν ἐτιμωρήσατο, εἰς δὲ τὸ λοιπὸν οὐ τοῖς τυχοῦσι φίλοις ἑαυτὸν ἐπίστευεν.

(Const. Exc. 3, p. 208.)

37. . . . Κάρβωνος καὶ Σιλανοῦ· τοσούτου δὲ πλήθους ἀνῃρημένου οἱ μὲν υἱοὺς οἱ δὲ ἀδελφοὺς ἐπένθουν, τινὲς δὲ πατέρων ὀρφανοὶ παῖδες ἀπολελειμμένοι τὴν τῶν γονέων ἀπώλειαν καὶ τὴν Ἰταλίας ἐρημίαν κατωδύροντο, πλεῖσται δὲ γυναῖκες ἀνδρῶν ἐστερημέναι χηρείας ἀτυχοῦς ἐλάμβανον πεῖραν. ἡ δὲ σύγκλητος μεγαλοψύχως φέρουσα τὴν συμφορὰν τά τε πολλὰ πένθη καὶ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῶν κλαυθμῶν τὸ πολὺ κατέστελλε καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τῇ συμφορᾷ λύπην ἐπικρυπτομένη βαρέως1 ἔφερεν.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 392.)

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39a. While the elder Ptolemy1 was shut up in the city of Seleuceia, a plot against him was formed by one of his friends. He arrested and punished the offender, and henceforth did not trust his safety to “friends” indiscriminately.

37. . . . of Carbo and Silanus.2 Since so great a multitude had perished, some grieved for sons, others for brothers; children, left fatherless, bewailed the loss of a sire and the desolation of Italy; and large numbers of women, bereft of their husbands, were made acquainted with the sad fate of widowhood. The senate, with courageous fortitude in the face of disaster, sought to restrain the general mourning and the excessive lamentation, and bore their heavy load of grief without showing it.

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FRAGMENTA LIBRI XXXVI

1. Ὅτι ὑπὸ τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους ἐν Ῥώμῃ, καθ᾿ οὓς Μάριος μὲν τοὺς κατὰ Λιβύην βασιλεῖς Βόκχον καὶ Ἰουγούρθαν κατεπολέμησε μεγάλῃ παρατάξει, καὶ πολλὰς μὲν τῶν Λιβύων μυριάδας ἀνεῖλεν, ὕστερον δὲ αὐτὸν Ἰουγούρθαν συλληφθέντα ὑπὸ Βόκχου, ὥστε τυχεῖν συγγνώμης παρὰ Ῥωμαίων ὑπὲρ ὧν αὐτοῖς κατέστη πρὸς πόλεμον, λαβὼν ἐκεῖθεν αἰχμάλωτον εἶχε, μεγίστοις δὲ πταίσμασι τοῖς κατὰ Γαλατίαν τῶν Κίμβρων πολεμούντων Ῥωμαῖοι περιπεσόντες ἠθύμουν, κατὰ τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους ἧκόν τινες ἀπὸ Σικελίας ἀπόστασιν ἀγγέλλοντες οἰκετῶν εἰς πολλὰς ἀριθμουμένων μυριάδας. οὗ προσαγγελθέντος, ἐν πολλῇ περιστάσει τὸ Ῥωμαϊκὸν ἅπαν συνεχόμενον διετέλει, ὡς ἂν στρατιωτῶν ἐπιλέκτων σχεδὸν ἑξακισμυρίων ἐν τῷ πρὸς Κίμβρους κατὰ Γαλατίαν πολέμῳ διολωλότων, καὶ ἀπόρων ὄντων εἰς ἀποστολὴν στρατιωτῶν λογάδων.

2. Πρὸ δὲ τῆς κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν τῶν δούλων ἐπαναστάσεως ἐγένοντο κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν πλείους ἀποστάσεις ὀλιγοχρόνιοι καὶ μικραί, καθάπερ τοῦ

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Fragments of Book XXXVI

1. In Rome, at about the same time that Marius104 b.c. defeated the Libyan kings Bocchus and Jugurtha in a great battle and slew many tens of thousands of Libyans, and, later, took thence and held captive Jugurtha himself (after he had been seized by Bocchus who thereby won pardon from the Romans for the offences that had brought him into war with them), at the time, furthermore, that the Romans, at war with the Cimbri, were disheartened, having met with very serious reverses in Gaul—at about this time,1 I repeat, men arrived in Rome from Sicily bearing news of an uprising of slaves, their numbers running into many tens of thousands. With the advent of this fresh news the whole Roman state found itself in a crisis, inasmuch as nearly sixty thousand allied troops2 had perished in the war in Gaul against the Cimbri and there were no legionary forces available to send out.

2. Even before the new uprising of the slaves in Sicily there had occurred in Italy a number of short-lived and minor revolts, as though the supernatural

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δαιμονίου προσημαίνοντος τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἐσομένης κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν ἐπαναστάσεως, πρώτη μὲν ἡ περὶ Νουκερίαν, τριάκοντα οἰκετῶν συνωμοσίαν ποιησαμένων καὶ ταχὺ κολασθέντων, δευτέρα ἡ περὶ τὴν Καπύην, διακοσίων οἰκετῶν ἐπαναστάντων 2καὶ ταχὺ καταλυθέντων. τρίτη δὲ παράδοξος γέγονέ τις. ἦν Τίτος Μενουίτιος,1 ἱππεὺς μὲν Ῥωμαίων, μεγαλοπλούτου δὲ πατρὸς παῖς. οὗτος ἠράσθη θεραπαινίδος ἀλλοτρίας κάλλει διαφερούσης. συμπλακεὶς δ᾿ αὐτῇ καὶ εἰς ἔρωτα παράδοξον αὐτῆς ἐμπεσὼν ἐξηγόρασεν αὐτήν, οὕτω τοῦ τε μανιώδους ἔρωτος βιαζομένου καὶ τοῦ κυρίου τῆς κόρης τὴν πρᾶσιν μόλις κατανεύσαντος, ταλάντων Ἀττικῶν ἑπτά, καὶ χρόνον ὥρισε καθ᾿ ὃν ἀποτίσει τὸ χρέος· ἐπιστεύετο δὲ διὰ τὴν πατρῴαν περιουσίαν. ἐνστάντος δὲ τοῦ ὁρισθέντος, καὶ μὴ ἔχων ἀποδοῦναι, πάλιν ἔταξε τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν προθεσμίαν. 3ὡς δὲ καὶ ταύτης ἐπιστάσης οἱ μὲν ἀπῄτουν, ὁ δὲ οὐδὲν πλέον εἶχεν ἀνύειν, ὁ δ᾿ ἔρως ἤκμαζεν, ἐπεχείρησε πράξει παραλογωτάτῃ. ἐπιβουλεύει μὲν γὰρ τοὺς ἀπαιτοῦντας, ἑαυτῷ δὲ μοναρχικὴν ἐξουσίαν περιέθηκε. συναγοράσας γὰρ πεντακοσίας πανοπλίας καὶ χρόνον τῆς τιμῆς συντάξας, καὶ πιστευθείς, λάθρᾳ πρὸς ἀγρόν τινα παρακομίσας τοὺς ἰδίους ἀνέσεισε πρὸς ἀπόστασιν οἰκέτας, 4τετρακοσίους ὄντας. εἶτα ἀναλαβὼν διάδημα καὶ περιβόλαιον πορφυροῦν καὶ ῥαβδούχους καὶ τὰ

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was indicating in advance the magnitude of the impending Sicilian rebellion. The first was at Nuceria, where thirty slaves formed a conspiracy and were promptly punished; the second at Capua, where two hundred rose in insurrection and were promptly put down. The third was surprising in character. There was a certain Titus Minucius,1 a Roman knight and the son of a very wealthy father. This man fell in love with a servant girl of outstanding beauty who belonged to another. Having lain with her and fallen unbelievably in love, he purchased her freedom for seven Attic talents (his infatuation being so compelling, and the girl’s master having consented to the sale only reluctantly), and fixed a time by which he was to pay off the debt, for his father’s abundant means obtained him credit. When the appointed day came and he was unable to pay, he set a new deadline of thirty days. When this day too was at hand and the sellers put in a claim for payment, while he, though his passion was in full tide, was no better able than before to carry out his bargain, he then embarked on an enterprise that passes all comprehension: he made designs on the life of those who were dunning him, and arrogated to himself autocratic powers. He bought up five hundred suits of armour, and contracting for a delay in payment, which he was granted, he secretly conveyed them to a certain field and stirred up his own slaves, four hundred in number, to rise in revolt. Then, having assumed the diadem and a purple cloak, together with lictors and the other appurtenances of

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ἄλλα σύσσημα1 τῆς ἀρχῆς, καὶ βασιλέα ἑαυτὸν συνεργίᾳ τῶν δούλων ἀναδείξας, τοὺς μὲν ἀπαιτοῦντας τὴν τιμὴν τῆς κόρης ῥαβδίσας ἐπελέκισεν, ἐξοπλίσας δὲ τοὺς οἰκέτας ἐπῄει τὰς σύνεγγυς ἐπαύλεις, καὶ τοὺς μὲν προθύμως συναφισταμένους καθώπλιζε, τοὺς δ᾿ ἀντιπράττοντας ἀνῄρει. ταχὺ δὲ συναγαγὼν στρατιώτας πλείους τῶν ἑπτακοσίων καὶ τούτους εἰς ἑκατονταρχίας καταλέξας, ἐνεβάλετο χάρακα καὶ τοὺς ἀφισταμένους ὑπεδέχετο. 5τῆς δ᾿ ἀποστάσεως εἰς Ῥώμην ἀπαγγελθείσης, ἡ σύγκλητος ἐμφρόνως περὶ αὐτῆς ἐβουλεύσατο καὶ κατώρθωσε. τῶν γὰρ κατὰ πόλιν στρατηγῶν ἀπέδειξεν ἕνα πρὸς τὴν τῶν δραπετῶν σύλληψιν, Λεύκιον Λούκουλλον. οὗτος δὲ αὐθημερὸν ἐκ τῆς Ῥώμης ἐπιλέξας στρατιώτας ἑξακοσίους, εἰς τὴν Καπύην ἦλθε συναθροίσας πεζοὺς μὲν τετρακισχιλίους, 6ἱππεῖς δὲ τετρακοσίους. ὁ δὲ Οὐέττιος τὴν ὁρμὴν τοῦ Λουκούλλου πυθόμενος κατελάβετο λόφον καρτερόν, ἔχων τοὺς πάντας πλέον τῶν τρισχιλίων καὶ πεντακοσίων. καὶ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον συμβολῆς γενομένης ἐπλεονέκτησαν οἱ δραπέται ἐκ τόπων ὑπερδεξίων μαχόμενοι· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὸν μὲν στρατηγὸν τοῦ Οὐεττίου Ἀπολλώνιον διαφθείρας ὁ Λούκουλλος καὶ τῇ δημοσίᾳ πίστει τὴν ἄφεσιν τῆς τιμωρίας βεβαιώσας, ἔπεισεν αὐτὸν προδότην γενέσθαι τῶν συναποστατῶν. διὸ καὶ τούτου συνεργοῦντος τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις καὶ τὰς χεῖρας προσφέροντος τῷ Οὐεττίῳ, φοβηθεὶς2 τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἁλώσεως τιμωρίαν ἑαυτὸν ἀπέσφαξεν, αὐτίκα συναπολωλότων

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office, and having with the co-operation of the slaves proclaimed himself king, he flogged and beheaded the persons who were demanding payment for the girl. Arming his slaves, he marched on the neighbouring farmsteads and gave arms to those who eagerly joined his revolt, but slew anyone who opposed him. Soon he had more than seven hundred soldiers, and having enrolled them by centuries he constructed a palisade and welcomed all who revolted. When word of the uprising was reported at Rome the senate took prudent measures and remedied the situation. Of the praetors then in the city they appointed one, Lucius Lucullus,1 to apprehend the fugitives. That very day he selected six hundred soldiers in Rome itself, and by the time he reached Capua had mustered four thousand infantry and four hundred cavalry. Vettius, on learning that Lucullus was on his way, occupied a strong hill with an army that now totalled more than thirty-five hundred men. The forces engaged, and at first the fugitives had the advantage, since they were fighting from higher ground; but later Lucullus, by suborning Apollonius, the general of Vettius, and guaranteeing him in the name of the state immunity from punishment, persuaded him to turn traitor against his fellow rebels. Since he was now cooperating with the Romans and turning his forces against Vettius, the latter, fearing the punishment that would await him if he were captured, slew himself, and was presently joined in death by all who

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καὶ τῶν τῆς ἀποστάσεως κεκοινωνηκότων πλὴν τοῦ προδόντος Ἀπολλωνίου. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν πρὸ τῆς κατὰ Σικελίαν, ὥσπερ προοιμιαζόμενα ταύτῃ,1 μεγίστης ἀποστάσεως· ἥτις ἀρχὴν ἔλαβε τοιαύτην.

(Photius, Bibl. pp. 386–387 B.)

2a. Ὅτι πολλαὶ ἐπαναστάσεις ἐγένοντο οἰκετῶν· πρώτη μὲν ἡ περὶ τὴν Νουκερίαν, τριάκοντα οἰκετῶν συνωμοσίαν ποιησαμένων καὶ ταχὺ κολασθέντων, δευτέρα δὲ ἡ περὶ τὴν Καπύην, διακοσίων οἰκετῶν ἐπαναστάντων καὶ ταχὺ κολασθέντων· τρίτη δὲ ἀπόστασις ἐγένετο παράδοξος καὶ πολὺ τὰς εἰθισμένας διαλλάττουσα. ἦν γάρ τις Τίτος μὲν Οὐέττιος,2 ἱππεὺς δὲ Ῥωμαίων, ὃς ἔχων πατέρα μεγαλόπλουτον καὶ νέος ὢν παντελῶς εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν ἦλθεν ἀλλοτρίας θεραπαινίδος κάλλει διαφερούσης. ἐπιπλακεὶς δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ συμβιώσας ἱκανόν τινα χρόνον εἰς ἔρωτα παράδοξον ἐνέπεσε καὶ διάθεσιν μανίᾳ παρεμφερῆ. διὰ γὰρ τὴν φιλοστοργίαν ἐπιβαλόμενος ἐξαγοράσαι τὴν παιδίσκην τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἔσχε τὸν δεσπότην αὐτῆς ἀντιπράττοντα, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τῷ μεγέθει τῆς τιμῆς προτρεψάμενος ἐξηγόρασεν αὐτὴν ταλάντων Ἀττικῶν ἑπτά, καὶ τὴν ἀπόδοσιν τῆς τιμῆς εἰς τακτὸν χρόνον συνέθετο. πιστευθεὶς δὲ τοῦ χρήματος3 διὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς εὐπορίαν ἀπήγαγε τὴν θεραπαινίδα, καὶ καταδὺς εἴς τινα τῶν πατρικῶν ἀγρῶν ἐξεπλήρου τὴν ἰδίαν4 ἐπιθυμίαν. ὡς δὲ ὁ συγκείμενος τοῦ χρέους χρόνος διῆλθεν, ἧκον οἱ πεμφθέντες εἰς τὴν ἀπαίτησιν. ὁ δὲ εἰς τὴν τριακοστὴν ἡμέραν ἀναβαλόμενος τὴν ἀπόλυσιν, καὶ τὸ μὲν χρῆμα οὐ

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had taken part in the insurrection, save only the traitor Apollonius. Now these events, forming as it were a prelude, preceded the major revolt in Sicily, which began in the following manner.

2a. There were many new uprisings of slaves, the first at Nuceria, where thirty slaves formed a conspiracy and were promptly punished, and the second at Capua, where two hundred slaves rose in insurrection and also were promptly punished. A third revolt was extraordinary and quite out of the usual pattern. There was a certain Titus Vettius,1 a Roman knight, whose father was a person of great wealth. Being a very young man, he was attracted by a servant girl of outstanding beauty who belonged to another. Having lain with her, and even lived with her for a certain length of time, he fell marvellously in love and into a state bordering, in fact, on madness. Wishing because of his affection for her to purchase the girl’s freedom, he at first encountered her master’s opposition, but later, having won his consent by the magnitude of the offer, he purchased her for seven Attic talents, and agreed to pay the purchase price at a stipulated time. His father’s wealth obtaining him credit for the sum, he carried the girl off, and hiding away at one of his father’s country estates sated his private lusts. But when the stipulated time for the debt came round he was visited by men sent to demand payment. He put off the settlement till thirty days later, and when he was

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δυνάμενος πορίσαι, τῷ δὲ ἔρωτι δουλεύων, ἐπεχείρησε πράξει παραλογωτάτῃ. διὰ γὰρ τοῦ πάθους τὴν ὑπερβολὴν καὶ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀναβολῆς1 ἐπακολουθοῦσαν αἰσχύνην ἐξετράπη πρὸς διαλογισμοὺς παιδαριώδεις καὶ πολλῆς ἀφροσύνης μεστούς. πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν γὰρ λαμβάνων τὸν ἐσόμενον τῆς ἐρωμένης διαχωρισμὸν τοῖς μὲν ἀπαιτοῦσι τὴν τιμὴν ἀνέλπιστον ἐπιβουλὴν συνεστήσατο . . . .

(Const. Exc. 3, p. 208.)

3. Κατὰ τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς Κίμβρους τοῦ Μαρίου στρατείαν ἔδωκεν ἡ σύγκλητος ἐξουσίαν τῷ Μαρίῳ ἐκ τῶν πέραν θαλάττης2 ἐθνῶν μεταπέμπεσθαι συμμαχίαν. ὁ μὲν οὖν3 Μάριος ἐξέπεμψε πρὸς Νικομήδην τὸν τῆς Βιθυνίας βασιλέα περὶ βοηθείας· ὁ δὲ ἀπόκρισιν ἔδωκε τοὺς πλείους τῶν Βιθυνῶν ὑπὸ τῶν δημοσιωνῶν διαρπαγέντας δουλεύειν ἐν ταῖς 2ἐπαρχίαις. τῆς δὲ συγκλήτου ψηφισαμένης ὅπως μηδεὶς σύμμαχος ἐλεύθερος ἐν ἐπαρχίᾳ δουλεύῃ καὶ τῆς τούτων ἐλευθερώσεως οἱ στρατηγοὶ πρόνοιαν ποιῶνται, τότε κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν ὢν στρατηγὸς Λικίνιος Νέρουας ἀκολούθως τῷ δόγματι συχνοὺς τῶν δούλων ἠλευθέρωσε, κρίσεις προθείς, ὡς ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέραις πλείους τῶν ὀκτακοσίων τυχεῖν τῆς ἐλευθερίας. καὶ ἦσαν πάντες οἱ κατὰ τὴν νῆσον δουλεύοντες μετέωροι πρὸς τὴν ἐλευθερίαν. 3οἱ δ᾿ ἐν ἀξιώμασι συνδραμόντες παρεκάλουν τὸν στρατηγὸν ἀποστῆναι ταύτης τῆς

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still unable to furnish the money, but was now a very slave to love, he embarked on an enterprise that passes all comprehension. Indeed, the extreme severity of his affliction and the embarrassment that accompanied his failure to pay promptly caused his mind to turn to childish and utterly foolish calculations. Faced by impending separation from his mistress, he formed a desperate plot against those who were demanding payment. . . .

3. In the course of Marius’ campaign against the Cimbri the senate granted Marius permission to summon military aid from the nations situated beyond the seas.1 Accordingly Marius sent to Nicomedes, the king of Bithynia, requesting assistance. The king replied that the majority of the Bithynians had been seized by tax farmers and were now in slavery in the Roman provinces. The senate then issued a decree that no citizen of an allied state should be held in slavery in a Roman province, and that the praetors should provide for their liberation. In compliance with the decree Licinius Nerva,2 who was at this time governor of Sicily, appointed hearings and set free a number of slaves, with the result that in a few days more than eight hundred persons obtained their freedom. And all who were in slavery throughout the island were agog with hopes of freedom. The notables, however, assembled in haste and entreated the praetor to desist from this course.

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ἐπιβολῆς. ὁ δ᾿ εἴτε χρήμασι πεισθεὶς εἴτε χάριτι1 δουλεύσας τῆς μὲν τῶν κριτηρίων τούτων σπουδῆς ἀπέστη, καὶ τοὺς προσιόντας ἐπὶ τῷ τυχεῖν τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἐπιπλήττων εἰς τοὺς ἰδίους κυρίους προσέταττεν ἐπαναστρέφειν. οἱ δὲ δοῦλοι συστραφέντες καὶ τῶν Συρακουσῶν ἀπαλλαγέντες καὶ καταφυγόντες εἰς τὸ τῶν Παλικῶν τέμενος διελάλουν 4πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὑπὲρ ἀποστάσεως. ἐκεῖθεν ἐν πολλοῖς τόποις τῆς τῶν οἰκετῶν τόλμης ἐκδήλου γινομένης, πρῶτοι τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἀντεποιήσαντο κατὰ τὴν Ἁλικυαίων2 χώραν ἀδελφῶν δυεῖν μεγαλοπλούτων οἰκέται τριάκοντα, ὧν ἡγεῖτο Ὀάριος ὄνομα· οἳ πρῶτον μὲν νυκτὸς κοιμωμένους τοὺς ἰδίους δεσπότας ἀπέσφαξαν, εἶτα ἐπὶ τὰς γειτνιώσας ἐπαύλεις παρελθόντες παρεκάλουν ἐπὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν τοὺς δούλους· καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ νυκτὶ 5συνέδραμον πλείους τῶν ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι. καὶ καταλαβόμενοι χωρίον φύσει ὀχυρόν, τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἐπωχύρωσαν, προσδεξάμενοι καὶ ἑτέρους δούλους ὡπλισμένους ὀγδοήκοντα. ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς τῆς ἐπαρχίας Λικίνιος Νέρουας κατὰ τάχος αὐτοῖς ἐπελθὼν καὶ πολιορκῶν ἄπρακτον ἔσχε τὴν σπουδήν. ἐπεὶ δὲ βίᾳ ἀνάλωτον τὸ3 φρούριον ἑώρα ἐπὶ τὴν προδοσίαν ὁρᾷ, καὶ σωτηρίας ὑποσχέσεσι Γάιον Τιτίνιον ἐπικαλούμενον Γαδαῖον ἀναπείσας (ἦν δ᾿ οὗτος πρὸ δυεῖν ἐτῶν καταδικασθεὶς μὲν θανάτῳ, τὴν τιμωρίαν δ᾿ ἐκφυγὼν καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν κατὰ τὴν χώραν ἐλευθέρων κατὰ λῃστείαν ἀναιρῶν, οὐδένα δὲ τῶν οἰκετῶν παραλυπῶν) εἶχεν ὑπηρέτην

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Whether he was won over by their bribes or weakly succumbed in his desire to favour them, in any case he ceased to show interest in these tribunals, and when men approached him to obtain freedom he rebuked them and ordered them to return to their masters. The slaves, banding together, departed from Syracuse, and taking refuge in the sanctuary of the Palici1 canvassed the question of revolution. From this point on the audacity of the slaves was made manifest in many places, but the first to make a bid for freedom were the thirty slaves of two very wealthy brothers in the region of Halicyae, led by a man named Varius. They first murdered their own masters by night as they lay sleeping, then proceeded to the neighbouring villas and summoned the slaves to freedom. In this one night more than a hundred and twenty gathered together. Seizing a position that was naturally strong, they strengthened it even further, having received in the meantime an increment of eighty armed slaves. Licinius Nerva, the governor of the province, marched against them in haste, but though he placed them under siege his efforts were in vain. When he saw that their fortress could not be taken by force, he set his hopes on treason. As the instrument for his purpose he had one Gaius Titinius, surnamed Gadaeus, whom he won over with promises of immunity. This man had been condemned to death two years before, but had escaped punishment, and living as a brigand had murdered many of the free men of the region, while abstaining from harm to any of the slaves.

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6τοῦ σκοποῦ. οὗτος ἔχων αὑτῷ πιστοὺς οἰκέτας ἱκανοὺς πρόσεισι τῷ φρουρίῳ τῶν ἀποστατῶν, ὡς δὴ συμμεθέξων τοῦ κατὰ Ῥωμαίων πολέμου· εὐμενῶς δὲ καὶ φιλοφρόνως προσδεχθεὶς ᾑρέθη διὰ τὴν ἀνδρείαν καὶ στρατηγός, καὶ προὔδωκε τὸ φρούριον. τῶν δ᾿ ἀποστατῶν οἱ μὲν μαχόμενοι κατεκόπησαν, οἱ δὲ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ἁλώσεως δεδιότες τιμωρίαν ἑαυτοὺς κατεκρήμνισαν. ἡ μὲν οὖν πρώτη τῶν δραπετῶν στάσις κατελύθη τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον.

4. Τῶν δὲ στρατιωτῶν πρὸς τὰ οἰκεῖα ἤθη ἀπολυθέντων, ἧκόν τινες ἀπαγγέλλοντες ὅτι Πόπλιον Κλόνιον, γενόμενον ἱππέα Ῥωμαίων, ἐπαναστάντες οἱ δοῦλοι κατέσφαξαν ὀγδοήκοντα ὄντες, καὶ ὅτι πλῆθος ἀγείρουσι. καὶ ὁ μὲν στρατηγὸς ἑτέρων βουλαῖς παρακρουσθείς, ἤδη καὶ τῶν πλείστων στρατιωτῶν ἀπολελυμένων,1 καιρὸν παρεῖχε διὰ τῆς ἀναβολῆς τοῖς ἀποστάταις βέλτιον αὑτοὺ 2ἀσφαλίσασθαι. προῆγε δὲ μετὰ τῶν ἐνόντων στρατιωτῶν, καὶ διαβὰς τὸν Ἄλβαν ποταμὸν παρῆλθε τοὺς ἀποστάτας διατρίβοντας ἐν ὄρει καλουμένῳ Καπριανῷ, καὶ κατήντησεν εἰς πόλιν Ἡράκλειαν ἐκ γοῦν2 τοῦ μὴ προσβαλεῖν αὐτοῖς τὸν στρατηγὸν ἀτολμίαν αὐτοῦ διαφημίσαντες συχνοὺς ἀνέσειον τῶν οἰκετῶν. καὶ πολλῶν συρρεόντων καὶ τὸν δυνατὸν τρόπον εἰς μάχην παρασκευαζομένων, ἐν ἑπτὰ ταῖς πρώταις ἡμέραις καθωπλίσθησαν πλείους τῶν ὀκτακοσίων, ἐφεξῆς δ᾿ ἐγένοντο τῶν 3δισχιλίων οὐκ ἐλάττους. πυθόμενος δ᾿ ἐν Ἡρακλείᾳ

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Now, taking with him a sufficient body of loyal slaves, he approached the fortress of the rebels, as though intending to join them in the war against the Romans. Welcomed with open arms as a friend, he was even chosen, because of his valour, to be general, whereupon he betrayed the fortress. Of the rebels some were cut down in battle, and others, fearing the punishment that would follow on their capture, cast themselves down from the heights. Thus was the first uprising of the fugitives quelled.

4. After the soldiers had disbanded and returned to their usual abodes, word was brought that eighty slaves had risen in rebellion and murdered Publius Clonius, who had been a Roman knight, and, further, that they were now engaged in gathering a large band. The praetor, distracted by the advice of others1 and by the fact that most of his forces had been disbanded, failed to act promptly and so provided the rebels an opportunity to make their position more secure. But he set out with the soldiers that were available, and after crossing the river Alba2 passed by the rebels who were quartered on Mount Caprianus and reached the city of Heracleia. By spreading the report that the praetor was a coward, since he had not attacked them, they aroused a large number of slaves to revolt, and with an influx of many recruits, who were equipped for battle in such fashion as was possible, within the first seven days they had more than eight hundred men under arms, and soon thereafter numbered not less than two thousand. When the praetor

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τὴν αὔξησιν αὐτῶν ὁ στρατηγὸς ἡγεμόνα προεχειρίσατο Μάρκον Τιτίνιον, δοὺς αὐτῷ στρατιώτας τοὺς ἐκ τῆς Ἔννης φρουροὺς ἑξακοσίους. οὗτος δὲ μάχῃ προσβαλὼν τοῖς ἀποστάταις, ἐπεὶ καὶ τῷ πλήθει καὶ ταῖς δυσχωρίαις ἐπλεονέκτουν ἐκεῖνοι, ἐτράπη σὺν τοῖς περὶ αὐτόν, πολλῶν μὲν ἀναιρεθέντων, τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν ῥιψάντων τὰ ὅπλα καὶ φυγῇ μόλις διασωθέντων. καὶ οἱ ἀποστάται ὅπλων τε εὐπορήσαντες τοσούτων ἀθρόον καὶ νίκης θρασύτερον εἴχοντο τῶν ἔργων, καὶ πάντες τῶν δούλων 4ἐμετεωρίζοντο πρὸς ἀπόστασιν. καὶ πολλῶν καθ᾿ ἡμέραν ἀφισταμένων σύντομον καὶ παράδοξον ἐλάμβανον αὔξησιν, ὡς ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέραις πλείους γενέσθαι τῶν ἑξακισχιλίων. τότε1 δὴ καὶ εἰς ἐκκλησίαν συνελθόντες καὶ βουλῆς προτεθείσης πρῶτον μὲν εἵλαντο βασιλέα τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον Σάλουιον, δοκοῦντα τῆς ἱεροσκοπίας ἔμπειρον εἶναι καὶ ταῖς γυναικείαις θέαις αὐλομανοῦντα.2 οὗτος βασιλεύσας τὰς μὲν πόλεις ἀργίας αἰτίας3 καὶ τρυφῆς νομίζων ἐξέκλινεν, εἰς τρία δὲ μερίσας τοὺς ἀποστάτας καὶ ἴσους ἡγεμόνας ἐγκαταστήσας ταῖς μερίσι προσέταξεν ἐπιέναι τὴν χώραν καὶ πρὸς ἕνα τόπον καὶ 5καιρὸν ἅπαντας ἀπαντᾶν. διὸ πολλῶν ἐκ τῆς ἐπελασίας ἄλλων τε ζῴων καὶ ἵππων εὐπορήσαντες ἐν ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ κατεσκευάσθησαν ἱππεῖς μὲν πλείους τῶν δισχιλίων, πεζοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἐλάττους τῶν δισμυρίων, ἤδη καὶ γυμνασίαις πολεμικαῖς ἐνδιαπρέποντες. προσπεσόντες οὖν ἄφνω πόλει ὀχυρᾷ Μοργαντίνῃ προσβολὰς ἐνεργεῖς καὶ συνεχεῖς ἐποιοῦντο.

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learned at Heracleia of their growing numbers he appointed Marcus Titinius as commander, giving him a force of six hundred men from the garrison at Enna. Titinius launched an attack on the rebels, but since they held the advantage both in numbers and by reason of the difficult terrain, he and his men were routed, many of them being killed, while the rest threw down their arms and barely made good their escape by flight. The rebels, having gained both a victory and so many arms all at once, maintained their efforts all the more boldly, and all slaves everywhere were now keyed up to revolt. Since there were many who revolted each day, their numbers received a sudden and marvellous increase, and in a few days there were more than six thousand. Thereupon they held an assembly, and when the question was laid before them first of all chose as their king a man named Salvius, who was reputed to be skilled in divination and was a flute-player of frenetic music at performances for women. When he became king he avoided the cities, regarding them as the source of sloth and self-indulgence, and dividing the rebels into three groups, over whom he set a like number of commanders, he ordered them to scour the country and then assemble in full force at a stated time and place. Having provided themselves by their raids with an abundance of horses and other beasts, they soon had more than two thousand cavalry and no fewer than twenty thousand infantry, and were by now making a good showing in military exercises. So, descending suddenly on the strong city of Morgantina, they subjected it to

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6ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς ὡς βοηθήσων τῇ πόλει ἐπελθών, νυκτοπορίᾳ χρησάμενος, ἔχων μεθ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ Ἰταλιώτας τε καὶ ἐκ Σικελίας σχεδὸν στρατιώτας μυρίους, κατέλαβε1 τοὺς ἀποστάτας ἀσχολουμένους περὶ τὴν πολιορκίαν, καὶ ἐπιθέμενος αὐτῶν τῇ παρεμβολῇ καὶ εὑρὼν ὀλίγους μὲν τοὺς φυλάττοντας, πλῆθος δὲ γυναικῶν αἰχμαλώτων καὶ λείας ἄλλης παντοδαποῦς, ῥᾳδίως ἐξεῖλε τὴν στρατοπεδείαν. καὶ ταύτην μὲν διήρπασεν, ἐπὶ δὲ τὴν 7Μοργαντίνην ἦγεν. οἱ δ᾿ ἀποστάται ἐξαίφνης ἀντεπιθέμενοι, καὶ ὑπερδέξιον τὴν στάσιν2 ἔχοντες βιαίως τε ἐπιρράξαντες εὐθὺς ἐπὶ3 προτερήματος ἦσαν· οἱ δὲ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ ἐτράπησαν πρὸς φυγήν. τοῦ δὲ βασιλέως τῶν ἀποστατῶν κήρυγμα ποιησαμένου μηδένα κτείνειν τῶν τὰ ὅπλα ῥιπτούντων, οἱ πλεῖστοι ῥιπτοῦντες ἔφευγον. καὶ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ καταστρατηγήσας τοὺς πολεμίους ὁ Σάλουιος τήν τε παρεμβολὴν ἀνεκτήσατο καὶ περιβόητον νίκην 8ἀπενεγκάμενος πολλῶν ὅπλων ἐκυρίευσεν. ἀπέθανον δὲ ἐν τῇ μάχῃ τῶν Ἰταλιωτῶν τε καὶ Σικελῶν οὐ πλείους ἑξακοσίων διὰ τὴν τοῦ κηρύγματος φιλανθρωπίαν, ἑάλωσαν δὲ περὶ τετρακισχιλίους. ὁ δὲ Σάλουιος, πολλῶν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ κατορθώματος συρρεόντων, διπλασιάσας τὴν ἰδίαν δύναμιν ἐκράτει τῶν ὑπαίθρων, καὶ πολιορκεῖν πάλιν ἐπεχείρει τὴν Μοργαντῖναν, κηρύγματι4 δοὺς τοῖς ἐν αὐτῇ δούλοις τὴν ἐλευθερίαν. τῶν δὲ κυρίων ἀντιπροτεινόντων αὐτοῖς ταύτην, εἰ σφίσι συναγωνίσαιντο, εἵλοντο μᾶλλον τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν κυρίων, καὶ προθύμως ἀγωνισάμενοι ἀπετρίψαντο τὴν πολιορκίαν. ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς μετὰ ταῦτα τὴν

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vigorous and constant assaults. The praetor, with about ten thousand Italian and Sicilian troops, set out to bring aid to the city, marching by night; discovering on his arrival that the rebels were occupied with the siege, he attacked their camp, and finding that it was guarded by a mere handful of men, but was filled with captive women and other booty of all sorts, he captured the place with ease. After plundering the camp he moved on Morgantina. The rebels made a sudden counterattack and, since they held a commanding position and struck with might and main, at once gained the ascendant, and the praetor’s forces were routed. When the king of the rebels made proclamation that no one who threw down his arms should be killed, the majority dropped them and ran. Having outwitted the enemy in this manner, Salvius recovered his camp, and by his resounding victory got possession of many arms. Not more than six hundred of the Italians and Sicilians perished in the battle, thanks to the king’s humane proclamation, but about four thousand were taken prisoner. Having doubled his forces, since there were many who flocked to him as a result of his success, Salvius was now undisputed master of the open country, and again attempted to take Morgantina by siege. By proclamation he offered the slaves in the city their freedom, but when their masters countered with a like offer if they would join in the defence of the city, they chose rather the side of their masters, and by stout resistance repelled the siege. Later, however, the praetor, by rescinding

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ἐλευθερίαν ἀνατρέψας αὐτομολῆσαι τοὺς πλειστους παρεσκεύασε τοῖς ἀποστάταις.

5. Περὶ δὲ τὴν Αἰγεσταίων καὶ Λιλυβαϊτῶν χώραν, ἔτι δὲ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν πλησιοχώρων, ἐνόσει πρὸς ἀπόστασιν τὰ πλήθη τῶν οἰκετῶν. γίνεται δὲ τούτων ἀρχηγὸς Ἀθηνίων ὄνομα, ἀνὴρ ἀνδρείᾳ διαφέρων, Κίλιξ τὸ γένος. οὗτος οἰκονόμος ὢν δυοῖν ἀδελφῶν μεγαλοπλούτων, καὶ τῆς ἀστρομαντικῆς πολλὴν ἔχων ἐμπειρίαν, ἔπεισε τῶν οἰκετῶν πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς ὑφ᾿ ἑαυτὸν τεταγμένους περὶ διακοσίους ὄντας, ἔπειτα τοὺς γειτνιῶντας, ὥστε ἐν πέντε ἡμέραις συναχθῆναι πλείους τῶν χιλίων. 2ὑπὸ δὲ τούτων αἱρεθεὶς βασιλεὺς καὶ διάδημα περιθέμενος ἐναντίαν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ἀποστάταις τὴν διάθεσιν ἐποιεῖτο. οὐ γὰρ προσεδέχετο πάντας τοὺς ἀφισταμένους, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἀρίστους ποιούμενος στρατιώτας τοὺς ἄλλους ἠνάγκαζε μένοντας ἐπὶ τῶν προγεγενημένων ἐργασιῶν ἐπιμελεῖσθαι τῆς ἰδίας ἕκαστον οἰκονομίας καὶ τάξεως, ἐξ ὧν καὶ τροφὰς ἀφθόνους τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἐχορηγεῖτο. 3προσεποιεῖτο δὲ τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτῷ διὰ τῶν ἄστρων προσημαίνειν ὡς ἔσοιτο τῆς Σικελίας συμπάσης βασιλεύς· διὸ δεῖν αὐτῆς τε τῆς χώρας καὶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ ζῴων τε καὶ καρπῶν ὡς ἰδίων φείδεσθαι. τέλος ἀθροίσας ὑπὲρ τοὺς μυρίους ἐτόλμησε πόλιν ἀπόρθητον τὸ Λιλύβαιον πολιορκεῖν. μηδὲν δὲ ἀνύων μετανίστατο αὐτῆς, εἰπὼν αὐτῷ τοὺς θεοὺς τοῦτο ἐπιτάττειν· ἐπιμένοντας γὰρ ἂν1 τῇ πολιορκίᾳ 4δυστυχήματος πειραθῆναι. παρασκευαζομένου δὲ αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως ἀναχώρησιν, κατέπλευσάν τινες ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶ κομίζοντες ἐπιλέκτους Μαυρουσίους, οἳ ἐπὶ βοήθειαν ἦσαν ἀπεσταλμένοι

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their emancipation, caused the majority of them to desert to the rebels.

5. In the territory of Segesta and Lilybaeum, and of the other neighbouring cities, the fever of insurrection was also raging among the masses of slaves. Here the leader was a certain Athenion, a man of outstanding courage, a Cilician by birth. He was the bailiff of two very wealthy brothers, and having great skill in astrology he won over first the slaves who were under him, some two hundred, and then those in the vicinity, so that in five days he had gathered together more than a thousand men. When he was chosen as king and had put on the diadem, he adopted an attitude just the opposite to that of all the other rebels: he did not admit all who revolted, but making the best ones soldiers, he required the rest to remain at their former labours and to busy themselves each with his domestic affairs and his appointed task; thus Athenion was enabled to provide food in abundance for his soldiers. He pretended, moreover, that the gods forecasted for him, by the stars, that he would be king of all Sicily; consequently, he must needs conserve the land and all its cattle and crops, as being his own property. Finally, when he had assembled a force of more than ten thousand men, he ventured to lay siege to Lilybaeum, an impregnable city. Having failed to achieve anything, he departed thence, saying that this was by order of the gods, and that if they persisted in the siege they would meet with misfortune. While he was yet making ready to withdraw from the city, ships arrived in the harbour bringing a contingent of Mauretanian auxiliaries, who had

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τοῖς Λιλυβαΐταις, ἔχοντες ἡγούμενον ὃς ὠνομάζετο Γόμων. οὗτος σὺν τοῖς ἅμ᾿ αὐτῷ κατὰ νύκτα καὶ ἀνελπίστως ἐπιθέμενος τοὺς περὶ Ἀθηνίωνα ὁδοιποροῦντας, πολλοὺς καταβαλόντες, οὐκ ὀλίγους δὲ τραυματίσαντες, εἰς τὴν πόλιν ἐπανῆλθον. διόπερ οἱ ἀποστάται τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀστρομαντείας πρόρρησιν ἐθαύμαζον.

6. Εἶχε δὲ τὴν Σικελίαν πᾶσαν σύγχυσις καὶ κακῶν Ἰλιάς. οὐ γὰρ οἱ δοῦλοι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἐλευθέρων οἱ ἄποροι πᾶσαν ἁρπαγὴν καὶ παρανομίαν ἐργαζόμενοι, καὶ τοὺς περιτυγχάνοντας δούλους τε καὶ ἐλευθέρους, ὅπως μηδεὶς ἀπαγγέλλοι τὴν περὶ αὐτοὺς ἀπόνοιαν, ἐφόνευον ἀναιδῶς.1 διὸ καὶ πάντες οἱ κατὰ τὰς πόλεις ὑπελάμβανον τὰ μὲν ἐντὸς τειχῶν μόλις εἶναι ἴδια, τὰ δ᾿ ἐκτὸς ἀλλότρια καὶ δοῦλα τῆς παρανόμου χειροκρασίας. καὶ ἄλλα δὲ πολλὰ πολλοῖς ἄτοπα κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν ἐτολμᾶτο.

(Photius, Bibl. pp. 387–389.)

Chap. 7: see below, after Chap. 11.

11. Ὅτι οὐ μόνον τὸ πλῆθος τῶν οἰκετῶν τὸ πρὸς τὴν ἀπόστασιν ὡρμημένον κατέτρεχεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἐλευθέρων οἱ τὰς ἐπὶ χώρας κτήσεις οὐκ ἔχοντες ἐτρέποντο πρὸς ἁρπαγὴν καὶ παρανομίαν. οἱ γὰρ ἐλλιπεῖς ταῖς οὐσίαις διὰ τὴν ἀπορίαν ἅμα καὶ παρανομίαν ἐξεχέοντο κατὰ συστροφὰς ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν καὶ τὰς μὲν ἀγέλας τῶν θρεμμάτων ἀπήλαυνον, τοὺς δὲ ἐν τοῖς σταθμοῖς τεθησαυρισμένους καρποὺς διήρπαζον, καὶ τοὺς περιτυγχάνοντας ἀνέδην2 ἐλευθέρους τε καὶ δούλους ἐφόνευον, ὅπως μηδεὶς ἀπαγγείλῃ τὴν περὶ αὐτοὺς ἀπόνοιάν τε καὶ 2παρανομίαν. ἀναρχίας δ᾿ οὔσης διὰ τὸ μηδεμίαν

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been sent to reinforce the city of Lilybaeum and had as their commander a man named Gomon. He and his men made an unexpected attack by night on Athenion’s forces as they were on the march, and after felling many and wounding quite a few others returned to the city. As a result the rebels marvelled at his prediction of the event by reading the stars.

6. Turmoil and a very Iliad of woes possessed all Sicily. Not only slaves but also impoverished freemen were guilty of every sort of rapine and lawlessness, and ruthlessly murdered anyone they met, slave or free, so that no one should report their frenzied conduct. As a result all city-dwellers considered what was within the city walls scarcely their own, and whatever was outside as lost to them and subject only to the lawless rule of force. And many besides were the strange deeds perpetrated in Sicily, and many were the perpetrators.

11. Not only1 did the multitude of slaves who had plunged into revolt ravage the country, but even those freemen who possessed no holdings on the land resorted to rapine and lawlessness. Those without means, impelled alike by poverty and lawlessness, streamed out into the country in swarms, drove off the herds of cattle, plundered the crops stored in the barns, and murdered without more ado all who fell in their way, slave or free alike, so that no one should be able to carry back news of their frantic and lawless conduct. Since no Roman officials

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Ῥωμαϊκὴν ἀρχὴν δικαιοδοτεῖν, πάντες ἀνυπεύθυνον ἐξουσίαν ἔχοντες πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας συμφορὰς ἀπειργάζοντο· διὸ καὶ πᾶς τόπος ἔγεμεν ἁρπαγῆς βιαίου ταῖς τῶν εὐπόρων οὐσίαις ἐνεξουσιαζούσης. οἱ δὲ πρότερον ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν πρωτεύοντες ταῖς τε δόξαις καὶ τοῖς πλούτοις τότε διὰ τὴν ἀνέλπιστον τῆς τύχης μεταβολὴν οὐ μόνον ὑπὸ τῶν δραπετῶν ὑβριστικῶς ἀπέβαλλον τὰς εὐπορίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐλευθέρων ἐπηρεαζόμενοι καρτερεῖν ἠναγκάζοντο. 3διὸ καὶ πάντες ὑπελάμβανον τὰ μὲν ἐντὸς τῶν πυλῶν μόγις ὑπάρχειν ἴδια, τὰ δὲ ἐκτὸς τῶν τειχῶν ἀλλότρια καὶ δοῦλα τῆς παρανόμου χειροκρατίας εἶναι. καθόλου δ᾿ ἦν κατὰ πόλεις φυρμὸς καὶ σύγχυσις τῶν κατὰ νόμους δικαίων. οἱ γὰρ ἀποστάται τῶν ὑπαίθρων κρατοῦντες ἀνεπίβατον ἐποιοῦντο τὴν χώραν, μνησικακοῦντες τοῖς δεσπόταις, οὐκ ἐμπιπλάμενοι δὲ τῶν ἀνελπίστων εὐτυχημάτων· οἱ δὲ ἐντὸς τῶν τειχῶν δοῦλοι νοσοῦντες ταῖς ψυχαῖς καὶ μετεωριζόμενοι πρὸς ἀπόστασιν φοβερώτατοι τοῖς κυρίοις ὑπῆρχον.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 314.)

Chap. 12: see below, after Chap. 10.

7. Ὁ δὲ τὴν Μοργαντίνην πολιορκήσας Σάλουιος, ἐπιδραμὼν τὴν χώραν μέχρι τοῦ Λεοντίνου πεδίου, ἤθροισεν αὐτοῦ1 τὸ σύμπαν στράτευμα, ἐπιλέκτους ἄνδρας οὐκ ἐλάττους τῶν τρισμυρίων, καὶ θύσας τοῖς Παλικοῖς2 ἥρωσι τούτοις μὲν ἀνέθηκε μίαν τῶν ἁλουργῶν περιπορφύρων στολὴν χαριστήρια τῆς νίκης, αὐτὸς δ᾿ ἀναγορεύσας ἑαυτὸν βασιλέα Τρύφων μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστατῶν προσηγορεύετο.3

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were dispensing justice and anarchy prevailed, there was irresponsible licence, and men everywhere were wreaking havoc far and wide. Hence every region was filled with violence and rapine, which ran riot and enjoyed full licence to pillage the property of the well-to-do. Men who aforetime had stood first in their cities in reputation and wealth, now through this unexpected turn of fortune were not only losing their property by violence at the hands of the fugitives, but were forced to put up with insolent treatment even from the free born. Consequently they all considered whatever was within the gates scarcely their own, and whatever was without the walls as lost to them and subject only to the lawless rule of force. In general there was turmoil in the cities, and a confounding of all justice under law. For the rebels, supreme in the open country, made the land impassable to travellers, since they were implacable in their hatred for their masters and never got enough of their unexpected good fortune. Meanwhile the slaves in the cities, who were contracting the infection and were poised for revolt, were a source of great fear to their masters.

7. After the siege of Morgantina, Salvius, having overrun the country as far as the plain of Leontini, assembled his whole army there, no fewer than thirty thousand picked men, and after sacrificing to the heroes, the Palici, dedicated to them in thank offering for his victory a robe bordered with a strip of sea-dyed purple.1 At the same time he proclaimed himself king and was henceforth addressed by the

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2διανοούμενος δὲ τὰ Τριόκαλα καταλαβέσθαι καὶ κατασκευάσαι βασίλεια πέμπει καὶ πρὸς Ἀθηνίωνα, μεταπεμπόμενος αὐτὸν ὡς στρατηγὸν βασιλεύς. πάντες μὲν οὖν ὑπελάμβανον τὸν Ἀθηνίωνα τῶν πρωτείων ἀντιποιήσεσθαι, καὶ διὰ τὴν στάσιν τῶν ἀποστατῶν ῥᾳδίως καταλυθήσεσθαι τὸν πόλεμον· ἡ δὲ τύχη καθάπερ ἐπίτηδες αὔξουσα τὰς τῶν δραπετῶν δυνάμεις ὁμονοῆσαι τοὺς τούτων ἡγεμόνας ἐποίησεν. ἧκε μὲν γὰρ συντόμως μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ἐπὶ τὰ Τριόκαλα ὁ Τρύφων, ἧκε δὲ καὶ Ἀθηνίων μετὰ τρισχιλίων, ὑπακούων ὡς στρατηγὸς βασιλεῖ τῷ Τρύφωνι, τὴν ἄλλην αὑτοῦ δύναμιν κατατρέχειν τὴν χώραν καὶ ἀνασείειν πρὸς ἀπόστασιν τοὺς οἰκέτας ἀπεσταλκώς. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ὑπονοήσας ὁ Τρύφων τὸν Ἀθηνίωνα ἐπιθήσεσθαι ἐν καιρῷ παρέδωκεν εἰς φυλακήν. τὸ δὲ φρούριον ὀχυρώτατον ὂν κατεσκεύαζε πολυτελέσι κατασκευαῖς 3καὶ ἐπὶ μᾶλλον ὠχύρου. Τριόκαλα δὲ αὐτό φασιν ὠνομάσθαι διὰ τὸ τρία καλὰ ἔχειν, πρῶτον μὲν ναματιαίων ὑδάτων πλῆθος διαφόρων τῇ γλυκύτητι, δεύτερον παρακειμένην χώραν ἀμπελόφυτόν τε καὶ ἐλαιόφυτον καὶ γεωργεῖσθαι δυναμένην θαυμαστῶς, τρίτον ὑπερβάλλουσαν ὀχυρότητα, ὡς ἂν οὔσης μεγάλης πέτρας ἀναλώτου· ἣν καὶ περιβόλῳ πόλεως σταδίων ὀκτὼ προσπεριβαλὼν καὶ ταφρεύσας βαθείᾳ τάφρῳ βασιλείοις ἐχρῆτο, πάσῃ ἀφθονίᾳ τῶν κατὰ τὸν βίον ἁπάντων πεπληρωμένην. κατεσκεύασε δὲ καὶ βασιλικὴν οἰκίαν καὶ ἀγορὰν δυναμένην δέξασθαι πλῆθος

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rebels as Tryphon.1 As it was his intention to seize Triocala and build a palace there, he sent to Athenion, summoning him as a king might summon a general. Everyone supposed that Athenion would dispute the primacy with him and that in the resulting strife between the rebels the war would easily be brought to an end. But Fortune, as though intentionally increasing the power of the fugitives, caused their leaders to be of one mind. Tryphon came promptly to Triocala with his army, and thither also came Athenion with three thousand men, obedient to Tryphon as a general is obedient to his king; the rest of his army he had sent out to cover the countryside and rouse the slaves to rebellion. Later on, suspecting that Athenion would attack him, given the opportunity, Tryphon placed him under detention. The fortress, which was already very strong, he equipped with lavish constructions, and strengthened it even more. This place, Triocala,2 is said to be so named because it possesses three fine advantages: first, an abundance of flowing springs, whose waters are exceptionally sweet; second, an adjacent countryside yielding vines and olives, and wonderfully amenable to cultivation; and third, surpassing strength, for it is a large and impregnable ridge of rock. This place, which he surrounded with a city wall eight stades in length, and with a deep moat, he used as his royal capital, and saw that it was abundantly supplied with all the necessities of life. He constructed also a royal palace, and a market place that could accommodate a large multitude.

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4ἀνθρώπων. ἐξελέξατο δὲ καὶ τῶν φρονήσει διαφερόντων ἀνδρῶν τοὺς ἱκανούς, οὓς ἀποδείξας συμβούλους ἐχρῆτο συνέδροις αὐτοῖς· τήβεννάν τε περιπόρφυρον περιεβάλλετο καὶ πλατύσημον ἔδυ χιτῶνα κατὰ τοὺς χρηματισμούς, καὶ ῥαβδούχους εἶχε μετὰ πελέκεων τοὺς προηγουμένους, καὶ τἄλλα πάντα ὅσα ποιοῦσί τε καὶ ἐπικοσμοῦσι βασιλείαν ἐπετήδευε.1

8. Προχειρίζεται δὲ κατὰ τῶν ἀποστατῶν ἡ σύγκλητος τῶν Ῥωμαίων Λεύκιον Λικίνιον Λούκουλλον, ἔχοντα στρατιώτας μυρίους μὲν καὶ τετρακισχιλίους Ῥωμαίους καὶ Ἰταλούς, Βιθυνοὺς δὲ καὶ Θετταλοὺς καὶ Ἀκαρνᾶνας ὀκτακοσίους, ἐκ δὲ τῆς Λευκανίας ἑξακοσίους, ὧν ἡγεῖτο Κλέπτιος, ἀνὴρ στρατηγικὸς καὶ ἐπ᾿ ἀνδρείᾳ περιβόητος, ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἑτέρους ἑξακοσίους, ὡς γενέσθαι σύμπαντας ἑπτακισχιλίους2 καὶ μυρίους, οὓς ἔχων κατέλαβε 2τὴν Σικελίαν. ὁ δὲ Τρύφων ἀπολύσας Ἀθηνίωνα τῆς αἰτίας ἐβουλεύετο περὶ τοῦ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πολέμου. καὶ τῷ μὲν ἤρεσκεν ἐν τοῖς Τριοκάλοις ἀγωνίζεσθαι, Ἀθηνίων δὲ συνεβούλευε μὴ συγκλείειν ἑαυτοὺς εἰς πολιορκίαν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐν ὑπαίθρῳ διαγωνίζεσθαι. κρατησάσης δὲ ταύτης τῆς βουλῆς κατεστρατοπέδευσαν πλησίον Σκιρθαίας, ὄντες οὐκ ἐλάττους τῶν τετρακισμυρίων· ἀπεῖχε δ᾿ αὐτῶν ἡ 3Ῥωμαίων παρεμβολὴ στάδια δυοκαίδεκα. τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον ἐγίνοντο συνεχεῖς ἀκροβολισμοί· εἶτα παραταξαμένων ἑκατέρων καὶ τῆς μάχης ὧδε κἀκεῖσε ῥεπούσης καὶ πολλῶν ἑκατέρωθεν πιπτόντων, ὁ μὲν Ἀθηνίων ἔχων3 συναγωνιζομένους διακοσίους ἱππεῖς, ἐπικρατῶν4 πάντα τὸν περὶ αὑτὸν

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Moreover, he picked out a sufficient number of men endowed with superior intelligence, whom he appointed counsellors and employed as his cabinet. When holding audience he put on a toga bordered in purple and wore a wide-bordered tunic, and had lictors with axes to precede him; and in general he affected all the trappings that go to make up and embellish the dignity of a king.

8. To oppose the rebels the Roman senate assigned103 b.c. Lucius Licinius Lucullus,1 with an army of fourteen thousand Romans and Italians, eight hundred Bithynians, Thessalians, and Acarnanians, six hundred Lucanians (commanded by Cleptius, a skilled general and a man renowned for valour), besides six hundred others, for a total of seventeen thousand2: with these forces he occupied Sicily. Now Tryphon, having dropped the charges against Athenion, was making plans for the impending war with the Romans. His choice was to fight at Triocala, but it was Athenion’s advice that they ought not to shut themselves up to undergo siege, but should fight in the open. This plan prevailed, and they encamped near Scirthaea, no fewer than forty thousand strong; the Roman camp was at a distance of twelve stades. There was constant skirmishing at first, then the two armies met face to face. The battle swayed now this way, now that, with many casualties on both sides, Athenion, who had a fighting force of two hundred horse, was victorious

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τόπον νεκρῶν ἐπλήρωσε, τρωθεὶς δ᾿ εἰς ἀμφότερα τὰ γόνατα καὶ τρίτην λαβὼν ἄχρηστος ἐγένετο πρὸς τὴν μάχην· ἐξ οὗ οἱ δραπέται ταῖς ψυχαῖς πεσόντες 4πρὸς φυγὴν ἐτράπησαν. ὁ δὲ Ἀθηνίων ὡς νεκρὸς ὢν ἔλαθε, καὶ προσποιηθεὶς τετελευτηκέναι τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπιλαβούσης διεσώθη. ἐπεκράτησαν δὲ λαμπρῶς οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι, φυγόντων καὶ τῶν μετὰ Τρύφωνος καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐκείνου· καὶ πολλῶν κατὰ τὴν φυγὴν κοπέντων τέλος οὐκ ἐλάττους τῶν δισμυρίων ἀνῃρέθησαν. οἱ δὲ λοιποί, τῆς νυκτὸς συνεργούσης, διέφυγον εἰς τὰ Τριόκαλα· καίτοι ῥᾴδιον1 ἦν ἐπιδιώξαντι τῷ στρατηγῷ καὶ τούτους 5ἀνελεῖν. ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον δ᾿ ἐτεταπείνωτο2 τὸ οἰκετικὸν ὥστε καὶ ἐβουλεύσαντο ἐπὶ τοὺς κυρίους ἐπαναδραμεῖν καὶ σφᾶς αὐτοῖς ἐγχειρίσαι· πλὴν ἐπεκράτησεν ἡ γνώμη τῶν μέχρι τελευτῆς ὑποθεμένων ἀγωνίσασθαι καὶ μὴ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ἑαυτοὺς καταπροδοῦναι. μετὰ δ᾿ ἐνάτην ἡμέραν ὁ στρατηγὸς ἧκε πολιορκήσων τὰ Τριόκαλα. καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀναιρῶν, τὰ δὲ ἀναιρούμενος, ἔλαττον ἔχων ἀπηλλάγη, καὶ οἱ ἀποστάται αὖθις ἐφρονηματίζοντο. ἤνυε δὲ τῶν δεόντων ὁ στρατηγὸς εἴτε διὰ ῥᾳστώνην εἴτε διὰ δωροδοκίαν οὐδέν· ἀνθ᾿ ὧν καὶ δίκην ὕστερον κριθεὶς Ῥωμαίοις ἔδωκε.

9. Γάιος δὲ Σερουίλιος καταπεμφθεὶς στρατηγὸς διάδοχος Λουκούλλου οὐδ᾿ αὐτός τι ἄξιον μνήμης ἔπραξε· διὸ καὶ ὁμοίως Λουκούλλῳ ὕστερον φυγῇ κατεδικάσθη. τελευτήσαντος δὲ Τρύφωνος, διάδοχος τῆς ἀρχῆς ὁ Ἀθηνίων καθίσταται, καὶ τοῦτο

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and covered the whole area about him with corpses, but after being wounded in both knees and receiving a third blow as well, he was of no service in fighting, whereupon the runagate slaves lost spirit and were routed. Athenion was taken for dead and so was not detected. By thus feigning death he made good his escape during the coming night. The Romans won a brilliant victory, for Tryphon’s army and Tryphon himself turned and fled. Many were cut down in flight, and no fewer than twenty thousand were finally slain. Under cover of night the rest escaped to Triocala, though it would have been an easy matter to dispatch them also if only the praetor had followed in pursuit. The slave party was now so dejected that they even considered returning to their masters and placing themselves in their hands. But it was the sentiment of those who had pledged themselves to fight to the end and not to yield themselves abjectly to the enemy that at last prevailed. On the ninth day following, the praetor arrived to lay siege to Triocala. After inflicting and suffering some casualties he retired worsted, and the rebels once more held their heads high. The praetor, whether through indolence or because he had been bribed, accomplished nothing of what needed doing, and in consequence he was later haled to judgement by the Romans and punished.

9. Gaius Servilius,1 sent out as praetor to succeed102 b.c. Lucullus, likewise achieved nothing worthy of note. Hence he, like Lucullus, was later condemned and sent into exile. On the death of Tryphon, Athenion succeeded to the command, and, since Servilius did

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μὲν πόλεις ἐπολιόρκει, τοῦτο δὲ πᾶσαν τὴν χώραν ἀδεῶς κατέτρεχε καὶ πολλῶν ἐκυρίευσε, τοῦ Σερουιλίου μηδὲν ἀντιπράττοντος.

(Photius, Bibl. pp. 389–390.)

2Ὅτι Λούκουλλος ὁ στρατηγὸς πυθόμενος διαβεβηκέναι τὸν πορθμὸν Σερουίλιον Γάιον στρατηγὸν ἐπὶ τὴν διαδοχὴν τοῦ πολέμου, τούς τε στρατιώτας ἀπέλυσε καὶ τοὺς χάρακας καὶ τὰς κατασκευὰς ἐνέπρησε, βουλόμενος τὸν διαδεχόμενον τὴν ἀρχὴν μηδεμίαν ἔχειν ἀξιόλογον ἀφορμὴν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον. βλασφημούμενος γὰρ ἐπὶ τῷ δοκεῖν τὸν πόλεμον αὔξειν ὑπελάμβανε τῇ τούτου ταπεινώσει καὶ ἀδοξίᾳ καὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ1 κατηγορίαν καταλύειν.2

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 392–393.)

10. Τοῦ δ᾿ ἐνιαυσίου χρόνου διελθόντος ὕπατος ἐν Ῥώμῃ Γάιος Μάριος ᾑρέθη τὸ πέμπτον καὶ Γάιος Ἀκύλλιος· ὧν ὁ Ἀκύλλιος στρατηγὸς κατὰ τῶν ἀποστατῶν σταλεὶς διὰ τῆς ἰδίας ἀνδρείας ἐπιφανεῖ μάχῃ τοὺς ἀποστάτας ἐνίκησε. καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν δὲ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν ἀποστατῶν Ἀθηνίωνα συμβαλὼν ἡρωικὸν ἀγῶνα συνεστήσατο, καὶ τοῦτον μὲν ἀνεῖλεν, αὐτὸς δ᾿ εἰς τὴν κεφαλὴν τρωθεὶς ἐθεραπεύθη. καὶ στρατεύει ἐπὶ τοὺς ὑπολειπομένους τῶν ἀποστατῶν, ὄντας μυρίους. οὐχ ὑπομεινάντων δὲ τὴν ἔφοδον, ἀλλ᾿ εἰς τὰ ὀχυρώματα καταφυγόντων, ὅμως Ἀκύλλιος οὐκ ἐνεδίδου πάντα πράττων 2ἕως αὐτοὺς ἐκπολιορκήσας ἐχειρώσατο. ἔτι δ᾿ ὑπολειπομένων χιλίων καὶ στρατηγὸν ἐχόντων τὸν Σάτυρον, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐπεβάλετο διὰ τῶν ὅπλων αὐτοὺς χειρώσασθαι, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα διαπρεσβευόντων

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nothing to hinder him, he laid cities under siege, overran the country with impunity, and brought many places under his sway.

The praetor Lucullus, on learning that Gaius Servilius, the praetor appointed to succeed him in the war, had crossed the Strait, disbanded his army, and set fire to the camp and the constructions, for he did not wish his successor in the command to have any significant resources for waging war. Since he himself was being denounced for his supposed desire to enlarge the scope of the war, he assumed that by ensuring the humiliation and disgrace of his successor he was also dispelling the charge brought against himself.

10. At the end of the year Gaius Marius was101/0 b.c. elected consul at Rome for the fifth time, with Gaius Aquillius1 as his colleague. It was Aquillius who was sent against the rebels, and by his personal valour won a resounding victory over them. Meeting Athenion, the king of the rebels, face to face, he put up an heroic struggle; he slew Athenion, and was himself wounded in the head but recovered after treatment. Then he continued the campaign against the surviving rebels, who now numbered ten thousand. When they did not abide his approach, but sought refuge in their strongholds, Aquillius unrelentingly employed every means till he had captured their forts and mastered them. But a thousand were still left, with Satyrus at their head. Aquillius at first intended to subdue them by force of arms, but when later, after an exchange of envoys,

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καὶ παραδόντων ἑαυτοὺς τῆς μὲν παραυτίκα τιμωρίας ἀπέλυσεν, ἀπαγαγὼν δὲ εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην 3θηριομάχας αὐτοὺς ἐποίησε. τοὺς δέ φασί τινες ἐπιφανεστάτην ποιήσασθαι τοῦ βίου καταστροφήν· τῆς μὲν γὰρ πρὸς τὰ θηρία μάχης ἀποστῆναι, ἀλλήλους δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν δημοσίων βωμῶν κατασφάξαι, καὶ τὸν τελευταῖον αὐτὸν τὸν Σάτυρον ἀνελόντα· τοῦτον δὴ1 ἐπὶ πᾶσιν αὐτοχειρίᾳ ἡρωικῶς καταστρέψαι. ὁ μὲν οὖν κατὰ Σικελίαν τῶν οἰκετῶν πόλεμος, διαμείνας ἔτη σχεδόν που τέτταρα, τραγικὴν ἔσχε τὴν καταστροφήν.

(Photius, Bibl. p. 390.)

Chap. 11: see above, after Chap. 6.

12. Ὅτι Σατορνῖνος ὁ δήμαρχος2 ζηλώσας βίον ἀκόλαστον καὶ ταμίας ὑπάρχων εἰς τὴν ἐξ Ὠστίας εἰς Ῥώμην τοῦ σίτου παρακομιδὴν ἐτάχθη, διὰ δὲ τὴν ῥᾳθυμίαν καὶ φαυλότητα τῆς ἀγωγῆς δόξας κακῶς προεστάναι τῆς προειρημένης ἐπιμελείας ἐπιτιμήσεως ἔτυχε προσηκούσης. ἡ γὰρ3 σύγκλητος παρελομένη4 τὴν ἐξουσίαν παρέδωκεν ἄλλοις τὴν ἐπιστασίαν ταύτην. διορθωσάμενος δὲ τὴν προϋπάρχουσαν ἀκολασίαν καὶ τοῦ σώφρονος ἀντεχόμενος5 βίου δημαρχίας ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου κατηξιώθη.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 314–315.)

13. Ὅτι Βαττάκης τις ὄνομα ἧκε, φησιν, ἐκ Πεσσινοῦντος6 τῆς Φρυγίας, ἱερεὺς ὑπάρχων τῆς μεγάλης τῶν θεῶν μητρός. οὗτος κατὰ πρόσταγμα τῆς θεοῦ παρεῖναι φήσας τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ἐνέτυχε καὶ

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they surrendered, he released them from immediate punishment and took them to Rome to do combat with wild beasts. There, as some report, they brought their lives to a most glorious end; for they avoided combat with the beasts and cut one another down at the public altars, Satyrus himself slaying the last man. Then he, as the final survivor, died heroically by his own hand. Such was the dramatic conclusion of the Sicilian Slave War, a war that lasted about four years.

12. Saturninus the tribune,1 who was a man of104/3 b.c. licentious pursuits, had as quaestor been charged with the transport of grain from Ostia to Rome, but since his idle and frivolous behaviour encouraged the judgement that he had not been a success as director of the operation, he was duly rebuked. The senate, in fact, stripped him of his authority and transferred his charge to others.2 But once he had corrected his former loose habits and adopted a sober manner of life, he was raised by the people to the tribunate.

13. A certain man named Battaces, a priest of102 b.c. the Great Mother of the Gods, arrived, says Diodorus, from Pessinus3 in Phrygia. Claiming that he had come by command of the goddess, he obtained an audience with the consuls and with the senate, in

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τῇ συγκλήτῳ, λέγων τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς θεοῦ μεμιᾶνθαι, καὶ δεῖν αὐτῇ1 δημοσίᾳ καθαρμοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς Ῥώμης συντελεσθῆναι. ἐφόρει δὲ ἐσθῆτα καὶ τὴν περὶ τὸ σῶμα ἄλλην κατασκευὴν ἐξηλλαγμένην καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐθῶν2 οὐκ ἐπιχωρουμένην3· χρυσοῦν τε γὰρ στέφανον εἶχεν ὑπερμεγέθη καὶ στολὴν ἀνθίνην διάχρυσον, βασιλικὴν ἀξίαν ἐπιφαίνουσαν. 2ποιησάμενος δὲ λόγους ἐπὶ τῶν ἐμβόλων ἐν τῷ δήμῳ καὶ τὸ πλῆθος εἰς δεισιδαιμονίαν ἐμβαλών, καταλύματος μὲν δημοσίου καὶ ξενίων ἠξιώθη, τὸν δὲ στέφανον ἐκωλύθη φορεῖν ὑφ᾿ ἑνὸς τῶν δημάρχων Αὔλου Πομπηίου. διά τινος δ᾿ ἑτέρου δημάρχου προαχθεὶς ἐπὶ τὰ ἔμβολα καὶ περὶ τῆς εἰς4 τὸ ἱερὸν ἁγνείας ἐπερωτώμενος ἀποκρίσεις ἐποιεῖτο δεισιδαιμονίαν περιεχούσας. καταστασιασθεὶς δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ Πομπηίου καὶ μεθ᾿ ὕβρεως ἀπαλλαγεὶς ἐπὶ τὴν κατάλυσιν οὐκέτι προεπορεύετο, λέγων μὴ μόνον ἑαυτὸν ἀσεβῶς προπεπηλακίσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν θεόν. 3ὁ δὲ Πομπήιος παραχρῆμα μὲν λάβρῳ πυρετῷ συνεσχέθη, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἄφωνος γενόμενος καὶ καταληφθεὶς κυναγχικῷ πάθει τριταῖος κατέστρεψε τὸν βίον, παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς ὑποληφθεὶς θείᾳ τινὶ προνοίᾳ ἀνθ᾿ ὧν εἰς τὸν ἱερέα καὶ τὴν θεὸν ἐπλημμέλησεν τοῦ ζῆν ἐστερῆσθαι· σφόδρα γὰρ Ῥωμαῖοι δεισιδαιμονοῦσι. διόπερ ὁ Βαττάκης λαβὼν τὴν συγχώρησιν τῆς κατὰ τὴν ἱερὰν στολὴν κατασκευῆς καὶ τιμηθεὶς ἀξιολόγοις ξενίοις ὑπὸ πολλῶν

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which he stated that the temple1 of the goddess had been defiled and that rites of purification to her must be performed at Rome in the name of the state. The robe he wore, like the rest of his costume, was outlandish and by Roman standards not to be countenanced, for he had on an immense golden crown and a gaudy cape shot with gold, the marks of royal rank. After addressing the populace from the rostra, and creating in the crowd a mood of religious awe, he was granted lodging and hospitality at the expense of the state, but was forbidden by one of the tribunes, Aulus Pompeius, to wear his crown. Brought back to the rostra by another of the tribunes, and questioned as to what ritual purity for the temple required, he couched his answers in words evocative of holy dread. When he was thereupon attacked in a partisan spirit by Pompeius, and was contemptuously sent back to his lodgings, he refused to appear again in public, saying that not only he, but the goddess as well, had been impiously treated with disrespect. Pompeius was straightway smitten with a raging fever, then lost his voice and was stricken with quinsy, and on the third day died. To the man in the street it seemed that his death was an act of Divine Providence in requital for his offences against the goddess and her priest, for the Romans are very prone to fear in matters of religion. Accordingly Battaces was granted a special dispensation in regard to his costume and the sacred robe, was honoured with notable gifts, and when he

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ἀνδρῶν τε καὶ γυναικῶν προεπέμφθη τὴν ἐκ τῆς Ῥώμης ἐπάνοδον ποιούμενος.

14. Ὅτι ἔθος ἦν τοῖς Ῥωμαίων στρατιώταις, ἡνίκα ὁ στρατηγὸς αὐτῶν σὺν αὐτοῖς μάχῃ πρός τινας τῶν πολεμίων συμπλακεὶς ὑπὲρ τοὺς ἑξακισχιλίους τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἐφαίνετο ἀνελών, ἰμπεράτορα αὐτὸν ἀναγορεύειν καὶ ἀποκαλεῖν, ὅ ἐστι βασιλέα.

(Photius, Bibl. pp. 390–391.)

15. Ὅτι εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην ἧκον πρεσβευταὶ Μιθριδάτου τοῦ βασιλέως κομίζοντες μεθ᾿ αὑτῶν1 χρημάτων πλῆθος πρὸς τὴν τῆς συγκλήτου δωροδοκίαν. ὁ δὲ Σατορνῖνος δόξας ἀφορμὴν ἔχειν κατὰ τῆς συγκλήτου μεγάλην ὕβριν τῇ πρεσβείᾳ ἐνεδείξατο. καὶ τῶν συγκλητικῶν παροξυνάντων τοὺς πρεσβευτὰς καὶ συνεργήσειν ἐπαγγελλομένων, οἱ καθυβρισθέντες ἐπήνεγκαν κρίσιν τῷ Σατορνίνῳ περὶ 2τῆς εἰς αὐτοὺς ὕβρεως. τοῦ δὲ ἀγῶνος ὄντος δημοσίου καὶ μεγάλου διὰ τὴν τῶν πρεσβευτῶν ἀσυλίαν καὶ τὴν συνήθη παρὰ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις2 ὑπὲρ3 τῶν πρεσβειῶν μισοπονηρίαν· ὁ δὲ Σατορνῖνος θανάτου κατηγορούμενος ὑπὸ τῶν συγκλητικῶν, ὡς ἂν ἐκείνων δικαζόντων τὰς τοιαύτας κρίσεις, εἰς τοὺς μεγίστους ἐνέπεσε φόβους τε καὶ κινδύνους, καὶ διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῶν ὑποκειμένων4 ἀγώνων πτήξας κατέφυγεν ἐπὶ τὸν κοινὸν τῶν ἀκληρούντων ἔλεον, καὶ τὴν ἐσθῆτα τὴν πολυτελῆ κατέθετο,

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started homeward from Rome was escorted on his way by a large crowd, both men and women.

14. The Roman soldiers had a custom that when a general of theirs who with them joined battle against an enemy had slain six thousand of the foe, they hailed and acclaimed him imperator,1 that is to say, “king.”

15. Envoys of King Mithridates2 arrived in Rome,101 b.c. bringing with them a large sum of money with which to bribe the senate. Saturninus, thinking that this gave him a point of attack on the senate, behaved with great insolence towards the embassy. At the instigation of the senators, who promised to lend their support, the outraged envoys preferred charges against Saturninus for his insulting treatment. The trial, held in public, was of great import because of the inviolability attaching to ambassadors and the Romans’ habitual detestation of any wrongdoing where embassies were concerned; it was therefore a capital charge of which Saturninus stood accused, and since his prosecutors were men of senatorial rank, and it was the senate that judged such cases, he was thrown into great fear and great danger. Alarmed by the serious nature of the issues at stake, he had recourse to pity, the common refuge of the unfortunate: laying aside his costly attire he donned

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πιναρὰν δὲ μεταμφιασάμενος καὶ κόμην1 καὶ πώγωνα τρέφων περιῄει2 τοὺς κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ὄχλους, καὶ τοῖς μὲν πρὸς τὰ γόνατα πίπτων, τοῖς δὲ ταῖς χερσὶν ἐπιφυόμενος ἐδεῖτο καὶ μετὰ δακρύων καθικέτευε 3βοηθῆσαι τοῖς ἀκληρήμασιν· καταστασιάζεσθαι γὰρ ἑαυτὸν ἀπεφαίνετο παρὰ πᾶν τὸ δίκαιον ὑπὸ3 τῆς συγκλήτου, καὶ τοῦτο πάσχειν ἑαυτὸν ἀπεδείκνυε διὰ τὴν εἰς τὸν δῆμον εὔνοιαν, καὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς ἔχειν ἐχθρούς τε καὶ κατηγόρους καὶ κριτάς. τοῦ δὲ δήμου συνεξαιρομένου ταῖς δεήσεσιν, πολλαὶ μυριάδες συνέδραμον ἐπὶ τὸ κριτήριον, καὶ παραδόξως ἀπελύθη. καὶ συνεργὸν ἔχων τὸν δῆμον πάλιν ἀνερρήθη δήμαρχος.

(Const. Exc. 1, pp. 408–409.)

16. Ὅτι περὶ τῆς τοῦ Μετέλλου φυγῆς ἐπ᾿ ἔτη δύω γινομένων λόγων ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις, ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ κόμην ὑποτρέφων καὶ πώγωνα καὶ πιναρὰν ἔχων ἐσθῆτα περιῄει κατὰ τὴν ἀγοράν, δεόμενος τῶν πολιτῶν, καὶ μετὰ δακρύων προσπίπτων τοῖς ἑκάστου γόνασιν ᾐτεῖτο τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς κάθοδον. ὁ μὲν οὖν δῆμος, καίπερ οὐ βουλόμενος ἀφορμὴν διδόναι τοῖς φυγάσι τῆς καθόδου παρὰ τοὺς νόμους, ὅμως διὰ τὸν ἔλεον τοῦ νεανίσκου καὶ τὴν ὑπὲρ τοῦ γονέως σπουδὴν κατήγαγε τὸν Μέτελλον, καὶ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ διὰ τὴν4 περὶ τὸν γεννήσαντα γεγενημένην φιλοτιμίαν Εὐσεβῆ προσηγόρευσεν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 315).

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instead a shabby garb, and letting his hair and beard grow, canvassed the urban proletariat; falling at the knees of some, and grasping others by the hands, he begged and besought them with tears to aid him in his distress. He told them that he was being made a victim of the senate’s partisanship in violation of all justice, and pointed out that it was because of his concern for the common people that he was being treated in this way, and that, moreover, his enemies were at one and the same time his accusers and his judges. The populace, aroused to a man by his prayers, massed many thousands strong at the place of judgement, and he was unexpectedly acquitted. Having the support of the people, he was again proclaimed tribune.

16. For two years the exile of Metellus1 was discussed98 b.c. in the public assemblies. His son, letting his hair and beard grow and wearing a shabby garb, went about the Forum beseeching the citizens, and falling at their knees in tears begged them one by one to grant his father’s return. The people, though unwilling to give the exiles a foothold that would enable them to return in violation of the laws, nevertheless through pity for the young man and because of his zeal in his father’s cause recalled Metellus, and gave the son, in tribute to his devotion to the cause of his sire, the cognomen Pius.

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FRAGMENTA LIBRI XXXVII

1. Ἀφ᾿ ὧν χρόνων αἱ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πράξεις διὰ τῆς ἱστορικῆς ἀναγραφῆς εἰς αἰώνιον μνήμην παρεδόθησαν, μέγιστον ἴσμεν πόλεμον τὸν Μαρσικὸν ὀνομασθέντα ἀπὸ Μαρσῶν. οὗτος γὰρ πάντας τοὺς προγεγονότας ὑπερεβάλετο ταῖς τῶν στρατηγῶν ἀνδραγαθίαις καὶ τῷ μεγέθει τῶν πράξεων. τὸν γὰρ Τρωικὸν πόλεμον καὶ τὰς τῶν ἡρώων ἀρετὰς ὁ ἐπιφανέστατος τῶν ποιητῶν Ὅμηρος εἰς ὑπερβολὴν δόξης ἐτραγῴδησεν· ἐν ᾧ τῆς Εὐρώπης πρὸς τὴν Ἀσίαν διαπολεμούσης καὶ τῶν μεγίστων ἠπείρων ὑπὲρ τῆς νίκης διαφιλοτιμουμένων, τοιαῦται πράξεις ὑπὸ τῶν ἀγωνιζομένων συνετελέσθησαν ὥστε τοῖς ἐπιγενομένοις ἀνθρώποις ἐμπλησθῆναι τὰ θέατρα 2μυθικῶν καὶ τραγικῶν ἀγωνισμάτων. ἀλλ᾿ ὅμως ἐκεῖνοι μὲν ἐν1 ἔτεσι δέκα τὰς ἐν τῇ Τρῳάδι πόλεις κατεπολέμησαν, Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ τοῖς2 ὕστερον χρόνοις μιᾷ παρατάξει νικήσαντες Ἀντίοχον τὸν μέγαν τῆς Ἀσίας κύριοι κατέστησαν. μετὰ δὲ τὰ Τρωικὰ τοῦ Περσῶν βασιλέως στρατεύσαντος ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τοῦ πλήθους τῶν ἀκολουθούντων αὐτῷ στρατιωτῶν ἀναξηραινομένων τῶν ἀενάων ποταμῶν, ἡ Θεμιστοκλέους στρατηγικὴ

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Fragments of Book XXXVII

1. In all the time that men’s deeds have been91 b.c. handed down by recorded history to the memory of posterity the greatest war known to us is the “Marsic,” so named after the Marsi.1 This war surpassed all that preceded it both in the valorous exploits of its leaders and in the magnitude of its operations. The Trojan War, to be sure, and the merits of its heroes were so dramatically depicted by the most renowned of poets, Homer, that their glory is supreme; and since in that war Europe and Asia were locked in battle and the greatest continents were contending for victory, the exploits of the combatants were such that for all succeeding generations the dramatic stage has been filled with the tragic stories of their various ordeals. Nevertheless, those heroes were ten years in subjugating the cities of the Troad, whereas the Romans of a later age conquered Antiochus the Great in a single engagement and emerged the masters of all Asia. After the Trojan War the king of Persia led an army against Greece, and so vast a host accompanied him that even perennial streams were dried up. Yet the

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σύνεσις μετὰ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀρετῆς τοὺς Πέρσας 3κατεπολέμησεν. κατὰ δὲ τοὺς αὐτοὺς καιροὺς Καρχηδονίων τριάκοντα μυριάσιν ἐπὶ τὴν Σικελίαν στρατευσάντων, Γέλων ὁ Συρακουσίων ἀφηγούμενος ἑνὶ στρατηγήματι καὶ ἀκαρεῖ χρόνῳ διακοσίας ναῦς ἐνέπρησε καὶ δεκαπέντε μυριάδας πολεμίων ἐν παρατάξει κατακόψας τὰς ἴσας ἐζώγρησεν. ἀλλ᾿ ὅμως οἱ τὸν Μαρσικὸν πόλεμον διαπολεμήσαντες Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς ἀπογόνους τῶν τὰς τηλικαύτας 4πράξεις ἐπιτελεσαμένων κατεπολέμησαν. ἑξῆς δὲ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Μακεδόνος ὑπερβαλλούσῃ συνέσει καὶ ἀνδρείᾳ τῶν Περσῶν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν καταπολεμήσαντος, Ῥωμαῖοι κατὰ τοὺς νεωτέρους1 καιροὺς δορίκτητον ἐποιήσαντο τὴν Μακεδονίαν. Καρχηδὼν δὲ περὶ τῆς Σικελίας ἔτη τέσσαρα καὶ εἴκοσι πολεμήσασα τῇ Ῥώμῃ καὶ πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας ἀγωνισαμένη παρατάξεις καὶ ναυμαχίας,2 τότε μὲν τῷ βάρει τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίας κατεπολεμήθη, μετ᾿ ὀλίγον δὲ τὸν Ἀννιβιακὸν κληθέντα πόλεμον συστησαμένη παρατάξεσι καὶ ναυμαχίαις καὶ πολλαῖς περιβοήτοις πράξεσι νικήσασα, στρατηγὸν ἔχουσα πρωτεύοντα κατ᾿ ἀρετὴν Ἀννίβαν, τελευταῖον ὑπό τε τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἰταλῶν ἀνδραγαθίας καὶ τῆς Σκιπίωνος ἀρετῆς 5κατεπολεμήθη. Κίμβρους δὲ ταῖς3 μὲν ὄψεσι γίγασι παρεμφερεῖς, ταῖς δὲ ἀλκαῖς ἀνυπερβλήτους . . . · οὗτοι γὰρ πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας Ῥωμαίων δυνάμεις κατακόψαντες καὶ μυριάσι τεσσαράκοντα τὴν ἐπὶ

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military genius of Themistocles and the valour of the Greeks brought down those Persians in defeat. At about the same time the Carthaginians conducted an army of three hundred thousand men against Sicily. But by a single stratagem Gelon the Syracusan commander set fire in a moment to two hundred ships, and cutting to pieces in pitched battle one hundred and fifty thousand of the enemy took as many more captive. Nevertheless, the descendants of those who did these mighty deeds were defeated by the people who fought the Marsic War, the Romans. Next in order comes Alexander of Mace-don, whose surpassing genius and courage enabled him to overthrow the Persian Empire; yet in more recent times Roman arms took Macedonia itself captive. Carthage waged war with Rome over Sicily for four and twenty years, but after numerous mighty battles fought on land and sea was at last beaten back by the weight of Rome’s military power. Soon after, however, Carthage set afoot the so-called Hannibalic War, and since her general was Hannibal, a man of the very highest ability, she was victorious on land and sea and won wide acclaim for her many achievements, only at the end to be brought down in defeat by the prowess of the Romans and Italians and the valour of Scipio. The Cimbri, giantlike in appearance and unexcelled in feats of strength . . . for though they had cut to pieces many large Roman armies and had four hundred thousand men1 poised

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Ἰταλίαν στρατείαν στειλάμενοι, ταῖς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀνδραγαθίαις ἄρδην κατεκόπησαν.

6Διὸ τοῦ πρωτείου κατὰ τὰς ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις ἀνδραγαθίας ἐκ τῶν ἀποτελεσμάτων κριθέντος ὑπάρχειν παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις καὶ τοῖς τὴν Ἰταλίαν οἰκοῦσιν ἔθνεσιν, ἡ τύχη καθάπερ ἐπίτηδες τούτους εἰς διάστασιν ἀγαγοῦσα τὸν ὑπερβάλλοντα τῷ μεγέθει πόλεμον ἐξέκαυσεν. ἐπαναστάντων γὰρ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἐθνῶν τῇ τῆς Ῥώμης ἡγεμονίᾳ καὶ τῶν ἐξ αἰῶνος ἀρίστων κεκριμένων ἐλθόντων εἰς ἔριν1 καὶ φιλοτιμίαν, ὁ γενόμενος πόλεμος εἰς ὑπερβολὴν μεγέθους κατήντησεν, ὃς ὠνομάσθη Μαρσικὸς ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρχηγῶν γενομένων τῆς ἀποστάσεως Μαρσῶν.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 393–394.)

2. Ὅτι τὸν Μαρσικὸν ὀνομασθέντα πόλεμον ἐπὶ τῆς αὑτοῦ2 ἡλικίας Διόδωρος μείζονα πάντων τῶν προγεγονότων ἀποφαίνεται. ὠνομάσθαι δέ φησι Μαρσικὸν ἐκ τῶν ἀρξάντων τῆς ἀποστάσεως, ἐπεὶ σύμπαντές γε Ἰταλοὶ κατὰ Ῥωμαίων τοῦτον ἐξήνεγκαν τὸν πόλεμον. αἰτίαν δὲ πρώτην γενέσθαι τοῦ πολέμου τὸ μεταπεσεῖν τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἀπὸ τῆς εὐτάκτου καὶ λιτῆς ἀγωγῆς καὶ ἐγκρατοῦς, δι᾿ ἧς ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ηὐξήθησαν, εἰς ὀλέθριον ζῆλον 2τρυφῆς καὶ ἀκολασίας. ἐκ γὰρ τῆς διαφθορᾶς ταύτης στασιάσαντος τοῦ δημοτικοῦ πρὸς τὴν σύγκλητον, εἶτα ἐκείνης ἐπικαλεσαμένης τοὺς ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐπικουρῆσαι καὶ ὑποσχομένης τῆς πολυεράστου Ῥωμαϊκῆς πολιτείας μεταδοῦναι καὶ νόμῳ κυρῶσαι, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲν τῶν ὑπεσχημένων τοῖς Ἰταλιώταις ἐγένετο, ὁ ἐξ αὐτῶν πόλεμος πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐξεκαύθη, ὑπατευόντων ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ Λευκίου

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for an attack on Italy, they were utterly cut to pieces by the valorous Romans.

Since, therefore, on the basis of actual results, the palm for manly valour in war was awarded to the Romans and to the peoples who inhabit Italy, Fortune as if of set purpose put these two at variance and set ablaze the war that surpassed all in magnitude. Indeed when the nations of Italy revolted against Rome’s domination, and those who from time immemorial had been accounted the bravest of men fell into discord and contention, the war that ensued reached the very summit of magnitude. And since the Marsi took the lead in the revolt, it was called the Marsic War.

2. Diodorus declares that the so-called Marsic War, which fell in his lifetime, was greater than any war in the past. He says that it was called Marsic after those who led the revolt, for certainly it was the united Italians who went to war against Rome. The primary cause of the war, he says, was this, that the Romans abandoned the disciplined, frugal, and stern manner of life that had brought them to such greatness, and fell into the pernicious pursuit of luxury and licence. The plebs and senate being at odds as a result of this deterioration, the latter called on the Italians to support them, promising to admit them to the much coveted Roman citizenship, and to confirm the grant by law1; but when none of the promises made to the Italians was realized, war flared up between them and the Romans. This occurred when Lucius Marcius

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Μαρκίου1 Φιλίππου καὶ Σέξτου Ἰουλίου· ὀλυμπιὰς δ᾿ ἤχθη δευτέρα2 πρὸς ταῖς ἑκατὸν ἑβδομήκοντα. 3ἐν τούτῳ τῷ πολέμῳ ποικίλα καὶ πολύτροπα πάθη καὶ πόλεων ἁλώσεις ἑκατέρῳ μέρει τῶν διαπολεμησάντων συνέβη, ταλαντευομένης ὥσπερ ἐπίτηδες παρὰ μέρος τῆς νίκης καὶ μηδετέροις ἐν βεβαίῳ διαμενούσης· ὅμως ἀπείρου πλήθους ἑκατέρωθεν πεσόντος ὀψὲ καὶ μόλις Ῥωμαίοις ἐξενίκησε βεβαιωθῆναι τὸ κράτος.

4Ἐπολέμουν δὲ Ῥωμαίοις Σαυνῖται, Ἀσκολανοί, Λευκανοί, Πικεντῖνοι, Νωλανοί, καὶ ἕτεραι πόλεις καὶ ἔθνη· ἐν οἷς ἐπισημοτάτη καὶ μεγίστη καὶ κοινὴ πόλις ἄρτι συντετελεσμένη τοῖς Ἰταλιώταις τὸ Κορφίνιον ἦν, ἐν ᾗ τά τε ἄλλα ὅσα μεγάλην πόλιν καὶ ἀρχὴν κρατύνουσι συνεστήσαντο καὶ ἀγορὰν εὐμεγέθη καὶ βουλευτήριον, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ πρὸς πόλεμον ἀφθόνως ἅπαντα καὶ χρημάτων πλῆθος, 5καὶ τροφῆς δαψιλῆ χορηγίαν. συνεστήσαντο δὲ καὶ σύγκλητον κοινὴν3 πεντακοσίων ἀνδρῶν, ἐξ ὧν οἵ τε τῆς πατρίδος ἄρχειν ἄξιοι προαχθήσεσθαι ἔμελλον καὶ οἱ προβουλεύεσθαι δυνάμενοι περὶ τῆς κοινῆς σωτηρίας, καὶ τούτοις ἐπέτρεψαν4 τὰ κατὰ τὸν πόλεμον διοικεῖν, αὐτοκράτορας ποιήσαντες τοὺς συνέδρους. οὗτοι δ᾿ ἐνομοθέτησαν δύο μὲν ὑπάτους κατ᾿ ἐνιαυτὸν αἱρεῖσθαι, δώδεκα δὲ στρατηγούς.

6Καὶ κατεστάθησαν ὕπατοι μὲν Κόιντος Πομπαίδιος

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Philippus and Sextus Iulius1 were consuls at Rome, in the course of the one hundred and seventy-second Olympiad. In this conflict all sorts and manner of sufferings, including the storming of cities, severally befell the two parties in the war, since Victory tipped the scales in turn now this way, now that, as if of set purpose, and remained securely in the possession of neither, though after innumerable casualties on either side it was belatedly and with difficulty brought about that Rome’s power was firmly established.

Engaged in the war with the Romans were the Samnites, the people of Asculum, the Lucanians, the Picentines, the people of Nola, and other cities and nations. Their most notable and important city was Corfinium,2 recently established as federal capital of the Italians, and there they had set up, among other symbols of political and imperial might, a spacious forum and council hall, abundant store of money and other supplies of war, and a plentiful supply of food. They also set up a joint senate of five hundred members, from whose number men worthy to rule the country and capable of providing for the common safety were to be selected for promotion.3 To them they entrusted the conduct of the war, giving the senators full power to act. The latter accordingly ordained that two consuls should be chosen annually, and twelve praetors.

The men installed as consuls were Quintus Pompaedius

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Σίλων, Μάρσος μὲν τὸ γένος, πρωτεύων δὲ τῶν ὁμοεθνῶν, καὶ δεύτερος ἐκ τοῦ Σαυνιτῶν γένους Γάιος Ἀπώνιος1 Μότυλος, καὶ αὐτὸς δόξῃ καὶ πράξεσι τοῦ ἔθνους προέχων. τὴν δ᾿ ὅλην Ἰταλίαν εἰς δύο μέρη διελόντες ὑπατικὰς ἐπαρχίας 7ταύτας καὶ μερίδας ἀπέδειξαν. καὶ τῷ μὲν Πομπαιδίῳ προσώρισαν χώραν ἀπὸ τῶν Κερκώλων καλουμένων μέχρι τῆς Ἀδριατικῆς θαλάσσης, τὰ πρὸς δυσμὰς καὶ τὴν ἄρκτον νεύοντα μέρη, καὶ στρατηγοὺς ἔταξαν2 αὐτῷ ἕξ· τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν τῆς Ἰταλίας, τὴν πρὸς ἕω καὶ μεσημβρίαν νεύουσαν, προσώρισαν Γαΐῳ Μοτύλῳ, στρατηγοὺς ὁμοίως συζεύξαντες ἕξ. οὕτω πάντα δεξιῶς καὶ κατὰ μίμησιν, τὸ σύνολον φάναι, τῆς Ῥωμαϊκῆς καὶ ἐκ παλαιοῦ τάξεως τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν διαθέμενοι, κατὰ τὸ σφοδρότερον λοιπὸν εἴχοντο καὶ τοῦ ἐφεξῆς πολέμου, τὴν κοινὴν πόλιν Ἰταλίαν ἐπονομάσαντες.

8Καὶ διεπολέμησαν Ῥωμαίοις τὰ πλεῖστα κατὰ τὸ ἐπικρατέστερον, ἕως Γναῖος Πομπήιος ὕπατος αἱρεθεὶς καὶ στρατηγὸς τοῦ πολέμου καὶ Σύλλας στρατηγὸς ὑπὸ τῷ ἑτέρῳ ὑπάτῳ Κάτωνι ἐπιφανεστάταις μάχαις τοὺς Ἰταλιώτας οὐχ ἅπαξ ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλάκις νικήσαντες τὰ πράγματα αὐτῶν εἰς τὸ συντρίβεσθαι περιέστησαν. ἐπολέμησαν δ᾿ οὖν καὶ3 ἔτι· ἀλλὰ Γαΐου Κοσκονίου σταλέντος εἰς 9Ἰαπυγίαν στρατηγοῦ πολλάκις ἡττήθησαν. εἶτα

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Silo, a Marsian by birth and first of his nation, and secondly, of Samnite blood, Gaius Aponius Motylus,1 likewise a man of outstanding reputation and achievements in his nation. Dividing all Italy into two parts, they designated these as consular provinces and districts. To Pompaedius they assigned the region from what is known as the Cercola2 to the Adriatic sea, that is, the section to the northwest, and subordinated six praetors to him; the rest of Italy, to the southeast, they assigned to Gaius Motylus, providing him likewise with six praetors. When they had so ably disposed their affairs and had organized a government, which for the most part copied the time-honoured Roman pattern, they devoted themselves henceforth to the energetic prosecution of the war, having given their federal city the new name Italia.3

Their struggle with the Romans went, for the89 b.c. most part, to their advantage up to the time when Gnaeus Pompeius was elected consul and took command of the war, and he, together with Sulla, legate under the other consul Cato,4 won notable victories, not once but repeatedly, over the Italians, and shattered their cause to bits. Yet still they fought on. But after Gaius Cosconius5 was sent to take command in Iapygia they were defeated again and again. Thereupon, reduced in strength and left a

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ἐλαττωθέντες καὶ ἐκ πολλῶν ὀλίγοι καταλειφθέντες κοινῇ γνώμῃ τὴν κοινὴν ἐκλείπουσι πόλιν, τὸ Κορφίνιον, διὰ τὸ τοὺς Μάρσους καὶ πάντα τὰ γειτνιῶντα τῶν ἐθνῶν προσκεχωρηκέναι τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις· εἰς δὲ τὴν ἐν Σαυνίταις Αἰσερνίαν καθιδρύθησαν, πέντε στρατηγοὺς αὑτοῖς ἐπιστήσαντες, ὧν ἑνὶ μάλιστα Κοΐντῳ Πομπαιδίῳ Σίλωνι τὴν πάντων ἡγεμονίαν ἐπίστευσαν διὰ τὴν περὶ αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ στρατηγεῖν ἀρετήν τε καὶ δόξαν. οὗτος δὲ μετὰ τῆς κοινῆς τῶν στρατηγῶν γνώμης κατεσκεύασε μεγάλην δύναμιν, ὡς τοὺς σύμπαντας μετὰ τῶν 10προϋπαρχόντων περὶ τρισμυρίους γενέσθαι. χωρὶς δὲ τούτων τοὺς δούλους ἐλευθερώσας καὶ ὡς ὁ καιρὸς ἐδίδου καθοπλίσας συνῆγεν οὐ πολὺ λείποντας τῶν δισμυρίων,1 ἱππεῖς δὲ χιλίους. συμβαλὼν δὲ Ῥωμαίοις, Μαμέρκου στρατηγοῦντος αὐτῶν, Ῥωμαίους μὲν ἀναιρεῖ ὀλίγους, τῶν δ᾿ οἰκείων ὑπὲρ ἑξακισχιλίους ἀποβάλλει. καὶ Μέτελλος κατὰ τὴν Ἀπουλίαν τὴν Οὐενουσίαν, πόλιν ἀξιόλογον οὖσαν2 καὶ στρατιώτας πολλοὺς ἔχουσαν, ἐξεπολιόρκησε κατὰ καιρὸν τὸν αὐτόν, καὶ πλείους τῶν τρισχιλίων 11αἰχμαλώτους εἷλεν. ἐπικρατούντων δ᾿ ἐπὶ μᾶλλον καὶ μᾶλλον τῶν Ῥωμαίων, πέμπουσιν οἱ Ἰταλοὶ πρὸς Μιθριδάτην τὸν βασιλέα Πόντου, ἀκμάζοντα τότε πολεμικῇ χειρὶ καὶ παρασκευῇ, ἀξιοῦντες ἐπὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν κατὰ Ῥωμαίων ἄγειν τὰς δυνάμεις· οὕτω γὰρ ῥᾳδίως ἂν συναφθέντων τὸ Ῥωμαϊκὸν καταβληθήσεσθαι κράτος. ὁ δὲ Μιθριδάτης

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mere remnant of their original numbers, by common consent they abandoned their federal capital, Corfinium, since the Marsi and all the neighbouring peoples had yielded to the Romans. They established themselves, however, at the Samnite town of Aesernia, and put themselves under five praetors, to one of whom in particular, Quintus Pompaedius Silo, they entrusted the supreme command because of his ability and reputation as a general. He, with the common consent of the praetors, built up a large army, so that, including the men they already had, their numbers now totalled some thirty thousand. In addition, by freeing the slaves and, as occasion offered, providing them with arms, he assembled not far short of twenty thousand men and a thousand horsemen. Meeting in battle a Roman force under88 b.c. Mamercus,1 he slew a few Romans but lost over six thousand of his own men. At about the same time Metellus2 took by siege Venusia in Apulia, an important city with many soldiers, and took more than three thousand captives. Since the Romans were increasingly gaining the upper hand, the Italians sent to King Mithridates of Pontus, whose military power and means were now at their height, asking him to bring an army into Italy against the Romans3; for if they should join forces the might of Rome would easily be overthrown. Mithridates

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ἀπόκρισιν δίδωσιν ἄξειν τὰς δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἐπειδὰν αὑτῷ καταστήσῃ τὴν Ἀσίαν· τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἔπραττε. διὸ παντελῶς οἱ ἀποστάται τεταπεινωμένοι ἀπεγίνωσκον· λοιποὶ γὰρ ὑπῆρχον Σαυνιτῶν ὀλίγοι καὶ Σάβελλοι διατρίβοντες ἐν τῇ Νώλᾳ, καὶ πρός γε τούτοις οἱ περὶ Λαμπώνιον καὶ Κλεπίτιον, ἔχοντες λείψανα τῶν Λευκανῶν.

12Διὸ καὶ τοῦ Μαρσικοῦ πολέμου σχεδὸν ἤδη διαλυομένου, πάλιν αἱ προγεγενημέναι στάσεις ἐμφύλιοι κατὰ τὴν Ῥώμην κινήσεις ἐλάμβανον, ἀντιποιουμένων πολλῶν ἐνδόξων1 τυχεῖν τῆς κατὰ Μιθριδάτου στρατηγίας διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῶν ἐπάθλων· Γάιός τε γὰρ Ἰούλιος καὶ Γάιος Μάριος ὁ ἑξάκις ὑπατεύσας ἀντεφιλονείκουν, καὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἦν ἑκατέροις συμμεριζόμενον ταῖς γνώμαις. συνέβησαν 13δὲ καὶ ἕτεραι ταραχαί. ὁ μέντοι Σύλλας ὕπατος ὤν, χωρισθεὶς τῆς Ῥώμης πρὸς τὰς περὶ Νῶλαν ἠθροισμένας παρεγένετο δυνάμεις, καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν πλησιοχώρων καταπληξάμενος ἠνάγκασε παραδοῦναι σφᾶς αὐτοὺς καὶ τὰς πόλεις. τοῦ δὲ Σύλλα στρατεύσαντος μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν κατὰ Μιθριδάτου, τῆς δὲ Ῥώμης μεγάλαις ταραχαῖς καὶ φόνοις ἐμφυλίοις περισπωμένης, Μάρκος Ἀπώνιος2

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replied that he would lead his armies to Italy when he had brought Asia under his sway, for he was now occupied with this. In consequence the rebels were downcast and in utter despair, for they had left to them only a few Samnites and Sabellians, who were at Nola, and besides these, the remnants of the Lucanians under Lamponius and Clepitius.1

But now, since the Marsic War was virtually at an end, the intestine disputes that had earlier occurred in Rome took on new life, inasmuch as many prominent men were rival claimants for the command against Mithridates in view of the rich prizes it offered. Gaius Iulius2 and Gaius Marius (the man who had been six times consul) were pitted against one another, and the populace was divided in sentiment for one side or the other. Other disturbances occurred as well. The consul Sulla,3 however, quitted Rome and joined the armies gathered about Nola, and by striking fear into many of the neighbouring peoples forced them to surrender their persons and their cities. But once Sulla had set out for Asia to make war upon Mithridates, since Rome was now distracted by great disturbances and intestine bloodshed, Marcus Aponius4 and Tiberius

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καὶ Τιβέριος Κλεπίτιος,1 ἔτι δὲ Πομπήιος,2 οἱ τῶν ὑπολοίπων Ἰταλιωτῶν στρατηγοί, διατρίβοντες ἐν τῇ Βρεττίᾳ, Ἰσίας3 μὲν πόλιν ὀχυρὰν ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον πολιορκήσαντες οὐκ ἴσχυσαν ἑλεῖν, μέρος δ᾿ ἐπὶ τῆς πολιορκίας τοῦ στρατεύματος καταλιπόντες τῇ λοιπῇ τὸ Ῥήγιον ἰσχυρῶς ἐπολιόρκουν, ἐλπίζοντες, εἰ ταύτης κρατήσαιεν, ῥᾳδίως εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν διαβιβάσειν τὰς δυνάμεις καὶ κρατήσειν τῆς εὐδαιμονεστάτης τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον νήσων. 14ἀλλ᾿ ὁ ταύτης στρατηγὸς Γάιος Νορβανός,4 πολλῇ δυνάμει καὶ παρασκευῇ καὶ προθυμίᾳ χρησάμενος, καὶ καταπληξάμενος τοὺς Ἰταλιώτας τῷ μεγέθει τῆς παρασκευῆς, ἐξήρπασε τοὺς Ῥηγίνους. εἶτα τῆς περὶ Σύλλαν καὶ Μάριον ἐμφυλίου στάσεως ἀναρριπισθείσης Ῥωμαίοις, οἱ μὲν Σύλλᾳ οἱ δὲ Μαρίῳ συνεμάχησαν. καὶ τὸ μὲν πλέον αὐτῶν ἔπεσε τοῖς πολέμοις, τὸ δ᾿ ὑπόλοιπον ἐπικρατήσαντι Σύλλᾳ προσεχώρησε. καὶ οὕτω τέλεον τῇ ἐμφυλίῳ συναπέσβη στάσει μέγιστος γεγονὼς καὶ ὁ Μαρσικὸς ἐπικληθεὶς πόλεμος. | (Photius, Bibl. pp. 391–392 B.)

3. Ὅτι τὸ παλαιὸν οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι νόμοις τε καὶ ἀγωγαῖς ἀρίστοις χρώμενοι κατ᾿ ὀλίγον ηὐξήθησαν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ὥστε ἡγεμονίαν ἐπιφανεστάτην καὶ μεγίστην τῶν μνημονευομένων κατακτήσασθαι. ἐν

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Clepitius, and also Pompeius,1 the generals of the Italian remnant, who were now in Bruttium, laid siege for a long time to Isiae,2 a strongly fortified city. They did not succeed in capturing it, but leaving a part of their army to continue the siege, strongly invested Rhegium with the rest, expecting that if they once got it into their hands they would at their ease transport their armies to Sicily and win control of the richest island under the sun. But87 b.c. Gaius Norbanus,3 the governor of Sicily, by prompt use of his large army and military resources struck fear into the Italians by the magnitude of his preparations and rescued the people of Rhegium. Then,82 b.c. (?) with the rekindling of the civil strife at Rome between Sulla and Marius,4 some fought for Sulla and some for Marius. Most of them perished in the conflict, and the survivors went over to the victorious Sulla. Thus the flames of civil strife were quenched, and at the same time the greatest of wars, the Marsic, finally came to an end.

3. In days of old the Romans, by adhering to the91 b.c. best laws and customs, little by little became so powerful that they acquired the greatest and most splendid empire known to history.5 But in more

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δὲ τοῖς νεωτέροις καιροῖς, καταπεπολεμημένων μὲν τῶν πλείστων ἐθνῶν, πολυχρονίου δὲ εἰρήνης γενομένης, μετέπεσεν ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ τὸ τῆς ἀρχαίας 2ἀγωγῆς εἰς ὀλέθριον ζῆλον. ἐτράπησαν γὰρ οἱ νέοι μετὰ τὴν ἐκ τῶν πολέμων ἄνεσιν εἰς τρυφὴν καὶ ἀκολασίαν, χορηγὸν ἔχοντες τὸν πλοῦτον ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις. προεκρίνετο γὰρ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν τῆς μὲν λιτότητος ἡ πολυτέλεια, τῆς δὲ τῶν πολεμικῶν ἔργων μελέτης ἡ ῥᾳστώνη· μακάριος δ᾿ ὑπείληπτο τοῖς πολλοῖς οὐχ ὁ ταῖς ἀρεταῖς κεκοσμημένος, ἀλλ᾿ ὁ ταῖς προσηνεστάταις ἡδοναῖς πάντα τὸν τοῦ ζῆν 3χρόνον ἐπαπολαύων. διὸ καὶ δείπνων πολυδαπάνων παραθέσεις ἐπεπόλασαν καὶ μύρων θαυμαζομένων εὐωδίαι καὶ στρωμνῆς ἀνθινῆς καὶ μεγαλοπλούτου παρασκευαὶ τρικλίνων τ᾿ ἐξ1 ἐλέφαντος καὶ ἀργύρου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν πολυτελεστάτων ὑλῶν περιττῶς δεδημιουργημένων κατασκευαί. τῶν δὲ οἴνων ὁ μὲν μετρίως τέρπων τὴν γεῦσιν ἀπεδοκιμάζετο, Φαλερῖνος δὲ καὶ Χῖος καὶ πᾶς ὁ τούτοις ἐφάμιλλον ἔχων ἡδονήν, ἰχθύων τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων χρηστῶν τὰ πρωτεύοντα πρὸς ἀπόλαυσιν ἀνέδην ἀνηλίσκοντο. 4ἀκολούθως δὲ τούτοις οἱ νέοι κατὰ τὴν ἀγορὰν ἐφόρουν ἐσθῆτας διαφόρους μὲν ταῖς μαλακότησι, διαφανεῖς δὲ κατὰ2 τὴν λεπτότητα, ταῖς γυναικείαις παρεμφερεῖς. καὶ πάντα τὰ πρὸς ἡδονὴν καὶ ἀλαζονείαν ὀλέθριον ἀνήκοντα παρασκευαζόμενοι ταχὺ τὰς τούτων τιμὰς εἰς ἄπιστον ὑπερβολὴν ἤγαγον.3

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recent times, when most nations had already been subjugated in war and there was a long period of peace, the ancient practices gave way at Rome to pernicious tendencies. After the cessation of warfare the young men turned to a soft and undisciplined manner of life, and their wealth served as purveyor to their desires.1 Throughout the city lavishness was preferred to frugality, a life of ease to the practice of warlike pursuits, and he who was regarded as happy by the populace was not the man distinguished for his high qualities of character, but rather one who passed his whole life in the enjoyment of the most gratifying pleasures. Hence elaborate and costly dinner parties came into fashion, with marvellously sweet-scented unguents, the use of expensive coloured draperies, and the making of dining-couches with ivory, silver, and the other most expensive materials by workmen of rare skill. Of wines, any that gave but moderate pleasure to the palate were rejected, while Falernian, Chian, and all that rival these in flavour were consumed without stint, as were the fish and other choice foods that were most highly prized as delicacies. Following this standard the young men would appear in the Forum wearing garments of exceptional softness, and so sheer as to be transparent, quite like women’s attire. And since they were busy acquiring the appurtenances of pleasure and of fatal ostentation, they soon raised the prices of these articles to incredible

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5τοῦ μὲν γὰρ οἴνου τὸ κεράμιον ἐπωλεῖτο δραχμῶν ἑκατόν, τῶν δὲ Ποντικῶν ταρίχων1 τὸ κεράμιον δραχμῶν τετρακοσίων, τῶν δὲ μαγείρων οἱ διαφέροντες ὀψαρτυτικαῖς φιλοτεχνίαις ταλάντων τεττάρων, οἱ δὲ ταῖς εὐμορφίαις2 ἐκπρεπεῖς3 παράκοιτοι πολλῶν ταλάντων. ἀδιορθώτου δ᾿ οὔσης τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ κακὸν ὁρμῆς, ἐπεβάλοντό τινες τῶν τὰς ἀρχὰς λαμβανόντων ἐν ταῖς ἐπαρχίαις μετατίθεσθαι τὸν4 τῆς προειρημένης ἀγωγῆς ζῆλον, καὶ τὸν ἑαυτῶν βίον περίοπτον ὄντα διὰ τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἀρχέτυπον εἰς μίμησιν τιθέναι τῶν καλῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 315–316.)

6Ὅτι Μάρκος Κάτων, ἀνὴρ σώφρων καὶ ἀγωγῇ καλῇ διαφέρων, ἐν τῇ5 συγκλήτῳ κατηγορῶν τῆς ἐπιπολαζούσης ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ τρυφῆς ἔφησεν ἐν6 μόνῃ τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ τὰ μὲν κεράμια τῶν Ποντικῶν ταρίχων ὑπάρχειν τιμιώτερα τῶν ζευγηλατῶν, τοὺς δ᾿ ἐρωμένους7 τῶν ἀγρῶν.

4. Ὅτι φησὶν ὁ ἱστορικὸς Διόδωρος, Μνησθήσομαί τινων παραδείγματος ἕνεκα καὶ ἐπαίνου δικαίου καὶ τοῦ8 τῷ κοινῷ βίῳ συμφέροντος, ἵν᾿ οἱ μὲν πονηροὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων διὰ τῆς κατὰ τὴν ἱστορίαν βλασφημίας ἀποτρέπωνται τῆς ἐπὶ τὴν κακίαν9 ὁρμῆς, οἱ δὲ ἀγαθοὶ διὰ τοὺς10 ἐκ τῆς αἰωνίου δόξης11 ἐπαίνους ἀντέχεσθαι τῶν καλῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων ὀρέγωνται.12 | (Const. Exc. 4, pp. 394–395.)

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peaks. A jar of wine, for example, sold for a hundred drachmas, a jar of Pontic smoked fish for four hundred drachmas, chefs who were especially gifted in the culinary arts at four talents, and male concubines of striking physical beauty for many talents.1 Although the appetite for evil could not be corrected, some officials in the provinces attempted to remedy the craze for this kind of life and to make their own conduct, placed as it was in the limelight by rank and position, a model of noble pursuits for all to imitate.

Marcus Cato, a man distinguished for his probity and good conduct, when denouncing before the senate the prevalence of luxury at Rome, stated that only in this city were jars of Pontic smoked fish valued more highly than teamsters, and catamites than farmlands.

4. I shall make mention of certain men to serve as models, both because they merit my praise and for the good it does to society, in order that the denunciations of History may lead the wicked to turn from their evil course, and the praises that its enduring glory confers may persuade the good to aspire to high standards of conduct.

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5. Ὅτι Κόιντος Σκαιουόλας μεγίστην εἰσηνέγκατο σπουδὴν διὰ τῆς ἰδίας ἀρετῆς διορθώσασθαι τὴν φαυλότητα τοῦ ζήλου. ἐκπεμφθεὶς γὰρ εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν στρατηγός, ἐπιλεξάμενος τὸν ἄριστον τῶν φίλων σύμβουλον Κόιντον Ῥοτίλιον μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ συνήδρευε βουλευόμενος καὶ πάντα διατάττων καὶ κρίνων τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἐπαρχίαν. καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν δαπάνην ἔκρινεν ἐκ τῆς ἰδίας οὐσίας ποιεῖσθαι τοῖς τε συνεκδήμοις καὶ αὑτῷ.1 εἶτα λιτότητι καὶ ἀφελείᾳ χρώμενος καὶ ἀκεραίῳ τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ τὴν ἐπαρχίαν ἀνέλαβεν ἐκ τῶν προγεγονότων ἀκληρημάτων. οἱ γὰρ προγεγονότες κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν δημοσιώνας2 κοινωνοὺς ἐσχηκότες, τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ τὰς δημοσίας κρίσεις διαδικάζοντας,3 ἀνομημάτων ἐπεπληρώκεσαν τὴν ἐπαρχίαν.

2Ὅτι Μούκιος4 ὁ Σκαιουόλας ταῖς μὲν δικαιοδοσίαις ἀδιαφθόροις καὶ ἀκριβέσι χρησάμενος οὐ μόνον πάσης συκοφαντίας ἀπήλλαξε τοὺς κατὰ τὴν ἐπαρχίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ τῶν δημοσιωνῶν ἀνομήματα διωρθώσατο. πᾶσι γὰρ τοῖς ἠδικημένοις ἀκριβῆ κριτήρια προστάττων,5 καταδίκους ἐν ἅπασιν ἐποίει τοὺς δημοσιώνας καὶ τὰς μὲν ἀργυρικὰς βλάβας τοῖς ἠδικημένοις ἐκτίνειν ἠνάγκαζε, τὰ δὲ θανατικὰ 3τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ἠξίου κρίσεως θανατικῆς. ὅτι δὴ τὸν κορυφαῖον τούτων οἰκονόμον, διδόντα μὲν ὑπὲρ

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5. Quintus Scaevola1 applied very great energy to correcting by his personal integrity the perversion of men’s ideals. When sent out to Asia as governor, he selected as his legate the noblest of his friends, Quintus Rutilius, and kept him at his side when taking counsel, issuing orders, and giving judgement about provincial matters. He resolved that all expenses for himself and his staff should come from his own purse. Furthermore, by his observance of frugality and simplicity, and by allowing nothing to warp his honesty, he enabled the province to recover from its former misery. For his predecessors in Asia, being in partnership with the publicans, the very men who sat2 in judgement on public cases at Rome, had filled the province with their acts of lawlessness.

Mucius Scaevola, by maintaining the administration of justice incorruptible and exact, not only relieved the provincials from all legal chicanery, but in addition redressed the unjust exactions of the publicans. He assigned scrupulously fair tribunals to hear all who had been wronged, and in every case found the publicans guilty; he forced them to reimburse the plaintiffs for financial losses they had suffered, while he required those who were accused of having put men to death to stand trial on capital charges. Indeed, in the case of the chief agent for the publicans, a slave who was ready to pay a great

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τῆς ἐλευθερίας πολλὰ χρήματα καὶ συμπεφωνηκότα πρὸς τοὺς κυρίους, φθάσας τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν καὶ θανάτου καταδικάσας ἀνεσταύρωσεν.

4Ὅτι ὁ αὐτὸς τοὺς δημοσιώνας κατεδίκαζε καὶ τοῖς ἠδικημένοις ἐνεχείριζε. καὶ συνέβαινε τοὺς ὀλίγῳ πρότερον διὰ τὴν καταφρόνησιν καὶ πλεονεξίαν πολλὰ παρανομοῦντας παρ᾿ ἐλπίδας ὑπὸ τῶν ἠδικημένων ἀπάγεσθαι1 πρὸς τοὺς καταδίκους. καὶ τὰς συνήθεις τοῖς στρατηγοῖς καὶ συνεκδήμοις δαπάνας ἐκ τῆς ἰδίας οὐσίας ποιούμενος ταχὺ τὰς εὐνοίας τῶν συμμαχούντων εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην ἀνεκτήσατο.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 316–317.)

Chap. 5a: see below, after Chap. 6.

6. Ὅτι τὸ προϋπάρχον εἰς τὴν ἡγεμονίαν μῖσος ἡ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ σύνεσις καὶ ἀρετὴ τοῖς ἐνδεχομένοις βοηθήμασι διωρθώσαντο, καὶ παρὰ μὲν τοῖς εὐεργετηθεῖσι τιμῶν ἰσοθέων ἔτυχε, παρὰ δὲ τῶν πολιτῶν πολλὰς ἀμοιβὰς τῶν κατορθωμάτων ἀπέλαβε.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 395.)

Chap. 7: see below, after Chap. 5a.

5a . . . . ἐφρόνει· ὡς δὲ ἔνιοι, ὅτι κατὰ διαθήκην τῷ ἑτέρῳ υἱῷ τὰ πλείω κατέλιπε τῆς οὐσίας, τοῖς ὅλοις ἐκινδύνευσεν. ὁ γὰρ νεανίσκος τόλμῃ καὶ προπετείᾳ διαφέρων, περιθέμενος διάδημα καὶ βασιλέα Μακεδόνων ἑαυτὸν ἀναδείξας παρεκάλει τοὺς2 πολλοὺς ἀφίστασθαι Ῥωμαίων καὶ τὴν προγεγενημένην Μακεδόσιν πάτριον βασιλείαν ἀνακτᾶσθαι.

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sum for his freedom and had already made an agreement with his masters, he acted promptly before the man was manumitted, and on his being found guilty had him crucified.

This same man1 gave judgement against the publicans and handed them over to those whom they had wronged. So it came about that men who in their contempt for others and their desire for gain had a short while before often flouted the law were unexpectedly taken into custody by the men they had wronged and were led off to join the condemned. And since he furnished from his own purse the expenses normally provided for the governors and their staffs, he soon restored the good will of the allies towards Rome.

6. The governor’s wisdom and virtue, together with the assistance he was enabled to render, served as a corrective to the hatred that had previously arisen against the ruling power. He himself was accorded quasi-divine honours2 among those he had benefited, and from his fellow citizens he received many tributes in recognition of his achievements.

5a. . . . he was minded. But as some say, because in his will he had left the greater part of his property to the other son, he nearly lost everything. For the young man, rash and impetuous to excess, setting a diadem on his head and proclaiming himself “King of the Macedonians” exhorted the populace to rise in revolt against Rome and restore the traditional kingdom once held by the Macedonians.

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πολλῶν δὲ συντρεχόντων, ὡς ἁρπαγῆς ἐσομένης, ὁ δὴ1 Ἐξήκεστος ἀγωνιάσας ἐξέπεμψέ τινα τὸν διασαφήσοντα Σεντίῳ τῷ στρατηγῷ τὴν περὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἀπόνοιαν. διεπέμψατο δὲ καὶ2 πρὸς Κότυν3 τὸν βασιλέα Θρᾳκῶν, ἀξιῶν μεταπέμψασθαι τὸν νεανίσκον καὶ πεῖσαι τῆς ἐπιβολῆς ἀποστῆναι. ὁ δὲ ἔχων φιλίαν πρὸς Εὐφήνην4 μετεπέμψατο αὐτόν, καὶ παρακατασχὼν ἡμέρας τινὰς παρέδωκε τῷ πατρί· καὶ ἀπελύθη τῶν διαβολῶν.

(Const. Exc. 3, pp. 208–209.)

Chap. 6: see above, after Chap. 5.

7. Ῥητέον δὲ ἡμῖν καὶ περὶ τῶν ἐκ ταπεινοτέρας μὲν δόξης ὁρμηθέντων, ὀρεχθέντων δ᾿ οὐχ5 ἑτέρας ἐπιβολῆς τῶν προειρημένων. ἐπ᾿ ἴσης γὰρ τοῖς ἐν ἀξιώμασι μεγάλοις καὶ τοῖς ὑποδεεστέροις τῆς ἀρετῆς ζῆλος ἔγκειται.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 395.)

8. Ὅτι Λεύκιος Ἀσύλλιος, πατρὸς μὲν ὑπάρχων τεταμιευκότος, ἐκπεμφθεὶς δὲ στρατηγὸς εἰς Σικελίαν, κατέλαβε τὴν ἐπαρχίαν διεφθαρμένην, ἀνεκτήσατο δὲ τὴν νῆσον χρησάμενος τοῖς καλλίστοις ἐπιτηδεύμασιν. παραπλησίως γὰρ τῷ Σκαιουόλᾳ προεχειρίσατο τὸν ἄριστον τῶν φίλων πρεσβευτήν τε καὶ σύμβουλον, ὃς ἦν Γάιος, ἐπικαλούμενος δὲ Λόγγος, ζηλωτὴς τῆς ἀρχαίας καὶ σώφρονος ἀγωγῆς, καὶ Πόπλιον σὺν τούτῳ, πρωτεύοντα τῇ δόξῃ

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Many flocked to his standard in anticipation of the looting that would take place. Execestus, however, in deep distress sent someone to inform Sentius,1 the governor, of his son’s mad folly. He sent also to Cotys, the king of the Thracians, asking him to summon the young man and persuade him to desist from his enterprise. Cotys, being on friendly terms with Euphenes, sent for him and after detaining him for some days handed him over to his father. And he was acquitted of the charges placed against him.

7. We must speak also of the men who started from a quite humble level of repute, but set their sights on a goal no different from those mentioned. Indeed, the pursuit of virtue is found in equal measure among men of high rank and those of more lowly estate.

8. Lucius Asyllius,2 son of a man who had risen only to the rank of quaestor, on being sent out as governor of Sicily found the province ruined, but by the excellence of the measures he employed succeeded in restoring the island. Like Scaevola, he selected the finest of his friends as legate and adviser, a certain Gaius, surnamed Longus, an ardent partisan of the sober, old-fashioned way of life, and together with him a man named Publius, the most highly

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2τῶν ἐν Συρακούσαις κατοικούντων ἱππέων· χωρὶς γὰρ τῶν ἐκ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθῶν καὶ ταῖς κατὰ ψυχὴν ἀρεταῖς διέφερεν.1 σημεῖον δὲ τῆς εὐσεβείας αἱ θυσίαι καὶ αἱ ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς κατασκευαὶ καὶ τὰ2 ἀναθήματα, τὸ δὲ τῆς σωφροσύνης τὸ τὰς αἰσθήσεις μέχρι τῆς ἐσχάτης τοῦ βίου γραμμῆς ἀσινεῖς ἔχειν, τὸ δὲ τῆς παιδείας τε καὶ φιλανθρωπίας τὸ προτιμᾶσθαι παρ᾿ αὐτῷ περιττότερον τοὺς πεπαιδευμένους. καθόλου δὲ τοὺς ἀπό τινος ἐπαινουμένης μούσης ὁρμωμένους εὐεργέτει, συλλαμβάνων ἐκ τῆς ἰδίας 3οὐσίας ἀφειδῶς. οἷς δυσὶν ὁ Σύλλιος προσαναπαυόμενος ὁμοτοίχους μὲν οἰκίας εἰς κατάλυσιν παρεσκευάσατο, συνήδρευε δὲ μετὰ τούτων τὰ κατὰ τὴν δικαιοδοσίαν ἐπακριβούμενος καὶ πάντα φιλοτεχνῶν3 πρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν τῆς ἐπαρχίας.

4Ὅτι ὁ4 αὐτὸς . . . τὴν δικαιοδοσίαν πρὸς τὰ συμφέροντα φιλοτιμηθεὶς τὴν συκοφαντίαν ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς ἐφυγάδευσε, τῆς δὲ τῶν ἀσθενεστέρων βοηθείας μεγίστην ἐποιήσατο φροντίδα. τῶν γὰρ ἄλλων στρατηγῶν εἰωθότων διδόναι προστάτας τοῖς ὀρφανοῖς καὶ γυναιξὶν ἐρήμοις συγγενῶν, οὗτος ἑαυτὸν τούτων ἀνέδειξε φροντιστήν· διά τε τῆς ἰδίας σκέψεως καὶ φροντίδος διακρίνων τὰς ἐν τούτοις ἀμφισβητήσεις πᾶσιν ἀπένειμε τὴν πρέπουσαν τοῖς καταδυναστευομένοις ἐπικουρίαν. καθόλου δὲ πάντα τὸν τῆς ἀρχῆς χρόνον διατελέσας εἰς ἐπανόρθωσιν τῶν ἰδιωτικῶν5 καὶ τῶν δημοσίων ἀδικημάτων ἀπεκατέστησε τὴν νῆσον εἰς τὴν πάλαι ποτὲ μακαριζομένην εὐδαιμονίαν. | (Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 317–318.)

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esteemed member of the equestrian order resident in Syracuse. The latter, indeed, was a man of exceptional personal qualities, quite apart from the gifts of fortune. His piety is attested by the sacrifices, the improvements made to temples, and the dedications offered in his name, his sobriety by the fact that he retained his faculties unimpaired to his dying day, and his culture and humanity by the special consideration he showed to men of learning; in general he was the benefactor of practitioners of any of the esteemed arts, whom he assisted from his personal fortune without stint. These then were the two men on whom Syllius relied, and having constructed adjoining houses to accommodate them, he kept them by him as he worked out the details of the administration of justice and devised means to further the rehabilitation of the province.

This same man, . . . aspiring (to reform) the administration of justice for the common good, banished sycophancy from the market place and made it his major concern to succour the weak. Whereas other governors had been wont to appoint guardians for orphaned children and women without kinsmen, he designated himself as the one to care for them; and since he investigated for himself any disputes among them and took great care in making a decision, he rendered to all victims of oppression such assistance as was fitting. In general he devoted his entire term of office to redressing private and public wrongs, and thereby restored the island to its former state of generally acclaimed prosperity.

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9. Ὅτι ἀπειλούσης τῆς συγκλήτου πόλεμον τῷ Γράκχῳ διὰ τὴν μετάθεσιν τῶν κριτηρίων, τεθαρρηκότως οὗτος εἶπεν ὅτι Κἂν ἀποθάνω, οὐ διαλείψω . . .1 τὸ ξίφος ἀπὸ τῆς πλευρᾶς τῶν συγκλητικῶν διῃρημένον.2 ὁ δὲ ῥηθεὶς3 λόγος ὥσπερ τις θεοῦ χρησμὸς ἀκόλουθον ἔσχε τοῖς ῥηθεῖσι τὸ ἀποτέλεσμα. ὁ γὰρ Γράκχος τύραννον ἑαυτὸν ἀναδεδειχὼς ἀκρίτως ἀνῃρέθη.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 395.)

10. Ὅτι Μάρκος Λίβιος Δροῦσος ἀνὴρ νέος μὲν ἦν4 τὴν ἡλικίαν, κεκοσμημένος δὲ πᾶσι τοῖς πρωτείοις. πατρός τε γὰρ ἦν ἐπιφανεστάτου καὶ παρὰ τοῖς πολίταις δι᾿ εὐγένειαν καὶ ἀρετὴν θαυμαστῶς ἀγαπωμένου,5 αὐτός τε6 ὑπῆρχε λόγῳ μὲν δεινότατος τῶν ἡλικιωτῶν, πλούτῳ δὲ πάντας τοὺς πολίτας ὑπερβάλλων, μεγάλην δὲ ἀξιοπιστίαν ἔχων καὶ κατὰ τὰς ὑποσχέσεις ὢν βεβαιότατος, ἔτι δὲ πλήρης εὐγενοῦς φρονήματος. διὸ καὶ μόνος ἔδοξεν ἔσεσθαι προστάτης τῆς συγκλήτου.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 318.)

2Ὅτι πλεῖστον ἴσχυεν ἡ τῶν Δρούσων οἰκία διὰ τὴν εὐγένειαν τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ διὰ τὴν πρὸς τοὺς πολίτας ἐπιείκειαν καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν. διὸ καὶ

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9. When the senate was threatening Gracchus with war because of his transfer of the courts, he resolutely exclaimed: “Even though I perish, I shall not cease . . . the sword wrested from the grasp of the senators.”1 This utterance, as though it had been some divine oracle, found fulfilment in accordance with the words spoken, inasmuch as Gracchus, having arrogated to himself tyrannical power, was put to death without trial.2

10. Marcus Livius Drusus,3 though young in years,91 b.c. was endowed with every advantage. His father was a man of very great distinction, whose nobility and virtues had won him the particular affection of his fellow citizens. Drusus himself was the most competent orator of his generation, and was the wealthiest man in the city; he was highly trustworthy, and most faithful to his promises; he was, moreover, imbued with a generous magnanimity. Hence it was thought that he alone was destined to become the champion of the senate.4

The family of the Drusi wielded very great influence because of the nobility of its members and the kindness and consideration that they displayed to

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νόμου τινὸς προκειμένου καὶ προσφάτως κεκυρωμένου, τῶν πολιτῶν τις ἐν παιδιᾷ τῷ νόμῳ προσέγραψεν ὅτι Ὅδε ὁ νόμος κύριός ἐστι τῶν πολιτῶν πλὴν δυεῖν Δρούσων.1

3Ὅτι ὁ Δροῦσος τῆς συγκλήτου τοὺς νόμους αὐτοῦ ἀκυρούσης ἔφη ἑαυτὸν ἐξουσίαν ἔχοντα πᾶσαν τῶν νόμων δυνάμενόν τε ἑαυτὸν κωλῦσαι δόγματα γράφειν, τοῦτο μὲν ἑκουσίως μὴ ποιήσειν, καλῶς εἰδότα τοὺς ἐξαμαρτήσαντας ταχὺ τευξομένους τῆς προσηκούσης δίκης. ἀκυρουμένων δὲ τῶν ὑφ᾿ αὑτοῦ2 γραφέντων νόμων ἄκυρον ἔσεσθαι καὶ τὸν3 περὶ τῶν κριτηρίων νόμον· οὗ συντελεσθέντος τὸν μὲν ἀδωροδοκήτως βεβιωκότα μηδεμιᾶς τεύξεσθαι κατηγορίας, τοὺς δὲ τὰς ἐπαρχίας σεσυληκότας ἀχθήσεσθαι πρὸς τὰς τῆς δωροδοκίας εὐθύνας· ὥστε τοὺς διὰ φθόνον καθαιροῦντας τὴν ἑαυτοῦ4 δόξαν τοῖς ἰδίοις δόγμασι καθάπερ αὐτόχειρας κινδυνεύειν γενέσθαι.5

11. Ὄμνυμι6 τὸν Δία τὸν Καπετώλιον καὶ τὴν Ἑστίαν τῆς Ῥώμης καὶ τὸν πατρῷον αὐτῆς Ἄρην καὶ τὸν γενάρχην Ἥλιον καὶ τὴν εὐεργέτιν ζῴων τε καὶ φυτῶν Γῆν, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς κτίστας γεγενημένους τῆς Ῥώμης ἡμιθέους καὶ τοὺς συναυξήσαντας

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their fellow citizens. Hence when a certain law was brought forward and had just received approval, one citizen added the facetious amendment: “this law is binding on all citizens—except the two Drusi.”

When the senate pronounced his legislation invalid Drusus declared that the laws were within his sphere of competency and that he had the power, in his own person, to veto the senatorial decrees; this, however, he would not willingly do, since he knew full well that the offenders1 would in any case soon meet with the retribution they deserved. But if the laws drawn up by him were invalidated, so likewise, he claimed, would the law relating to the courts be null and void2; and while, under this law, had it been put into effect, no one whose life had remained untainted by bribery would be liable to accusations, those who had plundered the provinces would be haled up to give an accounting before special courts for cases of bribery; thus the men who through jealousy were engaged in demolishing his reputation were in effect the assassins of their own decrees.

11. “I swear3 by Jupiter Capitolinus, by Vesta of Rome, by Mars her ancestral god, by Sol the founder of the race,4 and by Terra the benefactress of animals and plants, likewise by the demigods who founded Rome and by the heroes who have contributed to

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τὴν ἡγεμονίαν αὐτῆς ἥρωας, τὸν αὐτὸν φίλον καὶ πολέμιον ἡγήσεσθαι Δρούσῳ, καὶ μήτε βίου1 μήτε τέκνων καὶ γονέων μηδεμιᾶς φείσεσθαι2 ψυχῆς, ἐὰν μὴ συμφέρῃ Δρούσῳ τε καὶ τοῖς τὸν αὐτὸν ὅρκον ὀμόσασιν. ἐὰν δὲ γένωμαι πολίτης τῷ Δρούσου νόμῳ, πατρίδα ἡγήσομαι τὴν Ῥώμην καὶ μέγιστον εὐεργέτην Δροῦσον. καὶ τὸν ὅρκον τόνδε παραδώσω ὡς3 ἂν μάλιστα πλείστοις δύνωμαι τῶν πολιτῶν. καὶ εὐορκοῦντι μέν μοι ἐπίκτησις εἴη τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἐπιορκοῦντι δὲ τἀναντία.

12. Ὅτι συντελουμένων κατὰ τύχην ἀγώνων καὶ τοῦ θεάτρου πεπληρωμένου τῶν ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν κατηντηκότων Ῥωμαίων,4 κωμῳδὸν ἐπὶ τῆς σκηνῆς ἀγανακτοῦντα5 κατέσφαξαν ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ, φήσαντες οὐκ ἀκολούθως αὐτὸν ὑποκρίνασθαι τῇ περιστάσει. τῆς δὲ πανηγυρικῆς θέας εἰς πολεμικὴν σκυθρωπότητα καὶ φόβων ὑπερβολὴν ἐκτραπείσης, ἡ τύχη σατυρικὸν τῷ καιρῷ τούτῳ πρόσωπον ἐπεισήγαγεν. 2ἦν γάρ τις Λατῖνος ὄνομα μὲν Σαυνίων,6 γελωτοποιὸς δὲ καὶ χάριτας ὑπερβαλλούσας ἔχων εἰς ἱλαρότητα· οὐ γὰρ μόνον ἐν τοῖς λόγοις ἐκίνει γέλωτας, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν σιωπὴν καὶ καθ᾿

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increase her empire,1 that I will count the friend and foe of Drusus my friend and foe, and that I will spare neither property nor the lives of my children or parents except as it be to the advantage of Drusus and of those who have taken this oath. If I become a citizen by the law of Drusus, I shall consider Rome my country and Drusus my greatest benefactor. This oath I will transmit to as many citizens as I can. If I swear faithfully may all good things come to me; if I am forsworn, the reverse.”

12. It so happened that a festival was being celebrated and that the theatre was filled with Romans who had turned out for the spectacle; when a comedian on the stage gave vent to his indignation they2 lynched him right in the theatre, declaring that he was not playing his part as the situation required. The festive occasion having thus been transformed into one of glowering hostility and utter panic, at this juncture Fortune introduced on the scene a droll Satyrlike figure. This was a certain Latin named Saunio, a buffoon with a wonderful gift for gaiety. Not only could he stir up laughter by what he said, but even without a word his slightest

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ὁποίαν1 σώματος ἐπιστροφὴν ἅπαντας ἐποίει τοὺς θεωμένους μειδιᾶν, φυσικῆς τινος ἐπιτρεχούσης πιθανότητος. διὸ καὶ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις μεγάλης ἀποδοχῆς ἐν τοῖς θεάτροις ἐπηξιοῦτο2· οἱ δὲ Πικεντῖνοι τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν καὶ τέρψιν ταύτην τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀφελέσθαι βουλόμενοι τοῦτον διέγνωσαν 3ἀποκτεῖναι. ὁ δὲ προαισθόμενος τὸ μέλλον τελεῖσθαι προῆλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν σκηνὴν καὶ τῆς τοῦ κωμῳδοῦ σφαγῆς ἄρτι γεγενημένης, Ἄνδρες, εἶπε, θεαταί, καλλιεροῦμεν· ἐπ᾿ ἀγαθῷ δ᾿ εἴη συντετελεσμένον τὸ κακόν· οὐ γάρ εἰμι Ῥωμαῖος, ἀλλ᾿ ὅμοιος ὑμῶν3 ὑπὸ ῥάβδοις τεταγμένος περινοστῶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν καὶ χάριτας ἐμπορευόμενος ἡδονὰς καὶ γέλωτας θηρῶμαι. διὸ φείσασθε4 τῆς κοινῆς ἁπάντων χελιδόνος, ᾗ τὸ θεῖον ἔδωκεν ἐν ταῖς ἁπάντων οἰκίαις ἐννεοττεύειν ἀκινδύνως· οὐ γὰρ δίκαιον ὑμᾶς πολλὰ κλαίειν. οὐκ ὀλίγα δὲ καὶ ἄλλα πρὸς διάλυσιν5 καὶ γέλωτα διελθὼν καὶ τῇ πιθανότητι καὶ χάριτι τῆς ὁμιλίας τὸ πικρὸν τῆς τιμωρίας παραιτησάμενος ἀπελύθη τῶν κινδύνων.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 395–397.)

13. Ὅτι ὁ τῶν Μαρσῶν ἡγούμενος Πομπαίδιος6 ἐπεβάλετο μεγάλῃ καὶ παραβόλῳ πράξει. μυρίους γὰρ ἀναλαβὼν ἐκ τῶν τὰς εὐθύνας φοβουμένων, ἔχοντας ὑπὸ τοῖς ἱματίοις ξίφη, προῆγεν ἐπὶ τῆς Ῥώμης. διενοεῖτο δὲ περιστῆσαι τῇ συγκλήτῳ τὰ ὅπλα καὶ τὴν πολιτείαν αἰτεῖσθαι, ἢ μὴ πείσας πυρὶ καὶ σιδήρῳ τὴν ἡγεμονίαν διαλυμήνασθαι.

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motion would bring smiles to all who watched him, so winning was his natural appeal. In consequence he was enthusiastically welcomed by the Romans in their theatres, but the Picentines, wishing to deprive the Romans of this enjoyment and pleasure, had resolved to put him to death. Foreseeing what was about to happen he came on the stage soon after the comedian had been killed, and said: “Members of the audience, the omens are favourable. May the evil that has been done bring good fortune! Know that I am no Roman, but, subject to the fasces as you yourselves are, I traipse around Italy, peddling my graces in quest of merriment and laughter. Spare then the swallow that belongs to all men alike, to whom God has given the privilege of building her nest without risk in any man’s house. It would be unfair for you to bring bitter tears upon yourselves.” Continuing at length in a conciliatory and humorous vein, by the persuasive charm of his discourse he wheedled them out of their bitter and vengeful mood and thereby escaped the danger that threatened.

13. The Marsic leader Pompaedius1 embarked on a grandiose and fantastic venture. Assembling ten thousand men drawn from the ranks of those who had occasion to fear judicial investigations, he led them on Rome, with swords concealed beneath their garb of peace. It was his intention to surround the senate with armed men and demand citizenship, or, if persuasion failed, to ravage the seat of empire

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ἀπαντήσαντος δὲ αὐτῷ1 Γαΐου Δομιτίου καὶ ἐρομένου, Ποῖ προάγεις, Πομπαίδιε,2 μετὰ τοσούτου πλήθους; εἶπεν, Εἰς Ῥώμην ἐπὶ τὴν πολιτείαν, κεκλημένος ὑπὸ τῶν δημάρχων. ὁ δὲ Δομίτιος ὑπολαβὼν ἔφησεν ἀκινδυνότερον αὐτὸν καὶ κάλλιον τεύξεσθαι τῆς πολιτείας, ἂν μὴ πολεμικῶς ἐπὶ τὴν σύγκλητον παραγένηται· ταύτην γὰρ βούλεσθαι τὴν χάριν δοῦναι τοῖς συμμάχοις μὴ βιασθεῖσαν ἀλλ᾿ 2ὑπομνησθεῖσαν. ὁ δὲ ἱεράν τινα τὴν συμβουλὴν τἀνδρὸς θέμενος καὶ πεισθεὶς τοῖς λόγοις ἐπανῆλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκείαν. Δομίτιος μὲν οὖν φρονίμοις λόγοις ἐκ μεγάλων κινδύνων ἐξήρπασε τὴν πατρίδα, πολὺ κρείττονα τὴν ὁμιλίαν ποιησάμενος τῆς γενομένης Σερουιλίῳ τῷ στρατηγῷ πρὸς Πικεντίνους. ἐκεῖνος γὰρ οὐχ ὡς ἐλευθέροις καὶ συμμάχοις ὁμιλῶν, ἀλλ᾿ ὡς δούλοις ἐνυβρίζων καὶ φόβων μεγάλων3 ἀπειλαῖς παρώξυνεν τοὺς συμμάχους ἐπὶ τὴν καθ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τιμωρίαν. οὗτος δὲ πεφρονηματισμένων ἀποστατῶν ἀλόγους ὁρμὰς ἐπιεικέσι λόγοις εἰς εὔνοιαν προετρέψατο. (Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 318–319.)

14. Τῆς δὲ λείας τοῖς στρατιώταις μετέδωκαν, ὅπως τῆς ἐκ τῶν πολέμων ὠφελείας οἱ διακινδυνεύσαντες γευσάμενοι τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἀγῶνας ἐθελοντὴν ἀναδέχωνται.

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with fire and sword. Encountering Gaius Domitius,1 who asked him, “Where are you going, Pompaedius, with so large a band?” he said, “To Rome, to get citizenship, at the summons of the tribunes.”2 Domitius retorted that he would obtain the citizenship with less risk and more honourably if he approached the senate in a manner which was not warlike; the senate, he said, was in favour of granting this boon to the allies, if instead of violence a petition was presented. Pompaedius took the man’s advice as in some way sacred, and persuaded by what he said returned home. Thus by his prudent words Domitius rescued his country from grave danger, having proved far more effective in this interchange than the praetor Servilius3 in his dealings with the Picentines. For the latter did not speak with them as to free men and allies, but treated them despitefully as slaves, and by his threats of fearful punishments spurred the allies to seek vengeance on him and the other Romans. Domitius, however, by speaking with moderation converted the unthinking impulses of spirited rebels into a sentiment of goodwill.

14. They shared the booty with the soldiers, so that by getting a taste of the profits of war the men who had experienced its perils would undertake the struggle for freedom with a willing heart.

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15. Ὅτι ὁ Μάριος ἤγαγε τὴν δύναμιν ἐπὶ τὸ Σαμνιτῶν πεδίον καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἀντεστρατοπέδευσε. Πομπαίδιος δὲ τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἡγεμονίαν παρειληφὼς παρὰ τοῖς Μαρσοῖς καὶ αὐτὸς προῆγε τὴν δύναμιν. καὶ πλησίον ἀλλήλων γενομένων τὸ σκυθρωπὸν τοῦ πολέμου εἰς εἰρηνικὴν μετέπεσε 2διάθεσιν. εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν γὰρ ὄψεως ἐλθόντες οἱ παρ᾿ ἀμφοτέροις στρατιῶται πολλοὺς μὲν ἰδιοξένους ἐπεγίνωσκον, οὐκ ὀλίγους δὲ συστρατιώτας ἀνενεοῦντο, συχνοὺς δὲ οἰκείους καὶ συγγενεῖς κατενόουν, οὓς ὁ τῆς ἐπιγαμίας νόμος ἐπεποιήκει κοινωνῆσαι τῆς τοιαύτης φιλίας. διὸ καὶ τῆς συμπαθείας ἀναγκαζούσης προΐεσθαι φωνὴν φιλάνθρωπον, ἀλλήλους ἐξ ὀνόματος προσηγόρευον καὶ παρεκάλουν ἀπέχεσθαι τῆς τῶν ἀναγκαίων μιαιφονίας, τὰς δὲ ἐν προβολῇ πολεμικῶς διακειμένας πανοπλίας ἀποτιθέμενοι τὰς δεξιὰς ἐξέτεινον ἀσπαζόμενοι καὶ 3φιλοφρονοῦντες ἀλλήλους.1 ἃ δὴ κατανοήσας ὁ Μάριος καὶ αὐτὸς προῆλθεν ἐκ τῆς παρατάξεως· ποιήσαντος2 δὲ καὶ τοῦ Πομπαιδίου τὸ παραπλήσιον διελέχθησαν ἀλλήλοις συγγενικῶς. πολλῶν δὲ λόγων γενομένων τοῖς ἡγεμόσι περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμουμένης πολιτείας, καὶ τῶν στρατευμάτων ἀμφοτέρων χαρᾶς καὶ καλῶν ἐλπίδων πληρουμένων, ἡ πᾶσα σύνοδος ἐκ πολεμικῆς τάξεως εἰς πανηγυρικὴν διάθεσιν μετέπεσε, καὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν3 τοῖς οἰκείοις λόγοις ἐπὶ τὴν εἰρήνην προκαλεσαμένων

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15. Marius1 led his army into Samnite territory90 b.c. and encamped over against the enemy. Pompaedius, who had assumed full command of the Marsic forces, also advanced with his troops. As the armies came close to one another their grim belligerency gave way to peaceful feelings. For as they reached the point where features could be distinguished, the soldiers on both sides detected many personal friends, refreshed their memory of not a few former comrades in arms, and identified numerous relatives and kinsmen, that is to say, men whom the law governing intermarriage had united in this kind of friendly tie. Since their common bonds compelled them to give voice to friendly greetings, they called one another by name and exchanged exhortations to abstain from murdering men bound to them by close ties. Laying aside their weapons, which had been placed in hostile poses of defence, they held out their hands in sign of friendly greeting. Seeing this, Marius himself advanced from the battle line, and when Pompaedius had done the like they conversed with one another like kinsmen. When the commanders had discussed at length the question of peace and the longed-for citizenship, in both armies a tide of joyous optimism surged up and the whole encounter lost its warlike air and took on a festive appearance. And inasmuch as the soldiers2 too had in private

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ἅπαντες ἀσμένως τῆς ἀλληλοφονίας ἀπελύθησαν.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 397.)

16. Ὅτι ἦν τις ἐν Ἄσκλῳ παραδεδομένος ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων εἰς φυλακήν, ὄνομα μὲν1 Ἀγαμέμνων, Κίλιξ δὲ τὸ γένος, διὰ δέ τινα περιπέτειαν καὶ συμμάχων φόνους ἐζωγρημένος· ὃς ὑπὸ τῶν Πικεντίνων ἀπολυθεὶς ἐκ τῆς φυλακῆς διὰ τὴν εὐεργεσίαν προθύμως ἐστρατεύετο. λῃστείας δὲ πολλὴν2 ἐμπειρίαν ἔχων τὴν πολεμίαν χώραν κατέτρεχε μετὰ στρατιωτῶν ὁμοίων ταῖς παρανομίαις.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 319.)

17. Οὗτος γὰρ οὐ προγονικὴν δόξαν οὐδ᾿ ἀφορμὴν ἰδίαν ἔχων εἰς προκοπῆς μέγεθος παραδόξως ἦλθεν εἰς ὑπερβολὴν ἀξιώματός τε καὶ δόξης.

Ἐπιστρέφειν δὲ εἴωθεν ἡ τύχη πρὸς τὸ δέον καὶ τοὺς καθ᾿ ἑτέρων ἄδικόν τι μηχανησαμένους τοῖς αὐτοῖς περιβάλλειν συμπτώμασι. . . .3 κατὰ τὸ παρὸν ἴσως τυραννοῦσιν, ἀλλ᾿ ὕστερον ὑφέξουσι τὰς τῶν τυραννικῶν ἀνομημάτων εὐθύνας.

18. Ὅτι Κρὴς ὁ ἐλθὼν πρὸς Ἰούλιον τὸν ὕπατον ἐπὶ προδοσίαν εἶπεν, Ἂν δι᾿ ἐμοῦ κρατήσῃς τῶν πολεμίων, τίνα δώσεις μισθὸν τῆς εὐεργεσίας; ὁ στρατηγὸς εἶπε, Ποιήσω σε πολίτην Ῥωμαῖον4 καὶ ἔσῃ παρ᾿ ἐμοὶ τίμιος. ὁ δὲ Κρὴς διαχυθεὶς ἐπὶ τῷ

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conversations been urging peace, they were all glad to be relieved of the necessity of mutual slaughter.

16. There was at Asculum, where he had been remanded by the Romans for confinement, a certain Cilician named Agamemnon, who through a sudden reverse in which his accomplices were cut down1 had been taken alive. Having been released from prison by the Picentines, he was now, in gratitude, cheerfully serving in their army. And since he had much experience in brigandage, he overran the enemy’s country with a band of soldiers his equals in lawlessness.

17. Despite the lack either of distinguished ancestry or of any personal advantages that might lead to success, he unexpectedly arrived at the pinnacle of dignity and fame.2

Fortune is wont to veer towards what is morally fitting, and to involve those who have contrived some injustice against others in the same difficulties themselves. . . . Perhaps for the present they exercise tyrannical power, but later they will have to render an accounting for their tyrannical crimes.

18. A Cretan came to the consul Iulius3 with an offer of betrayal and said: “If I enable you to conquer the enemy, what reward will you give me for my services?” The general said: “I will make you a Roman citizen, and you will be honoured in my sight.” Convulsed with laughter at this remark,

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ῥηθέντι, Πολιτεία, φησί, παρὰ Κρησὶν εὐφημούμενός ἐστι λῆρος. τοξεύομεν1 γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἐπὶ τὸ κέρδος, καὶ πᾶν βέλος ἡμῶν χάριν καὶ2 ἀργυρίου, νεμόμενοι πᾶσαν χώραν καὶ θάλατταν. διὸ κἀγὼ νῦν ἀργυρίου χάριν ἥκω· τὰ δὲ τῆς πολιτείας τίμια τοῖς περὶ ταύτης νῦν διαφερομένοις παραχώρει, οἵτινες αἵματος ἀγοράζουσι λῆρον περιμάχητον. πρὸς ὃν γελάσας ὁ ἄλλος3 εἶπε, Γενομένης ἡμῖν τῆς ἐπιβολῆς χαρίσομαί4 σοι χιλίας δραχμάς.

19. Ὅτι τοὺς δούλους διά τινος ἐπινοίας οἱ Αἰσερνῖται λιμῷ πιεζόμενοι ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἐξήγαγον· πάντα γὰρ ἡ τῆς περιστάσεως ἰδιότης ἠνάγκαζε πράττειν καὶ τῇ τῶν ἄλλων ἀπωλείᾳ τὴν ἰδίαν περιποιεῖσθαι σωτηρίαν. οἱ δὲ οἰκέται δεινῇ καὶ παρηλλαγμένῃ συμφορᾷ περιπεσόντες, ἀναχωρήσαντες5 τὴν τῶν δεσποτῶν ὠμότητα τῇ τῶν πολεμίων ἐπιεικείᾳ διωρθώσαντο.

2Ὅτι τοὺς κύνας καὶ τἄλλα ζῷα οἱ Αἰσερνῖται ἐσιτοῦντο· πάντα γὰρ ἡ τῆς φύσεως ἀνάγκη παρὰ τὸ καθῆκον ποιεῖν ἠνάγκαζε, βιαζομένη τὴν ἀπεγνωσμένην καὶ ἀσυνήθη τροφὴν προσφέρεσθαι.

3Ὅτι αἱ ἀνθρώπιναι ψυχαὶ μετέχουσι θείας τινὸς φύσεως ἐνίοτε προκαταμαντευόμεναι τὰ μέλλοντα, καὶ κατά τινας φυσικὰς εἰδωλοποιίας προορῶνται τὸ συμβησόμενον. ὅπερ ταῖς τῶν Πιννητῶν γυναιξὶ

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the Cretan said: “In the eyes of the Cretans citizenship is just high-sounding claptrap. Gain is what we aim at, and as we range over land and sea, every arrow we shoot is for ourselves and for the sake of money. So I too am here now to get money. Grant your reward of citizenship to the men who are now quarrelling over that very thing, and who are purchasing with blood this empty word for which men fight.” The other laughed and said to him: “If our attempt is successful, I shall give you a thousand drachmas.”

19. The people of Aesernia,1 pressed by starvation, employed a ruse of some sort to get the slaves out of the city. Indeed, their particular situation drove them to stop at nothing, and to procure their own safety even at the cost of destroying others. The slaves, however, on being plunged into a strange and dreadful predicament, withdrew and found a remedy for the brutality of their masters in the consideration shown them by the enemy.

The people of Aesernia fed on dogs and other animals, for the compelling needs of nature drove them to disregard all proprieties, and forced them to accept the uncouth food which they had previously spurned.

Men’s souls have in them some admixture of a divine nature, whereby on occasion they have forebodings of the future, and through certain natural means of calling up images foresee what is about to happen. This is precisely what happened to the

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συνέβη γενέσθαι· προκατωδύροντο γὰρ τὴν ἐσομένην συμφοράν.

4Ὅτι τῶν Ἰταλιωτῶν τὰ τέκνα τῶν Πιννητῶν ἅπαντα πρὸ τῶν τειχῶν τῆς πόλεως ἀγαγόντων καὶ ἀπειλούντων ταῦτα κατασφάττειν, ἐὰν μὴ ἀποστῶσιν ἀπὸ Ῥώμης, οἱ Πιννῆται ἐγκαρτεροῦντες τοῖς δεινοῖς ἔδωκαν ἀπόκρισιν ὅτι τέκνων στερηθέντες ἕτερα ῥᾳδίως ποιήσουσιν, ἐὰν τηρήσωσι τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους συμμαχίαν.

5Ὅτι οἱ αὐτοὶ Ἰταλιῶται ἀπογνόντες τὴν ἐκ τῆς πειθοῦς σύλλυσιν1 ἐπετελέσαντο πρᾶξιν ὠμότητι διαφέρουσαν· προσαγαγόντες γὰρ ἐγγὺς τοῦ τείχους τοὺς παῖδας προσέταττον τοῖς μέλλουσιν ἀναιρεῖσθαι δεῖσθαι τῶν πατέρων ἐλεῆσαι τοὺς ἐξ αὑτῶν2 γεγονότας καὶ τὰς χεῖρας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνατείνοντας ἐπικαλεῖσθαι τὸν πάντων ἐφορῶντα τὸν βίον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἥλιον σῶσαι ψυχὰς νηπίων παίδων.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 398–399.)

20. Ὅτι οἱ Πιννῆται δειναῖς συνείχοντο συμφοραῖς. ἀμετάπειστον δ᾿ ἔχοντες τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους συμμαχίαν ἠναγκάζοντο κατεξανίστασθαι τῶν περὶ ψυχὴν παθῶν καὶ περιορᾶν τὰ τέκνα στερισκόμενα τοῦ ζῆν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς τῶν γεγεννηκότων.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 319.)

21. Τοιαῦτα γὰρ ἦν αὐτοῖς τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς παραστήματα κατὰ τοὺς ἀγῶνας ὥστε μηδεμίαν ὑπερβολὴν ἄλλοις ὑπολείπεσθαι κατὰ τὰς τῶν δεινῶν ὑπομονάς. πολλαπλασίων δὲ ὄντων τῶν πολιορκούντων, τὸ τοῦ πλήθους ἐλλιπὲς τῇ τῆς ἀρετῆς ὑπερβολῇ προσανεπλήρουν.

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women of Pinna,1 who bewailed in advance the calamity that was still in the future.

The Italians brought all the children of Pinna before the city walls, and threatened to slaughter them if the city would not revolt from Rome. The men of Pinna, however, steeled themselves and replied that if deprived of their children they should easily beget others, provided they were true to their alliance with Rome.

The same Italians, despairing of resolving the situation by persuasion, perpetrated an act of surpassing cruelty. They brought the children up close to the walls and ordered them, as they were about to be killed, to beseech their fathers to take pity on the children they had begotten, and with hands raised towards heaven to invoke the sun, who watches over all human affairs, to save the lives of helpless young children.

20. The people of Pinna were caught in a dreadful dilemma. Since they had a hard and fast alliance with Rome, they were compelled to detach themselves from their natural emotions and stand idly by while their children were put to death before the eyes of those who had begotten them.

21. Their desperate courage throughout the struggle was such that it left posterity no hope of surpassing them in the endurance of horrors. And though the besiegers outnumbered them many times over, the townsmen made up for their deficiency in numbers by an excess of courage.

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22. Ὅτι οἱ μὲν Ἰταλιῶται πολλάκις ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίας ἠγωνισμένοι λαμπρῶς, τότε περὶ τῆς ἰδίας κινδυνεύοντες ὑπερέβαλλον ταῖς ἀνδραγαθίαις τὰς προγεγενημένας νίκας, οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι πρὸς τοὺς πρότερον ὑποτεταγμένους αὐτοῖς ἀγωνιζόμενοι δεινὸν1 ἡγοῦντο φανῆναι τῶν ἡττόνων ἥττους.

Chaps. 22a and 22b: see below, after Books 38/9. 22.

23. Ὅτι ὁ δὲ Λαμπώνιος ὥρμησεν ἐπὶ τὸν Κράσσον, ὑπολαμβάνων προσήκειν μὴ τοὺς πολλοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἡγεμόνων, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἡγεμόνας ὑπὲρ τοῦ πλήθους διαγωνίζεσθαι.

24. Ὅτι οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι καὶ οἱ Ἰταλιῶται περὶ τῆς τῶν καρπῶν συγκομιδῆς διηγωνίζοντο. ἐπιθέσεων δὲ γενομένων καὶ συμπλοκῶν ἀλληλοκτονοῦντες οὐ διέλιπον. μετὰ χεῖρας ἔχοντες τὸν θεριζόμενον στάχυν διεκρίνοντο πρὸς ἀλλήλους αἵματι περὶ τῆς ἀναγκαίας τροφῆς. οὐδεὶς δὲ ἀνέμενε παράκλησιν ἡγεμόνος, ἀλλ᾿ ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ προετρέπετο πρὸς τὴν ἀλκήν, προβάλλουσα τὴν τῆς ἐνδείας ἀνάγκην. ὑπέμενεν ἕκαστος εὐψύχως τὴν διὰ σιδήρου γινομένην2 τοῦ βίου καταστροφήν, δεδιὼς τὸν ἐκ τῆς ἐνδείας θάνατον.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 399–400.)

25. Ὅτι ὁ Σύλλας τὰς πράξεις καλῶς ἐχείριζε3 καὶ ἐνεργῶς, καὶ δόξης καὶ καλῆς φήμης ἐν Ῥώμῃ κατηξιοῦτο, καὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἐδοκίμασεν αὐτὸν ἄξιον ὑπάρχειν ὕπατον αἱρεῖσθαι, καὶ περιβόητος ἦν ἐπ᾿ ἀνδρείᾳ τε καὶ στρατηγικῇ συνέσει, καὶ καθόλου φανερὸς ὑπῆρχεν εἰς μεῖζον πρόσχημα δόξης προαχθησόμενος.4

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22. The Italians, who so many times before had fought with distinction on behalf of Rome’s empire, were now risking life and limb to secure their own, and their feats of bravery went far beyond those of their former victories. The Romans, on the other hand, being engaged in a struggle against their former subjects, considered it a disgrace to appear inferior to their inferiors.

23. Lamponius rushed headlong at Crassus,1 for he believed that it was appropriate, not that the masses should fight on behalf of their leaders, but rather that the leaders should fight for the masses.

24. The Romans and the Italians contested which were to harvest the crops. In skirmishes and hand-to-hand fighting the mutual slaughter continued without let up. Since the ripe ears were there before them, ready to be reaped, they settled with their blood the question who was to have the essential food. No one waited on the urging of his commander: nature itself, confronting them with the cold logic of deprivation, spurred them on to bravery. Each man stoutly faced the prospect of dying by the sword because he feared death by privation.

25. Sulla’s conduct of affairs was effective and89 b.c. energetic, and he gained fame and a good reputation in Rome. The populace considered him worthy to be elected consul, and his name was on everyone’s lips as a result of his courage and military skill. In short, it was quite evident that he was a man who would be elevated to some higher pinnacle of glory.2

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26. Ὅτι ὁ Μιθριδάτης τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίας1 κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν νικήσας καὶ πολλοὺς ζωγρήσας, ἅπαντας τιμήσας καὶ ἐσθῆσι καὶ ἐφοδίοις ἀπέλυσεν εἰς τὰς πατρίδας. διαβοηθείσης δὲ τῆς τοῦ Μιθριδάτου φιλανθρωπίας, ἐνέπεσεν εἰς τὰς πόλεις ὁρμὴ προστίθεσθαι τῷ βασιλεῖ, παρῆν δὲ ὁρᾶν ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν πόλεων πρεσβευτὰς μετὰ ψηφισμάτων καλούντων αὐτὸν εἰς τὰς ἰδίας πατρίδας καὶ θεὸν καὶ σωτῆρα προσαγορευόντων. ἀκολούθως δὲ τούτοις καὶ κατὰ τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ βασιλέως ἀπήντων αἱ πόλεις ἐκχεόμεναι πανδημεὶ μετ᾿ ἐσθῆτος λαμπρᾶς καὶ πολλῆς χαρᾶς.

27. Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐπικρατοῦντος Μιθριδάτου καὶ τῶν πόλεων ἀφισταμένων ἀκατασχέτως ἀπὸ Ῥωμαίων, οἱ ἐν τῇ Λέσβῳ διέγνωσαν οὐ μόνον ἑαυτοὺς ἐγχειρίσαι τῷ βασιλεῖ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν Ἀκίλλιον εἰς Μιτυλήνην συμπεφευγότα καὶ νοσοκομούμενον παραδοῦναι τῷ Μιθριδάτῃ. ἐπιλέξαντες οὖν τῶν νέων τοὺς ἀλκῇ διαφέροντας ἔπεμψαν ἐπὶ τὸ κατάλυμα. οἱ δὲ ἀθρόοι προσπεσόντες τούτῳ καὶ τὸν Ἀκίλλιον ἁρπάσαντες ἔδησαν, ὡς καλλίστην τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ κεχαρισμένην δωρεὰν ἐκπέμψοντες.

2Ὁ δέ, καίπερ νέος ὢν παντελῶς τὴν ἡλικίαν, ἐτόλμησεν ἐπιτελέσασθαι πρᾶξιν ἡρωικήν· φθάσας

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26. Mithridates, having been victorious over the88 b.c. Roman command in Asia, and having taken many prisoners, presented them all with clothes and supplies for travel and sent them back to their own lands.1 As the fame of this generous conduct was spread abroad, the cities were swept by an impulse to attach themselves to the king. Embassies were to be seen from all the cities, bearing decrees inviting him to their lands and hailing him as their “god and saviour.” So, too, wherever the king appeared the cities poured forth bodily to meet him, their people clothed in festive garb and rejoicing greatly.

27. While Mithridates was gaining the ascendancy in Asia, and the cities, out of control, were revolting from Rome, the Lesbians decided not only to align themselves with the king, but also to arrest Aquillius,2 who had sought refuge in Mitylenê and was under medical treatment, and hand him over to Mithridates. They accordingly selected some of their most valiant young men and sent them to his lodgings. They descended upon the place in a group, and seizing Aquillius put him in fetters, thinking that he would be a magnificent and welcome gift for them to send to the king.

He,3 however, though a very young man, had the courage to perform an heroic deed. Forestalling the

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γὰρ τοὺς μέλλοντας συναρπάζειν αὐτόν,1 ἀντὶ τῆς ὕβρεως καὶ τῆς αἰσχρᾶς τιμωρίας ἠλλάξατο θάνατον. σφάζων γὰρ ἑαυτὸν καὶ τῇ δεινότητι τῆς πράξεως καταπληξάμενος τοὺς ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν ὁρμῶντας ἐποίησε μὴ τολμῆσαι πλησίον αὐτοῦ προελθεῖν2· μετὰ πάσης δὲ ἀδείας ἑαυτὸν ἀπαλλάξας τοῦ ζῆν καὶ τῶν ἐπιφερομένων κακῶν περιβόητον ἔσχε τὴν ἐπ᾿ εὐψυχίᾳ δόξαν.

28. Ὅτι καθόλου κατὰ τὴν ναυμαχίαν παρὰ τοῖς Ῥοδίοις πλὴν τοῦ πλήθους τὰ λοιπὰ πάντα μεγάλας εἶχεν ὑπεροχάς, τέχνη κυβερνητῶν, τάξις τῶν νηῶν, ἐρετῶν ἐμπειρία, δυνάμεις ἡγεμόνων, ἐπιβατῶν ἀρεταί· παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Καππάδοξιν3 ὑπῆρχον ἀπειρίαι καὶ ἀγυμνασίαι καὶ ἡ πάντων τῶν κακῶν παραιτία ἀταξία. προθυμίᾳ μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἐλείποντο τῶν Ῥοδίων, ὡς ἂν ἔχοντες ἐπίσκοπον καὶ θεατὴν τῶν κινδύνων τὸν βασιλέα καὶ τούτῳ σπεύδοντες ἐνδείκνυσθαι τὴν πρὸς αὐτὸν εὔνοιαν· μόνῳ δὲ ὑπερέχοντες τῷ πλήθει τῶν σκαφῶν περιεχέοντο τὰς πολεμίας ναῦς καὶ κυκλοῦντες εἰς μέσον αὐτὰς ἀπελάμβανον.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 319–321.)

29. Ὅτι ὁ Μάριος εἰς τὸν κάμπον καθ᾿ ἡμέραν βαδίζων ἐγυμνάζετο πρὸς τὰς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ χρείας· ἔσπευδε γὰρ τὴν τοῦ γήρως ἀσθένειαν καὶ βραδυτῆτα τῇ καθ᾿ ἡμέραν ἀθλήσει καὶ φιλοπονίᾳ πρὸς τοὐναντίον διορθώσασθαι.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 400.)

2Ὅτι Γάιος Μάριος τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπιφανέστατος γεγονὼς ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς νεότητος ἐζήλωσεν ἀφιλαργυρίαν, τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ὀρεχθείς· καὶ μεγάλας

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men who were about to arrest him, he chose death in preference to ill-usage and a shameful execution. He slew himself, and by this frightful act so stunned his assailants that they had no heart to appear near him. With utter fearlessness he departed this life with its approaching ills, and thereby gained widespread renown for his good courage.

28. In the fighting by sea1 the Rhodians enjoyed, in general, great superiority in everything but numbers: in the skill of their pilots, the marshalling of their ships, the experience of their oarsmen, the ability of their commanders, and the bravery of their marines. On the Cappadocian side, however, there was a lack of experience, a lack of training, and (the accessory cause of all troubles) a lack of discipline. In zeal, to be sure, they did not fall short of the Rhodians, inasmuch as the king was present in person to supervise and observe the fighting, and they were eager to demonstrate their loyalty to him. Since it was only in the number of their ships that they excelled, they swarmed about the enemy ships and sought to encircle and cut them off.

29. Marius walked every day to the Campus Martius and engaged in military exercises, for he was concerned to correct the weakness and sluggishness of old age by daily and industrious participation in athletics.2

In his younger days Gaius Marius, a man who attained the highest prominence, had aspired to noble achievements and had rigorously avoided all

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πράξεις ἐπί τε τῆς Λιβύης καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης κατεργασάμενος περιεποιήσατο τὴν περιβόητον ἐπιφάνειάν τε καὶ δόξαν. ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ ἐσχάτου γήρως ἐπιθυμήσας τὸν Μιθριδάτου τοῦ βασιλέως πλοῦτον καὶ τὴν ἐν ταῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν πόλεσιν εὐπορίαν εἰς τὸν ἴδιον μετενεγκεῖν βίον τοῖς ὅλοις ἔπταισε· τήν τε γὰρ αὐτῷ προϋπάρχουσαν εὐδαιμονίαν κατῄσχυνε καὶ τοῦ Σύλλα Κορνηλίου τὴν δεδομένην ἐπαρχίαν παραιρούμενος παρανόμως τῇ προσηκούσῃ 3περιέπεσε συμφορᾷ. οὐ μόνον γὰρ1 τὸν ἐπιθυμηθέντα πλοῦτον οὐκ ἔλαβεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἰδίαν οὐσίαν προσαπέβαλε, δημευθείσης2 αὐτοῦ τῆς ὑπάρξεως διὰ τὴν τῆς πλεονεξίας ὑπερβολήν. καταγνωσθεὶς δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς πατρίδος θανάτῳ καὶ διαδρὰς τὴν παραυτίκα τιμωρίαν ἠλᾶτο κατὰ τὴν χώραν μόνος φεύγων. καὶ τέλος ἐξέπεσε τῆς Λιβύης εἰς τὴν Νομαδίαν ἄδουλος,3 ἄπορος, ἔρημος φίλων.4 ὕστερον δὲ τῆς Ῥώμης ἐμπεσούσης εἰς πολέμους ἐμφυλίους, συνεργήσας τοῖς τῆς πατρίδος πολεμίοις5 οὐκ ἠρκέσθη τῇ καθόδῳ, πόλεμον δὲ ἐκκαύσας καὶ τυχὼν ὑπατείας τὸ ἕβδομον οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν ἔτι τῆς τύχης λαβεῖν πεῖραν, δεδιδαγμένος περὶ τῆς κατ᾿ 4αὐτὴν ἀβεβαιότητος μεγάλοις συμπτώμασι. προορώμενος γὰρ τὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ Σύλλα πόλεμον ἐπικρεμάμενον τῇ Ῥώμῃ μετέστησεν ἑαυτὸν ἐκ τοῦ ζῆν ἑκουσίως. ἀπολιπὼν δὲ ἀρχὰς μεγάλας πολέμων

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avarice; and both in Libya and Europe he accomplished great deeds, whereby he won for himself far-famed distinction and renown. But in his extreme old age, seized with a desire to bring into his own hands the wealth of King Mithridates and the riches of the Asiatic cities, he suffered total ruin, for he brought disgrace on the high good fortune he had previously enjoyed, and in the attempt to wrest illegally from Cornelius Sulla the province assigned to him brought down appropriate misfortune upon himself.1 Not only did he not obtain the wealth he coveted, but lost in addition what he already had, since as a result of his excessive greed all he possessed was confiscated. Condemned to death by his fatherland, he did indeed escape immediate execution but only to wander alone and hunted about the country, and was finally driven out of Libya2 to seek refuge in Libyan Numidia, without attendants, without means, without friends. Later, when Rome became involved in civil dissensions,87 b.c. he assisted the enemies3 of his country, and not content merely to return home from exile, kindled the flames of war. And though he obtained86 b.c. a seventh consulship, he did not venture to tempt Fortune further, his serious reverses having brought him to a realization of her fickle nature. Foreseeing that an attack upon Rome by Sulla was impending, he departed from life of his own volition. Yet since

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αἴτιος ἐγένετο τῷ τε υἱῷ καὶ τῇ πατρίδι τῶν ἐσχάτων ἀκληρημάτων· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἀναγκασθεὶς πολεμεῖν τοῖς κρείττοσι κατέστρεψεν ἀτυχῶς τὸν βίον συμπεφευγὼς ἐν τῇ διώρυγι, οἱ δὲ ἐν τῇ Ῥώμῃ καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ πόλεις ἐμπεσόντες εἰς τὸν πάλαι προκείμενον πόλεμον ταῖς προκατεσκευασμέναις 5περιέπεσον συμφοραῖς. οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐπιφανέστατοι τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Σκαιουόλαν1 καὶ Κράσσον φημί, ἐν συγκλήτῳ μιαιφονηθέντες ἀκρίτως προεσήμηναν ταῖς ἰδίαις ἀτυχίαις τὸ μέγεθος τῶν ἐσομένων κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἀτυχημάτων· οἱ πλεῖστοι γὰρ τῶν συγκλητικῶν καὶ τῶν ἐπιφανῶν ἀνδρῶν ὑπὸ τῶν περὶ τὸν Σύλλαν ἀνῃρέθησαν, στρατιῶται δὲ ἐν ταῖς στάσεσι καὶ μάχαις κατεκόπησαν οὐκ ἐλάττους τῶν δέκα μυριάδων. καὶ ταῦτα πάντα συνέβη τοῖς ἀνθρώποις διὰ τὸν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπιθυμηθέντα πλοῦτον ὑπὸ Μαρίου.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 321–322.)

30. Ὅτι ὁ περιμάχητος ἀνθρώποις πλοῦτος μεγάλαις περιβάλλει συμφοραῖς ἐνίοτε τοὺς ἐπιθυμήσαντας αὐτοῦ μεταλαβεῖν· προτρεπόμενος γὰρ εἰς ἀδήλους2 καὶ παρανόμους πράξεις, καὶ χορηγὸς γινόμενος πάσης ἀκρατοῦς ἡδονῆς, τοὺς ἄφρονας χειραγωγεῖ3 πρὸς τὰ φαῦλα τῶν ἔργων. τοιγαροῦν ὁρᾶν ἔστι τοὺς τοιούτους αὐτοὺς μὲν τοῖς μεγίστοις ἀκληρήμασι περιπίπτοντας, ταῖς δὲ πόλεσι τῶν 2ἀτυχημάτων γινομένους αἰτίους. τοσαύτην ὁ χρυσὸς ἔχει δύναμιν ἐπὶ κακῷ προτιμώμενος ἀφρόνως παρὰ ἀνθρώποις, οἵτινες διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς πρὸς τοῦτον ἐπιθυμίας παρ᾿ ἕκαστα προφέρονται

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he left in his wake abundant seeds of war, he brought upon both his son and his fatherland the most dire calamities. The son, compelled to do battle against superior forces, perished miserably after seeking vain refuge in the underground tunnel.1 Rome and the cities of Italy plunged into the long impending conflict, and suffered the disasters that stood ready and waiting for them. For example, the most outstanding men of Rome, I mean Scaevola2 and Crassus,3 were cruelly murdered without trial in the senate house, and their private misfortunes provided a foretaste of the great woes that were to descend upon all Italy. Indeed, the majority of the senators and men of distinction were put to death by Sulla and his party, and in the course of the struggles and dissensions no fewer than a hundred thousand soldiers were slain. All this befell mankind because of the wealth that Marius had so coveted at the beginning.

30. Wealth, which is so great a source of contention to mankind, sometimes brings grievous misfortunes upon those who covet it. It prompts men to dark and lawless deeds, panders to every licentious pleasure, and guides the heedless into unworthy conduct. Accordingly we see men of this sort involve themselves in great calamities, and also bring down disasters upon their cities. So great is wealth’s power for evil when it is fondly esteemed above all else! Yet in their excessive eagerness to possess it

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τούτους τοὺς στίχους τῶν ποιητῶν,

ὦ χρυσέ, δεξίωμα κάλλιστον βροτοῖς, ὡς οὔτε μήτηρ ἡδονὰς . . .1

καὶ πάλιν,

ἔα με κερδαίνοντα κεκλῆσθαι κακόν,

καὶ τὰ διὰ τῶν μελῶν πεποιημένα,

ὦ χρυσέ, βλάστημα χθονός, οἷον ἔρωτα βροτοῖσι φλέγεις, πάντων κράτιστε, πάντων2 τύραννε. πολεμοῦσι3 δ᾿ Ἄρεως κρείσσον᾿ ἔχων δύναμιν, πάντα θέλγεις· ἐπὶ γὰρ Ὀρφείαις μὲν ᾠδαῖς εἵπετο δένδρεα καὶ θηρῶν4 ἀνόητα γένη, σοὶ δὲ καὶ χθὼν πᾶσα καὶ πόντος καὶ ὁ παμμήστωρ Ἄρης.

3καίτοι γε πόσῳ κρεῖττόν ἐστιν ἐκφέρεσθαι5 τῶν ποιημάτων τὰ τὴν ἐναντίαν ἔχοντα τούτοις παράκλησιν,

πότνια6 σοφία, σύ μοι ἅνδανε· ὄλβου δ᾿ ἐμοὶ μὴ χρυσέου φαεννὰν7 ἀκτῖνα δαίμων διδοίη πάρος σοφίας ἢ τυραννίδα. Διὸς ἀπωτάτω8 κεῖται καλὸς θησαυρὸς ὅτῳ προσέβα.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 400–401.)

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men constantly recite these verses of the poets:

“O gold, fairest gift received by mortals! Such delights neither a mother . . .” 1

or again:

“Let me be called a scoundrel, so I but gain”2;

and the lyric verses:

“Gold, offshoot of earth, What passion you kindle among mortals, Mightiest of all, monarch of all! For men at war your strength outstrips the strength of Ares; All things feel your spell. At Orpheus’ songs Trees followed and the witless race of beasts: You, however, draw after you the whole earth and sea and all-devising Ares.”3

Yet how much better it would be to cull from the poets lines that have just the opposite message:

“Lady Wisdom, be my delight. May the gods not bestow upon me, Sooner than wisdom’s self, tyranny Or the bright gleam of golden riches. Farthest from Zeus stands he To whom fair treasure has come nigh.”4

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Fragmenta Librorum XXXVIII Et XXXIX

5. Ἐντεῦθεν ὁ ἐμφύλιος ἀνεφάνη πόλεμος β΄ καὶ ξ΄ καὶ χ΄ [ἔτει, βραχὺ] μετὰ τὸν ἀν

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καθ᾿ ὃ ἡ π[ρὸς Μιθρι]δάτην ἤρξατο Ῥωμαίοις ἀπ[έχθει]α.1 ἐπισημῆναι2 δὲ τὴν τῶν μελλόντων κακῶν φορὰν ἄ[λλα τε]3 πολλὰ Λίβιός τε καὶ Διόδωρος ἱστόρησαν καὶ ἐξ ἀνεφέλου τοῦ ἀέρος καὶ αἰθρίας πολλῆς ἦχον ἀκουσθῆναι σάλπιγγος, ὀξὺν ἀποτεινούσης καὶ θρηνώδη φθόγγον. καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἀκούσαντας ἅπαντας ἔκφρονας ὑπὸ τοῦ δέους γενέσθαι, τοὺς δὲ Τυρρηνῶν4 μάντεις μεταβολὴν τοῦ γένους καὶ μετακόσμησιν ἀποφήνασθαι σημαίνειν τὸ τέρας. εἶναι μὲν γὰρ ἀνθρώπων ὀκτὼ γένη, διαφερόντων5 τοῖς βίοις καὶ τοῖς ἤθεσιν ἀλλήλων· ἑκάστῳ δὲ ἀφωρίσθαι6 χρόνον περαινόμενον ἐνιαυτοῦ μεγάλου περιόδῳ. τῆς δ᾿ οὖν7 προτέρας περιόδου τελευτώσης καὶ ἑτέρας ἀνισταμένης8 κινεῖσθαί9 τι σημεῖον ἐκ γῆς ἢ οὐρανοῦ θαυμάσιον, ᾗ10 δῆλον εὐθὺς τοῖς τὰ τοιαῦτα11 σοφοῖς

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Fragments of Books XXXVIII and XXXIX

5. Then came the outbreak of the civil war, in the88 b.c. 662nd1 year, soon after the . . . which gave rise to Rome’s hatred for Mithridates. The onset of the impending troubles was portended, as Livy and Diodorus relate,2 by many signs; in particular, out of a clear and cloudless sky the sound of a great trumpet was heard, prolonging a shrill and mournful note. All who heard it were beside themselves with fear, and the Etruscan soothsayers declared that the portent betokened a change in the race and a new world order. There were, they said, eight races of men, each different from the others in manners and customs. To each of them God has assigned an age, whose completion coincides with the period of a great year. Whenever the old period draws to an end and a new one is coming to birth, some wondrous sign is sent forth from earth or heaven, whereby it is at once evident to those who are learned in such matters that

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γίνεσθαι ὅτι καὶ τρόποις ἄλλοις καὶ βίοις ἄνθρωποι χρώμενοι γεγόνασι καὶ θεοῖς ἧττον1 τῶν προτέρων μέλοντες.2 ταῦτα μὲν οὖν εἴτε οὕτως εἴτε ἄλλως ἔχει σκοπεῖν παρίημι, καίτοι λαβόντος ἐκ τῶν ἐπιγενομένων πιθανότητά τινα τοῦ λόγου. τῷ γὰρ ὄντι ἐκ τοῦδε τὰ Ῥωμαίων λογιζομένῳ ἥ τε πολιτεία πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον ἅπασα μεταπέπτωκε καὶ ἄνθρωποι φαύλοις χρησάμενοι τρόποις ἤνθησαν.

(Joannes Antiochenus, Νέος Ἑλληνομνήμων, 1 (1904), pp. 17–18; cp. Exc. Planudea, 37,3 Suidas, s.v. Σύλλας, Plutarch, Sulla, 7. 6–9.)

1. Ὅτι ἀπεστάλησαν πρεσβευταὶ πρὸς τὸν Κίνναν Ῥωμαίων περὶ συλλύσεως· οἷς ἀπόκρισιν ἔδωκεν ὡς4 ὕπατος ἐξεληλυθὼς5 οὐ προσεδέξατο6 τὴν ἐπάνοδον ἐν ἰδιώτου σχήματι ποιήσασθαι.

2. Ὅτι ὕστερον τοῦ Μετέλλου μεθ᾿ ἧς εἶχε δυνάμεως πλησιάσαντος τῇ τοῦ Κίννα παρεμβολῇ καὶ συνελθόντος εἰς λόγους, συνεφώνησεν ὥστε στρατηγὸν εἶναι τὸν Κίνναν, καὶ πρῶτος ὁ Μέτελλος ὠνόμασε στρατηγόν. ἀμφότεροι δὲ ἐπὶ τοῖς πραχθεῖσι κατηγορίας ἠξιώθησαν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ Μάριος κατὰ πρόσωπον γενόμενος ἔφησε δεῖν σχεδὸν ἤδη

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men have now appeared on earth whose ways and manners are different, and who are of less concern to the gods.1 Whether this is so or not I omit to inquire, though the argument gains a certain plausibility from the sequel of events. For indeed, if one considers the history of Rome from this point on, the body politic changed altogether for the worse and men of evil ways flourished.

1. Emissaries of the Roman people were sent to87 b.c. Cinna2 to arrange a settlement. He replied, however, that since he had left the city as its consul he did not expect to return in the status of a private citizen.

2. Later Metellus3 with such forces as he still possessed approached the encampment of Cinna, and after conferring with him agreed to recognize Cinna as consul,4 Metellus being the first to address him by that title. Both men were subjected to denunciation on this score. Marius, on encountering Cinna, told him to his face that with victory all

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νενικηκότα μὴ καταλύειν τὴν δεδομένην αὐτοῖς ὑπὸ θεοῦ ἐξουσίαν· ὁ δὲ Μέτελλος ὡς ἀνέκαμψεν, εἰς μεγάλην ἦλθε διάστασιν πρὸς τὸν Ὀκτάουιον, οἷον1 2προδότης ὢν τῶν τε ὑπάτων καὶ τῆς πατρίδος. ὁ δὲ Ὀκτάουιος οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ συγχωρήσειν ἑαυτὸν ἔφη καὶ τὴν Ῥώμην ὑπὸ τὴν Κίννου δεσποτείαν. καὶ γὰρ ἂν πάντες αὐτὸν καταλίπωσιν,2 ὅμως ἑαυτὸν διατηρήσειν ἄξιον τῆς ἡγεμονίας καὶ μετὰ τῶν τὰ αὐτὰ φρονούντων . . .3· ἐὰν δὲ ἀπογνῷ πάσας τὰς ἐλπίδας, ὑφάψειν μὲν τὴν ἰδίαν οἰκίαν, συγκατακαύσειν δὲ αὑτὸν μετὰ τῆς οἰκείας οὐσίας καὶ τὸν μετ᾿ ἐλευθερίας θάνατον εὐγενῶς ἀναδέξεσθαι.4

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 401.)

3. Ὅτι Μερόλας ὁ αἱρεθεὶς ὕπατος εἰς τὸν τοῦ Κίννα τόπον μετὰ τὸ σύνθεσιν ποιήσασθαι τὸ μὴ περαίτερον5 ὑπατεῦσαι ἔδοξε πρᾶξιν ἀγαθοῦ σφόδρα πολίτου πρᾶξαι. ἔν τε γὰρ τῷ συνεδρίῳ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ διαλεγόμενος περὶ τῶν κοινῇ συμφερόντων, ἀρχηγὸς ἐπηγγείλατο γενέσθαι6 τῆς ὁμονοίας· ἄκων γὰρ ᾑρημένος ὕπατος ἑκουσίως ἔφη παραχωρήσειν τῷ Κίννᾳ τῆς ἀρχῆς, καὶ παραχρῆμα ἰδιώτης ἐγένετο. ἡ δὲ σύγκλητος ἐξέπεμψε πρεσβευτὰς τοὺς ποιησομένους τὰς συνθήκας καὶ τὸν Κίνναν ὕπατον εἰσάξοντας εἰς τὴν πόλιν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 322.)

4. Ὅτι οἱ περὶ τὸν Κίνναν καὶ Μάριον συνεδρεύσαντες μετὰ τῶν ἐπιφανεστάτων ἡγεμόνων ἐβουλεύοντο ὅπως βεβαίως καταστήσωσι τὴν εἰρήνην·

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but won he ought not to be undermining the power that the gods had granted them, while Metellus, on his return, had a violent disagreement with Octavius,1 who called him a traitor to the consuls and to his country. Octavius declared that under no circumstances would he allow himself and the city of Rome to fall a prey to Cinna. And even if everyone deserted him, he would still remain true to his high office, and with men of like mind would. . . . But if he lost all hope he would set fire to his own house and perish in the flames together with all his personal effects, and with honour intact would submit voluntarily to death while still enjoying liberty.

3. Merula,2 the man who had been chosen consul to replace Cinna, was considered to have acted as a thoroughly good citizen would, once the agreement had been reached that he should no longer hold the consulship. Speaking both in the senate and before the people on the best course of action for the state, he offered his services as promoter of concord: as it had been against his wishes that he was made consul, so now of his own free will he would cede the office to Cinna. So in an instant he returned to private life. The senate then dispatched emissaries3 to conclude the agreement and to escort Cinna into the city as its consul.

4.Cinna and Marius met with the most eminent leaders to consider how to establish the peace on a

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τέλος ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς τοὺς ἐπιφανεστάτους τῶν ἐχθρῶν καὶ δυναμένους ἀμφισβητῆσαι πραγμάτων πάντας ἀποκτεῖναι, ὅπως καθαρᾶς γενομένης τῆς ἰδίας αἱρέσεως καὶ μερίδος ἀδεῶς τὸ λοιπὸν καὶ ὡς ἂν βούλωνται μετὰ τῶν φίλων διοικῶσι τὰ κατὰ 2τὴν ἡγεμονίαν. εὐθὺς οὖν τῶν μὲν γεγενημένων συνθέσεων καὶ πίστεων ἠμέλησαν, σφαγαὶ δὲ τῶν καταψηφισθέντων αὐτοῖς ἄκριτοι καὶ πανταχοῦ ἐγίνοντο. Κόιντος δὲ Λουτάτιος ὁ Κάτλος, τεθριαμβευκὼς μὲν ἐπισήμως ἀπὸ Κίμβρων, ἀγαπώμενος δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν περιττότερον, ὑπό τινος δημάρχου κατηγορίας ἐτύγχανεν ἐν τῷ δήμῳ 3θανάτου. φοβούμενος δὲ τὸν ἐκ τῆς συκοφαντίας κίνδυνον ἧκεν εἰς τὸν Μάριον, δεόμενος τυχεῖν βοηθείας. ὁ δὲ τὸ μὲν ἔμπροσθεν ἐγεγόνει φίλος, τότε δ᾿ ἔκ τινος ὑποψίας ἀλλοτρίως ἔχων πρὸς αὐτὸν τοῦτο μόνον ἀπεκρίθη, Θανεῖν δεῖ. καὶ ὁ Κάτλος ἀπογνοὺς μὲν τὰς τῆς σωτηρίας ἐλπίδας, σπεύδων δὲ χωρὶς ὕβρεως καταστρέψαι τὸν βίον, ἑαυτὸν τοῦ ζῆν μετέστησεν ἰδίῳ τινὶ καὶ παρηλλαγμένῳ τρόπῳ· συγκλείσας ἑαυτὸν εἰς οἶκον νεόχριστον καὶ τὴν ἐκ τῆς κονίας ἀναφορὰν πυρὶ καὶ καπνῷ συναυξήσας τῇ τῆς ἀναπνοῆς φθορᾷ περιπνιγὴς γενόμενος μετήλλαξεν.

(Photius, Bibl. p. 381 B.)

Chap. 5: see above, before Chap. 1.

6. Ὅτι ἐπὶ ταῖς τῶν πολιτῶν σφαγαῖς καὶ ταῖς ὑπὲρ ἄνθρωπον παρανομίαις ταχέως ἐκ θεῶν τις Κίννᾳ καὶ Μαρίῳ ἠκολούθησε νέμεσις. Σύλλας γάρ,

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firm basis. The decision at which they finally arrived was to put to death the most prominent of their opponents, all in fact who were capable of challenging their power. Thus, when their own party and faction had been purged, they and their friends could thenceforth conduct their administration without fear and to suit themselves. Accordingly they immediately disregarded their sworn agreements and pledges, and the men marked for death were slaughtered right and left without a hearing. Quintus Lutatius Catulus,1 who had triumphed signally over the Cimbri and was held in particular affection by his fellow citizens, found himself accused before the people by a certain tribune of a capital crime. Fearing the risk involved in this legal trumpery, he turned to Marius with a request for aid. Marius, though in times past his friend, had now, because something aroused his suspicion, turned against him, and gave as his only answer: “You must die.” Catulus, left with no hope of survival, but anxious to end his days without being subjected to base indignities, took his departure from life in a quite original and extraordinary manner. Locking himself in a freshly plastered room, he intensified the fumes from the lime with fire and smoke, and by suffocating himself in the noxious vapours ended his days.

6. In consequence of their butchery of the citizens and their monstrous crimes a divinely appointed Nemesis pursued Cinna and Marius.2 For Sulla,

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εἷς ἐκ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑπολειφθείς, περὶ τὴν Βοιωτίαν τὰς Μιθριδάτου δυνάμεις κατακόψας καὶ τὰς Ἀθήνας ἐκπολιορκήσας, εἶτα Μιθριδάτην σύμμαχον ποιησάμενος καὶ παραλαβὼν αὐτοῦ τὸν στόλον ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν. ἐν ἀκαρεῖ δὲ χρόνῳ κατακόψας τὰς περὶ Κίνναν καὶ Μάριον δυνάμεις κύριος ἐγένετο πάσης Ῥώμης καὶ Ἰταλίας, καὶ πάντας τοὺς μετὰ Κίννα μιαιφονήσαντας ἀπέσφαξεν, καὶ τὴν Μαριανὴν συγγένειαν1 ἐκ βάθρων ἦρε. διὸ καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν μετρίων ἀνδρῶν τὴν τῶν προκαταρξάντων τῆς μιαιφονίας τιμωρίαν εἰς τὴν τῶν θεῶν πρόνοιαν ἀνέπεμπον· κάλλιστον γὰρ παράδειγμα2 τοῖς ἀσεβῆ βίον αἱρουμένοις πρὸς διόρθωσιν κακίας ἀπελέλειπτο.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 402.)

7. Ὅτι ὁ Σύλλας χρημάτων ἀπορούμενος ἐπέβαλε τὰς χεῖρας τρισὶν ἱεροῖς, ἐν οἷς ἀναθημάτων ἀργυρῶν τε καὶ χρυσῶν πλῆθος ἦν, ἐν μὲν Δελφοῖς τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι καθιερωμένα,3 ἐν Ἐπιδαύρῳ δὲ τῷ Ἀσκληπιῷ, ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ δὲ τῷ Διί. πλεῖστα δὲ ἔλαβεν ἐξ Ὀλυμπίας διὰ τὸ μεμενηκέναι τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦτο ἄσυλον ἐξ αἰῶνος· τῶν γὰρ ἐν Δελφοῖς χρημάτων Φωκεῖς τὰ πλεῖστα διεφόρησαν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ κληθέντι πολέμῳ. ὁ δὲ Σύλλας πολὺν ἄργυρον καὶ χρυσόν, ἔτι δὲ τὴν ἄλλην πολυτελῆ κατασκευὴν ἀναλαβὼν ἤθροισε χρημάτων πλῆθος πρὸς τοὺς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ προσδοκωμένους πολέμους. ἀδεισιδαιμόνως δὲ τῇ λήψει τῶν ἱερῶν χρημάτων προσενεχθεὶς χώραν ἀντὶ τούτων καθιέρωσε τοῖς θεοῖς εἰς τὰς κατ᾿ ἔτος προσόδους. εὐτραπελευόμενος δὲ

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their one surviving opponent, after cutting to pieces the forces of Mithridates in Boeotia and forcing Athens to capitulate, made an ally of Mithridates, and taking over the king’s fleet returned home to Italy. In a trice he smashed the forces of Cinna and Marius and brought the whole of Rome and Italy into his power. He had the whole murderous crew of Cinna’s men put to the sword, and utterly wiped out the Marian brood. Hence many of the moderates imputed the punishment of the men who had inaugurated the reign of terror to the workings of divine Providence, inasmuch as a most excellent object lesson had been bequeathed to those who elect an impious course, to turn them from the ways of wickedness.

7. Sulla, being in need of money, laid hands on three sanctuaries that possessed a wealth of offerings in gold and silver: those consecrated to Apollo at Delphi, to Asclepius at Epidaurus, and to Zeus at Olympia.1 His largest haul was at Olympia, since that sanctuary had remained inviolate through the ages, whereas most of the treasures at Delphi had been plundered by the Phocians during the so-called “Sacred War.” Sulla, by appropriating large amounts of gold and silver, and any other objects of value, amassed ample funds for the anticipated war in Italy. And though he showed no scruples in seizing the sacred treasures, in their stead he did consecrate land to the gods to provide them an annual revenue.2 He would say in jest that his

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ἀπεφαίνετο κρατεῖν τῷ πολέμῳ πάντως διὰ τὸ τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτῷ συνεργεῖν, εἰσενηνοχότας χρημάτων πολύ τι πλῆθος αὐτῷ.

8. Ὅτι Φιμβρίας κατὰ τὴν ὁδοιπορίαν πολὺ προέχων τοῖς διαστήμασι τοῦ Φλάκκου καιρὸν ἔσχε μεγάλοις ἐπιχειρῆσαι τολμήμασι1· καὶ σπεύδων τοὺς στρατιώτας ἰδίους κατασκευάσασθαι ταῖς εὐνοίαις συνεχώρησεν αὐτοῖς τὴν χώραν τῶν συμμάχων ὡς πολεμίαν διαρπάζειν καὶ τοὺς περιτυχόντας ἐξανδραποδίζεσθαι. ἀσμένως δὲ προσδεξαμένων τῶν στρατιωτῶν τὴν συγχώρησιν, ἐν ὀλίγαις ἡμέραις περιεποιήσαντο χρημάτων πλῆθος. οἱ δὲ διαρπαγέντες ἀπήντησαν τῷ ὑπάτῳ καὶ περὶ τῶν καθ᾿ αὑτοὺς ἀπωδύροντο. ὁ δὲ περιαλγὴς γενόμενος προσέταξεν ἀκολουθεῖν, ὅπως τὰ ἴδια κομίσωνται, αὐτὸς δὲ τῷ Φιμβρίᾳ διαπειλησάμενος προσέταξεν τὰ διαφορηθέντα τοῖς ἀπολωλεκόσιν ἀποκαταστῆσαι. ὁ δὲ τὴν πᾶσαν αἰτίαν ἐπὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας ἀνέπεμπεν, ὡς ἄνευ τῆς αὑτοῦ γνώμης πάντα πεπραχότας· τοῖς δὲ στρατιώταις κατ᾿ ἰδίαν παρήγγειλεν μὴ προσέχειν τοῖς προστάγμασιν,2 ἀλλὰ τὰ διὰ τῶν ὅπλων κτηθέντα τῷ τοῦ πολέμου νόμῳ μὴ προέσθαι. τοῦ δὲ Φλάκκου μετὰ ἀνατάσεως προστάττοντος ἀποδιδόναι τὰ διηρπασμένα, τῶν δὲ στρατιωτῶν οὐ προσεχόντων, ταραχὴ καὶ στάσις κατεῖχε τὸ στράτευμα.

2Ὅτι ὁ Φιμβρίας διαβεβηκὼς τὸν Ελλήσποντον,3 τοὺς στρατιώτας πρὸς παρανομίαν καὶ ἁρπαγὴν παρορμήσας χρήματα τὰς πόλεις εἰσεπράττετο καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις ταῦτα διένεμεν. οἱ δὲ εἰς ἀνυπεύθυνον

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supremacy in battle was assured, since the gods, by their large contributions to his war chest, were aiding his cause.

8. During the march Fimbria, being far in advance86/5 b.c. of Flaccus,1 found an opportunity to attempt great ventures, and in the interest of winning the affections of his troops gave them licence to plunder the territory of the allies as if it were enemy country, enslaving anyone they encountered. The soldiers, receiving this permission with delight, within a few days amassed much wealth. Those who had been despoiled waited upon the consul with their tale of woe. He was distressed and told them to come along with him so that they might recover their goods, and he himself ordered Fimbria, with threats, to make restitution of the plunder to those who had suffered the losses. Fimbria attempted to shift all the blame to his men, saying that they had done all they did without his approval, but privately he passed word along to his troops to pay no attention to the orders, and not to surrender what they had acquired by force of arms and under the rules of war. And when Flaccus gave even more urgent orders to return the stolen goods, and the soldiers still paid no heed, disorder and mutiny spread rampant among the host.

Once across the Hellespont, Fimbria incited the troops to acts of violence and rapine, exacted money from the cities, and divided the proceeds among his men. They, raised to a position of irresponsible

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ἐξουσίαν προαχθέντες καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐλπίδα τῆς ὠφελείας μετεωρισθέντες ὡς κοινὸν εὐεργέτην ἠγάπων. τὰς δὲ μὴ ὑπακουσάσας1 πόλεις ἐκπολιορκῶν εἰς διαρπαγὴν ἐχαρίζετο τοῖς στρατιώταις. καὶ Νικομήδειαν παρέδωκε τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰς διαρπαγήν.

3Ὅτι ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ εἰς2 Κύζικον παρελθὼν ὡς φίλος τοῖς μὲν εὐπορωτάτοις τῶν πολιτῶν ἐμέμφετο θανάτου καταιτιασάμενος· δύω δὲ εἰς κατάπληξιν καὶ φόβον τῶν ἄλλων καταδίκους ποιήσας καὶ ῥαβδίσας ἐπελέκισε. τὰς δὲ οὐσίας αὐτῶν ἀναλαβὼν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις διὰ τῶν προαπολωλότων μέγαν φόβον ἐπιστήσας ἠνάγκασε λύτρα τῆς σωτηρίας ὅλας τὰς ὑπάρξεις αὐτῷ προέσθαι.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 322–323.

4Ὅτι ὁ Φιμβρίας3 τὴν ἐπαρχίαν ἐν ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ τοσούτοις περιέβαλεν ἀτυχήμασιν ὅσοις εἰκὸς ἦν περιβαλεῖν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ πράττειν ὃ βούλεται τηλικαύτῃ δυσσεβείᾳ περιπεποιημένον. τὴν γὰρ Φρυγίαν κατασύρων πρηστῆρος τρόπον ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν περιπεσόντων περιτροπῇ4 ἁπάσης πόλεως κατέσκηπτε. ὁ δὲ στερήσας ἑαυτὸν τοῦ ζῆν μιᾷ τελευτῇ πολλῶν θανάτων ἐχρεοκόπησεν ὀφειλήματα.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 402.)

9. Ὅτι Γνάιος Πομπήιος στρατιωτικὸν βίον ἑλόμενος ἐνεκαρτέρει ταῖς καθ᾿ ἡμέραν κακοπαθείαις

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power and stirred by the prospect of gain, held him dear as a public benefactor. If any cities failed to comply, he forced their surrender and turned them over to his men for plunder. Nicomedeia,1 for example, he handed over to his troops to be plundered.

This same Fimbria, after entering Cyzicus, ostensibly85 b.c. as a friend, brought complaints against the wealthiest men in town, charging them with certain capital offences. In order to strike fear and horror into the rest he found two of them guilty, and had them scourged and beheaded. Then, having confiscated their property, and cowed the others by the fate meted out to his first victims, he compelled the remaining defendants to purchase their lives by surrendering their entire property to him.

In a short while Fimbria brought such disasters on the province as one might expect from a man who had resorted to such impious methods to win the power to do as he pleased. Devastating Phrygia like a hurricane, he swooped down upon the cities and overturned all who came in his path. And when at last he died by his own hand, he died but once who should have died a thousand deaths.2

9. Gnaeus Pompey, having chosen for his career83 b.c. the life of a soldier, put up with its day-by-day discomforts,

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καὶ ταχὺ τὸ πρωτεῖον ἀπηνέγκατο τῆς ἐν τοῖς πολεμικοῖς ἔργοις ἀσκήσεως. πᾶσαν δὲ1 ῥᾳστώνην καὶ σχολὴν ἀποτριψάμενος διετέλει καὶ μεθ᾿ ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτωρ ἀεί τι πράττων τῶν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον χρησίμων. διαίτῃ μὲν γὰρ ἐχρῆτο λιτῇ, λουτρῶν δὲ καὶ συμπεριφορᾶς τρυφὴν ἐχούσης ἀπείχετο. καὶ τὴν μὲν τροφὴν καθήμενος προσεφέρετο, πρὸς δὲ τὸν ὕπνον ἀπεμέριζε χρόνον ἐλάττονα τῆς ἐκ τῆς φύσεως ἀνάγκης· τὸν δὲ ἐν νυκτὶ πόνον παρεδίδου τῇ μεθ᾿ ἡμέραν ἐπιμελείᾳ,2 ἐπαγρυπνῶν τοῖς τῆς στρατηγίας ἐντεύγμασι· διὰ δὲ3 τῆς συνήθους τῶν ἀπίστων μελέτης ἀθλητὴς ἐγένετο τῶν κατὰ πόλεμον ἀγώνων. τοιγαροῦν ὅσῳ χρόνῳ τις ἕτοιμον οὐκ ἂν παρέλαβε στράτευμα, πολὺ τάχιον οὗτος συνελέξατο καὶ διατάξας καθώπλισε. προσαγγελθεισῶν δὲ τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν πράξεων εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην, ἅπαντες οὐ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἀλλὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν αὐτοῦ λογιζόμενοι κατ᾿ ἀρχὰς κατεφρόνησαν, ὡς τῶν προσαγγελλόντων κενῶς τὰ περὶ αὐτὸν τραγῳδούντων· ὡς δ᾿ ἡ προσηγγελμένη φήμη διὰ τῶν ἀποτελεσμάτων ἀληθὴς ἐφάνη, ἡ σύγκλητος ἐξέπεμψεν Ἰούνιον, ὃν τρεψάμενος ἐνίκησεν.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), pp. 323–324.)

10. Ὅτι Γνάιος Πομπήιος καλὰς ἀμοιβὰς τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀπενεγκάμενος καὶ τοῦ πρωτείου τυχὼν διὰ τὴν ἀνδρείαν, ἀκολούθως τοῖς ὑπηργμένοις4 τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα ἔπραξε καὶ τὴν περὶ αὑτὸν αὔξησιν διὰ

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and soon won the highest honours for the practice of the military arts. Declining all ease and leisure, he busied himself day and night with whatever would stand him in good stead as a warrior. He kept to a spare diet, and avoided the bath and any society that entailed luxurious habits. He took his food seated,1 and apportioned less time for sleep than nature requires, working at night on the problems he faced by day, and spending his sleepless hours in the study of works on strategy. By this constant rehearsing of unlikely contingencies he became a master of warfare and the art of combat. Consequently, in far less time than another man would need to take over command of an army that stood ready, he assembled an army, equipped it and put it in battle array.2 When his achievements were reported in Rome, everyone at first took them lightly, considering his years rather than his ability, and assuming that the bringers of the news were idly inflating the tale with heroic pomp. But when events demonstrated the truth of the reports, the senate sent out Iunius,3 whom he routed and overcame.

10. Gnaeus Pompey, whose virtues had been so richly rewarded and whose manly spirit had won him the highest laurels,4 achieved further success after the pattern so laid down and apprised Sulla

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γραμμάτων ἐδήλωσε τῷ Σύλλᾳ. ὁ δ᾿ ἐπὶ1 πολλῶν ἄλλων θαυμάσας τὸν νεανίσκον, τοῖς μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ συγκλητικοῖς ἐπέπληττε παρονειδίζων ἅμα καὶ προκαλούμενος πρὸς τὸν ὅμοιον ζῆλον· θαυμάζειν γὰρ ἔφησεν εἰ νέος μὲν παντελῶς τηλικοῦτον στράτευμα τῶν2 πολεμίων ἀφήρπακεν, οἱ δὲ τῇ τε ἡλικίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ἀξιώμασι πολὺ προέχοντες οὐδὲ τοὺς ἰδίους οἰκέτας εἰς συμμαχίαν γνησίαν δεδύνηνται παρέχεσθαι.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 402–403.)

Chap. 11: see below, after Chap. 16.

16. Ὅτι καταλειφθέντος τοῦ Σκιπίωνος μόνου μετὰ τὸ διαφθαρῆναι χρήμασι καὶ ἀποστῆναι πάντας καὶ ἀπεγνωκότος τὴν σωτηρίαν, ὁ Σύλλας ἱππεῖς ἀπέστειλε πρὸς αὐτὸν τοὺς παραπέμψοντας μετ᾿ ἀσφαλείας3 ὅποι βούλοιτο. ὁ δὲ Σκιπίων ἐν ἀκαρεῖ χρόνῳ τὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς4 ἀξίωμα μεταθεῖναι5 συναναγκασθεὶς εἰς ἰδιωτικὸν βίον καὶ ταπεινὸν σχῆμα, διὰ τὴν ἐπιείκειαν ὑπὸ τοῦ Σύλλα παρεπέμφθη ταχέως εἰς ἣν ἐβούλετο πόλιν. εἶτα τὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἀνακτησάμενος κόσμια6 πάλιν δυνάμεως ἱκανῆς ἀφηγεῖτο.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 324.)

Chap. 17: see below, after Chap. 15.

11. Ὅτι τὸν Ἀδριανὸν τὸν στρατηγὸν τῆς Ἰτύκης ζῶντα ἔκαυσαν οἱ Ἰτυκηνοί. τὸ δὲ πραχθὲν καίπερ ὂν δεινὸν οὐκ ἔτυχε κατηγορίας διὰ τὴν τοῦ παθόντος κακίαν.

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by letter of his growing strength. Sulla, who had on many other occasions expressed admiration for the young man, castigated the men of senatorial rank who happened to be present, holding them up to shame and at the same time exhorting them to a like zeal. It was astonishing, he said, that a mere youth could have wrested so large an army from the toe,1 while they, who were so far ahead of him in years and rank, had not been able to command the unfeigned support even of their own servants.

16. When the men, bribed and corrupted, had all deserted, and Scipio2 was left alone without hope of survival, Sulla sent horsemen to escort him safely to whatever place he desired. Thus Scipio, who in a single moment had been forced to lay aside the dignity of office for private life and a lowly status, by the mercies of Sulla was escorted to the city of his choice. Thereupon he assumed again the insignia of office and once more was in command of a large army.3

11. Hadrianus,4 the propraetor in command at82 b.c. Utica, was burnt alive by the Uticans. The deed, terrible though it was, occasioned no denunciations because of the wickedness of the victim.

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12. Ὅτι τῷ Μαρίῳ τῷ υἱῷ Μαρίου ὑπατεύσαντι οὐκ ὀλίγοι καὶ τῶν κατὰ νόμον τετελεκότων τὴν στρατίαν ἐθελοντὴν ἔσπευσαν τῷ νεανίσκῳ1 κοινωνῆσαι τῶν κατὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἀγώνων, καὶ πρεσβύτεροι ταῖς ἡλικίαις ὄντες ἐνδείξασθαι τοῖς νεωτέροις ὅ τι δύναται πολεμικῶν ἔργων μελέτη καὶ συνήθεια παρατάξεων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ δεινῶν.

13. Ἔλεγχοι πικροὶ καὶ κατὰ πόλιν καὶ κατ᾿2 ἔθνος καὶ ποικίλαι πεῖραι προσήγοντο τοῦ γνωσθῆναι πῶς ἔχουσι πρὸς αὐτούς. ἠναγκάζοντο γὰρ διὰ τῆς ὑποκρίσεως πρὸς ἀμφοτέρους τοῖς προσποιήμασι μετοκλάζειν καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἀεὶ παρόντας ἀπονεύειν. τῶν γὰρ ἀντιπολεμούντων οἱ πρὸς τὴν στρατολογίαν ἀποδεδειγμένοι καὶ κατὰ πρόσωπον παρόντες καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους διαφιλοτιμούμενοι τοῖς ἀκριβεστάτοις ἐλέγχοις φανερὰν ἐποίουν τὴν τῶν πόλεων3 κρίσιν.

14. Ὅτι Μάριος διὰ τὴν σπάνιν τῶν ἀναγκαίων ὑπὸ τῶν στρατιωτῶν κατελέλειπτο, μόνος δὲ Μάρκος Περπέννας ὁ τῆς Σικελίας στρατηγός, διαπεμπομένου πρὸς αὐτὸν Σύλλα καὶ παρακαλοῦντος μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ τάττεσθαι, τοσοῦτον ἀπέσχε τοῦ πειθαρχεῖν ὥστε μὴ μόνον διατηρῆσαι τὴν πρὸς Μάριον εὔνοιαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ μετ᾿ ἀνατάσεως ἀποφῆναι ὅτι παντὶ σθένει διαβὰς ἐκ τῆς Σικελίας ἐξαρπάσει τὸν Μάριον ἐκ τοῦ Πραινεστοῦ.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 403.)

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12. When Marius the son of Marius became consul, not a few who had already completed their term of military service as set by law hastened of their own accord to join the young man1 in the conflict, and despite their years to demonstrate to their juniors how effective long training in warfare and familiarity with battlefields and other hazards of war can be.

13. City by city and nation by nation harsh tests were applied, and attempts of many sorts to find out where men stood in regard to them.2 Of necessity the people were constrained to shift the pretended loyalty that they assumed from one side to the other, and to incline toward whichever party was at hand. For representatives of the opposing belligerents assigned to the task of enlisting recruits kept appearing in person, and since they were striving to outdo one another, their highly exacting investigations brought the preference of the cities into the open.

14. As a result of the scarcity of all necessities Marius had been deserted by his troops. Only Marcus Perpenna, the praetor of Sicily, though approached by Sulla and urged to come over to his side, was so far from complying that he not only persisted in his loyalty to Marius, but even affirmed with passion that he would cross from Sicily with all the strength at his command and rescue Marius from Praenestê.3

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15. Ὅτι μεγάλη στάσις ἐμφύλιος ἤδη διαλυομένου τοῦ Μαρσικοῦ γέγονε πολέμου, ἧς ἡγοῦντο Σύλλας καὶ Γάιος Μάριος, νέος ὤν, ὁ Μαρίου τοῦ πολλάκις ὑπατευκότος, ἑπτάκις γὰρ ὑπάτευσε, παῖς. ἐν δὲ τῇ στάσει πολλαὶ μυριάδες ἀνθρώπων ἀνῃρέθησαν, ἐκράτησε δ᾿ ὁ Σύλλας, καὶ δικτάτωρ γεγονώς, Ἐπαφρόδιτόν τε ὀνομάσας ἑαυτὸν οὐκ ἐψεύσθη τῆς ἀλαζονείας· κρατῶν γὰρ τοῖς πολέμοις ἰδίῳ ἀπεβίω θανάτῳ. ὁ δὲ Μάριος μάχῃ τῇ πρὸς Σύλλαν γενναίως ἀγωνισάμενος, ὅμως ἡττηθεὶς κατέφυγεν εἰς Πραίνεστον ἅμα μυρίοις πεντακισχιλίοις. συγκλεισθεὶς δ᾿ ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ χρόνον οὐκ ὀλίγον πολιορκηθεὶς ἠναγκάσθη, πάντων αὐτὸν ἐγκαταλιπόντων1 καὶ μηδεμίαν σωτηρίας ὁδὸν καθορῶν, τὴν ἑνὸς οἰκέτου τῶν πιστῶν χεῖρα εἰς λύσιν τῶν δεινῶν παρακαλέσαι. καὶ ὅ γε πεισθεὶς καὶ μιᾷ πληγῇ τοῦ βίου τὸν δεσπότην ἀπαλλάξας ἑαυτὸν ἐπικατέσφαξε. καὶ παύεται μὲν αὕτη ἡ στάσις, λείψανα μέντοι τοῦ πολέμου ὑπολειφθέντα τῆς Μαρίου μοίρας ἐπὶ χρόνον Σύλλᾳ διεμαχέσαντο, ἕως καὶ αὐτὰ συνδιέφθορε τοῖς ἄλλοις.

(Photius, Bibl. pp. 392–393 B.)

Chap. 16: see above, after Chap. 10.

17. Ὅτι οἱ τῶν Ῥωμαίων περιφανεῖς ἄνδρες ἐμιαιφονήθησαν ἐκ διαβολῆς, καὶ ὁ τὴν μεγίστην ἱερωσύνην ἔχων Σκαιουόλας, μέγιστον ἔχων ἀξίωμα τῶν πολιτῶν, ἀναξίας τῆς ἰδίας ἀρετῆς ἔτυχε τῆς

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15. Just as the Marsic War was coming to a close, a great civil war broke out, headed by Sulla and by Gaius Marius, the young son of the Marius who had been so many times (seven, in fact) consul. In this strife many tens of thousands of men perished, but Sulla prevailed, and on becoming dictator he assumed the name of Epaphroditus,1 a boast in which he was not belied, since he was victorious in war and died a natural death. Marius put up a valiant struggle against Sulla, but was nevertheless defeated and sought refuge in Praenestê with fifteen thousand men. Hemmed in and subjected to a long siege, at last, when all had deserted him and he could discern no way to save himself, he was forced to call on the aid of a single faithful slave to release him from his troubles. The slave consented, and with a single stroke dispatched his master, then slew himself. Thus did the civil war end, though a few remnants of the Marian party, surviving the war, carried on the conflict with Sulla for a while, until they too perished like the rest.

17. As a result of malicious denunciations the leading men of Rome were murdered in cold blood.2 Even Scaevola, who was at this time pontifex maximus and was held in the highest popular esteem, met

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τοῦ βίου καταστροφῆς. οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι κατ᾿ αὐτό γε τοῦτο μεγάλως εὐτύχησαν, ὅτι τοῖς ἁγιωτάτοις σηκοῖς ὁ πάντιμος ἱερεὺς οὐκ ἔφθασε1 προσπεσεῖν, ἐπείτοι γε χάριν τῆς τῶν διωκόντων ὠμότητος καὶ πρὸς αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἀδύτοις ἐπιβώμιος2 μιαιφονηθεὶς ἀπέσβεσεν ἂν τῷ αἵματι τὸ3 ἀκοιμήτῳ4 δεισιδαιμονίᾳ τηρούμενον πῦρ ἐξ αἰῶνος.

(Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 324; from οὐκ ἔφθασε to end, Const. Exc. 4, pp. 403–404.)

18. Ὅτι ὁ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔπαινος καὶ ἡ τῶν πονηρῶν βλασφημία μάλιστα δύνανται πρὸς τὰ καλὰ τῶν ἔργων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους χειραγωγεῖν.

2Ἄνδρας δυναμένους βουλεύσασθαι καλῶς καὶ τὰ κριθέντα ἀγαγεῖν εἰς συντέλειαν. . . .

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 404.)

19. Ὅτι προτεθείσης προγραφῆς εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν ἀνέδραμε πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν. οἱ πλεῖστοι δὲ συνέπασχον τοῖς ὀφείλουσιν ἀναδέχεσθαι τὸν θάνατον. εἷς δὲ τῶν συνεληλυθότων, κακίᾳ καὶ ὑπερηφανίᾳ διαφέρων, ἐγγελῶν τοῖς κινδυνεύουσι πολλὰ κατ᾿ αὐτῶν ὑβριστικῶς ἐβλασφήμησεν. ἔνθα δὴ δαιμονίου τινὸς νέμεσις τῷ διασύροντι τὴν τῶν ἀκληρούντων τύχην ἐπέθηκε τὴν πρέπουσαν τῇ κακίᾳ τιμωρίαν. ἐν γὰρ τοῖς ἐπὶ πᾶσιν ὀνόμασιν5 εὑρὼν ἑαυτὸν προσγεγραμμένον, εὐθέως ἐγκαλυψάμενος6 τὴν κεφαλὴν προῆγε διὰ τοῦ πλήθους, ἐλπίζων λήσεσθαι τοὺς περιεστῶτας καὶ διὰ τοῦ δρασμοῦ πορίσεσθαι7 τὴν σωτηρίαν.

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a fate that ill matched his noble nature. In one respect, at least, the Roman people were highly fortunate, namely that the supreme pontiff failed, though barely, to reach the holy of holies1; for granted the savagery of his pursuers he would have been murdered right at the altar of the innermost sanctum, and his blood would have extinguished the fire that through the ages has been kept alive with sleepless scrupulosity.

18. The praise of good men and the denunciation of the wicked have very great power to guide men towards noble deeds.

Men who are capable of making a wise decision and of carrying their resolves to fulfilment. . . .

19. When the proscription lists2 were posted in the Forum, large crowds hurried to read them, and for the most part they sympathized with the men who were obliged to submit to death. One fellow in the gathering, however, a man of unusual baseness and arrogance, ridiculed the intended victims and reviled them with many a gross insult. Then and there the retribution of some divinity imposed upon the man who mocked the lot of these unfortunates a punishment that indeed fitted his offence. Finding his own name written at the very end of the list, he at once veiled his head and rushed away through the crowd, hoping not to be noticed by those around and to make good his escape by flight.

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γνωσθεὶς δὲ ὑπό τινος τῶν πλησίον1 ἑστώτων καὶ φανερᾶς τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν περιστάσεως γενομένης, συνελήφθη καὶ ἔτυχε τῆς τιμωρίας, πάντων ἐπιχαιρόντων τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ.

20. Ὅτι πολλῷ χρόνῳ τῆς Σικελίας ἀδικαιοδοτήτου γενομένης, ὁ Πομπήιος δοὺς ἑαυτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν δικαιοδοσίαν καὶ χρηματίζων περὶ τῶν δημοσίων ἀμφισβητημάτων καὶ τῶν ἰδιωτικῶν συμβολαίων οὕτως εὐστόχως καὶ ἀδωροδοκήτως ἐποιεῖτο τὰς ἀποφάσεις ὥστε ὑπερβολὴν ἑτέρῳ μὴ ἀπολείπειν. εἴκοσι δὲ καὶ δυεῖν ἐτῶν τὴν ἡλικίαν ὑπάρχων, καὶ τῆς νεότητος προκαλουμένης ἐπὶ τὰς ἀλογίστους ἡδονάς, οὕτως αὐστηρῶς καὶ σωφρόνως ἐποιήσατο τὴν ἐπιδημίαν κατὰ τὴν νῆσον ὥστε πάντας τοὺς κατὰ τὴν Σικελίαν καταπλήττεσθαι καὶ θαυμάζειν τὴν ἀρετὴν τοῦ νεανίσκου.

(Const. Exc. 2(1), pp. 324–325.)

21. Ὅτι ὁ Σπάρτακος ὁ βάρβαρος εὐεργετηθεὶς παρά τινος εὐχάριστος ἐφάνη πρὸς αὐτόν· αὐτοδίδακτος γὰρ καὶ παρὰ τοῖς βαρβάροις ἡ φύσις πρὸς ἀμοιβὴν χάριτος τοῖς εὐεργέταις.

22. Ὅτι ἡ διὰ τῶν ὅπλων νίκη κοινὴν ἔχει τοῖς ἡγεμόσι καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις τὴν εὐημερίαν, τὰ δὲ διὰ τῆς στρατηγικῆς συνέσεως γινόμενα κατορθώματα μόνῳ προσάπτεται τῷ ἡγεμόνι.

2Ἀκατάσχετος γάρ τις ὁρμὴ τοῖς βαρβάροις ἐνέπεσε τῆς πρὸς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἀποστάσεως.

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He was recognized, however, by one of the bystanders, and when the truth of his plight was disclosed he was arrested and executed, while all rejoiced at his death.

20. Inasmuch as Sicily had been without courts of law for a long period, Pompey applied himself to the administration of justice.1 In dealing both with public disputes and with matters of private contract he rendered his decisions with such unerring skill and such incorruptibility that no one could hope to surpass him. Though only twenty-two years old, at an age when youth itself invites to the irrational pleasures, he lived during his stay on the island with such austerity and sobriety that the Sicilians were astounded, and marvelled at the young man’s display of character.

21. The barbarian Spartacus,2 on receiving a certain73 b c. favour from someone, showed him his gratitude. Indeed, nature is self-schooled, even among barbarians, to repay kindness for kindness to those who give assistance.

22. A victory won by force of arms brings honour and glory to officers and soldiers alike, but successes obtained through a general’s skill redound only to the credit of the commander.

An irrepressible impulse swept over the barbarians to revolt to the Romans.3

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3Ὅτι ὡς ἐπίπαν αἱ τῶν ἄλλων συμφοραὶ νουθετοῦσι τοὺς ἐν τοῖς ὁμοίοις κινδύνοις ὑπάρχοντας.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 404.)

Book 37. 22a. Ὅτι ὁ Σερτώριος θεωρῶν ἀκατάσχετον οὖσαν τὴν ὁρμὴν τῶν ἐγχωρίων πικρῶς προσεφέρετο τοῖς συμμάχοις, καὶ τοὺς μὲν καταιτιώμενος1 ἀπέκτεινεν, τοὺς δὲ εἰς φυλακὴν παρεδίδου, τῶν δὲ εὐπορωτάτων ἐδήμευε τὰς οὐσίας. πολὺν δὲ ἄργυρον καὶ χρυσὸν ἀθροίσας οὐκ εἰς τὸ κοινὸν τοῦ πολέμου ταμιεῖον κατετίθετο, ἀλλ᾿ ἰδίᾳ ἐθησαύριζεν· οὔτε2 τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐχορήγει τὰς μισθοφορίας,3 οὔτε τοῖς ἡγεμόσι μετεδίδου τούτων, οὔτε τὰς κεφαλικὰς κρίσεις μετὰ συνεδρίου καὶ συμβούλων4 ἐποιεῖτο, διακούων δὲ ἰδίᾳ καὶ μόνον κριτὴν5 ἑαυτὸν ἀποδείξας ἐποιεῖτο τὰς ἀποφάσεις· εἴς τε τὰ σύνδειπνα τοὺς ἡγεμόνας οὐκ ἠξίου παραλαμβάνειν, οὐδὲ φιλανθρωπίας οὐδεμιᾶς μετεδίδου τοῖς φίλοις. καθόλου δὲ διὰ τὴν ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον ἐπίδοσιν τῆς περὶ αὐτὸν ἐξουσίας ἀποθηριωθεὶς τυραννικῶς ἅπασιν προσεφέρετο. καὶ ἐμισήθη μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους, ἐπεβουλεύθη δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν φίλων. ἡ δὲ ἀναίρεσις αὐτοῦ συνετελέσθη τοιῷδέ τινι τρόπῳ. τῶν ἡγεμόνων οἱ μέγιστον ἔχοντες

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As a general rule the sufferings of others serve as a warning to those who find themselves amid similar perils.

Book 37. 22a. Sertorius,1 seeing that the movement73/2 b.c. among the natives could not be held in check, behaved harshly towards his allies: some he arraigned and put to death, others he imprisoned, and the wealthiest he stripped of their estates. But though he amassed much gold and silver he did not deposit it in the common war chest, but hoarded it for his own use; nor did he provide pay for the soldiers therefrom, nor share it with the other leaders. In capital cases he did not sit down with the council or with his advisers, but appointing himself sole judge heard the evidence and pronounced sentence in private. At his banquets he refused to admit the commanders and failed to show any consideration for his friends. In general, exasperated by the progressive deterioration in his position, he behaved tyrannically towards everyone. He won the hatred of the people, and his friends plotted to take his life. They succeeded in doing away with him in the following way. The leaders of highest standing,

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ἀξίωμα Περπέννας καὶ Ταρκυίτιος1 συμφρονήσαντες ἀλλήλοις ἔγνωσαν ὡς τύραννον ὄντα τὸν Σερτώριον ἀνελεῖν. προστάτης δὲ τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς αἱρεθεὶς ὁ Περπέννας ἐκάλεσεν ἐπὶ δεῖπνον τὸν Σερτώριον καὶ τοὺς συνίστορας συμπαρέλαβεν ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίασιν. καταντήσαντος δὲ τοῦ Σερτωρίου, καὶ τῶν κοινοπραγούντων συνεπιθεμένων, ὁ Σερτώριος ἀνακλιθεὶς ἀνὰ μέσον Ταρκυιτίου1 καὶ Ἀντωνίου ὑπὸ τούτων ἐσφάγη.

Book 37. 22b. Ὅτι ὁ Μιθριδάτης ἐξ ἐπιβουλῆς παρ᾿ ὀλίγον ἐκινδύνευσεν ὑποχείριος γενέσθαι τοῖς Κυζικηνοῖς. συναγωνιζόμενος γάρ τις ἐν ταῖς μεταλλείαις Ῥωμαῖος ἑκατοντάρχης ἐπεβάλετο τοῦτο τελέσαι. διὰ γὰρ τὰς παρ᾿ ἀμφοτέροις μεταλλείας συνεχῶς γινομένων συμπλοκῶν καὶ συλλόγων, εἰς γνῶσιν ἦλθε τοῖς τοῦ βασιλέως διὰ τὰς συνεχεῖς πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὁμιλίας. μονωθεὶς δέ ποτε κατὰ τὴν ἐν τοῖς ὀρύγμασι φυλακὴν καὶ ὑπό τινος τῶν ἐπιστατούντων ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις καταπειραθεὶς2 περὶ προδοσίας, προσεδέξατο τοὺς λόγους προσποιητικῶς.3 ἀνενεχθέντος δὲ τοῦ πράγματος πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, ἐκεῖνος μὲν ἐπιθυμῶν κυριεῦσαι τῆς πόλεως δωρεὰς ἐπηγγείλατο, καὶ συνέθετο καιρὸν ἐν ᾧ τὸν σύλλογον ἔδει γενέσθαι. τοῦ δὲ

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Perpenna and Tarquitius,1 made common cause and resolved to do away with Sertorius because of his tyranny. Perpenna, chosen to head the conspiracy, invited Sertorius to dinner, and included among his guests the others who were privy to the plot. When Sertorius arrived the conspirators set upon him, and since he had been placed at the table between Tarquitius and Antonius,2 it was they who slew him.

Book 37. 22b. As a result of a plot Mithridates barely escaped falling into the hands of the Cyzicenes. It was a Roman centurion, working with them in their tunnelling operations,3 who attempted to bring this about. Since these operations were being conducted on both sides and gave frequent occasion for encounters and conversations, he had become known to the king’s men from his frequent talks with them. It happened once that he was left all alone on guard in the mines, and when one of the royal overseers of the work approached him with the proposition that he betray the city, he pretended to be receptive. The proposal was reported to the king, and he, in his eagerness to win control of the city, offered the man rewards and set a time for them to meet to discuss the matter. When the

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Ῥωμαίου πίστεις τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν ζητοῦντος, ἀπέλυσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τοὺς ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ συνθησομένους. ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφησεν1 ἄλλως πιστεύσειν, ἐὰν μὴ παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ2 τοῦ βασιλέως λάβῃ τοὺς ὅρκους. ὁ δὲ οὐχ ἡγεῖτο βασιλικῆς ἀξίας οἰκεῖον εἶναι συγκαταβαίνειν εἰς τὰ ὀρύγματα. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ προδότης οὐκ ἔφησεν1 ἄλλως ὑπακούσεσθαι,3 ἡ δὲ ἐπίθεσις τοῦ κυριεῦσαι τῆς πόλεως συνεῖχεν, ἠναγκάσθη συγκαταθέσθαι τοῖς ἀξιουμένοις ὁ Μιθριδάτης. κἂν4 συνέβη τὸν βασιλέα γενέσθαι ὑποχείριον, εἰ μὴ τῶν φίλων τις εὐστόχως καταμαντευσάμενος τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν κατεσκεύασε σύμμετρον μηχανὴν δυναμένην ὀξέως ἀνοίγεσθαί τε καὶ κλείεσθαι· καὶ ταύτης εἰς τὸ ὄρυγμα τεθείσης, καὶ τοῦ Μιθριδάτου μετὰ τῶν φίλων συνεμβάντων, ὁ ἑκατόνταρχος τοὺς μέλλοντας μεθ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ τῷ βασιλεῖ τὰς χεῖρας προσφέρειν . . . εἰς τὰς χεῖρας τὸ ξίφος σπασάμενος ὥρμησεν ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα. ὁ δὲ φθάσας συνέκλεισε τὴν θύραν καὶ τὸν κίνδυνον ἐξέφυγεν. (Const. Exc. 3, pp. 209–210.)

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Roman asked to have guarantees to these promises, the king sent men to give them in his name. The man, however, insisted that he would not accept them unless he had the oaths from the king himself. The king felt that it ill became his royal dignity to descend into the mines, but since the betrayer said he would not listen to any other proposition, and the attempt to get possession of the city was a pressing concern, Mithridates was forced to accede to the demand. And the king would actually have fallen into his hands, had not one of his friends, astutely surmising the Roman’s intentions, devised a mechanism of just the right size that could be quickly opened and closed. This was placed in the tunnel, and when Mithridates and his friends had entered, the centurion . . . the men with him who were to attack the king . . . drawing his sword he rushed upon the king. But the king got the door closed in time, and escaped safely out of danger.

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FRAGMENTA LIBRI XL

1. Ὅτι Μάρκος1 Ἀντώνιος συνθέμενος πρὸς Κρῆτας εἰρήνην . . . μέχρι μέν τινος ταύτην ἐτήρουν. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα προτιθεμένης2 βουλῆς ὅπως ἂν μάλιστα τῆς ὠφελείας προνοήσαιντο, οἱ πρεσβύτατοι καὶ φρονήσει διαφέροντες συνεβούλευον πρέσβεις ἐκπέμπειν εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην καὶ περὶ τῶν ἐπιφερομένων ἐγκλημάτων ἀπολογεῖσθαι καὶ πειρᾶσθαι τὴν σύγκλητον εὐγνώμοσι λόγοις καὶ δεήσεσιν ἐξιλάσκεσθαι. διόπερ ἀπέστειλαν εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην τριάκοντα πρεσβευτὰς τοὺς ἐπιφανεστάτους ἄνδρας. οὗτοι δὲ κατ᾿ ἰδίαν περιπορευόμενοι τὰς οἰκίας τῶν συγκλητικῶν καὶ πᾶσαν δεητικὴν3 προϊέμενοι φωνὴν 2ἐξεθεράπευον τοὺς τὸ συνέδριον συνέχοντας. εἰσαχθέντες δὲ εἰς τὴν σύγκλητον καὶ περί τε τῶν ἐγκλημάτων ἐμφρόνως ἀπολογησάμενοι4 τάς τε ἰδίας εὐεργεσίας καὶ συμμαχίας πρὸς τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἀκριβῶς διελθόντες, ἠξίουν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν προγεγενημένην εὔνοιάν τε καὶ συμμαχίαν ἀποκαταστῆναι. ἡ δὲ σύγκλητος ἀσμένως τοὺς λόγους προσδεξαμένη

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1. Marcus Antonius1 came to terms with the71 b.c. Cretans, and for a while they observed the peace. Later, however, when the question was brought forward how they might best look to their own advantage, the oldest men, and the most prudent, counselled them to send an embassy to Rome to offer a defence against the crimes imputed to them, and to attempt by fair words and petitions to appease the senate. Accordingly they dispatched thirty of69 b.c. (?) their most eminent men as ambassadors. These men, by going about individually to the houses of the senators and voicing every possible plea for mercy, won over the pillars of the senate. Brought before the senate itself, they argued their case discreetly, and enumerated in detail their good services to the ruling power, and the military support they had rendered it; this said, they called upon the senators to restore them to favour and re-establish the alliance that had existed earlier. The senate, giving their explanations a ready welcome,

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δόγμα ἐπεβάλετο1 κυροῦν δι᾿ οὗ τῶν εγκλημάτων τοὺς Κρῆτας ἀπολύουσα φίλους καὶ συμμάχους τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἀνηγόρευεν2· ἄκυρον δὲ τὸ δόγμα ἐποίησε Λέντλος ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Σπινθήρ. 3οἱ δὲ Κρῆτες ἀπηλλάγησαν. ἡ δὲ σύγκλητος, περὶ τῶν Κρητῶν πολλάκις λόγου γενομένου ὅτι κοινωνοῦσι τῆς λῃστείας τοῖς πειραταῖς, δόγμα ἔγραψεν ὅπως οἱ Κρῆτες πάντα τὰ πλοῖα ἕως τετρασκάλμου3 ἀναπέμψωσιν εἰς Ῥώμην καὶ τριακοσίους ὁμήρους δῶσι τοὺς ἐπιφανεστάτους, ἐκπέμψωσι δὲ καὶ Λασθένην καὶ Πανάρην, κοινῇ δὲ πάντες ἐκτίσωσιν ἀργυρίου τάλαντα τετρακισχίλια. οἱ δὲ Κρῆτες πυθόμενοι τὰ δεδογμένα τῇ συγκλήτῳ περὶ τῶν προσηγγελμένων ἐβουλεύοντο. καὶ οἱ μὲν φρονήσει διαφέροντες ἔφρασαν4 δεῖν πάντα ποιεῖν τὰ προσταττόμενα, οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Λασθένην, τοῖς ἐγκλήμασιν ὄντες ἔνοχοι καὶ φοβούμενοι μὴ ἀναπεμφθέντες εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην τιμωρίας τύχωσιν, ἀνέσειον τὰ πλήθη παρακαλοῦντες τὴν ἐξ αἰῶνος παραδεδομένην ἐλευθερίαν διαφυλάττειν.

(Const. Exc. 1, p. 409.)

1a. Ὅτι τῶν Ἀντιοχέων τινὲς καταφρονήσαντες Ἀντιόχου τοῦ βασιλέως διὰ τὴν ἧτταν ἀνέσειον τὰ πλήθη καὶ συνεβούλευον ἐκ τῆς πόλεως μεταστήσασθαι.

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attempted to pass a decree wherein they absolved the Cretans of the offences charged against them, and proclaimed1 them friends and allies of the state; but Lentulus,2 surnamed Spinther, vetoed the measure. Thereupon the Cretans departed. The senate, upon being informed time after time that the Cretans were in league with the pirates and sharing the booty, decreed3 that the Cretans should send to Rome all their ships, even to those of only four oars, should furnish three hundred hostages, all men of great prominence, should hand over Lasthenes and Panares, and should pay jointly an indemnity of four thousand talents in silver. When the Cretans learned of the senatorial decisions they met to deliberate on the news. The more prudent said that they ought to comply with all the demands, but Lasthenes and his supporters, being liable to conviction on these charges, and fearing that if they were sent to Rome they would be punished, stirred up the populace with exhortations to preserve the liberty handed down to them from time immemorial.

1a. Certain of the Antiochenes, emboldened67/6 b.c. against King Antiochus4 as a result of his defeat, stirred up the populace and proposed that he be

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γενομένης δὲ στάσεως μεγάλης καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπικρατήσαντος, οἱ αἴτιοι τῆς στάσεως φοβηθέντες ἔφυγον ἐκ τῆς Συρίας, καὶ καταντήσαντες εἰς Κιλικίαν ἐπεβάλοντο κατάγειν Φίλιππον, ὃς ἦν υἱὸς Φιλίππου τοῦ γεγονότος ἐξ Ἀντιόχου τοῦ Γρυποῦ.1 ὑπακούσαντος δὲ τοῦ Φιλίππου καὶ καταντήσαντος πρὸς Ἄζιζον τὸν Ἄραβα, ἀσμένως τοῦτον προσδεξάμενος Ἄζιζος καὶ περιθεὶς διάδημα ἐπὶ τὴν βασιλείαν κατήγαγεν.

1b. Ὅτι τὰς ὅλας ἐλπίδας ἔχων ἐν τῇ τοῦ Σαμψικεράμου2 συμμαχίᾳ μετεπέμπετο τοῦτον μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως. ὁ δὲ ἐν ἀπορρήτοις συνθέμενος πρὸς Ἄζιζον ἐπ᾿ ἀναιρέσει τῶν βασιλέων ἧκε3 μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ μετεπέμπετο τὸν Ἀντίοχον. τοῦ δὲ διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν ὑπακούσαντος, ὑποκριθεὶς ὡς φίλος συνέλαβε τὸν βασιλέα, καὶ τότε μὲν δήσας παρεφύλαττεν, ὕστερον δὲ ἀνεῖλεν. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ἄζιζος κατὰ τὰς γενομένας ἐπὶ μερισμῷ τῆς Συριακῆς βασιλείας συνθέσεις ἐπεβάλετο δολοφονῆσαι τὸν Φίλιππον· ὁ δὲ προαισθόμενος τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν ἔφυγεν εἰς τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν.

(Const. Exc. 3, pp. 210–211.)

2. Ὅτι περὶ Δαμασκὸν τῆς Συρίας διατρίβοντος Πομπηίου ἧκε πρὸς αὐτὸν Ἀριστόβουλος ὁ τῶν Ἰουδαίων βασιλεὺς καὶ Ὑρκανὸς ὁ ἀδελφὸς ἀμφισβητοῦντες περὶ τῆς βασιλείας. οἱ δὲ ἐπιφανέστατοι πλείους ὄντες τῶν διακοσίων κατήντησαν πρὸς

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banished from the city. There was a great uprising, but when the king prevailed, the ringleaders of the sedition fled in alarm from Syria; gathering in Cilicia they proposed to restore Philip,1 son of the Philip whose father was Antiochus Grypus. Philip proved receptive to the proposal and arranged a meeting with Azizus the Arab, who gave him a ready welcome, set a diadem on his head, and restored him to the kingship.

1b. Pinning all his hopes on the alliance with Sampsiceramus, he2 sent for him to come with his army. He, however, having made a secret agreement with Azizus to do away with the kings, came with his army and summoned Antiochus to his presence. When the king, knowing nothing of this, complied, Sampsiceramus acted the part of a friend but placed him under arrest, and though for the time being he merely held him closely guarded in chains, he later had him put to death. So too, in accordance with the agreement to divide up the kingdom of Syria, Azizus intended to assassinate Philip, but Philip got wind of the plot and fled to Antioch.

2. During Pompey’s stay in Damascus of Syria,63 b.c. Aristobulus, the king of the Jews, and Hyrcanus his brother came to him with their dispute over the kingship.3 Likewise the leading men, more than

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τὸν αὐτοκράτορα, καὶ ἀπεφήναντο τοὺς προγόνους αὐτῶν1 ἀφεστηκότας τοῦ Δημητρίου2 πεπρεσβευκέναι πρὸς τὴν σύγκλητον, καὶ παρειληφέναι τὴν προστασίαν τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐλευθέρων καὶ αὐτονόμων, οὐ βασιλέως χρηματίζοντος ἀλλ᾿ ἀρχιερέως τοῦ3 προεστηκότος τοῦ ἔθνους. τούτους δὲ νῦν δυναστεύειν καταλελυκότας τοὺς πατρίους νόμους καὶ καταδεδουλῶσθαι τοὺς πολίτας ἀδίκως· μισθοφόρων γὰρ πλήθει καὶ αἰκίαις καὶ πολλοῖς φόνοις ἀσεβέσι περιπεποιῆσθαι τὴν βασιλείαν. ὁ δὲ περὶ μὲν τῶν ἀμφισβητήσεων εἰς ὕστερον ὑπερεβάλετο καιρόν, περὶ δὲ τῆς παρανομίας4 τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ τῶν εἰς Ῥωμαίους ἀδικημάτων πικρῶς ἐπιτιμήσας τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ὑρκανὸν ἀξίους μὲν αὐτοὺς ἔφησεν εἶναι καὶ μείζονος καὶ πικροτέρας ἐπιστροφῆς, ὅμως δὲ διὰ τὴν πάτριον ἐπιείκειαν τῶν Ῥωμαίων, ἐὰν5 ἀπὸ τοῦ6 νῦν πείθωνται, συγγνώμης αὐτοὺς ἀξιώσειν.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 404–405.)

3. Ἡμεῖς δὲ μέλλοντες ἀναγράφειν τὸν πρὸς Ἰουδαίους πόλεμον, οἰκεῖον εἶναι διαλαμβάνομεν προδιελθεῖν ἐν κεφαλαίοις τήν τε τοῦ ἔθνους τούτου ἐξ ἀρχῆς κτίσιν καὶ τὰ παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς νόμιμα. κατὰ

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two hundred in number, gathered to address the general and explain that their forefathers, having revolted from Demetrius,1 had sent an embassy to the senate and received from them the leadership of the Jews, who were, moreover, to be free and autonomous, their ruler being called High Priest, not King. Now, however, these men were lording it over them, having overthrown the ancient laws and enslaved the citizens in defiance of all justice; for it was by means of a horde of mercenaries, and by outrages and countless impious murders that they had established themselves as kings. Pompey put off till a later occasion the settlement of their rival claims, but as to the lawless behaviour of2 the Jews and the wrongs committed against the Romans he bitterly upbraided the party of Hyrcanus. They deserved, he said, some graver and harsher visitation; nevertheless, in the spirit of Rome’s traditional clemency, he would, if they were obedient henceforward, grant them pardon.

3. Now that we are about to record the war against the Jews, we consider it appropriate to give first a summary account of the establishment of the nation, from its origins, and of the practices observed

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τὴν Αἴγυπτον τὸ παλαιὸν λοιμικῆς περιστάσεως γενομένης ἀνέπεμπον οἱ πολλοὶ τὴν αἰτίαν τῶν κακῶν ἐπὶ τὸ δαιμόνιον· πολλῶν γὰρ καὶ παντοδαπῶν κατοικούντων ξένων καὶ διηλλαγμένοις ἔθεσι χρωμένων περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ τὰς θυσίας, καταλελύσθαι συνέβαινε παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς τὰς πατρίους τῶν θεῶν 2τιμάς. διόπερ1 οἱ τῆς χώρας ἐγγενεῖς2 ὑπέλαβον, ἐὰν μὴ τοὺς ἀλλοφύλους μεταστήσωνται, λύσιν3 οὐκ ἔσεσθαι τῶν κακῶν. εὐθὺς οὖν ξενηλατουμένων τῶν ἀλλοεθνῶν, οἱ μὲν ἐπιφανέστατοι καὶ δραστικώτατοι συστραφέντες ἐξερρίφησαν, ὥς τινές φασιν, εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα καί τινας ἑτέρους τόπους, ἔχοντες ἀξιολόγους ἡγεμόνας,4 ὧν ἡγοῦντο Δαναὸς καὶ Κάδμος τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιφανέστατοι· ὁ δὲ πολὺς λεὼς ἐξέπεσεν εἰς τὴν νῦν καλουμένην Ἰουδαίαν, οὐ πόρρω μὲν κειμένην τῆς Αἰγύπτου, παντελῶς δὲ 3ἔρημον οὖσαν κατ᾿ ἐκείνους τοὺς χρόνους. ἡγεῖτο δὲ τῆς ἀποικίας ὁ προσαγορευόμενος Μωσῆς, φρονήσει τε5 καὶ ἀνδρείᾳ πολὺ διαφέρων. οὗτος δὲ καταλαβόμενος τὴν χώραν ἄλλας τε πόλεις ἔκτισε καὶ τὴν νῦν οὖσαν ἐπιφανεστάτην, ὀνομαζομένην Ἱεροσόλυμα. ἱδρύσατο δὲ καὶ τὸ μάλιστα παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς τιμώμενον ἱερόν, καὶ τὰς τιμὰς καὶ ἁγιστείας τοῦ θείου κατέδειξε, καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὴν πολιτείαν

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among them.1 When in ancient times a pestilence arose in Egypt,2 the common people ascribed their troubles to the workings of a divine agency; for indeed with many strangers of all sorts dwelling in their midst and practising different rites of religion and sacrifice, their own traditional observances in honour of the gods had fallen into disuse. Hence the natives of the land surmised that unless they removed the foreigners, their troubles would never be resolved. At once, therefore, the aliens3 were driven from the country, and the most outstanding and active among them banded together and, as some say, were cast ashore in Greece and certain other regions; their leaders were notable men, chief among them being Danaüs and Cadmus. But the greater number were driven into what is now called Judaea, which is not far distant from Egypt and was at that time utterly uninhabited. The colony was headed by a man called Moses, outstanding both for his wisdom and for his courage. On taking possession of the land he founded, besides other cities, one that is now the most renowned of all, called Jerusalem. In addition he established the temple that they hold in chief veneration, instituted their forms of worship and ritual, drew up their

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ἐνομοθέτησε τε καὶ διέταξε. διεῖλε δὲ τὸ πλῆθος εἰς δώδεκα φυλὰς διὰ τὸ τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦτον τελειότατον νομίζεσθαι καὶ σύμφωνον εἶναι τῷ πλήθει τῶν μηνῶν τῶν τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν συμπληρούντων. 4ἄγαλμα δὲ θεῶν τὸ σύνολον οὐ κατεσκεύασε διὰ τὸ μὴ νομίζειν ἀνθρωπόμορφον εἶναι τὸν θεόν, ἀλλὰ τὸν περιέχοντα τὴν γῆν οὐρανὸν μόνον εἶναι θεὸν καὶ τῶν ὅλων κύριον. τὰς δὲ θυσίας ἐξηλλαγμένας συνεστήσατο τῶν παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἔθνεσι καὶ τὰς κατὰ τὸν βίον ἀγωγάς· διὰ γὰρ τὴν ἰδίαν ξενηλασίαν ἀπάνθρωπον τινα καὶ μισόξενον βίον εἰσηγήσατο. ἐπιλέξας δὲ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τοὺς χαριεστάτους καὶ μάλιστα δυνησομένους τοῦ σύμπαντος ἔθνους προΐστασθαι, τούτους ἱερεῖς ἀπέδειξε· τὴν δὲ διατριβὴν ἔταξεν αὐτῶν γίνεσθαι περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ τὰς τοῦ 5θεοῦ τιμάς τε καὶ θυσίας. τοὺς αὐτοὺς δὲ καὶ δικαστὰς ἀπέδειξε τῶν μεγίστων κρίσεων, καὶ τὴν τῶν νόμων καὶ τῶν ἐθῶν φυλακὴν τούτοις ἐπέτρεψε· διὸ καὶ βασιλέα μὲν μηδέποτε τῶν Ἰουδαίων, τὴν δὲ τοῦ πλήθους προστασίαν δίδοσθαι διὰ παντὸς τῷ δοκοῦντι τῶν ἱερέων φρονήσει καὶ ἀρετῇ προέχειν. τοῦτον δὲ προσαγορεύουσιν ἀρχιερέα, καὶ νομίζουσιν αὑτοῖς ἄγγελον γίνεσθαι τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ προσταγμάτων. 6τοῦτον δὲ κατὰ τὰς ἐκκλησίας καὶ τὰς ἄλλας συνόδους φησὶν ἐκφέρειν τὰ παραγγελλόμενα, καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος οὕτως εὐπιθεῖς γίνεσθαι τοὺς Ἰουδαίους ὥστε παραχρῆμα πίπτοντας ἐπὶ

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laws and ordered their political institutions. He also divided them into twelve tribes, since this is regarded as the most perfect number and corresponds to the number of months that make up a year. But he had no images whatsoever of the gods made for them, being of the opinion that God is not in human form1; rather the Heaven that surrounds the earth is alone divine, and rules the universe.2 The sacrifices that he established differ from those of other nations, as does their way of living, for as a result of their own expulsion from Egypt he introduced an unsocial and intolerant mode of life. He picked out the men of most refinement and with the greatest ability to head the entire nation, and appointed them priests; and he ordained that they should occupy themselves with the temple and the honours and sacrifices offered to their god. These same men he appointed to be judges in all major disputes, and entrusted to them the guardianship of the laws and customs. For this reason the Jews never have a king, and authority over the people is regularly vested in whichever priest is regarded as superior to his colleagues in wisdom and virtue. They call this man the high priest, and believe that he acts as a messenger to them of God’s commandments. It is he, we are told, who in their assemblies and other gatherings announces what is ordained, and the Jews are so docile in such matters that straightway they fall to the ground and do reverence

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τὴν γῆν προσκυνεῖν τὸν τούτοις ἑρμηνεύοντα ἀρχιερέα. προσγέγραπται δὲ καὶ τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις. ἐποιήσατο δ᾿ ὁ νομοθέτης τῶν τε πολεμικῶν ἔργων πολλὴν πρόνοιαν καὶ τοὺς νέους ἠνάγκαζεν ἀσκεῖν ἀνδρείαν τε καὶ καρτερίαν καὶ τὸ 7σύνολον ὑπομονὴν πάσης κακοπαθείας. ἐποιεῖτο δὲ καὶ στρατείας εἰς τὰ πλησιόχωρα τῶν ἐθνῶν, καὶ πολλὴν κατακτησάμενος χώραν κατεκληρούχησε, τοῖς μὲν ἰδιώταις ἴσους ποιήσας κλήρους, τοῖς δ᾿ ἱερεῦσι μείζονας, ἵνα λαμβάνοντες ἀξιολογωτέρας προσόδους ἀπερίσπαστοι συνεχῶς προσεδρεύωσι ταῖς τοῦ θεοῦ τιμαῖς. οὐκ ἐξῆν δὲ τοῖς ἰδιώταις τοὺς ἰδίους κλήρους πωλεῖν, ὅπως μή τινες διὰ πλεονεξίαν ἀγοράζοντες τοὺς κλήρους ἐκθλίβωσι τοὺς ἀπορωτέρους καὶ κατασκευάζωσιν ὀλιγανδρίαν. 8τεκνοτροφεῖν τε ἠνάγκαζε τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας· καὶ δι᾿ ὀλίγης δαπάνης ἐκτρεφομένων τῶν βρεφῶν ἀεὶ τὸ γένος τῶν Ἰουδαίων ὑπῆρχε πολυάνθρωπον. καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς γάμους δὲ καὶ τὰς τῶν τελευτώντων ταφὰς πολὺ τὸ παρηλλαγμένον ἔχειν ἐποίησε νόμιμα πρὸς τὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων. κατὰ δὲ τὰς ὕστερον γενομένας ἐπικρατείας ἐκ τῆς τῶν ἀλλοφύλων ἐπιμιξίας ἐπί τε τῆς1 τῶν Περσῶν ἡγεμονίας καὶ τῶν ταύτην καταλυσάντων Μακεδόνων πολλὰ τῶν πατρίων τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις νομίμων

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to the high priest when he expounds the commandments to them. And at the end of their laws there is even appended the statement: “These are the words that Moses heard from God and declares unto the Jews.”1 Their lawgiver was careful also to make provision for warfare, and required the young men to cultivate manliness, steadfastness, and, generally, the endurance of every hardship. He led out military expeditions against the neighbouring tribes, and after annexing much land apportioned it out, assigning equal allotments to private citizens and greater ones to the priests, in order that they, by virtue of receiving more ample revenues, might be undistracted and apply themselves continually to the worship of God. The common citizens were forbidden to sell their individual plots, lest there be some who for their own advantage should buy them up, and by oppressing the poorer classes bring on a scarcity of manpower. He required those who dwelt in the land to rear their children,2 and since offspring could be cared for at little cost, the Jews were from the start a populous nation. As to marriage and the burial of the dead, he saw to it that their customs should differ widely from those of other men. But later, when they became subject to foreign rule, as a result of their mingling with men of other nations (both under Persian rule and under that of the Macedonians who overthrew the Persians), many of their traditional

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ἐκινήθη. . . . περὶ μὲν τῶν Ἰουδαίων Ἑκαταῖος ὁ Ἀβδηρίτης1 ταῦτα ἱστόρηκεν.

(Photius, Bibl. pp. 380–381 B.)

4. Ὅτι ὁ Πομπήιος τὰς ἰδίας πράξεις ἃς συνετέλεσεν ἐπὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ἀναγράψας ἀνέθηκεν, ὧν ἐστιν ἀντίγραφον τόδε. Πομπήιος Γναΐου υἱὸς Μέγας αὐτοκράτωρ τὴν παράλιον τῆς οἰκουμένης καὶ πάσας τὰς ἐντὸς Ὠκεανοῦ νήσους ἐλευθερώσας τοῦ πειρατικοῦ πολέμου, ὁ ῥυσάμενός ποτε πολιορκουμένην τὴν Ἀριοβαρζάνου βασιλείαν, Γαλατίαν τε καὶ τὰς ὑπερκειμένας χώρας καὶ ἐπαρχίας, Ἀσίαν, Βιθυνίαν, ὑπερασπίσας δὲ Παφλαγονίαν τε καὶ τὸν Πόντον, Ἀρμενίαν τε καὶ Ἀχαΐαν, ἔτι δὲ Ἰβηρίαν, Κολχίδα, Μεσοποταμίαν, Σωφηνήν, Γορδυηνήν, ὑποτάξας δὲ βασιλέα Μήδων Δαρεῖον, βασιλέα Ἀρτώλην Ἰβήρων, βασιλέα Ἀριστόβουλον Ἰουδαίων, βασιλέα Ἀρέταν Ναβαταίων2 Ἀράβων, καὶ τὴν κατὰ Κιλικίαν Συρίαν, Ἰουδαίαν, Ἀραβίαν, Κυρηναϊκὴν ἐπαρχίαν, Ἀχαιούς, Ἰοζυγούς, Σοανούς,3 Ἡνιόχους καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ φῦλα τὰ4 μεταξὺ Κολχίδος καὶ Μαιώτιδος λίμνης τὴν παράλιον διακατέχοντα καὶ τοὺς τούτων βασιλεῖς ἐννέα τὸν ἀριθμὸν καὶ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη τὰ ἐντὸς τῆς Ποντικῆς καὶ τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης κατοικοῦντα, καὶ τὰ ὅρια τῆς ἡγεμονίας τοῖς ὅροις τῆς γῆς προσβιβάσας, καὶ τὰς προσόδους Ῥωμαίων φυλάξας,5 ἃς δὲ προσαυξήσας, τούς τε ἀνδριάντας καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ

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practices were disturbed. Such is the account of Hecataeus of Abdera1 in regard to the Jews.

4. Pompey had inscribed on a tablet, which he61 b.c. set up as a dedication, the record of his achievements in Asia.2 Here is a copy of the inscription: “Pompey the Great, son of Gnaeus, Imperator, having liberated the seacoast of the inhabited world and all islands this side Ocean from the war with the pirates—being likewise the man who delivered from siege the kingdom of Ariobarzanes,3 Galatia and the lands and provinces lying beyond it, Asia, and Bithynia; who gave protection to Paphlagonia and Pontus, Armenia and Achaia,4 as well as Iberia, Colchis, Mesopotamia, Sophenê, and Gordyenê; brought into subjection Darius king of the Medes, Artoles5 king of the Iberians, Aristobulus king of the Jews, Aretas king of the Nabataean Arabs, Syria bordering on Cilicia, Judaea, Arabia, the province of Cyrenê,6 the Achaeans, the Iozygi, the Soani, the Heniochi, and the other tribes along the seacoast between Colchis and the Maeotic Sea, with their kings, nine in number, and all the nations that dwell between the Pontic and the Red Seas7; extended the frontiers of the Empire to the limits of the earth; and secured and in some cases increased the revenues of the Roman people—he, by confiscation of the statues and the

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ἀφιδρύματα τῶν θεῶν καὶ τὸν λοιπὸν κόσμον τῶν πολεμίων ἀφελόμενος ἀνέθηκε τῇ θεῷ χρυσοῦς μυρίους καὶ δισχιλίους ἑξήκοντα, ἀργυρίου τάλαντα τριακόσια ἑπτά.

(Const. Exc. 4, pp. 405–406.)

5. Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Ῥώμην Κατιλίνας τις κατάχρεως1 καὶ Λέντλος ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Σούρας ἀθροίσαντες ὄχλον2 ἀπόστασιν ἐμελέτησαν κατὰ τῆς συγκλήτου τοιῷδέ τινι τρόπῳ. μελλούσης τινὸς ἑορτῆς εἶναι, καθ᾿ ἣν ἔθος ἦν τοὺς πατρωνευομένους ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν ὑπεροχαῖς ὄντων ξένια πέμπειν, καὶ διὰ ταύτην τὴν3 αἰτίαν δι᾿ ὅλης τῆς νυκτὸς ἀνεῷχθαι τὰς οἰκίας συνέβαινε· συνέθεντο οὖν κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν καιρὸν εἰσπέμπειν εἰς τὰς τῶν ἐπιβουλευομένων οἰκίας τοὺς προσάξοντας4 αὐτοῖς τὰς χεῖρας· οὓς ἔδει τὴν μὲν φαντασίαν χάριν τῆς τῶν ξενίων εἰσφορᾶς ἀνυπόπτως εἰσελθόντας, καὶ ἀδήλως παρεζωσμένους5 ξίφη καὶ κατ᾿ ὀλίγους ἐφ᾿ ἑκάστῃ οἰκίᾳ μεμερισμένους ὑφ᾿ ἕνα καὶ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν ἅπασαν σχεδὸν τὴν σύγκλητον ἀνελεῖν. τοῦτον δὲ τὸν τρόπον διεσκευασμένης τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς, παραδόξως διεσώθησαν. ὄντων γὰρ πλειόνων ἢ τετρακοσίων τῶν ἐπὶ τὴν σφαγὴν τεταγμένων, ἕνα τούτων διακείμενον ἐρωτικῶς πρός τινα

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images set up to the gods, as well as other valuables taken from the enemy, has dedicated to the goddess1 twelve thousand and sixty pieces of gold and three hundred and seven talents of silver.”

5. At Rome a certain insolvent debtor named63 b.c. Catiline and Lentulus surnamed Sura2 gathered a mob and fomented sedition against the senate, as follows. A certain festival3 was approaching when it was customary for the clients of prominent men to send gifts, and for this reason houses were kept open all through the night. The conspirators agreed, therefore, to use this opportunity to introduce into the houses of their intended victims men whose business it would be to lay violent hands upon them. With swords concealed at their girdles they were to gain entry without rousing suspicion, ostensibly for the purpose of bringing gifts, and, distributed a few to each house, at one and the same time to do away with virtually the entire senate. Though the plot had been thus carefully planned, by a miracle the victims escaped assassination. For among the more than four hundred men who were detailed to do the killing, there was one4 who was in love with a certain girl and who, on being

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παιδίσκην καὶ ὑπὸ ταύτης παραθεωρούμενον πλεονάκις λέγειν φασὶν ὅτι1 μετ᾿ ὀλίγας ἡμέρας2 ἔσται τοῦ πνεύματος αὐτῆς κύριος. τῆς δὲ θαυμαζούσης τὸ ῥηθὲν καὶ μὴ δυναμένης νοῆσαι τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς ἀπειλῆς,3 τὸν μὲν νεανίσκον μένειν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνατάσεως,4 τὴν δὲ κατὰ τὴν συμπεριφορὰν καὶ τὴν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ μέθην ὑποκριναμένην κεχαρισμένας ὁμιλίας5 ἀξιοῦν δηλῶσαι τίνα ποτὲ νοῦν ἔχει τὸ ῥηθέν· τὸν δὲ διὰ τὸν ἔρωτα βουλόμενον ταύτῃ χαρίσασθαι πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν μηνῦσαι· τὴν δὲ προσποιηθεῖσαν μετ᾿ εὐνοίας καὶ χαρᾶς δεδέχθαι τὸν λόγον σιωπῆσαι, τῇ δὲ ὑστεραίᾳ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ὑπάτου Κικέρωνος γυναῖκα καταντήσασαν καὶ κατ᾿ ἰδίαν διαλεχθεῖσαν περὶ τούτων ἀπαγγεῖλαι τοὺς ῥηθέντας λόγους ὑπὸ τοῦ νεανίσκου, καὶ τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ φανερὰν γενέσθαι τὴν τούτων συνωμοσίαν. τὸν δὲ τὰ μὲν ἀνατάσει καὶ φόβῳ, τὰ δὲ παρακλήσει φιλανθρώπῳ χρησάμενον μαθεῖν ἀκριβῶς παρ᾿ αὐτῶν τὴν ὅλην ἐπιβουλήν.

(Const. Exc. 3, pp. 211–212.)

5a. Ὅτι Λεύκιος Σέργιος ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Κατιλίνας κατάχρεως γεγονὼς ἀπόστασιν ἐμελέτησεν, ὁ δὲ Μάρκος6 Κικέρων ὁ ὕπατος λόγον διετίθετο περὶ τῆς προσδοκωμένης ταραχῆς. καὶ κληθέντος Κατιλίνα καὶ τῆς κατηγορίας κατὰ πρόσωπον γινομένης, ὁ Κατιλίνας κατ᾿ οὐδένα τῶν τρόπων ἔφησεν ἑαυτοῦ καταγνώσεσθαι φυγὴν ἑκούσιον καὶ ἄκριτον. ὁ δὲ Κικέρων ἐπηρώτησε τοὺς συγκλητικοὺς εἰ δοκεῖ μεταναστῆναι τὸν Κατιλίναν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως. σιωπώντων δὲ τῶν πολλῶν διὰ τὴν κατὰ πρόσωπον ἐντροπήν, δι᾿ ἑτέρου τρόπου, καθάπερ ἐλέγξαι τὴν σύγκλητον ἀκριβῶς βουλόμενος, τὸ δεύτερον ἐπηρώτησε

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slighted by her, remarked more than once that within a few days her very life would be in his power. The remark puzzled her, and she could not guess what grounds he had for his threat, but still the young man remained insistent. When they were together, therefore, and drinking, she feigned extreme delight at his company and asked him to tell her what in the world his remark meant, and he, wishing in his infatuation to please her, disclosed the whole truth. She pretended to have taken what was said sympathetically and joyfully, and held her peace, but on the morrow went to the wife of Cicero the consul, and speaking privately with her about the matter reported what the young man had said. Thus was the conspiracy brought to light, and the consul, by using now threats and terror, now kindly exhortations, learned from them full details of the plot.

5a. Lucius Sergius, surnamed Catiline, on findingNov. 8, 63 b.c. himself deep in debt had fomented an insurrection, and the consul Marcus Cicero was composing a speech on the anticipated disturbance. Catiline, on being openly named and accused to his face, declared that under no circumstances would he condemn himself to voluntary exile without a trial. Cicero put the question to the senators, whether it was their wish to banish Catiline from the city. When the majority, abashed by the man’s presence, remained silent, Cicero, wishing as it were to probe their sentiments exactly, turned the question and

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τοὺς συνέδρους εἰ κελεύουσι Κόιντον1 Κάτλον ἐκ τῆς Ῥώμης μεταστήσασθαι.2 μιᾷ δὲ φωνῇ πάντων ἀναβοησάντων μὴ δοκεῖν καὶ δυσχεραινόντων ἐπὶ τῷ ῥηθέντι, πάλιν3 ἐπὶ τὸν Κατιλίναν ἔφησεν, ὅταν τινὰ μὴ νομίσωσιν εἶναι ἐπιτήδειον φυγεῖν,4 μεθ᾿ ὅσης κραυγῆς ἀντιλέγουσιν· ὥστε εἶναι φανερὸν ὅτι διὰ τῆς σιωπῆς ὁμολογοῦσι φυγήν. ὁ δὲ Κατιλίνας εἰπὼν ὅτι βουλεύσεται καθ᾿ ἑαυτὸν ἀνεχώρησεν.

2Ὅτι κατὰ τὴν παροιμίαν τῷ πλείονι πολέμιον καθίσταται τοὔλαττον.

(Const. Exc. 4, p. 406.)

6. Mέμνηται μὲν Βιργίλιος ταύτης τῆς Κλεοπάτρας,

Λουκιανὸς καὶ Γαληνὸς καὶ Πλούταρχος σὺν τούτοις, Διόδωρος, Γεώργιος ὁ χρονικὸς σὺν ἄλλοις.

(Tzetzes, Hist. 2, 31–33.)

7. [. . . τὴν ἀρχὴν τοῦ Κελτικοῦ πολέμου, ἣν τελευτὴν πεποιήμεθα τῆς ἱστορίας.] (Diodorus, 1. 5. 1.)

2[Τοῦτο γὰρ τὸ μέρος τῆς οἰκουμένης καὶ τὸ περὶ τὰς Βρεττανικὰς νήσους καὶ τὴν ἄρκτον ἥκιστα πέπτωκεν ὑπὸ τὴν κοινὴν ἀνθρώπων ἐπίγνωσιν. ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον κεκλιμένων μερῶν τῆς οἰκουμένης τῶν συναπτόντων τῇ διὰ ψῦχος

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asked the senators next whether they would order him to banish Quintus Catulus1 from Rome. When with one voice they all shouted their disapproval and showed their displeasure at what was said, Cicero, reverting to Catiline, remarked that when they considered a man not deserving of banishment they shouted with all their might; hence it was evident that by silence they were agreeing to his banishment. Catiline, after stating that he would think it over in private, withdrew.

According to the proverb the less is the enemy of the more.

6. This Cleopatra is mentioned by Virgil, Lucian, Galen, along with Plutarch, and by Diodorus and George the chronicler among others.

7. [. . . the beginning of the Gallic War, which we have made the end of our history.]

[This part of the inhabited world and that about the British Isles and the arctic regions have fallen least of all within the range of men’s common knowledge. But as for the northern latitudes adjacent to the region that is uninhabited because of the cold, we shall discuss them when we come to write of the

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ἀοικήτῳ διέξιμεν, ὅταν τὰς Γαΐου Καίσαρος πράξεις ἀναγράφωμεν· οὗτος γὰρ τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίαν εἰς ἐκεῖνα τὰ μέρη πορρωτάτω προβιβάσας πάντα τὸν πρότερον ἀγνοούμενον τόπον ἐποίησε πεσεῖν εἰς σύνταξιν ἱστορίας.]

(Diodorus, 3. 38. 2–3.)

3[Καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς δὲ Γάιος Καῖσαρ ὁ διὰ τὰς πράξεις ἐπονομασθεὶς θεὸς πρῶτος τῶν μνημονευομένων ἐχειρώσατο τὴν νῆσον, καὶ τοὺς Βρεττανοὺς καταπολεμήσας ἠνάγκασε τελεῖν ὡρισμένους φόρους. ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων τὰς κατὰ μέρος πράξεις ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις χρόνοις ἀναγράψομεν.]

(Diodorus, 5. 21. 2.)

4[Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τῶν κατ᾿ αὐτὴν νομίμων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἰδιωμάτων τὰ κατὰ μέρος ἀναγράψομεν ὅταν ἐπὶ τὴν Καίσαρος γενομένην στρατείαν εἰς Βρεττανίαν παραγενηθῶμεν.] | (Diodorus, 5. 22. 1.)

8. Ὅτι τῶν βίβλων τινὲς πρὸ τοῦ διορθωθῆναι καὶ τὴν ἀκριβῆ συντέλειαν λαβεῖν κλαπεῖσαι προεξεδόθησαν, οὔπω συνευαρεστουμένων ἡμῶν τῇ γραφῇ· ἃς ἡμεῖς ἀποποιούμεθα. ἵνα δὲ αὗται φανεραὶ γενόμεναι μὴ λυμαίνωνται τὴν ὅλην ἐπιβολὴν τῆς ἱστορίας, ἐκρίναμεν δεῖν τὸν ἐλέγχοντα λόγον τὴν ἄγνοιαν ἐκθέσθαι. ἐν τεσσαράκοντα γὰρ βίβλοις περιειληφότες τὴν πραγματείαν, ἐν μὲν ἓξ1 ταῖς πρώταις ἀνεγράψαμεν τὰς πρὸ τῶν Τρωικῶν πράξεις τε καὶ μυθολογίας, καὶ τοὺς χρόνους ἐν ταύταις ἐπ᾿ ἀκριβείας οὐ διωρισάμεθα διὰ τὸ μηδὲν παράπηγμα2 περὶ τούτων παρει. . . .3 (Const. Exc. 4, pp. 406–407.)

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deeds of Gaius Caesar; for it was he who extended the Roman Empire farthest in that direction, and brought all the area that was previously unknown within the scope of history.]

[In our own times Gaius Caesar, who by his deeds won the title divus, was the first on record to have conquered the island, and by defeating the Britons in war compelled them to pay fixed tribute. But as for these matters we shall record the particulars of his enterprise at the appropriate times.]

[As for their customs and other peculiarities we shall record them in detail when we come to Caesar’s campaign against Britain.]

8. Some of the books were pirated and published before being corrected and before they had received the finishing touches, at a time when we were not yet fully satisfied with the work. These we disown. But in order that these books, by getting before the public, may not mar the general plan of our history, we have deemed it necessary to publish a statement that will expose any misconception. Our subject matter is contained within forty books, and in the first six we have recorded the events and legends prior to the Trojan War. In these we have not fixed the dates with any precision, since no chronological record of them was at hand. . . .

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Fragmenta Sedis Incertae

1. [Περὶ δὲ τῶν συμπτωμάτων μεγάλης οὔσης ζητήσεως, οἱ μὲν φυσικοὶ πειρῶνται τὰς αἰτίας τῶν τοιούτων παθῶν οὐκ εἰς τὸ θεῖον ἀναφέρειν, ἀλλ᾿ εἰς φυσικάς τινας καὶ κατηναγκασμένας περιστάσεις, οἱ δ᾿ εὐσεβῶς διακείμενοι πρὸς τὸ θεῖον πιθανάς τινας αἰτίας ἀποδιδοῦσι τοῦ συμβάντος, ὡς διὰ θεῶν μῆνιν γεγενημένης τῆς συμφορᾶς τοῖς εἰς τὸ θεῖον ἀσεβήσασι· περὶ ὧν καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀκριβῶς ἀναγράψαι πειρασόμεθα τῇ κατὰ μέρος ἱστορίᾳ.] (Diodorus, 15. 48. 4.)

1a. [Ὁ γὰρ Δουκέτιος τὴν Παλικὴν κτίσας καὶ περιλαβὼν αὐτὴν ἀξιολόγῳ τείχει, κατεκληρούχησε τὴν ὅμορον χώραν. συνέβη δὲ τὴν πόλιν ταύτην διὰ τὴν τῆς χώρας ἀρετὴν καὶ διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν οἰκητόρων ταχεῖαν λαβεῖν αὔξησιν. οὐ πολὺν δὲ χρόνον εὐδαιμονήσασα κατεσκάφη, καὶ διέμεινεν ἀοίκητος μέχρι τῶν καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς χρόνων· περὶ ὧν τὰ κατὰ μέρος ἀναγράψομεν ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις χρόνοις.] (Diodorus, 11. 90. 1–2.)

2. Καὶ ὁ μὲν Σικελιώτης Διόδωρος τὸν Ζωίλον

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Fragments of Uncertain Location

1. [These disasters (earthquakes and tidal waves) have been the subject of much discussion. Natural scientists make it their endeavour to attribute responsibility in such cases not to divine providence, but to certain natural circumstances determined by necessary causes, whereas those who are disposed to venerate the divine power assign certain plausible reasons for the occurrence, alleging that the disaster was occasioned by the anger of the gods at those who had committed sacrilege. This question I too shall endeavour to deal with in detail in a special chapter of my history.1]

1a. [Ducetius, having founded Palicê and enclosed it with a fine wall, divided up and apportioned the adjacent territory. And it came to pass that this city, because of the excellence of the soil and the number of its inhabitants, grew swiftly. But after no very long period of prosperity it was levelled to the ground and remained uninhabited down to our own times: the details of this matter I shall relate at the proper time.2]

2. The Siceliote Diodorus says that this Zoïlus3

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τοῦτον οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἔτι γεγραφέναι φησὶν ἢ τὴν καθ᾿ Ὁμήρου ἣν εἴπομεν σύνταξιν. (Tzetzes, Scholia ad Exegesin in Iliadem, p. 126.1

3. Πλούταρχος, Διονύσιος, Διόδωρος καὶ Δίων

τὰ τῶν Κατώνων γράφουσι καὶ τὰ τῶν Σκηπιώνων.

(Tzetzes, Hist. 3. 154–155.)

4. = Book 8. 26.

5. (Ἀντικατέστησαν) Διόδωρος· Οἱ δὲ ὑπολειφθέντες ἀλλήλοις ἀντικατέστησαν.

6. (Ἐντείνας ἑαυτόν) Διόδωρος· Ἐς τὸν στρατιωτικὸν καὶ εὐτελῆ βίον ἐντείνας.

7. (Ἐξακριβωθέντες) Διόδωρος· Ἄνδρες ἐξακριβωθέντες ὑπὸ βασιλέως εἰς μέγεθός τε καὶ ὕψος σωμάτων καὶ τόλμης ὀξύτητα καὶ ἀγερωχίαν.

8. (Κλίμακες) Διόδωρος· Ἑξῆς δ᾿ ἐκομίζοντο κλίμακες ω΄, παντευχίας πολυτελεῖς ἔχουσαι.

9. (Στεγανόν) Καὶ Διόδωρος· Οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι στεγανὰ ποιήσαντες παρεχείμαζον.

10. (Συνεῖχεν) Διόδωρος· Ὁ δὲ συνεῖχεν αὐτοὺς εἶναι στρατιώτας,2 παράδειγμα ὑποθεὶς ἑαυτόν.

11. (Ὑποστάς) Διόδωρος· Ἐπαγγελλόμενοι καὶ αὐτοὶ πρὸς τὴν ὑπόστασιν ταύτην συμβαλεῖσθαι.

12. (Χαλάσω) Διόδωρος· Τοῦ δὲ βασιλέως χαλῶντος καὶ παραλυομένου πρὸς τὰ λεγόμενα, ἐπιτρέπει αὐτῷ πράττειν ὃ βούλεται.

13. (Χρῶμα) Διόδωρος· Ὁ δὲ βάρβαρος μαστιζόμενος, ὄμμα ἔχων ἄτρεπτον καὶ χρῶμα καθάπερ θηρίον ἐκαρτέρει.

(Suidas, S.vv.)

14. Κρείσσων σοφὸς ἰσχυροῦ.

(Antonius Melissa, 1. 10.3)

298

Fragments of Uncertain Location

wrote nothing in addition to the treatise Against Homer of which we spoke.

3. Plutarch, Dionysius, Diodorus, and Dio give accounts of the Catos and the Scipios.

4. =Book 8. 26.

5. Those who were left opposed one another.

6. Devoting himself to the mean life of a common soldier.

7. Men who had been carefully sought out by the king for their size and height, their keen daring, and their lordly manner.

8. Next in the procession came eight hundred frames on which costly panoplies were mounted.1

9. The Romans built waterproof shelters and spent the winter there.

10. He constrained them to be soldiers by setting himself before them as a model.

11. Promising that they too would contribute to this undertaking.

12. Since in the face of these words the king was losing his grip and weakening, he allowed him to do what he pleased.

13. The barbarian, on being flogged, did not change expression or colour, but like a dumb beast suffered in silence.

14. The wise man is superior to the strong.2

299

Diodorus of Sicily

15. Κινήσεώς τε αὖθις ἐμφυλίου γενομένης, Σύλλαν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνυπεύθυνον ἀρχὴν ἡ Ῥωμαίων βουλὴ προεβάλετο.1 τῶν γὰρ ἱππέων ἅμα πάντων συμφραξαμένων καὶ μᾶλλον ἄρχειν ἤ περ ἄρχεσθαι βουλομένων, πολλάκις τε σὺν τῇ συγκλήτῳ βουλῇ ἐς ἐναντίωσιν ἐλθεῖν πειρωμένων,2 οὐκ ἀνεκτὸν ἦν τοῖς ἐν τέλει. ὁ μὲν οὖν Σύλλας ἐπὶ τὴν εἰρημένην αὖθις διελθὼν3 ἀρχήν, σύνθημα4 τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἀνδράσι λαθὼν ἅπαντας τοὺς τῆς Ῥώμης ἔδωκεν, ἐγχειρίδιά τε αὐτοὺς ξίφη κομιζομένους εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν πόλιν5 προσέταξεν, ὁπηνίκα τῆς Ῥέας6 ἡμέραν ὁ Ῥωμαίων δῆμος πανηγυρίζειν ἄρξεται7 (αὕτη δὲ8 κατὰ τὴν πρώτην Ἰαννουαρίου μηνὸς εἴωθεν ἄγεσθαι9) ὡς ἂν δι᾿ αὐτῶν τοὺς τῆς πόλεως ἱππεῖς10 διαχρήσηται. ὁ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν ὄχλος11 ἐναντία τοῖς στρατιώταις φρονῶν

300

Fragments of Uncertain Location

15. Upon the renewal of civil strife the Roman88 or 82/1 b.c. (?) senate proposed that Sulla be granted dictatorial powers.1 For all the knights had banded together, wishing to rule rather than be ruled, and since they repeatedly attempted to oppose the senate the situation was intolerable to the government. Accordingly Sulla, having again attained this office, made a secret agreement with men throughout Italy, unbeknown to anyone at Rome, and ordered them to arm themselves with daggers and enter the city at the time when the Roman people would be starting to celebrate the festival of Rhea (this normally occurs about the first of January),2 so that with their help he might destroy the urban knights. Since the Italian rabble was hostile to the soldiers they duly appeared on the

301

Diodorus of Sicily

κατὰ τὴν ὡρισμένην ὑπήντησεν,1 ἀρξάμενός τε τῆς ἐμφυλίου κινήσεως, ἅμα τε καὶ τὸν δῆμον προσλαβόμενος, πολλοὺς τῶν ἱππέων διέφθειρεν.2 τούτων δὲ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν πραττομένων μηνύσεις ἐκ τῶν πανταχόθεν ὑπηκόων εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην ἀφίκοντο, βαρβάρων τε ἐπιδρομὰς ἀποφαίνουσαι καὶ τοὺς ὑπάτους καὶ στρατηγοὺς Ῥωμαίων τὴν ταχίστην καταλαβεῖν τὰς χώρας ὑπομιμνήσκουσαι. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἐκ τῶν3 Πλουτάρχου εἰρήκαμεν. ὡς δέ φησι Διόδωρος, οὐδὲν τούτων ἀπηγγέλθη, ἀλλ᾿4 ὁ Σύλλας, βουληθεὶς τὸν ὄχλον τῆς ἐμφυλίου ταραχῆς ἀποστῆσαι, ταῦτα5 διεσοφίσατο. καὶ εὐθέως ἀναλαβὼν ἅπαντα τὰ στρατεύματα ἐπιστήσας τε αὐτοῖς στρατηγοὺς τοῦ παντὸς πλήθους τὴν πόλιν ἀπήλλαξεν.6

(Ioannes Antiochenus, fr. 68, § 2: Νοές Ἑλληνομνήμων, 1 (1904), pp. 28–30, Const. Exc. 2 (1), p. 173.)

302

Fragments of Uncertain Location

appointed day, began to riot, and by enlisting the help of the populace did away with a large number of knights. While these events were taking place in the city, reports from the subject peoples everywhere reached Rome, announcing incursions of barbarians and suggesting that the Roman consuls and praetors should occupy their territories with all speed. I give this on the authority of Plutarch. Diodorus, however, says that no such reports existed, and that Sulla concocted them as a means of distracting the people and ending the disorders. For he promptly enrolled all the armies and assigned them commanders, and thus rid the city of the whole multitude.

303

Fragments of Uncertain Location

304

Index

Russel M. Geer

305
306

Introductory Note to the Index

This is primarily an index of names. Some few items dealing with economic, military, political and religious matters have been included, but with these the coverage is by no means complete. An effort has been made, however, to cover every occurrence of every proper name, including passages where the name is implied but not actually used. In the case of the larger geographical divisions this has often been done by an inclusive reference covering the events of a year or more, sometimes with a word or phrase in parentheses after the reference suggesting the events of the period. It has seemed most convenient to place in a single article under the name of a city or country all the material dealing with that city or country and with its people, although this is contrary to Diodorus’ usage. With him “Athens,” for example, is a geographical area. It is always the “Athenians” who act, never “Athens.” Grouping the place and its people into a single article results in a mixture of singular and plural verbs which the user may find disturbing; but this is, I think, better than forcing him to consult two more or less parallel articles.

The index is based on the translation, and the

307

spelling of certain names varies with the usage of the different translators. These variations are minor, and they very rarely cause any change in the position of the name in the alphabetical order. Diodorus’ habitual inaccuracy in expressing Latin proper names presents a somewhat different problem. Here, if one followed the normal indexing practice of giving a name as the author gives it, a man who had held office three times might appear under three different names no one of which would be recognized by a person searching for him. The only way of bringing order out of chaos seemed to be to list each man under his full and correct name as given by Broughton (Magistrates of the Roman Republic) with cross references from Diodorus’ vagaries where this seemed worth while. Men bearing the same name, either Greek or Roman, are given in chronological order or in order of first appearance. When the same name is found for persons and for places, the former are given precedence.

References are by volume (Roman numerals), book (boldfaced Arabic), chapter, and section (Arabic). Volume and book numbers are given only as needed; but chapter and section numbers are given for each item, the section number being given even if there is only one section in the chapter. In a few cases and for various different reasons the page of this edition has been added. For the complete books the division into chapters is uniform in all the editions of the past century and a half, but there are minor variations in the section numbers and one edition (Bekker, Teubner, 1853–1854) lacks these numbers. For the fragments there is no such uniformity. This edition follows the numbering introduced by the

308

Vogel-Fischer edition (Teubner, 1888 ff.) in Books Six through Ten, and that of Dindorf’s fourth edition (Teubner, 1866–1868) for the last ten books. A “concordance” following the Index will make possible its use with the older editions and also will make it easier to find in this edition fragments cited by the older numberings.

To facilitate identifying items and locating items within the longer articles dates have been introduced where feasible. These are placed in parentheses, and each applies to the material following it up to the next date or to a full stop (period). For the complete books from Eleven through Twenty the dates are based on Diodorus’ rather faulty division into archon years, the date printed being that of the calendar year in which the archon took office. For the fragments of the last twenty books the very full dating supplied in the margin by Professor Walton has been followed. For the first five books and for the fragments of the next five very few dates have been supplied. Obviously few dates are possible for the first six books, but more might have been done in Books Seven through Ten. However, this index has been prepared with rather limited library facilities available, and no real effort has been made to go beyond what was to be found in Professor Old-father’s notes. It should be emphasized that the dates are not intended to give exact chronological information but merely to make use of this somewhat cumbersome index a little easier.

Russel M. Geer

Mount Doha, Florida September 15, 1965

309
Table of Olympiads and of Years Books XI–XX

Diodorus begins his account of each year by giving the Athenian and Roman magistrates for that year, and in every fourth year he also gives the victor in the stadion race at Olympia and the number of the Olympiad. In the following table the Olympiad number is given in the first column. The second column gives the year b.c. assigned by modern historians to the archon named by Diodorus, and also the year assigned to the named Roman magistrates by the conventional Roman chronological system, which is based ultimately upon Varro. When the magistrates are other than consuls, that is indicated immediately after the Roman date. The third column gives the point in Diodorus where his account of the year begins.

olympiadsyears greek romandiodorus
LXXV480=V486IV, 11. 1. 2
479=V48527. 1
478=V48438. 1
477=V48341. 1
311
olympiadsyears greek romandiodorus
LXXVI476=V481IV, 11. 48. 1
475=V48050. 1
474=V47951. 1
473=V47852. 1
LXXVII472=V47753. 1
471=V47654. 1
470=V47560. 1
469=V47463. 1
LXXVIII468=V47365. 1
467=V47266. 1
466=V47167. 1
465=V47069. 1
LXXIX464=V46970. 1
463=V46871. 1
462=V46774. 1
461=V46675. 1
LXXX460=V46577. 1
459=V46478. 1
458=V46379. 1
457=V46281. 1
LXXXI456=V46184. 1
455=V46085. 1
454=V45986. 1
453=V45888. 1
451=V45791. 1
450=V457b12. 3. 1
449=V4564. 1
LXXXIII448=V4555. 1
447=V4546. 1
446=V4537. 1
445=V45222. 1
LXXXIV444=V451 (Xviri)23. 1
312
olympiadsyears greek romandiodorus
443=V450 (Xviri)IV, 12. 24. 1
442=V44926. 1
441=V44827. 1
LXXXV440=V44729. 1
439=V44630. 1
438=V44531. 1
437=V444 (tr.)32. 1
LXXXVI436=V44333. 1
435=V44234. 1
434=V44135. 1
433=V44036. 1
LXXXVII432=V43937. 1
431=V438 (tr.)38. 1
430=V437V, 12. 43. 1
429=V43646. 1
LXXXVIII428=V43549. 1
427=V434 (tr.)53. 1
426=V433 (tr.)58. 1
425=V432 (tr.)60. 1
LXXXIX424=V43165. 1
423=V43072. 1
422=V42973. 1
421 =V42875. 1
XC420=V428b77. 1
419=V42778. 1
418=V426 (tr.)80. 1
417=V425 (tr.)81. 1
XCI416=V424 (tr.)82. 1
415=V418 (tr.)13. 2. 1
414=V417 (tr.)7. 1
413=V416 (tr.)9. 1
XCII412=V415 (tr.)34. 1
313
olympiadsyears greek romandiodorus
411=V414 (tr.)V, 3. 38. 1
410=V41343. 1
409=V41254. 1
XCIII408=V41168. 1
407=V41076. 1
406=V40980. 1
405=V408 (tr.)104. 1
XCIV404=V407 (tr.)VI, 14. 3. 1
403=V406 (tr.)12. 1
402=V405 (tr.)17. 1
401=V404 (tr.)19. 1
XCV400=V403 (tr.)35. 1
399=V402 (tr.)38. 1
898=V401 (tr.)44. 1
397=V400 (tr.)47. 1
XCVI396=V399 (tr.)54. 1
395=V398 (tr.)82. 1
394=V397 (tr.)85. 1
393=V396 (tr.)90. 1
XCVII392=V395 (tr.)94. 1
391=V394 (tr.)97. 1
390=V39399. 1
389=V392103. 1
XCVIII388=V391 (tr.)107. 1
387=V390 (tr.)110. 1
386=V394 (tr.)15. 2. 1
385=V3938. 1
XCIX384=V39214. 1
383=V391 (tr.)15 1
382=V390 (tr.)VII, 15. 20. 1
381=V389 (tr.)22. 1
C380=V388 (tr.)23. 1
314
olympiadsYears Greek Romandiodorus
379=V387 (tr.)VII, 15. 24. 1
378=V386 (tr.)25. 1
377=V385 (tr.)28. 1
CI376=V384 (tr.)36. 1
375=V383 (tr.)38. 1
374=V382 (tr.)41. 1
373=V381 (tr.)48. 1
CII372=V380 (tr.)50. 1
371=V379 (tr.)51. 1
370=V378 (tr.)57. 1
369=V377 (tr.)61. 1
CIII368=V376 (tr.)71. 1
367=V375 (No Roman magistrates)75. 1
366=V370 (tr.)76. 1
365=V369 (tr.)77. 1
CIV364=V368 (tr.)78. 1
363 =V36682. 1
362=V 36590. 1
361=V36495. 1
CV360=V36316. 2. 1
359=V3624. 1
358=V3616. 1
357=V3609. 1
CVI356=V35915. 1
355=V35823. 1
354=V35728. 1
353=V35632. 1
CVII352=V35537. 1
351=V35440. 1
350=V35346. 1
349=V35252. 1
315
olympiadsyears greek romandiodorus
CVIII348=V351VII, 16. 53. 1
347=V35056. 1
346=V34959. 1
345=V345VIII, 16. 66. 1
CIX344=V34869. 1
343=V34770. 1
342=V34672. 1
341 =V34474. 1
CX340=V34377. 1
339=V34282. 1
338=V34184. 1
337=V34089. 1
CXI336=V33991. 1
335=V 33817. 2. 1
334=V33717. 1
333=V33629. 1
CXII332=V33540. 1
331=V33449. 1
330=V33262. 1
329=V33174. 1
CXIII328=V33082. 1
327=V329 (lost in lacuna)
326=V32887. 1
325=V327110. 1
CXIV324=V326113. 1
323=V325IX. 18. 2. 1
322=V32326. 1
321=V32228. 2
(CXV)320=V32140. 1
319=V32044. 1
318=V31958. 1
317=V31819. 2. 1
316
olympiadsyears greek romandiodorus
CXVI316=V317IX, 19. 17. 11
315=V31655.12
314=V315X, 19. 66. 1
313=V31473. 1
CXVII312=V31377. 12
311=V312105. 1
310=V31120. 3. l
309=V31027. 1
CXVIII30837. 1
30745. 1
30673. 1
30581. 1
CXIX30491. 1
303102. 1
302106. 1

For the special problems in the early part of Book 18, see Introduction to Vol. IX, p. xi.

317

Index

A
  • Abacaenê (Abacaenum), in Sicily: (396) Dionysius takes land of, VI, 14. 78. 5–6; (393) he defeats Carthaginians near, 90. 3–4; (315) Agathocles slays enemies in, IX, 19. 65. 6; (311) deserts Agathocles, X, 19. 110. 4; (270) welcomes Hiero, XI, 22. 13. 2.
  • Abae, in Arabia: (145) Alexander Balas flees to, and is killed, XI, 32. 9d. 1, 10. 1, 8 (pp. 445, 453); “the two-formed one of,” 10. 2–9 (pp. 447–453).
  • —, in Phocis: (352) Phocians defeated near, VII, 16. 38. 4; (347) they fail to fortify, 58. 4.
  • Abaris, a Hyperborean, II, 2. 47. 5.
  • Abdemon of Tyre: (391) driven from Cyprian Salamis, VI, 14. 98. 1.
  • Abdera, in Thrace: (428) limit of Sitalces’ kingdom, V, 12. 50. 1–2; (408) joins Athenians, 13. 72. 2; (376) Athenians repel Triballians from, VII, 15. 36. 1–4; (170) Eumenes II enters, XI, 30. 6. 1; (167) not in first Macedonian canton, 31. 8. 8. See Democritus, Hecataeus of.
  • Abritae: (326) yield to Alexander, VIII, 17. 104. 4.
  • Abrupolis, king of Thrace: (173) Rome bids Perseus restore, to throne, XI, 29. 33. 1.
  • Abuleutes: (330) surrenders Susianê to Alexander, VIII, 17. 65. 5.
  • Abydus, on Hellespont: (480) Xerxes at, IV, 11. 3. 6; (411) Athenians defeat Lacedaemonian fleet near, V, 13. 39. 1–40. 5; Lacedaemonian fleet at, 41. 1; (410) 45. 1, 6, 47. 2; Athenian fleet passes, 49. 5; (408) Athenians take cities of Hellespont except, 68. 1; (302) Demetrius saves, from Lysimachus, X, 20. 107. 2–3; (200) M. Aemilius Paullus meets Philip V at, XI, 28. 6. 1.
  • Academy, grove near Athens: (408) King Agis camps in, V, 13. 73. 1; (200) Philip V burns, XI, 28. 7. 1.
  • Acamas s. of Theseus, III, 4. 62. 1.
  • Acanthi, an Egyptian city, I, 1. 97. 2.
  • Acanthus, in Chalcidicê: (480) Xerxes at, IV, 11. 5. 1; (424) revolts from Athens, V, 12. 67. 1–2.
  • Acarnania: (455) Pericles wins most cities of, IV, 11. 85. 2, (453) 88. 2; (429) Lacedaemonians forced from, V, 12. 47. 4–5; (425) men of, in Demosthenes’ army, 60. 1; Demosthenes in, 60. 3–6; makes peace with Ambracia, 60. 4–6; (395) joins alliance against Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 82. 3; (377) a division of Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; won over to Athens, 36. 5; (335) exiles from, recalled, VIII, 17. 3. 3; (321) at war with Aetolians, IX, 18. 38. 4–5; (314) X, 19. 67. 3; Cassander persuades, to move into cities, 67. 3–4; he places
318
  • Lyciscus over, 67. 5, 88. 2; (313) Philip enters, 74. 3; (103) men from, in Roman army, XII, 36. 8. 1. See Philip of; Oeniadae, Acheloüs riv. in.
  • Acastus s. of Pelias: receives father’s kingdom, II, 4. 53. 1; succeeded by Thessalus s. of Jason, 55. 2.
  • Acathartus gulf, on Arabian gulf (Red sea), II, 3. 39. 3.
  • Acê, in Phoenicia: (374) forces of Artaxerxes at, VII, 15. 41. 3.
  • Acellum, in Sicily: formerly called Aegithallus, XI, 24. 1. 10.
  • Acesinus (Acesines) riv.: in India, II, 2. 37. 4; (326) Alexander on, VIII, 17. 95. 3–96. 1.
  • Acestorides: (474) archon, IV, 11. 51. 1.
  • —of Corinth: (before 317) general in Syracuse, fails in plot against Agathocles, IX, 19. 5. 1–3.
  • Achaea, see Achaïa.
  • Achaean league: (185) offends Rome by destroying walls of Sparta; rejects gifts of Eumenes II; renews with Seleucus IV the alliance made with Antiochus III, XI, 29. 17. 1; (182) loses leader, Philopoemen, 18. 1; (146) inexperienced leaders destroy, 32. 26. 1, 3–5; declares war on Rome, 26. 5.
  • Achaeans: (446) a tribe in Thurii, IV, 12. 11. 3.
  • Achaemenes s. of Dareius I: (462) general of Artaxerxes I, defeated in Egypt, IV, 11. 74. 1–4.
  • Achaeus: (c. 135) adviser of Eunus, XII, 34/5. 2. 16, 42.
  • Achaïa, Achaeans, in Peloponnesus: once called Ias, III, 5. 81. 4, and Ionia, VII, 15. 49. 1; with Dorians in Crete, III, 5. 80. 2; (401) in army of Cyrus, VI, 14. 19. 8; (377) a division of Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; (373) earthquake destroys two cities of, 48. 1–3; permit Ionians to copy altars, 49. 2–3; (367) Epameinondas gains support of, and frees cities held by, 75. 2; (363) at Mantineia, 85. 2; (354) aid Phocians, 16. 30. 4; (352) 37. 3; (331) in Alexander’s army, VIII, 17. 57. 3–4; (314) Aristodemus frees Patrae in, X, 19. 66. 3; (310) Eumelus checks pirates of, 20. 25. 2; (303) Demetrius in, 103. 4; (135) one of, leads slave war, XII, 34/5. 2. 16. See Myscellus, Socrates of; Patrae in.
  • —, in Phthiotis: men from, accompany Neleus into Peloponnesus, III, 4. 68. 3; Dionysiac rites among, 5. 50. 4–5; (480) submit to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 1–2; (428) oppose Thracians, V, 12. 51. 1–2; (364) Alexander of Pherae surrenders, to Boeotians, VII, 15. 80. 6; (363) at Mantineia, 84. 4; (354) oppose Phocians in Sacred war, 16. 29. 1; (331) cavalry from, at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 3; (323) join Athenians in Lamian war, IX, 18. 11. 1.
  • —, city on Rhodes, III, 5. 57. 6.
  • —, in Scythia: (before 61) Cn. Pompey protects, XII, 40. 4. 1.
  • Acharnae, in Attica: (401) Thirty Tyrants camp near, VI, 14. 32. 6.
  • Acheloüs riv., in Acarnania: alluvial plain of, I, 1. 39. 13; Heracles diverts, II, 4. 35. 3–4.
  • Acherusia (Acherousia), cape in Bithynia: Heracles returns from Hades near, VI, 14. 31. 3; (401) ships carrying the Ten Thousand anchor off, 31. 3.
  • —, Lake, near Memphis: bodies ferried across, I, 1. 96. 7.
  • Achilles: slays Penthesileia, II, 2. 46. 5; at Troy, III, 4. 72. 6; slays Memnon, 75. 4; sacks Lyrnessus; takes lyre of Hermes, 5. 49. 4; slays Tennes, 83. 5; death of, foretold by horse, 6. 3. 1, by Hector, IX, 18. 1. 2; fights with river, VIII, 17. 97. 3; (334) Alexander visits tomb of, 17. 1–3. See Neoptolemus, Pyrrhus ss. of.
  • Achradinê, near Syracuse: (466)
319
  • Thrasybulus retires to, IV, 11. 67. 8, 68. 3–4; (463) mercenaries occupy, 73. 1–3; (461) 76. 1; (408) Hermocrates at gate of, V, 13. 75. 7; (405) Dionysius enters Syracuse through, 113. 1–2; (396) Himilcon seizes, VI, 14. 63. 1; plague in Punic camp at, 70. 4; (357) Dion enters Syracuse through, VII, 16. 10. 4; (344) Hicetas holds, VIII, 16. 69. 3.
  • Acilius (Icilius), Sp.: (466=V471) elected tribune of plebeians, IV, 11. 68. 8.
  • aconite: Hecatê discovers, II, 4. 45. 2.
  • Acoris, king of Egypt, 390–378: (386) aids Evagoras of Cyprus against Persia, VI, 15. 2. 3, 3. 3–4, 4. 3, (385) 8. 1; forms alliance with Glôs, 9. 4; (377) collects mercenaries, VII, 15. 29. 1–4.
  • Acra Leucê, in Iberia: (237) Hamilcar Barca founds, XI, 25. 10. 3; (229) his army winters at, 10. 3; after his death Hannibal and Hasdrubal come to, 10. 4; Hasdrubal becomes general at, 12. 1.
  • Acrae, in Sicily: (263) subject to Hiero, XI, 23. 4. 1.
  • Acragas, in Sicily: Daedalus builds city at, III, 4. 78. 2; Minos lands at; calls city “Minoa,” 79. 1, VII, 16. 9. 4; (488–472) Theron tyrant of, returns Minos’ bones to Crete, III, 4. 79. 4; (480) many slaves in, after battle at Himera; public works constructed, IV, 11. 25. 2–5; (472) people of, honour Theron on his death, 53. 1–2; expel Thrasydaeus, and restore democracy, 53. 1–5; (466) aid Syracusans against Thrasybulus, 68. 1; (461) exiles return to, 76. 4; (451) Siceli defeat, 91. 1; (after 451) recover Motyum; join Syracusans against Siceli, 91. 4; (446) quarrel with Syracusans; are defeated and make peace, 12. 8. 1–4, 26. 3; (416) refuse aid to Egesta, V, 12. 82. 7, (415) and to Syracuse, 13. 4. 2; (409) delay aid to Selinus against Carthage, 56. 1–2; welcome fugitives from Selinus, 58. 3; Syracusan force comes to, 59. 1, 9; (406) retire into city at Punic attack, 81. 3; in spite of Syracusan aid, 86. 4–87. 4, yield to Carthage, then flee to Gela, 85. 1–89. 4; booty of, 90. 3–5, 96. 5, XI, 32. 25. 1; Himilcar winters in, V, 13. 91. 1, 96. 5; generals of, charged with treachery, 91. 2, 4; Philistus ends first History of Sicily with capture of, 103. 3; (405) Carthaginians destroy, 93. 5, 108. 2, 111. 4, terrifying the Sicilians, 111. 4; tributary to Carthage, 114. 1; (397) send levy to Dionysius against Carthaginians, VI, 14. 47. 6; (394) banish partisans of Dionysius, 88. 5; (383) Dionysius yields, to Carthage, 15. 17. 5; (357) support Dion against Dionysius II, VII, 16. 9. 4–5; (340) Timoleon moves into territory of, VIII, 16. 78. 1–79. 1; (before 317) Syracuse undertakes war against, IX, 19. 3. 1; (317) opponents of Agathocles flee to, 8. 2; (314) seek general from Lacedaemon for war on Agathocles, X, 19. 70. 1–3; Acrotatus s. of King Cleomenes of Lacedaemon becomes tyrant, 70. 6–71. 3; he is removed and peace made, 71. 4–7; (312) Punic landing diverts Agathocles from plundering, 102. 8; (309) seek leadership in Sicily; free cities from Carthage, 20. 31. 2–32. 2, 56. 1; (307) defeated by Syracuse, 56. 2–3, 57. 1, 62. 2–5; (280) Phintias tyrant of, XI, 22. 2. 1; (before 278) Sosistratus (Sostratus) tyrant of, 8. 4; (278–276) Pyrrhus takes, 10. 1; (264) Hanno s. of Hannibal makes alliance with, 23. 1. 2; (262) Romans take,
320
  • 7. 1–8. 1, 9. 1; (254) Carthalo captures and burns, 18. 2; (146) Scipio Aemilianus returns bull of Phalaris and other spoil taken by Himilcar, V, 13. 90. 5, XI, 32. 25. 1; (135) slaves led by Cleon seize, XII, 34/5. 2. 43. Account of the city: its trade, V, 13. 81. 4–5; buildings 82. 1–6; hospitality, 83. 1–2; wealth and luxury, 83. 1–84. 6, 90. 3–5. See: Exaenetus, Phalaris, Philinus, Philo, Phintias, Tellias, Theron of; Camicus, a fort of.
  • Acridophagi, Ethiopian tribe: II, 3. 29. 1–7.
  • Acris, in Libya: (307) general of Agathocles takes, X, 20. 57. 6.
  • Acrisius: father of Danaê, II, 4. 9. 1.
  • Acrocorinth: (303) surrendered to Demetrius, who garrisons, X, 20. 103. 2–3.
  • Acropolis, in Athens: Aegeus casts self from, III, 4. 61. 7; (c. 506) bronze chariot dedicated on, IV, 10. 24. 3.
  • Acroreia, part of Elis: (402) Pausanias crosses, VI, 14. 17. 8.
  • Acrotatus of Lacedaemon, s. of King Cleomenes: (314) had opposed pardon for survivors of defeat, X, 19. 70. 5; comes to Acragas to command against Agathocles, 70. 4–8; acts as tyrant; is removed; flees to Laconia, 71. 1–6; (309) Areus s. of, becomes king of Lacedaemon, 20. 29. 1.
  • Actaeon s. of Melissus: resists love of Archias; destroyed by his defenders, III, 8. 10. 1–3.
  • Actê: Orion builds harbour mole called, at Messana, III, 4. 85. 1.
  • —, in Argolis: (430) Athenians waste, V, 12. 43. 1; (377) in Lacedaemonian league, VII, 15. 31. 2; (323) joins Athens in Lamian war, IX, 18. 11. 2.
  • —, in Chalcidicê: (424) Brasidas moves to, V, 12. 68. 5.
  • Acteon s. of Aristaeus: offends Artemis; torn by own dogs, III, 4. 81. 3–82. 1, 8. 10. 3.
  • Actis s. of Helius: kills brother; teaches astrology in Egypt, III, 5. 56. 5, 57. 1–2.
  • Actisanes, king of Ethiopia: overthrows Amasis, I, 1. 60. 2–5.
  • Actor, king of Elis, III, 4. 69. 3.
  • —, king of Phthia; makes Peleus his successor, III, 4. 72. 6.
  • —: father of Menoetius, II, 4. 39. 1.
  • Ada, queen of Caria: (344) succeeds Idrieus, VIII, 16. 69. 2; (341) ousted by Pizodarus, 74. 2; (334) restored by Alexander, 17. 24. 2–3.
  • Adeimantus: (477) archon, IV, 11. 41. 1.
  • —, of Athens: (408) Alcibiades makes, general, V, 13. 69. 2.
  • Adherbal: (250) commands at Lilybaeum, XI, 24. 1. 2.
  • —: son of Micipsa, king of Numidia, XII, 34/5. 35. 1; (112) Jugurtha defeats and slays, 31. 1.
  • Admetus, king of Thessaly: marries Alcestis, II, 4. 53. 2, III, 6. 8. 1; Apollo at court of, 8. 1.
  • —, king of Molossians: (471) receives Themistocles, IV, 11. 56. 1–2.
  • —, a Macedonian: (332) killed before Tyre, VIII, 17. 45. 6.
  • adoption: non-Greeks follow form of, used by Hera, II, 4. 39. 2.
  • Adramytium (Adramyttium), in Asia Minor: (422–420) refuge of Delians, V, 12. 73, 1, 77. 1; (302) general of Lysimachus secures, X, 20. 107. 4.
  • Adranum, in Sicily: (400) Dionysius founds, VI, 14. 37. 5; (345) Hicetas attacks; Timoleon protects, VIII, 16. 68. 8–10; (344) ally of Timoleon, 69. 3.
  • Adrastus, king of Argos: receives Polyneices and Tydeus, III, 4. 65. 2–3; makes war on Thebes, 65. 3–7; returns home, 65. 9.
  • —, a Phrygian: slays Atys s. of Croesus, IV, 9. 29. 1–2.
  • Adrestians, in India: (326) Alexander secures cities of, VIII, 17. 91. 2.
321
  • Adriatic sea: Heracles circles, on foot, II, 4. 25. 1; Argonauts follow Danube to, 56. 7–8; (385) Dionysius founds colonies on, VI, 15. 13. 1, 4; (359) piracy on, VII, 16. 5. 3; (357) Dionysius II on, 10. 2, 11. 3; (324) dwellers by, send envoys to Alexander, VIII, 17. 113. 2; (314) Acrotatus blown into, X, 19. 70. 7; Cassander enters, against Apollonia, 67. 6; (312) 89. 1; (255) Xanthippus drowns in, XI, 23. 16. 1; (91) command of Q. Pompaedius Silo extends to, XII, 37. 2. 7. See Epidamnus, Apollonia on.
  • Adys, in Africa: (256) Carthaginians defeated at, XI, 23. 11. 12.
  • Aeacidae: Alexander descended from, VIII, 17. 1. 5.
  • Aeacides, king of Epirus (330–312): father of Pyrrhus, IX, 19. 35. 5, VIII, 16. 72. 1; (342) does not succeed father, 72. 1; (317) with Polyperchon, restores Olympias, IX, 19. 11. 2; prevented from aiding her, 36. 1–3; exiled, 36. 4; (316) Polyperchon commands troops of, 52. 6; (313) returns from exile; defeated and killed, X, 19. 74. 3–5; (312) Alcetas succeeds, 88. 1.
  • Aeacus s. of Zeus, king of Aegina: ancestry of, III, 4. 75. 5; by prayer, frees Greece (except Athens) from drought, 61. 1–2; father of Peleus, Telamon, and Phocus, 72. 6; Epirotes called “sons of,” XI, 22. 11. 1.
  • Aebutius Helva, L.: (458=V463) cos., IV, 11. 79. 1.
  • — — Cornicen, Post.: (435=V442) cos., IV, 12. 34. 1.
  • Aecli, Aeculani: see Aequi.
  • aedile: (309) son of freed man elected, X, 20. 36. 6; (204) judicial functions of, XI, 27. 4. 6–7.
  • Aedui: Gallic tribe, friends of Rome, III, 5. 25. 12.
  • Aeëropas, early king of Macedon, III, 7. 15. 2.
  • Aeëtes s. of Helius: king of Colchis, II, 4. 45. 1; father of Medea, 45. 3; father-in-law of Scythian king, 47. 5; approves slaying of strangers, 46. 1–2; Argonauts and, 47. 1–48. 5, 56. 1–6.
  • Aeëtes (Caeëtes), harbour of Formiae: named by the Argonauts, II, 4. 56. 6.
  • Aegae (Aegeae), in Macedon: founded, III, 7. 16. 11; (360) Argaeus ignored at, VII, 16. 3. 5–6; (336) Cleopatra and Alexander of Epirus married at, VIII, 16. 92. 1; (316) Philip Arrhidaeus and Eurydicê buried at, IX, 19. 52. 5; (274) Pyrrhus’ mercenaries violate royal tombs at, XI, 22. 11. 2–12. 1.
  • Aegates isls.: (241) Romans defeat Punic fleet at, XI, 24. 11. 1–3.
  • Aegean sea: account of islands of, III, 5. 47. 1–84. 4; (431) most islands of, allied with Athens, V, 12. 42. 5.
  • Aegesta (Egesta), in Sicily: warm bath at, II, 4. 23. 1; (580–576) defeats Selinus, III, 5. 9. 2–3; (454) at war with Lilybaeum, IV, 11. 86. 2; (416) defeated by Selinus, seeks aid from Acragas, Syracuse, and Carthage, V, 12. 82. 3–7; seeks Athenian alliance promising financial aid, 83. 1–3, 13. 43. 1; makes display of wealth, 12. 83. 3–5; (415) gives Athens little aid, 13. 4. 3, 6. 1; (414) cavalry of, joins Athenians on Epipolae, 7. 4; (410) yields land to Selinus, 43. 1–2; receives aid from Carthage; defeats Selinus, 43. 3–44. 5; (409) supplies men to Hannibal, 54. 6; (397) loyal to Carthage; Dionysius lays siege to, VI, 14. 48. 4–5, 53. 5, (396) 54. 2–3, 55. 4, but retires, 55. 5–7.
  • Aegeus s. of Pandion: king of Athens, provides refuge for Medea; begets Medus, II, 4. 55. 4–56. 1; hides token, which Theseus finds, III, 4. 59. 1; recognizes Theseus; sacrifices
322
  • Marathonian bull, 59. 6; causes death of Androgeos s. of Minos, 60. 4–5; throws self to death, 61. 4–8.
  • — s. of Phorbus: king of Eleans, III, 4. 69. 3.
  • Aegialeia: accuses her husband Diomedes, III, 7. 3. 1.
  • Aegialeus s. of Aeëtes, II, 4. 45. 3.
  • Aegimius s. of Dorus: king of the Dorieis, II, 4. 37. 3; holds third of Doris in trust for Heracleidae, 37. 4, 58. 6.
  • Aegina, in Saronic Gulf: named for Aeginê d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 5; Telamon flees from, 72. 7; 17th in list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1; (480) on Greek right at Salamis, IV, 11. 18. 2; (479) awarded prize for valour, 27. 2, 78. 3; Greek fleet at, 34. 2; (464) revolts from Athens, 70. 2–3; (459) defeated and forced back into League, 78. 3–4; (430) people of, expelled by Athenians; settled in Thyreae by Lacedaemonians, V, 12. 44. 2–3; (424) brought to Athens as captives, 65. 9; (318) Cassander secures, IX, 18. 69. 1.
  • Aeginê d. of Asopus: mother of Aeacus by Zeus, III, 4. 61. 1, 72. 1, 5.
  • Aegiochus, name of Zeus, III, 5. 70. 6.
  • Aegis: earthborn monster slain by Athena, II, 3. 70. 3–6.
  • Aegisthus, king of Mycenae: condemns Diomedes, III, 7. 3. 1.
  • Aegithallus (Acellum) in Sicily: (249) Carthalo drives Roman garrison from, XI, 24. 1. 10–11.
  • Aegium, in Achaïa: (314) Aristodemus takes, X, 19. 66. 3; his mercenaries from, aid people of Dymê, 66. 6.
  • Aegospotami, on Hellespont: (405) Lysander defeats Athenian fleet at, V, 13. 105. 1–106. 7.
  • Aegyptus, king of Egypt: gives name to Nile, I, 1. 19. 4.
  • Aegyptus riv.: old name for Nile, I, 1. 15. 7, 19. 4, 63. 1, II, 3. 66. 3, 4. 2. 4.
  • Aeimnestus, tyrant of Enna: (403) set up and overthrown by Dionysius, VI, 14. 14. 6–8.
  • Aelius, C: see Q. Aulius Cerretanus, cos., 322=V323, 318=V319.
  • Aella, an Amazon: slain by Heracles, II, 4. 16. 2.
  • Aelymas, king of Libya: (310) ally of Agathocles, X, 20. 17. 1; deserts Agathocles, who defeats him, 18. 3.
  • Aemilia, sister of L. Aemilius Paullus and wife of P. Scipio Africanus, XI, 31. 27. 3–4.
  • Aemilianus Mamercinus, M’: see Mam. Aemilius Mamercinus, tr. mil. c. p., 431=V438.
  • Aemilius, Gaius and: see C. Aemilius Mamercinus, tr. mil. c. p., 386=V394.
  • —, Anius: see Mam. Aemilius Mamercinus, dict., 418=V426.
  • —, M.: (346=V349) cos., VII, 16. 59. 1.
  • — Barbula, Q.: (316=V317) cos., IX, 19. 17. 1; (310=V311) X, 20. 3. 1.
  • — Lepidus, Mam.: (88) defeats Italians, XII, 37. 2. 10.
  • — —, M., cos. 187, 175: (200) envoy to Philip, XI, 28. 6. 1; (187) fines M. Furius Crassipes, 29. 14. 15; (c. 180) honoured, 27. 1; (167) princeps senatus, has Perseus moved from jail, 31. 9. 4–5.
  • — — Porcina, M.: (137) cos., ineffectual in war, XII, 33. 27. 1.
  • — Mamercinus, C: (391=V394) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 97. 1; (388=V391) 107. 1; (386 =V394) 15. 2. 1.
  • — —, L.: (383=V391) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 15. 15. 1; (372 =V380) VII, 15. 50. 1.
  • — —, L.: (369=V377) trib. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 61. 1; (363 =V366) cos., 82. 1; (360=V363) 16. 2. 1.
  • — —, Mam.: (431=V438) tr. mil. c. p., IV, 12. 38. 1;
323
  • (418=V426) dict, against Fidenas, V, 12. 80. 6–8.
  • — —, M’.: (407=V410) cos., V, 13. 76. 1; (398=V401) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 44. 1.
  • — —, Ti.: (336=V339) cos., VIII, 16. 91. 1.
  • — —Privernas, L.: (338=V341) cos., VIII, 16. 84. 1.
  • —Mamercus, L.: (478=V484) cos., IV, 11. 38. 1; (473=V478) 52. 1; (468=V473) 65. 1.
  • — —, Ti.: (465=V470) cos., IV, 11. 69. 1; (462 = V467) 74. 1.
  • — Papus, L.: (225) cos., defeats Gauls and Celts, XI, 25. 13. 1.
  • — Paullus, L.: (216) cos., defeated by Hannibal at Cannae, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 171).
  • — —, L., cos. 182, 168: separates from wife, XI. 31. 27. 3; gives sons in adoption, 30. 22. 1, 31. 26. 4, 27. 5; (168) defeats Perseus, 30. 20. 1, 22. 1, 31. 9. 1, 11. 1; treats Perseus generously, 30. 23. 1–2; (167) keeps him in free custody; sets Macedonian cities free, 31. 8. 4–5; agrees on peace terms, 8. 6–9; provides spectacle at Amphipolis, 8. 13; sends treasure to Home; triumphs, 8. 9–9. 1; two sons of, die, 11. 1–3; (160) grief at death of; funeral of, 25. 1–2. Character of, 26. 1–2, 27. 2; terms of will, 27. 5. See Aemilia, sister of.
  • — —, M.: (302) cos., X, 20. 106. 1.
  • —Regillus, L.: (188) with others settles terms for Asia, XI, 29. 11. 1.
  • Aeneas: s. of Anchises and Aphrodite, III, 4. 75. 5; Greeks permit, to depart from Troy, 7. 4. 1–4; embellishes temple of Aphroditê on Mt. Eryx, 4. 83. 4; king of Latins, 7. 5. 2; forbidden to found Alba, 5. 4–5; disappears from sight of men, 5. 2, 6. See Ascanius, Silvius ss. of; Romulus grandson of.
  • —Silvius: succeeds Silvius as king of Alba Longa, III, 7. 5. 9.
  • Aenianians, Thessalian tribe: (480) submit to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 1–2; (420) defeat Heracleia in Trachis; Thebans check, V, 12. 77.4; (395) revolt from Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 82. 7; (363) in Theban centre at Mantineia, VII, 15. 85. 2; (354) make war on Phocians in defence of Delphi, 16. 29. 1; (323) join Athenians against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1; one of, acts as agent of Pithon, 7. 5. See Philon of.
  • Aenus: (167) not in first Macedonian canton, XI, 31. 8. 8.
  • Aeolians, of Thessaly: accompany Tectamus to Crete, III, 4. 60. 2; early history of, 67. 2–6; some, follow Salmoneus to Eleia, others, Neleus into Peloponnesus, 68. 1–3.
  • —, of Asia Minor: (480) send ships to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 8; (479) fight against him at Mycalê, 36. 5; remain in Asia, 37. 1–3; (406) on Arginusae isls., V, 13. 97. 3; allies of Lacedaemonians, 100. 7; (401) Cyrus makes Tamôs governor of, VI, 14. 19. 6; (302) Lysimachus sends Prepelaüs to, X, 20. 107. 2, 4.
  • Aeolides (Liparaean) isls., in Tyrrhenian sea: ruled by Aeolus, III, 4. 67. 6; account of the, 5. 7. 1–12. 1; (427) Athenians overrun, V, 12. 54. 4; (389) Rhegians defeated by Syracuse near, VI, 14. 103. 2–3; (304) Agathocles exacts silver from, X, 20. 101. 1–2. See Lipara.
  • Aeolus s. of Hellen: sons of, leave Aeolis (Thessaly), III, 4. 67. 3; ancestor of Nestor, 68. 1.
  • — s. of Hippotes: father of Arnê, III, 4. 67. 3; adopts Boeotus s. of Arnê and Poseidon, 67. 6; comes to Lipara; called “keeper of the winds”; welcomes strangers including Odysseus, 5. 7. 6–7; six sons of, 8. 1; rule of house of, overthrown,
324
  • 8. 2–3; (304) sends storm to punish Agathocles, X, 20. 101. 2–3. Father of Lapithes, III, 5. 81. 6, and of Canachê, 61. 3.
  • — s. of Poseidon and Arnê: founds Lipara on Aeolides isls., III, 4. 67. 4–6, 5. 9. 4.
  • Aeolus, Islands of: see Aeolides isls.
  • Aëorpus: see Aëropus.
  • Aepytidae of Messenê: Delphi demands sacrifice of maiden from house of, III, 8. 8. 1–3.
  • Aequi (Aecli, Aeculani, Aequicoli): (478=V484) Romans defeat, IV, 11. 40. 5; (425=V432) revolt from Rome, are subdued, V, 12. 64. 1–3; (415 =V418) Rome at war with, 13. 6. 8; (411=V414) 42. 6; (391=V394) VI, 14. 98. 5; (390=V393) 102. 4; (389=V392) 106. 4; (387=V390) defeated by dict. M. Furius Camillus, 117. 4; (304) submit to Rome, X, 20. 101. 5.
  • Aëropus (Aëorpus), king of Macedon, 400–395: slays King Orestes; becomes king, VI, 14. 37. 6, III, 7. 15. 2; (395) dies, VI, 14. 84. 6.
  • —: (128 or after) with others, seizes Laodiceia, XII, 34/5. 22. 1.
  • Aesarus’ stream: named in Delphic response, III, 8. 17. 1.
  • Aeschines of Sphettus: (366) among men of culture, VII, 15. 76. 4.
  • — of Athens: (335) taunts Demosthenes, VIII, 17. 4. 8.
  • Aeschrion, general of Archagathus: (307) slain, X, 20. 60. 1–3.
  • —, general of Demetrius II Nicator: (138) with Cleopatra Thea, XII, 33. 28. 1.
  • Aeschylus of Athens, the poet: see Ameinias brother of.
  • — of Rhodes: (319) brings silver for the kings, IX, 18. 52. 7–8.
  • Aesernia, in Samnium: (89) Italians under Q. Pompaedius Silo at, XII, 37. 2. 9; siege of, 19. 1–2.
  • Aeson: father of Jason, II, 4. 40. 1; Pelias kills, 50. 1. See Jason.
  • — s. of Cretheus, III, 4. 68. 3.
  • Aesop, contemporary with the Seven Wise Men, IV, 9. 28. 1.
  • Aethaleia isl. (Elbê), off Tyrrhenian coast: Argonauts at, II, 4. 56. 5; iron mining on, III, 5. 13. 1–3; (453) Syracuse plunders and subdues, IV, 11. 88. 4–5.
  • Aethiopia: see Ethiopia.
  • Aethra d. of Pittheus: mother of Theseus, II, 4. 59. 1, 63. 5; brothers of, rear Hippolytus, 62. 1; in charge of Helen; becomes her slave, 63. 3, 5.
  • Aetna (Aetnê), city of Sicily: (480) Gelon plans temple at, IV, 11. 26. 7; (476) Hieron sends colonists to Catana, calling it Aetna, 49. 1; driven to Inessa, they call this Aetna, 76. 3; (451) Ducetius seizes, 91. 1; (405–404) mutinous Syracusans occupy, V, 13. 113. 3, VI, 14. 7. 6–8. 1, (404) 9. 5–8; (403) Dionysius captures, 14. 2; (396) he moves Campanian mercenaries to, 58. 2, 61. 4–6; (345) Campanians in, do not aid those in Entella, VIII, 16. 67. 4; (339) Timoleon wipes out Campanians in, 82. 4.
  • Aetna, Mt., in Sicily: typical volcano, II, 4. 21. 5; Demeter lights torches from, III, 5. 4. 3; groans at loss of Corê, 5. 1; eruptions of, drive Sicani to western Sicily, 6. 3; Aeolides isls. believed connected with, 7. 3–4; Amphinomus and Anapia save parents on, X, 20. 101. 3; (400) Dionysius founds Adranum on slope of, VI, 14. 37. 5; supply of timber from, 42. 4; (396) fresh lava from, makes sea road impassable, 59. 3; (289) Archagathus s. of Archagathus commands at, XI, 21. 16. 3. See Zeus Aetnaeus.
  • Aetolians: Hipponoüs sends his daughter to, II, 4. 35. 1; Heracles gives “horn of Amaltheia”
325
  • to, 35. 4; Tydeus flees from, III, 4. 65. 2; Aegisthus falsely accuses Diomedes of bringing kinsmen from, to Argos, 7. 3. 1; (425) defeat Athenians; besiege Naupactus, V, 12. 60. 1–3; (402) help Eleians defeat Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 17. 9–10; (370) Thebans make friends with, VII, 15. 57. 1; (335) vote to restore Acarnanian exiles, VIII, 17. 3. 3; (325) Leosthenes, commander of mercenaries, seeks alliance with, 111. 3; (323) expect punishment for expelling Oeniadae, IX, 18. 8. 6; join Athenians against Antipater, 8. 6, 9. 5, 11. 1, but return home, 13. 4, 15. 2; (322) remain undefeated, 17. 8, 24. 1; withdraw to mountains; Antipater and Craterus occupy lands of, 24. 1–25. 1; make terms, 25. 1–5; (321) invade Thessaly; recalled by Acarnanian attack, 38. 1–6; (317) occupy Thermopylae against Cassander, 19. 35. 2; (316) he forces passage, 53. 1; Polyperchon withdraws into, 52. 6; (314) support Antigonus, X, 19. 66. 2, 67. 3; Aristodemus returns to, 66. 4; Cassander attacks; at war with Acarnanians, 67. 3; take Agrinium, 68. 1; (313) driven to mountains by general of Cassander, 74. 3–6; make alliance with Antigonus, 75. 6; (310) with Polyperchon, support Heracles s. of Barsinê, 20. 20. 3–4; (304) urge Rhodes to make terms with Demetrius, 99. 3; make alliance with Demetrius, 100. 6; (191) delay joining Antiochus III, XI, 29. 3. 1; reject Roman terms, 4. 1; (189) 9. 1 (p. 257); (173) cancellation of debts in, imitated in Thessaly, 33. 1; (167) Amphilochia detached from, 31. 8. 6. See: Dicaearchus, Dorimachus, Erymnon, Thoas of; Calydon in.
  • Aëtus, name for Nile, I, 1. 19. 2–4.
  • Africa: see Libya.
  • Agalasseis, in India: (326) Alexander defeats, VIII, 17. 96. 3.
  • Agamemnon: leader of Greeks before Troy, II, 4. 58. 8, III, 4. 71. 4, 72. 6, 5. 53. 2, 59. 6, 79. 4; contemporary with Teutamus of Assyria, I, 2. 22. 2; curses those left in Crete, XII, 33. 11. 1; four ships of, lost on Calydna, III, 5. 54. 2; descendants of, rule Messenê until return of Heracleidae, VII, 15. 66. 2; contrast with Thersites, VIII, 16. 87. 2. See Orestes s. of.
  • — of Cilicia: (90) a guerrilla leader, XII, 37. 16. 1.
  • Agarus, king of Scythians: (c. 310) Parysades flees to, X, 20. 24. 3.
  • Agassamenus, ruler of Strongylê (Naxos). III, 5. 50. 6–7.
  • Agatharchides of Cnidus. historian: cited, I, 1. 41. 4–10, II, 3. 11. 2, 18. 4, 48. 4.
  • Agatharchus, Syracusan general: (413) in battle in Great Harbour, V, 13. 13. 2.
  • — s. of Agathocles: (307) see Archagathus s. of Agathocles.
  • — s. of Agathocles: (299) mercenaries demand more pay from, XI, 21. 3. 1; (289) mature for his years, 16. 7.
  • Agathiadas of Sparta: on plea of, ephors spare Phalanthus, III, 8. 21. 1–2.
  • Agathocles: misuses sacred property, III, 8. 11. 1–2.
  • —: (357) archon, VII, 16. 9. 1.
  • —, tyrant of Syracuse, 317–289: (before 317) birth and rearing of, IX, 19. 1. 5–2. 6; learns potter’s trade, 1. 7, 2. 7, X, 20. 63. 4–5, XI, 21. 17. 2; becomes Syracusan citizen, IX, 19. 2. 8; bees foretell fame, 2. 9; appointed chiliarch, 3. 1; physical and military prowess of; gains wealth by marriage, 3. 2, 4, 4. 3–7; at Croton, Tarentum, and Rhegium, 3. 4–4.
326
  • 2; in Syracuse, 4. 3; escapes death; elected general, 5. 1–5; (317) rouses mob; kills or exiles opponents, 5. 6–8. 6, 18. 1. 6, 75. 3, 19. 1. 9–2. 1; elected sole general; makes promises but no display of power, 9. 1–7; (315) fails to take Messana; forced by Carthage to return Messanian fort; takes Mylae, 65. 1–5; kills opponents in Abacaenon, 65. 6; (314) war of exiles and Sicilian Greeks under Acrotatus against, X, 19. 70. 1–71. 6; Greek cities of Sicily autonomous under hegemony of Syracuse, 71. 6–7; (313) masters most Sicilian cities; expects war with Carthage, 72.1–2, 102. 1; (312) in Messana, forces recall of exiles; kills opponents, 102. 1–7; plunders lands of Carthaginians, 102. 8; defeats Syracusan exiles and their Punic allies, 103. 1–104. 4; (311) organizes most of Sicily, 106. 1; loses 20 ships, 107. 2; occupies Gela, 107. 1–5; defeated at Himeras riv. by Hamilcar s. of Gisco, 108. 1–109. 5, IX, 19. 1. 10, X, 20. 3. 1, 13. 4, 30. 1; withdraws, 19. 110. 1–5, 20. 3. 1; prepares to invade Libya, 19. 110. 5, 20. 2. 3; (310) reasons for Libyan campaign, 3. 2–3; preparations for campaign, 4. 1–8, 16. 1; solar eclipse dismays men; escapes Punic ships; lands at Latomiae, 5. 1–6. 3; burns fleet, 7. 1–8. 1, VIII, 17. 23. 2–3; news of landing causes dismay in Carthage, X, 20. 9. 1–5; initial successes of, 8. 1–7, 10. 5–13. 2; lays siege to Carthage while Hamilcar besieges Syracuse, 13. 3–4; Hamilcar spreads report of defeat of, 15. 1–5; sends home news of victory, 16. 3–6; fortifies camp near Tunis; controls many forts near Carthage; makes alliance with Libyans, 17. 1–6; defeats Libyans, and Carthaginians, 18. 1–3; (309) Syracusans send head of Hamilcar to, 30. 3, 33. 1–2; has Carthage in straits, 31. 3; soldiers of, in Sicily sieze Echetla and plunder Leontini and Camarina, 32. 1; controls mutinous troops before Carthage; wins victory, 33. 3–34. 7; (308) leaves son Archagathus at Tunis; defeats Carthaginians, 38. 1–6; defends own camp from Nomads, 39. 1–3; slays Greeks who had served Carthage, 39. 4–6; promises Ophellas of Cyrenê dominion in Libya, 40. 1–4; welcomes him; kills him and takes over his army, 42. 2–5, 43. 3, 70. 3–4; misses chance offered by Bormilcar’s coup, 43. 3–6; sends spoil to Syracuse, but ships are lost, 44. 7.
  • (307) Assumes title “king,” X, 20. 54. 1–2; master of much of Libya, 54. 2–55. 3, 57. 6; generals of, defeat Acragantines, 56. 1–2; leaves Agatharchus in Libya and returns to Sicily, 55. 5; secures various cities, 56. 3–4, 57. 1; avoids meeting Deinocrates, 57. 1–3; Archagathus seeks aid from, 61. 1; victories over Punic fleet and over Xenodocus and Acragantines, 61. 5–63. 1; uses against critics evidence obtained in drinking bouts, 63. 1–6; returns to Libya, 63. 7–64. 1; defeated, 64. 1–5; deserted by Libyans; panic in Punic and Greek camps, 66. 1–67. 4; leaves Libya, deserting army and both sons, 68. 1–69. 5, 71. 1; sons of, killed by men of Ophelias, 70. 1, 4; moral reflections on Libyan campaign of, 70. 1–4; exacts money from Segesta, 71. 1–5, XI, 21. 16. 2; orders death of kin of participants in Libyan campaign, X, 20. 72. 1–5; (306) fears Sicilian Greeks; fails to make terms with Deinocrates, 77. 1–79. 5, 89. 1; makes terms with Carthage,
327
  • 79. 5; (305) scatters army of Deinocrates, 89. 1–5, who yields, delivering cities, 90. 1–2; (304) exacts dedications from Liparean isls.; the gods send storm as punishment, 101. 1–4; (303) Cleonymus plans campaign against, 104. 4; (c. 299) sets fire to fleet of Cassander at Corcyra; attacks city of Bruttii; returns home, XI, 21. 2. 1–3. 1; (c. 295) takes Croton, returns home, 4. 1; (c. 294) invades Italy; returns home, 8. 1; (291) sends son Agathocles to Demetrius Poliorcetes seeking alliance, 15. 1; (before 289) prepares for invasion of Libya, 16. 1; gives grandson Archagathus command in Sicily, 16. 2–3; (289) names son Agathocles successor; orders Archagathus to turn over command, 16. 3; poisoned by Menon, instigated by Archagathus, 16. 4–5; placed on pyre while still alive, 16. 5, X, 20. 101. 3–4; death appropriate to life of, XI, 21. 16. 5; Syracusans pull down statues of, 16. 6. Praised by historian Callias, defamed by Timaeus, 17. 1–4. Character of, IV, 11. 38. 5, VIII, 16. 83. 2; IX, 19. 1. 7–8, 3. 2, 4. 3–7, X, 20. 63. 1–5, 78. 1–3. See Antander brother of, Agatharchus, Archagathus, Agathocles, Heracleides ss. of; Lanassa d. of.
  • — s. of Agathocles: (291) envoy to Demetrius Poliorcetes, XI, 21. 15. 1; designated as successor by father; murdered by Archagathus s. of Archagathus, 16. 3.
  • — s. of Lysimachus: (c. 294) captured by Thracians; freed, XI, 21. 11. 1.
  • Agathon of Pydna: (330) commands citadel of Babylon for Alexander, VIII. 17. 64. 5.
  • — of Caria: (313) given as hostage to Antigonus, X, 19. 75. 2.
  • Agathyrnitis, in Sicily: Agathyrnus becomes king of, III, 5. 8. 2.
  • Agathyrnus s. of Aeolus: king of Agathyrnitis; founds Agathyrnus, III, 5. 8. 1–2.
  • Agathyrnus, in Sicily: Agathyrnus founds, III, 5. 8. 2.
  • Agavê d. of Cadmus, II, 4. 2. 1.
  • Agelas I, early king of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 4.
  • — II, king of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 4.
  • Agemon: usurps throne in Corinth, III, 7. 9. 5.
  • Agenor: father of Cadm6us, II, 4. 2. 1, and Europê, III, 5. 78. 1.
  • —, father of Pithon, IX, 18. 39. 6, X, 19. 69. 1.
  • Agesias: (324) archon, VIII, 17. 113. 1.
  • Agesilaüs, early Agid king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • —. king of Lacedaemon, 400–360: (396) commands against Persia; operations of, in Asia, VI, 14. 79. 1–3, 80. 1–5, VII, 15. 31. 3; makes truce, VI, 14. 80. 8; (395) recalled to Lacedaemon, 83. 1, VII, 15. 31. 3; defeats Thracians; comes to Thermopylae, VI, 14. 83. 3–4; defeats Boeotians at Coroneia, 84. 1–2; (391) raids Argolis, 97. 5; (383) yearns for power, 15. 19. 4; (377) commands against Boeotia, VII, 15. 31. 3–4; plunders Boeotia, 32. 1–6; returns home, claiming victory, 33. 1–5; re-enters Boeotia; is defeated, 34. 1–2, 52. 5; (370) invades Tegea; restores refugees, 59. 3–4; (363) in Sparta; resists Epameinondas, 83. 1–5; (362) in Egypt, restores Tachôs to throne, 92. 2–3, 93. 2–6; dies, 93. 6; one of famous men, 88. 2. See Archidamus s. of, Teleutias brother of.
  • —, general of Antigonus: (315) sent to Cyprus, IX, 19. 57. 4, 59. 1.
  • Agesipolis s. of Pausanias, king of Lacedaemon, 393–381: (394) succeeds father, VI, 14. 89. 1; (391) raids Argolis, 97. 51;
328
  • (383) opposes enslavement of Greeks, 15. 19. 4; (381) commands against Olynthus, VII, 15. 22. 2; (380) dies, 23. 2.
  • —, king of Lacedaemon, 371–370: (370) dies, VII, 15. 60. 4.
  • Agiad kings of Lacedaemon to First Olympiad, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • Agis: Agiad king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • —, king of Lacedaemon, 426–399: (c. 426) becomes king, IV, 12. 35. 4; (419) censured for truce with Argos, V, 12. 78. 2–6; defeats Argives and Mantineians, 79. 3–7; (413) occupies Deceleia in Attica, 13. 9. 2; (408) fails to take Athens; withdraws to Peloponnesus, 72. 3–73. 2; (405) with Pausanias, fails to take Athens, 107. 1–2; (402) prevented from sacrificing at Olympia, VI, 14. 17. 4.
  • —, king of Lacedaemon: (363) warns of Epameinondas’ raid, VII, 15. 82. 6.
  • —, king of Lacedaemon, 338–330: (338) succeeds Archidamus, VII, 16. 63. 2, VIII, 16. 88. 4; (332) receives funds from Dareius; supports Persia in Greece and Crete, 17. 48. 1–2; (330) commands against Antipater, 62. 7–8; defeated and slain, 63. 1–4.
  • —, king of Paeonians: (359) dies, VII, 16. 4. 2.
  • —, general of Ptolemy: (313) subdues rebellion in Cyrenê, X, 19. 79. 2–3.
  • Aglaïa, mother of Melampous and Bias, III, 4. 68. 3.
  • —, mother of Nireus, III, 5. 53. 2.
  • Agreus, a name of Aristaeus, III, 4. 81. 2.
  • Agrianians: (334) in Alexander’s army, VIII, 17. 17. 4.
  • agriculture: beginnings of, I, 1. 8. 1, 7; discovered by Isis and Osiris, 14. 1–2; taught to world by Osiris, 17. 1, 18. 2, 6, 20. 3–4, by Heracles, II, 4. 17. 4, by Aristaeus, III, 4. 81. 1–83. 1; of Arabia, II, 2. 49. 1–4; of Egypt, I, 1. 74. 1–5; of India, II, 2. 36. 3–7; of Libya, X, 20. 8. 2–5. See wheat, barley, etc.
  • Agrigentum: see Acragas.
  • Agrii: see Cynamolgi.
  • Agrinium, in Acarnania: (314) Derians settle at, X, 19. 67. 4; surrenders to Aetolians, 68. 1.
  • Agrippa, king of Alba Longa, III, 7. 5. 10.
  • agrostis: first food of Egyptians, still used in rituals, I, 1. 43. 1–2.
  • Agyllê, in Tyrrhenia: (384) Dionysius plunders, VI, 15. 14. 3–4.
  • Agyris, tyrant of Agyrium: (404) mercenaries of Dionysius leave baggage with, VI, 14. 9. 2; (396) makes treaty with Dionysius, 78. 7; (392) allied with Dionysius, cuts off Carthaginian supplies, 95. 3–96. 1.
  • —, a king on Cyprus: (391) Evagoras of Salamis accused of killing, VI, 14. 98. 2.
  • Agyrium, in Sicily: birthplace of Diodorus Siculus, I, 1. 4. 4; honours Heracles as god, II, 4. 24. 1–4; rites for Iolaüs continue to present, 24. 4–6; stone from, used for temple in Engyum, III, 4. 80. 5; (404) Dionysius’ mercenaries leave baggage in, VI, 14. 9. 2; (392) Magon camps near, 95. 2; wealth of, 95. 4–5; (339) Timoleon drives out tyrant and grants Syracusan citizenship, VIII, 16. 82. 4; colonists from Greece at, 82. 5; prosperity of; public buildings, 83. 3; (280) first to revolt against Phintias, XI, 22. 2. 3; (c. 270) Hiero gives part of land of Ameselum to, 13. 1. See Agyris of.
  • Agyrius of Athens: (390) commands fleet, VI, 14. 99. 5.
  • air: one of Egyptian elements, I, 1. 11. 6; identified with Athena, 12. 7, 9.
  • Ajax s. of Telamon: at Troy, III, 4. 72. 7; defeats Hector, 5. 28. 4; (334) Alexander at tomb of, VIII, 17. 17. 3.
329
  • — s. of Oïleus: born at Naryx in Locris, VI, 14. 82. 8.
  • Akê, in Syria: (312) Ptolemy razes, X, 19. 93. 7.
  • Alabon riv., in Sicily, III, 4. 78.1.
  • Alalcomenia: refuge of those driven from Thebes by Epigoni, IX, 19. 53. 7.
  • Alalia, on Corsica: see Calaris.
  • Alba riv., old name of Tiber, III, 7. 5. 3, 10.
  • — riv., in Sicily: (104) pr. P. Licinius Nerva crosses, XII, 36. 4. 2.
  • — Fucens, in Italy: (167) Perseus in prison at, XI, 31. 9. 1–2.
  • — Longa: Ascanius founds; origin of name, III, 7. 5. 3–7; kings of, 5. 7–7. 1; Amulius king of, 8. 3. 1; at war with Rome, 25. 1–4.
  • Alba Silvius, king of Alba Longa, III, 7. 5. 10.
  • Alban lake: house of King Aramulius submerged in, III, 7. 5. 11.
  • Albinius, M.: (371=V379) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 51. 1.
  • Alcadas: (343) father of Callimenes VIII, 16. 70. 6.
  • Alcaeus: original name of Heracles s. of Alcmenê, I, 1. 24. 4, II, 4. 10. 1.
  • —, general of Rhadamanthys, III, 5. 79. 2.
  • —, the poet: reviles Pittacus, IV, 9. 12. 3.
  • —: (422) archon, V, 12. 73. 1.
  • Alcamenes: early Agid king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • Alcathoüs, slain by Tydeus, III, 4. 65. 2.
  • Alcathus, grandfather of Telamonian Ajax, III, 4. 72. 7.
  • Alcê d. of Cybelê, III, 5. 49. 3.
  • Alcestis d. of Pelias: innocent in father’s death; marries Admetus, II, 4. 52. 2, 53. 2, III, 6. 8. 1.
  • Alcetas, early king of Macedon, III, 7. 15. 2.
  • —. king of Molossians: (385) an exile in Syracuse, negotiates alliance between Dionysius and Illyrians, VI, 15. 13. 2–3; (376) Timotheüs of Athens gains friendship of, VII, 15. 36. 5.
  • —brother of Perdiccas: (321) with Eumenes, IX, 18. 29. 2; Macedonians sentence, to death, 37. 2; Antigonus sent against, 39. 7; (320) 41. 7; (319) Antigonus defeats, 44. 1–45. 3, 50. 1; escapes into Pisidia, 45. 3–5; loyalty of younger Pisidians to, 46. 1–2, 47. 1–3; kills self to avoid surrender, 46. 4–7; buried 47. 3; (317) commanders captured at defeat of, attempt escape, 19. 16. 1–5.
  • —, agent of Olympias: (317) slays Cynna, IX, 19. 52. 5.
  • — s. of Arymbus: (312) king of Epirotes, X, 19. 88. 1; Lyciscus general of Cassander forces, to flee to Eurymenae, 88. 3–4; defeated, 88. 5–6; accepts Cassander’s terms, 89. 1; later murdered by Epirotes, 89. 3.
  • Alcia, wife of Agathocles: (309) charged with adultery, X, 20. 33. 5.
  • Alcibiades of Athens: (431) advises Pericles his uncle, IV, 12. 38. 3–4; (419) with Argives, attacks Troezen, V, 12. 78. 1–2; friend of Eleians and Mantineians; as private citizen follows army to Argos, 79. 1; (417) general; sent to Argos, 81. 2–3; (416) advocates Sicilian expedition, 84. 1, 13. 27. 4, 31. 2, 4; wealth and influence of, 12. 84. 1; Nicias, Lamachus, and, command Sicilian expedition, 84. 3, 13. 2. 1; (415) accused of mutilation of Hermae; charge dropped, 2. 3–4; cursed for profaning the Mysteries, 69. 2; addresses assembly in Catanê while soldiers enter city, 4. 4–5; summoned to Athens on charge of conspiracy; escapes at Thurii; goes to Sparta; condemned, 5. 1–4, 8. 6; beyond reach of Athens and Syracuse, 27. 4, 31, 4; in Sparta, spurs Lacedaemonians, 5. 4, 7. 2, 8. 8; with Agis, occupies Deceleia,
330
  • 9. 2, 68. 6; (412) turns Persians from Lacedaemonians; eager to return to Athens, 37. 2–5, 38. 5; (411) welcomed by Athenians at Samoa, 41. 4–5; charges dropped; given share of command, 38. 2, 42. 1–2; sacks Meropis, 42. 2–3; (410) wins victory near Dardanus, 46. 2–4, 37. 5–6; called to Sestos by generals, 49. 3; with others, wins victory near Cyzicus, 49. 5–51. 8; given ships, 52. 1; confidence in, 53. 4; (409) wastes satrapy of Pharnabazus, 64. 4; fortifies Lampsacus; defeats Chalcedonians, 66. 1–2; takes Selybria and Byzantium, 66. 3–67. 7; (408) made general with supreme power, 68. 2–69. 3; defeats Andrians; seeks booty on Cos and Rhodes, 69. 4–5; fleet at Notium defeated in absence of, 71. 1–4; has best Athenian troops, 72. 3; attacks Cymê an ally; defeated; withdraws to Mitylenê, 73. 3–6; accused by Cymaeans, 73. 6; gives up command, withdraws to Thrace, 74. 1–4; affair of the chariot race, 74. 3; (405) vainly seeks command, 105. 3–4; (404) reports plot of Cyrus to Pharnabazus, who puts him to death, VI, 14. 11. 1–4. Character of, V, 12. 84. 1, 13. 37. 2, 68. 5, 74. 3.
  • Alcidas of Lacedaemon: (427) commands fleet, V, 12. 55. 6.
  • — —: (374) commands fleet, VII, 15. 46. 2.
  • Alcidicê d. of Aleus: wife of Salmoneus; dies, III, 4. 68. 1–2.
  • Alcimenes s. of Jason: Medea kills, and twin, II, 4. 54. 1, 7.
  • Alcimus, officer of Demetrius: (304) killed before Rhodes, X, 20. 98. 9.
  • Alcinoüs s. of Phaeax: king of Phaeacians; aids Odysseus’ return, III, 4. 72. 4.
  • Alcippê, an Amazon slain by Heracles, II, 4. 16. 3.
  • Alcisthenes the Laconian: (395) Phocians under, defeated, VI, 14. 82. 8–10.
  • —: (372) archon, VII, 15. 50. 1.
  • Alcmaeon s. of Amphiaraüs: slays mother; leads Epigoni against Thebes, III, 4. 65. 6–7, 66. 1–4.
  • Alcman, the poet: cited, II, 4. 7. 1.
  • Alcmenê d. of Electryon: descendant of Niobê, II, 4. 14. 4; deceived by Zeus; bears Heracles, 9. 1–3, 6; exiled by Eurystheus, 33. 2; receives divine honours, 58. 6; last mortal to bear son to Zeus, 14. 4. See Heracles s. of Zeus and.
  • Alcyonê sister of Eurystheus: Heracles saves, from centaur, II, 4. 12. 7.
  • Alector, king of Eleia: seeks aid against Pelops, III, 4. 69. 2.
  • Alegenor s. of Itonus: father of Clonius, III, 4. 67. 7.
  • Aleôs, king of Tegea: father of Augê, II, 4. 33. 8.
  • Aleria, on Corsica: see Calaris.
  • Alesia, in Gaul: Heracles founds, II, 4. 19. 1, III, 5. 24. 2; C. Julius Caesar storms, II, 4. 19. 2.
  • Aletes, early king of Corinth: receives Corinth from Heracleidae; descendants of, rule Corinth, III, 7. 9. 2–6.
  • Aleuadae of Larissa: (369) seek aid of Macedon, VII, 15. 61. 3–5; (357) 16. 14. 1–2.
  • Aleus, father of Alcidicê, III, 4. 68. 1.
  • Alexander s. of Priam: judges the goddesses, VIII, 17. 7. 4.
  • —, king of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 5.
  • — I of Macedon, c. 494–451: succeeds Amyntas, III, 7. 15. 2.
  • — II of Macedon, 369–368; (369) succeeds his father Amyntas, VII, 15. 60. 3, 16. 2, 4; helps Aleuadae drive tyrants from Thessaly, 15. 61. 3–4, but holds these cities with own garrisons, 61. 5, 67. 4; makes alliance with Thebes, 67. 4; (368) Ptolemy of Alorus assassinates, 71. 1, 16. 2. 4.
  • — III of Macedon (the Great),
331
  • 336–323: (338) at Chaeroneia, VIII, 16. 86. 1–4; (335) reign of, contained in Book Seventeen, 95. 5, 17. 1. 1–4, 118. 4, IX, 18. 1. 6; ancestry of, III, 7. 15. 1–17. 1, VIII, 17. 1. 5; succeeds Philip II, III, 7. 15. 2, VII, 16. 2. 1, VIII, 17. 2. 1; establishes authority, 2. 2–3; Philip’s preparations for Asian campaign ease way of, VII, 16. 1. 5, XI, 30. 9. 2; orders arrest of Attalus, VIII, 17. 2. 3–6; anxious about Greek loyalty, 3. 1–2; uses persuasion or force on recalcitrant states, 3. 3–4. 9; wins Thessalians, claiming kinship through Heracles, 4. 1, VII, 16. 14. 2; confirms Ambraciot independence, VIII, 17. 4. 3; enters Boeotia; recognized by Athenians, then by others at Corinth, 4. 4–9; returns to Macedon, 4. 9; kiillng of Attalus ends Macedonian opposition, 5. 1–2; scorned by Dareius, 6. 2–7. 2; moves into Thrace. Paeonia, and Illyria; recalled by Theban revolt, 8. 1–2; portents in Thebes, 10. 1–4; takes Thebes, 9. 1–6, 11. 1–13. 6; buries his dead, 14. 1; destroys Thebes and sells captives, 14. 4, 118. 2, IX, 19. 53. 8, XI, 32. 4. 3; gives Theban lands to Boeotians, IX, 18. 11. 3–4; gives up demands on Athens, VIII, 17. 15. 1–5; Greeks appoint, leader against Asia, 16. 2; Delphi calls, unconquerable, 93. 4; consults re Persian campaign, 16. 1–4.
  • (334) Crosses Hellespont, VIII, 17. 17. 1; historians accompany, I, 2. 7. 3; visits tombs in Troad, VIII, 17. 17. 3; numbers forces, 17. 3–5; leaves Europe under Antipater, 17. 5; sets out from Troad; receives sign, 17. 6–18. 1; Persian satraps overrule Memnon and move against, 18. 2–4; defeats Persians on Granicus riv., 19. 1–21. 6, suffering wounds, 19. 6, 20. 2–6; honours dead, 21. 6; moves through Lydia; takes Sardes, 21. 7, 64. 6, and Miletus, 22. 1–5; sends fleet home, 22. 5–23. 3; asserts purpose of freeing Greeks, 24. 1; restores Ada to Carian throne, 24. 1–3; takes Halicarnassus except citadel, 24. 3–27. 6; overruns coast, 27. 7; (333) feared by Dareius, 30. 7; relieved by Memnon’s death, 31. 3; cured of illness, 31. 4–6; arrests Alexander of Lyncestis, 32. 1–2; does not attack Cappadocia or Paphlagonia, IX, 18. 3. 1, 16. 1; Parmenion seizes Syrian gates for, VIII, 17. 32. 2–3; occupies Issus, 32. 4; defeats Dareius at Issus, 33. 1–36. 6, suffering wound, 33. 5, 34. 5; longer spears and swords give advantage to, 53. 1; Dareius’ pages prepare royal tent for, 36. 5; fails to overtake Dareius, 37. 1–2; treats his family generously, 36. 2–4, 37. 3–38. 7, 114. 2; rejects his peace offer, 39. 1–2, 54. 1–2, XI, 30. 21. 4; Dareius prepares new army against, VIII, 17. 39. 3–4; (332) League of Corinth sends wreath to, 48. 6; buries dead of Issus; moves toward Egypt; cities of Phoenicia except Tyre submit to, 40. 1–2; Amyntas reaches Phoenicia before, 48. 2; takes Tyre after hard siege, 40. 3–46. 5, V, 13. 108. 4; makes Ballonymus king of Tyre, VIII, 17. 46. 6–47. 6; takes Gaza, 48. 7; (331) sends Amyntas to Macedon; wins Egypt without a blow, 49. 1–2; receives envoys from Cyrenê, 49. 2–3; visits oracle of Ammon, 49. 2–51. 4; called son of Ammon; future empire of, foretold, 51. 1–3, 93. 4, 108. 3; founds Alexandria, 52. 1–7, I, 1. 23. 1, 50. 6, IX, 18. 28. 3; returns to Syria, VIII, 17. 52. 7; rejects Dareius’ new offer, 54. 2–55. 1; rejoinder of, to Parmenion’s advice, 54. 4;
332
  • buries Dareius’ wife; moves towards his camp, 54. 7; crosses Tigris riv., 55. 3–6; defeats Persians under Dareius at Arbela (Gaugamela), 56. 1–61. 3; Sisyngambris refuses liberty out of gratitude to, 59. 7.
  • (330) Thracians and Greeks (except Athenians) revolt; are reduced by Antipater, VIII, 17. 62. 1–63. 5; Dareius avoids, 64. 1–2; moves to Babylon; appoints governors and distributes spoil, 64. 3–6; places Harpalus over treasury, 108. 4; receives cavalry from Macedon, 65. 1–2; at Sittacenê, reorganizes army, 65. 2–4; enters Susianê; takes palace and treasure at Susa, 65. 5–66. 7; leaves mother and children of Dareius in Susa, 67. 1; crosses the Tigris (Pasitigris); takes all cities of Uxianê, 67. 2–5; enters Persis, defeating Ariobarzanes at pass, 68. 1–7; Persepolis betrayed to, 69. 1–2; crosses the Araxes, 69. 2; grants land to Greeks captured by earlier Persian kings, 69. 2–9; permits plundering of Persepolis, 70. 1–6; sends part of treasure to Susa, takes part on campaign, 71. 1–3, 74. 5; this treasure compared with that at Delphi, VII, 16. 56. 7; the palace at Persepolis burns as, celebrates victory, VIII, 17. 71. 3–72. 6; visits cities of Persis, 73. 1; moves toward Bactria after Dareius, then after his murderer Bessus, 73. 2–4; leaves soldiers with Satibarzanes, 78. 1; Hellenic league refers punishment of Lacedaemonians to, 73. 5; (329) Bessus escapes, 74. 1–2; dismisses Greeks; persuades Macedonians to follow, 74. 3–4; enters Hyrcania where most tribes yield, 75. 1–76. 1; pardons Greeks who had served Dareius, 76. 2; defeats Mardians; Bucephalus stolen, 76. 3–7; Thallestris, Queen of Amazons, comes to, 77. 1–3; imitates Persian luxury, 77. 4–78. 1; defeats Satibarzanes, 78. 1–4; moves into Dranginê; rests army, 78. 4; plot of Dimnus against, disclosed; gives Philotas s. of Parmenion to Macedonians for trial, 79. 1–80. 2, 118. 1; Alexander of Lyncestis convicted of treason, 80. 2; sends riders to kill Parmenion, 80. 3, 118. 1; puts discontented in special unit, 80. 4; places Tiridates over Arimaspians and Cedrosians, 81. 1–2; sends force against Satibarzanes; conquers Arachosia, 81. 3.
  • (328) Masters the Paropanisadae, VIII, 17. 82. 1–8; camps near Caucasus mts. (Hindu Kush); founds Alexandria of the Caucasus and other cities, 83. 1–2; enters Bactria, 83. 3; Satibarzanes surrenders to, 83. 6; Bessus delivered to, 83. 7–9; operations against Branchidae, Sogdiani, Bactrians, Scythians, and Nautaces; founds cities; the hunt in Basista; slays Cleitus at drinking bout, p. 111; Mophis s. of Taxiles offers aid against Sogdiani, 86. 4; settles Greeks in upper satrapies, 99. 5, IX, 18. 7. 1; marries Roxanê d. of Oxyartes, 3. 3, VIII, 17. p. 111: persuades “Friends” to marry Iranians, p. 111, X, 20. 109. 7; invades India; aids Nysia, VIII, 17. p. 113; Harpalus assumes that, will not return, 108. 4; (327) makes truce with Queen Cleophis, 84. 1; destroys departing mercenaries, 84. 1–6; takes the “rock” called Aornus, 85. 1–86. 1; takes over army and elephants of Aphrices; crosses Indus riv., 86. 2–3; restores kingdom to Mophis (Taxiles II), 86. 5–7, IX, 18. 3. 2; (326) repairs army in land of Taxiles, VIII, 17. 87. 1; defeats Porus of India, 87. 1–89. 3, 95. 5;
333
  • builds ships for new campaign, 89. 4–5; founds two cities; restores Porus to kingdom, 89. 6, IX, 18. 3. 2; forces Sasibisares to surrender, VIII, 17. 90. 4; orders kingdom restored to Porus, 91. 1–2; takes cities of Adrestians and Cathaeans, 91. 2–4; restores Sopeithes to kingdom, 91. 4–92. 3; commends Hephaestion; confirms Phegeus in kingdom; advances to Hyphasis riv., 93. 1; gives up proposed campaign against Gandaridae, yielding to his Macedonians, 93. 2–94. 5, 108. 3, IX, 18. 6. 1, I, 1. 55. 3, II, 2. 37. 3; marks limit of campaign, VIII, 17. 95. 1–2; returns to Acesines riv.; sets sail for Ocean, 95. 3–96. 1; Sibians submit, 96. 1–3; defeats Agalasseis, 96. 3–5; life of, endangered in cataract, 97. 1–3; wounded in attack on Sydracae and Mallians, 98. 1–99. 5; report of death causes revolt of Greeks in upper satrapies, 99. 5–6; holds banquet, 100. 1–101. 3; Dioxippus kills self on losing favour of, 101. 3–6; Sambastae, Sodrae, and Massani submit; builds Alexandria on the Indus, 102. 1–4; defeats kings; plunders country of Brahmins 102. 5–103. 8; sails into Ocean; returns to Patala, 104. 1–2; founds Potana at mouth of Indus, II, 3. 47. 9; sends Nearchus and fleet to mouth of Euphrates, VIII, 17. 104. 3; begins return by land; Abritae and Cedrosians submit, 104. 4; establishes an Alexandria by the sea, 104. 8; subdues Oreitae, 104. 5–7, 105. 1–2; crosses Cedrosia, 105. 3–106. 1; punishes satraps and generals, 106. 2; Harpalus flees to Attica, 108. 4–6; orders satraps in Asia to disband mercenaries, 106. 3, 111. 1; meets Nearchus and fleet at Salmus, 106. 4–7; sends fleet to Euphrates; marches to border of Susianê, 107. 1; fails to dissuade Caranus from suicide, 107. 1–6; at Susa, marries Stateira d. of Dareius; persuades “Friends” to marry Persians, 107. 6, X, 20. 109. 7; forms phalanx of Persians, VIII, 17. 108. 1–3; office of chiliarch gains importance, IX, 18. 48. 5; orders return of exiles proclaimed at Olympia, VIII, 17. 109. 1, IX, 18. 8. 2–5; releases oldest Macedonians, denounces the insubordinate, VIII, 17. 109. 1–3.
  • (325) Replaces Macedonians with Persians, VIII, 17. 110. 1–2; permits Peucestes to wear Persian garb, IX, 19. 14. 5; provides for children of female prisoners, VIII, 17. 110. 3; marches from Susa to Ecbatana, 110. 3–7; Hephaestion dies of over-drinking, 110. 7–8; defeats Cossaeans, 111. 4–112. 1; in spite of warnings of Chaldaeans, returns to Babylon, 112. 1–6, 116. 4, IX, 19. 55. 8–9, I, 2. 31. 2; turns to pleasure, VIII, 17. 112. 6; builds small boats, IX, 19. 12. 5; opponents in Greece make Leosthenes leader, VIII, 17. 111. 3; (324) sends Craterus to Cilicia with discharged men; gives him plans, IX, 18. 4. 1, 12. 1; sends treasure ships to Macedon, 12. 2; deposits testament at Rhodes, X, 20. 81. 3; answers envoys from whole world, VIII, 17. 113. 1–114. 1; prepares funeral for Hephaestion, 114. 1–115. 6; signs foretell death of Alexander, 114. 4–5, 116. 1–117. 1; death of, 117. 1–5, without issue, IX, 18. 2. 1, 9. 1; gives ring to Perdiccas, VIII, 17. 117. 3, IX, 18. 2. 4; last words of, VIII, 17. 117. 4, IX, 18. 1. 3–5; Antipater, named viceroy of Europe by, VIII, 17. 118. 1, IX, 18. 12. 1, regarded by some as poisoner of, VIII, 17.
334
  • 118. 1–2, IX, 19. 11. 8; Sisyngambris starves herself for grief, VIII, 17. 118. 3; Arrhidaeus entrusted with preparations for burial of, at Ammon, IX, 18. 3. 5, 36. 7; Perdiccas and Macedonians abandon grand plans of, 4. 1–6; death of, gives signal for Lamian war, 9. 4; funeral car of, 26. 1–28. 2; (321) body of, brought to Alexandria in Egypt; funeral games for, 28. 3–4; (319) edict of “kings” restores Greece to conditions under, 56. 2–3, 6; (318) appears to Eumenes in dream; council of Eumenes meets before throne of, 60. 4–61. 2; (317) 19. 15. 3–4; Macedonians support Olympias for sake of; 11. 2, 51. 4; Peucestes celebrates festival in honour of, 22. 1–3; Cassander an enemy of policies of, VIII, 17. 118. 2; Antigonus wishes to remove all who had served under, IX, 19. 56. 1; (315) he supports the “kings” who inherit from, 61. 4; (312) appears to Seleucus in dream, X, 19. 90. 4; (310) Polyperchon brings home Heracles s. of, 20. 20. 1, 28. 1; (168) King Perseus asks return of objects formerly belonging to, XI, 30. 21. 1. Conquests of, IX, 18. 5. 1–6. 4. Character of, VIII, 17. 38. 4–7, X, 19. 51. 6, 90. 3, XI, 30. 21. 3, 32. 4. 3, XII, 37. 1. 4.
  • Persons identified by reference to Alexander in books other than 17: Aristinoüs, IX, 19. 51. 1; Andronicus of Olynthus, X, 19. 69. 1; Damis, IX, 18. 71. 2; Ophellas, X, 20. 40. 1; Peucestes, IX, 19. 14. 4, 15. 1; Philip, X, 19. 69. 1; Pithon s. of Agenor, X, 19. 82. 1; Pithon of the Bodyguard, IX, 18. 7. 3, 36. 5, 19. 46. 2; Polyperchon, 18. 48. 4; Seleucus, 19. 55. 3; Ptolemy and Seleucus, X, 19. 81. 5; Companions, IX, 18. 36. 5, 19. 22. 2; Silver Shields, 15. 2, 41.1; commanders under Alcetas, 16. 1; soldiers of Seleucus, X, 19. 90. 3; soldiers, IX, 18. 16. 4.
  • See Alexander IV, Heracles ss. of; Cieopatra sister of; Olympias mother of; Thessalonicê half sister of.
  • Career of Alexander as chronological datum: I, 1. 3. 3; 4. 6; 23. 1; 26. 1; 50. 6; 84. 8; 2. 31. 9; II, 2. 39. 4; 4. 15. 4; III, 7. 15. 3; VIII, 16. 74. 2; IX, 18. 22. 1; 56. 2, 4; 65. 1; 19. 14. 8; X, 20. 37. 4; XI, 31. 19. 4.
  • Alexander IV of Macedon, 323–310, s. of Alexander the Great and Roxanê (Very rarely mentioned by name. The references that follow are usually to the “kings,” i.e., Alexander and Philip Arrhidaeus, more rarely to the son of Alexander or to the son of Roxanê.): (322) Antipater refers the decision re Samos to, IX, 18. 18. 6; (321) Perdiccas leads army of, against Ptolemy, 28. 5–29. 1, 53. 1–2; Pithon and Arrhidaeus, generals of Alexander, become guardians of, 36. 6–7, 39. 1; Antipater becomes guardian of, 39. 2, and takes, to Macedon, 39. 7; (320) Antigonus will no longer obey, 41. 5; without real power, 42. 2; (319) Polyperchon becomes guardian of, 47. 4, 48. 4, 49. 4, 55. 1, 57. 3; he asks Olympias to assume care of, 49. 4, 57. 2, 65. 1; Antigonus opposes, 50. 2, 52. 6-8, 55. 2; edict of Polyperchon in name of, 55. 4–56. 8, 64. 3; (318) Polyperchon and Olympias seek aid of Eumenes for, 57. 3–58. 4, 59. 3–4, 60. 2, 62. 1–2, 19. 13. 7, 15. 5; Eumenes persuades the Silver Shields to support, 18. 63. 1–6; with Polyperchon in Phocis, 68. 2–3; (317) Polyperchon lacks energy in supporting, 75. 2; restored to throne, 19. 11. 2; Eumenes leads army to expect aid of,
335
  • 23. 2–3; Peucestes willing to support, 24. 1; in Pydna with Olympias, 35. 5; Eumenes’ loyalty to, 44. 2; placed in custody by Cassander but released, 52. 4, 61. 1, 3; Antigonus disclaims opposing, 61. 4; (311) Cassander to be regent until, is of age, X, 19. 105. 1; Cassander directs murder of, 105. 2–4.
  • —, king of Macedon: (c. 278), XI, 22. 4. 1.
  • — of Sparta: (369) defeated by Argives in Tegeatis, VII, 15. 64. 2.
  • — of Pherae, tyrant of Thessaly, 369–358: (369) gains rule by murder of uncle, VII, 15. 61. 2; Alexander II of Macedon takes Larissa from, 61. 3–5; Boeotians send Pelopidas to free Thessaly from, 67. 3; (368) arrests Pelopidas, 71. 2; repels Boeotians, 71. 3–7; (367) kills citizens of Scotussa, 75. 1; Boeotians free Pelopidas, 75. 2; (364) Pelopidas defeats, 80. 1–6, 81. 3; (361) attacks Cyclades, defeating Athenians, 95. 1–3; (357) assassinated, 16. 14. 1.
  • —, king of Epirus, 343–330: (342) brother of Olympias; becomes king by aid of Philip II of Macedon, VIII, 16. 72. 1, 91. 4, IX, 19. 51. 6; (336) marries Cleopatra d. of Philip, VIII, 16. 91. 4–6, X, 20. 37. 3; (c. 333) in Italy, IX, 19. 51. 6, X, 20. 37. 3.
  • — s. of Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 8. 2.
  • — (334) sacrificant in temple of Athena in Troad, VIII, 17. 17. 6.
  • — of Lyncestis: (333) Alexander warned against, VIII, 17. 32. 1–2; (329) convicted and executed, 80. 2.
  • — of Aetolia: (321) leads invasion of Thessaly, IX, 18. 38. 1.
  • — s. of Polyperchon: (318) in Athens; co-operates with Xicanor, IX, 18. 65. 3–5; sends Phocion to Polyperchon, 66. 1; in Attica, 68. 3; (317) ready to invade Peloponnesus, 19. 35. 1; (316) Aristonoüs hopes for aid from, 50. 8; holds strategic points against Cassander, 53. 1, 54. 3–4; (315) at Tyre, accepts pact of friendship with Antigonus, 57. 5, 60. 1, 61. 1; in Peloponnese, opposed by general of Ptolemy, 61. 5, 62. 5, and by Cassander, 63. 2–5, 64. 2; deserts Antigonus; becomes general of Peloponnese for Cassander, 64. 3–5, X, 19. 66. 2; (314) fails to take Cyllenê, 66. 2; temporary success at Dymê, 66. 5–6; killed by Alexion, 67. 1; most garrisons of, driven from Peloponnese, 74. 2.
  • — s. of Alcetas: (312) brings aid to father; defeated, X, 19. 88. 3–6.
  • — the Macedonian: (304) a friend of Demetrius; captured in Rhodes, X, 20. 94. 5.
  • — s. of Cassander: (c. 294) assassinated by Demetrius, XI, 21. 7. 1.
  • — Balas, king of Syria, 150–145: claims to be son of Antiochus IV, XI, 31. 32a. 1; (c. 146) loses support of Ptolemy VI, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445); (145) warned by oracle, 10. 2–9 (pp. 447–453); turns Antioch over to Hierax and Diodotus, XII, 33. 3. 1; defeated; places son, Antiochus VI, in care of Diocles of Abae, XI, 32. 9d. 1 (p. 445), or of Iamblichus, XII, 33. 4a. 1; assassinated by agents of Demetrius II, XI, 32. 9d. 1, 10. 1 (p. 445).
  • — II Zabinas, king of Syria, 128–123: (after 128) recovers Laodiceia, XII, 34/5. 22. 1; (123) attempts temple robbery; captured by Antiochus VIII, 28. 1–3.
  • Alexandria, in Caucasus: (328) Alexander founds, VIII, 17. 83. 1–2.
  • —, in Egypt: (331) Alexander founds, VIII, 17. 52. 1, 7, I, 1. 23. 1, 50. 6, IX, 18. 28. 3; description of, VIII, 17. 52.
336
  • 2–6, I, 1. 50. 6–7, IX, 18. 28. 4; (321) body of Alexander brought to, 28. 3–4; supporters of Ptolemy in, 28. 5; (313) rebels in Cyrenê kill envoys from, X, 19. 79. 1; captives from Cyrenê sent to, 79. 3; (312) Ptolemy in, 80. 4; (306) 20. 76. 7; (304) he sends troops from, to Rhodes, 98. 7; (c. 260) live snake brought to, II, 3. 36. 2–37. 9; (165) Ptolemy VI returns to, XI, 31. 17b. 1; (before 164) Demetrius the topographer in, 18. 2; (163) Ptolemy VI recalled to, 17c. 1 (p. 363); (c. 139) Galaestes commands forces from, XII, 33. 20. 1; (138) Roman envoys in, 28b. 1; (131) Ptolemy VIII sends mutilated body of son to wife in, 34/5. 14. 1; (127) he tries to win favour of, by sparing general, 20. 1. Account of Red Sea based on records in, II, 3. 38. 1; four days’ sail from, to Rhodes, 34. 7.
  • —, in India, on Indus: (326) Alexander founds, VIII, 17. 102. 4.
  • —, in India, by the sea: (326) Alexander founds, VIII, 17. 104. 8.
  • — Troas: (190) has sought Roman aid, XI, 29. 7. 1.
  • Alexias: (405) archon, V, 13. 104. 1.
  • Alexion of Sicyon: (314) kills Alexander s. of Polyperchon, X, 19. 67. 1.
  • Alfaterna (Nuceria), in Campania: (315=V316) makes alliance with Samnites, IX, 19. 65. 7.
  • Algidus, Mt., in Latium: (443=V450) L. Verginius appeals to army on, IV, 12. 24. 4–5.
  • aliens, resident: (406) outnumber citizens in Acragas, V, 13. 84. 3.
  • Alilaei: see Arabian tribes.
  • Allia riv., in Latium: (387=V390) Celts defeat Romans at, VI, 14. 114. 1–7.
  • Allifae, in Samnium: (309=V310) Romans take, X, 20. 35. 2.
  • Aloeus: great size of sons of, and Iphimedeia, III, 4. 85. 7; sends sons to find his wife and daughter, 5. 50. 6–51. 1.
  • Alopê, in Locris: (430) Athenians defeat Locrians near, V, 12. 44. 1.
  • Alorus: see Ptolemy of.
  • alphabet: invention of, I, 1. 16. 1, III, 5. 40. 2, 74. 1. See writing.
  • Alpheius riv., in Elis: birthplace of Dionysus, II, 3. 66. 3; Heracles turns, through Augean stables, 4. 13. 3; he founds Olympic games by, 14. 1, 53. 5; Salmoneus founds Salmonia on, III, 4. 68. 1; (352) Megalopolitans camp by, VII, 16. 39. 3.
  • Alps: source of Rhône riv., III, 5. 25. 4; Celts live in, 32. 1; a peak of, called “Ridge of Heaven,” IV, p. 111; crossed by Heracles, II, 4. 19. 3–4, (387=V390) by Celts, VI, 14. 113. 1, (218) by Hannibal, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 169), (208) by Hasdrubal, 19. 1 (p. 169).
  • Althaea: curses son, Meleager; hangs self, II, 4. 34. 5–35. 2.
  • Althaemenes s. of Catreus of Crete; kills father according to prophecy; honoured as hero at Rhodes, III, 5. 59. 1–4.
  • Alyzaei, in Acarnania: (323) join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1.
  • Amaltheia: mother of Libyan Dionysus by Ammon, II, 3. 68. 1–2, 74. 1.
  • Amaltheia, a goat, suckles Zeus, III, 5. 70. 3, 6.
  • Amaltheia’s horn: any bit of fertile ground called, II, 3. 68. 2–3; various explanations of term, 4. 35. 4.
  • Amanic gates: (401) Cyrus the Younger passes, VI, 14. 21. 3–5.
  • Amanus, Mt., between Cilicia and Syria, VI, 14. 21. 4.
  • Amasis, king of Egypt: overthrown by Ethiopians, I, 1. 60. 1–2.
  • —, king of Egypt (Ahmose II), 569–526: not of royal line;
337
  • overthrows King Apries, I, 1. 68. 2–6, 42. 2, 95. 1; moves descendants of mercenaries to Memphis, 67. 1; reorganizes state; advises Eleians; repudiates Polycrates, 95. 1–3; death of, 42. 2, 69. 1; (525) Cambyses digs up body of, IV, 10. 14. 2.
  • Amathus, on Cyprus: (391) seeks Persian aid against Evagoras of Salamis, VI, 14. 98. 2; (315) Seleucus overpowers, IX, 19. 62. 6.
  • Amazon mounds: Libyan Amazons buried under, II, 3. 55. 2.
  • Amazoneum, in Attica, II, 4. 28. 2.
  • Amazons of Libya: account of, preserved by Dionysius Skytobrachion, II, 3. 52. 3, 66. 6; origin of name, 53. 3; earlier than Scythian Amazons, 52. 1–2; power in hands of women, 53. 1–2; serve under Libyan Dionysus, 71. 3–4, 74. 2; home of, near Mt. Atlas, 53. 4–5; conquer Hesperia, 53. 6, Atlantians, 54. 1–6, Gorgons, 54. 7–55. 2, and lands from Libya to Phrygia, 55. 4–9; defeated by Thracians; return to Libya, 55. 10–11; destroyed by Heracles, 53. 3.
  • —, Scythian: origin of name, II, 2. 45. 3; later than Libyan, 3. 52. 1–2; live on Thermodon riv. in Pontus, 45. 1, 4. 16. 1; distinguished for manly prowess, 2. 44. 2; queens of, make wide conquests, 45. 1–46. 3; Queen Hippolytê of, defeated by Heracles, 46. 3–4, 4. 16. 1–4; attack Athens; defeated; withdraw to Scythia, 28. 1–4; aid Trojans, 2. 46. 5–6; regarded as mythical, 44. 3, 46. 6; (329) Thallestris, queen of, comes to Alexander, VIII, 17. 77. 1–3.
  • amber: source of; mythical accounts of, III, 5. 23. 1–4.
  • Ambicae, in Sicily: (305) horsemen of Deinocrates escape to, X, 20. 89. 4.
  • Ambracians: (431) allied to Lacedaemonians, V, 12. 42. 4; (429) 47. 4; (425) defeated by Athenians, 60. 4–5; make peace with Acarnania; seek Lacedaemonian aid, 60. 6; (411) Athenians capture ships of, 13. 40. 5; (395) join alliance against Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 82. 3; (335) expel Macedonian garrison and. become democracy, VIII, 17. 3. 3; Alexander confirms independence of, 4. 2; (317) cavalry of, with Olympias, IX, 19. 35. 7. See Sophron of.
  • Ameinias of Athens: (479) awarded prize for valour, IV, 11. 27. 2.
  • —: (423) archon, V, 12. 72. 1.
  • Ameselum, in Sicily: (c. 270) Hiero takes, XI, 22. 13. 1.
  • Amestris: (302) ruler of Heraclea Pontica, formerly wife of Craterus, marries Lysimachus, X, 20. 109. 6–7.
  • Amintas (Amyntas) early king of Macedon, III, 7. 15. 2.
  • Amisus, in Cappadocia: (315) besieged by general of Cassander; relieved by Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus, IX, 19. 57. 4, 60. 2.
  • Ammon: name of Zeus as early Egyptian king, I, 1. 15. 3; of Osiris, 25. 2.
  • —, king of Libya: expels Doians from Panchaea, III, 5. 44. 6–7; marries Rhea; begets Libyan Dionysus from Amaltheia, II, 3. 68, 1–2, 74. 1; sends him to Nysa, 68. 4, 70. 1–2; forsaken by Rhea, 71. 1; driven to Crete by Cronus; marries Cretê 71. 2; prophesies return of Dionysus, 73. 1; Cronus rules former realm of, 71. 3, 5; Cronus burns city of, 72. 5; Titans attack, in Crete but are defeated by Zeus and others, 73. 7–8; becomes immortal, 73. 8; ram-like head of, 73. 1–2; Dionysus establishes oracle of, 73. 1; Alexander claims to be son of, VIII, 17. 108. 3.
  • Ammon, oracle and temple of, in
338
  • Libya: Libyan Dionysus establishes, II, 3. 73. 1; promises immortality to Dionysus, 73. 3; Semiramis consults, I, 2. 14. 3, 20. 1; (c. 525) Cambyses sends men to plunder, IV, 10. 14. 3; (403) rejects Lysander’s bribe, VI, 14. 13. 5–7; (331) Alexander comes to, VIII, 17. 49. 2–6, and is promised rule of earth, 51. 1–4, 93. 4; (324) envoys from, come to Alexander, 113. 4; directs worship of Hephaestion, 115. 6; (323) Alexander’s body to be taken to, IX, 18. 3. 5, 28. 3; (304) approves divine honours for Ptolemy, X, 20. 100. 3. Description of, VIII, 17. 50. 1–7.
  • Ammonium, in Egypt: (c. 525) Cambyses plunders, IV, 10. 14. 3.
  • Ammonius of Syria: (145?) bribed to betray Marathus, XII, 33. 5. 1.
  • Amosis, king of Egypt: said to have built second pyramid, I, 1. 64. 13.
  • Amphalces s. of Antiphates, III, 4. 68. 5.
  • Amphiaraüs, the seer: s. of Oecles, III, 4. 68. 5; yields to wife and joins Eteocles against Thebes, 65. 5–7, 66. 3; swallowed by earth, 65. 8. Father of Alcmaeon, 65. 6, and of Oecles, II, 4. 32. 3.
  • Amphictyonians: (446) a tribe in Thurium, IV, 12. 11. 3.
  • Amphictyonic Council: (after 371) fines Lacedaemonians, VII, 16. 23. 2–3, 29. 2, (c. 357) and Phocians, 23. 3; (c. 355) doubles Lacedaemonian fine, 29. 3; (355) threatens Phocians and Lacedaemonians, 23. 3–4; Philomelus promises to annul judgements of, 23. 4–24. 1; he destroys records of, 24. 4–5; (354) votes for war on Phocians, 28. 4; Lacedaemonians wish to annul judgement of, 29. 4; Boeotians claim, has decreed death for Phocian mercenaries, 31. 1; (353) Phocians still owe fines to, 32. 3; Onomarchus dreams that statue dedicated by, grows, 33. 1; (346) admits Philip II to membership, 59. 4–60. 1, 1. 4; passes decrees against Phocians, 60. 1–4; (335) recognizes Alexander as leader of Greeks, VIII, 17. 4. 2.
  • Amphilochia: (167) detached from Aetolia, XI, 31. 8. 6.
  • Amphimachus: (321) Antipater makes, satrap of Mesopotamia, IX, 18. 39. 6; (317) general of Eumenes, 19. 27. 4.
  • Amphinomê, wife of Aeson and mother of Jason: curses Pelias; kills self, II, 4. 50. 2.
  • — d. of Pelias: Andraemon marries, II, 4. 53. 2.
  • Amphion, a Centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 12. 7.
  • — of Thebes: father of Chloris wife of Neleus, III, 4. 68. 6.
  • — s. of Zeus and Antiopê: builds walls of Thebes, IX, 19. 53. 5.
  • Amphipolis, in Thrace: (497, 464) Thracians drive Milesian and Athenian colonists from, V, 12. 68. 1–2, IV, 11. 70. 5; (437) recolonized by Athens, IV, 12. 32. 3, V. 12. 68. 2; (424) surrenders to Brasidas, 68.1–5; (422) Brasidas defeats Cleon at, 73. 3–74. 1; (360) made autonomous by Philip II, VII, 16. 3. 3; (359) he withdraws all claims to, 4.1; (358) he takes, by assault, 8. 2–3; (323) Macedonians cancel Alexander’s plan for temple at, IX, 18. 4. 4–6; (317) Eurydicê Adeia captured on way to, 19. 11. 3; (316) Aristonoüs surrenders, to Cassander, 50. 6, 8; Cassander confines Roxanê and her son in, 52. 4; (167) capital of first Macedonian canton, XI, 31. 8. 8; (c. 149) Andriscus claims treasure of Perseus buried in, 32. 15. 2. See Apollodorus, Aristonoüs of.
  • amphipoly: (343) annual priesthood of Zeus in Syracuse, VIII, 16. 70. 6.
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  • Amphissa, in Ozolian Locris: (431) allied to Sparta, V, 12. 42. 4; (353) Phocians overcome, VII, 16. 33. 3; (319) exiles not restored to, IX, 18. 56. 5.
  • Amphitritê: Cirrha unconquerable until, floods Delphi, IV, 9. 16. 1.
  • Amphitryon, husband of Alcmenê: Zeus assumes form of, II, 4. 9. 3; banished from Tiryns, goes to Thebes, 10. 2.
  • Amulius, king of Alba: deprives brother of throne; makes Rhea a Vestal; slain by Romulus and Remus, III, 7. 5. 12, 8. 2. 1, 3. 1.
  • Amynander, king of Athamania, c. 200: father of Galaestes, XII, 33. 20. 1.
  • Amyntas (Amintas), early king of Macedon, III, 7. 15. 2.
  • — s. of Philip: (428) briefly king of Macedon, V, 12. 50. 4–7.
  • — III of Macedon, 394–370: (394) assassinates King Pausanias; seizes throne, VI, 14. 89. 2; (393) driven from throne by Illyrians; restored, 92. 3–4; (383) defeated by Illyrians, gives son Philip as hostage, 15. 19. 2, VII, 16. 2. 1, VIII, 16. 69. 7; (393) grants land to Olynthians, VI, 14. 92. 3; (383) seeks to recover it, 15. 19. 2–3; (382) continues war with Olynthians, VII, 15. 20. 3–21. 1; (370) makes alliance with Jason of Pherae, 60. 2; dies, his son Alexander succeeding, 60. 3, 16. 2. 4. See Philip II, Ptolemy of Alorus ss. of.
  • — s. of Antiochus: (c. 335) flees from Macedon, VIII, 17. 48. 2; (332) with Dareius at Issus; claims to be satrap of Egypt; killed, 48. 2–5.
  • — s. of Andromenes: (332) one of Alexander’s “Friends”; advises him to continue siege of Tyre, VIII, 17. 45. 7; (331) sent to Macedon for men, 49. 1.
  • —, Macedonian general: (after 316) Ariarathes II defeats, XI, 31. 19. 5.
  • — of Rhodes: (304) commands raiding ships, X, 20. 93. 5, 97. 5–6.
  • Amythaon s. of Cretheus: father of Melampous and Bias, III, 4. 68. 3; grandfather of Ixion, 69. 3.
  • Anacharsis of Scythia: asks Delphi who is wiser, IV, 9. 6. 1; questioned by Croesus, 26. 2–5.
  • Anagnia, in Latium: (306) Romans declare war on, X, 20. 80. 4.
  • Ananias of Rhodes: (304) slain defending city wall, X, 20. 97. 7.
  • Anaphas I: (c. 522) one of the Seven who slew the Magus; satrap of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 1–2.
  • — II of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 2.
  • Anapus riv., near Syracuse: (385) Dionysius builds gymnasia by, VI, 15. 13. 5.
  • Anaxagoras s. of Megapenthes, king of Argos: gives part of kingdom to Melampous, III, 4. 68. 4.
  • —, the philosopher: theory of, re Nile flood, I, 1. 38. 4–7, 39. 1; teacher of Euripides, 7. 7, 38. 4, and of Pericles; (431) charged with impiety, IV, 12. 39. 2.
  • Anaxander of Lacedaemon: (352) Thebans take, captive, VII, 16. 39. 6.
  • Anaxarchus of Abdera: (325) persuades Alexander to ignore Chaldaeans, VIII, 17. 112. 4–5.
  • Anaxibius: (401) Byzantine admiral, VI, 14. 30. 4.
  • Anaxicrates: (450) Athenian general, killed, IV, 12. 3. 4.
  • —: (307) archon, X, 20. 45. 1.
  • Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegium and Zanclê: (476) dies; leaves rule to Micythus, IV, 11. 48. 2; (467) he returns it to sons of, 66. 1–3; (461) they are expelled, 76. 5.
  • Anaximenes of Lampsacus: (366) noted for culture, VII, 15. 76. 4; (363) composed First Inquiry of Greek Affairs, 89. 3.
340
  • Anaxis, a Boeotian: (361) history by, ends, VII, 15. 95. 4.
  • Anchises s. of Capys: father of Aeneas, III, 4. 75. 5; Aeneas carries, from Troy, 7. 4. 1.
  • Ancus Marcius, king of Rome: L. Tarquinius assists, III, 8. 31. 1.
  • Andraemon: marries Amphinomê d. of Pelias, II, 4. 53. 2.
  • Andreas, father of Myron the tyrant of Sicyon, III, 8. 24. 1.
  • Andreus: receives Andros from Rhadamanthys, III, 5. 79. 2.
  • Andriscus pretended son of Perseus: (c. 153) arrested and sent to Rome, XI, 31. 40a. 1; (c. 149) escapes to Miletus; imprisoned, 32. 15. 1–3; released; aided by Pergamum, Byzantium, and Thrace, 15. 3–6; defeats Romans, 32. 9a. 1 (p. 429); (148) Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus defeats, 15. 7; vents rage on family of Tellestes, 9b. 1 (p. 431).
  • Androbazus: (317) Oxyartes sends, to Eumenes, IX, 19. 14. 6.
  • Androcles s. of Aeolus: rules in Sicily, III, 5. 8. 1.
  • Androgeos s. of Minos: wins contests in Athens; killed by Aegeus, III, 4. 60. 4–5; Athenians required to make satisfaction for, 61. 1–3.
  • Andromachus of Tauromenium: (358) father of Timaeus; settles survivors of Sicilian Naxos at Tauromenium, VII, 16. 7. 1; (345) here welcomes Timoleon, VIII, 16. 68. 8.
  • Andromeda d. of Cepheus and mother of Electryon, II, 4. 9. 1.
  • Andromenes: father of Amyntas, VIII, 17. 45. 7.
  • — of Corinth: (304) stadion winner, X, 20. 91. 1.
  • Andronicus of Olynthus: took part in all Alexander’s campaigns, X, 19. 69. 1; (315) general of Antigonus, carries on siege of Tyre, IX, 19. 59. 2–3; (314) adviser to Demetrius, X, 19. 69. 1; (312) commands right against Ptolemy, 82. 4; holds Tyre against Ptolemy until expelled by mutiny, 86. 1–2.
  • —: (169) executed for killing son of Seleucus IV, XI, 30. 7. 2–3.
  • —: (169) agent of Perseus; disobeys order to burn dockyards at Thessalonica, XI, 30. 11. 1.
  • Andros, one of Cyclades: Rhadamanthys gives, to Andreus, III, 5. 79. 2; (424) colonies from, near Actê, V, 12. 68. 5; (408) Alcibiades defeats, 13. 69. 4–5; (308) Ptolemy liberates, X, 20. 37. 1.
  • Anicius Gallus, L.: (167) triumphs, XI, 31. 8. 10.
  • animals: consecration of, among Egyptians, I, 1. 49. 5, 83. 1–90. 4; wild, of Ethiopia and the land of the Trogodytes, II, 3. 35. 1–38. 1.
  • Anion: receives Delos from Rhadamanthys, III, 5. 79. 2.
  • Anius s. of Apollo: mother abandons, on Delos; Apollo instructs, in divination, III, 5. 62. 1–2.
  • Antaeus: Osiris makes, governor of part of Egypt, I, 1. 17. 3; compels all strangers to wrestle, II, 4. 27. 3; Heracles slays, I, 1. 21. 4; II, 4. 17. 4, 18. 1, 27. 3; gives name to village on Nile, I, 1. 21. 4.
  • Antaeus, on Nile: Isis slays Typhon at, I, 1. 21. 4.
  • Antalcidas of Lacedaemon: (387) negotiates peace with Artaxerxes, VI, 14. 110. 2–3.
  • —, Peace of: (386) secures peace for Greece, VI, 15. 5. 1; delivers Greeks of Asia to Persia, 9. 5, 10. 2, 19. 4; Lacedaemonians violate, 5. 2–3, 19. 1, VII, 15. 29. 5; Calilsthenes begins history with, VI, 14. 117. 8–9.
  • Antander (Antandrus) brother of Agathocles: (c. 325) a general of Syracuse, IX, 19. 3. 3; (310) Agathocles leaves, in command in Syracuse, X, 20. 4. 1; Erymnon prevents, from surrendering
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  • city, 16. 1; (307) slays kin of participants in Libyan campaign, 72. 1–5; (289) historian of Agathocles’ reign, XI, 21. 16. 5.
  • Antandrus, on Troad: (423) Athenians drive Lesbian exiles from, V, 12. 72. 2–3; (411) Lacedaemonians expel Persians from, 13. 42. 4.
  • Anthemion: father of Anytus, V, 13. 64. 6.
  • Anthenion of Cilicia; (104) skilled in astrology; leader of Sicilian slave revolt; defeated, XII, 36. 5. 1–4; general of Salvius (Tryphon); placed under detention, 7. 2.
  • Anthestius, L.: see L. Antistius, tr. mil. c. p., 371=V379.
  • anthropology: life of primitive man, I, 1. 8. 1–10.
  • Anticles of Athens: (340) stadion winner, VIII, 16. 77. 1.
  • — —: (325) archon, VIII, 17. 110. 1.
  • Antidotus: (451) archon, IV, 11. 91. 1.
  • Antigenes: (407) archon, V, 13. 76. 1.
  • —: (321) leader in mutiny against Perdiccas; assigned Susianê by Antipater, IX, 18. 39. 6; (317) secures Persian bowmen, 19. 17. 4–6; with Peucestes leads army of disabled Eumenes against Antigonus, 24. 6, 28. 3.
  • —: (318) with Teutamus, commands Silver .Shields; joins Eumenes, IX, 18. 59. 3; rejects bribes of Antigonus, 62. 4–7; (317) winters in Babylonia, 19. 12. 1; loyal to Eumenes, 12. 2–3, 13. 1–2; claims for Silver Shields right to elect commander, 15. 2; advises a return to coast, 21, 1; commands heavy-armed, 28. 1; before final battle, challenges Antigonus’ Macedonians, 41. 1–3; Antigonus burns, alive, 44. 1.
  • — of Enna: (135) owner of Eunus, who leads slave revolt, XII, 34/5. 2. 5, 8; Eunus kills, 2. 15.
  • Antigonê d. of Oedipus, III, 4. 64. 4.
  • Antigoneia on the Orontes: (307) Antigonus founds, X, 20. 47. 5–6; (306) he collects forces at, 73. 1; (302) Antigonus cancels festival at, on Lysander’s crossing into Asia, 108. 1; (c. 300) Seleucus dismantles, 47. 6.
  • Antigonis: (307) tribe established in Athens, X, 20. 46. 2.
  • Antigonus s. of Philip: (329) related to Alexander of Lyncestis, VIII, 17. 80. 2; (323) Perdiccas assigns Pamphylia, Lycia, and Great Phrygia to, IX, 18. 3. 1; (c. 322) seeks hand of Cleopatra sister of Alexander, X, 20. 37. 4; learns of Perdiccas’ ambitions; flees to Antipater, IX, 18. 23. 3–4, 25. 3; (321) Antipater assigns Great Phrygia and Lycia to, 39. 6, and makes, general against Eumenes and Alcetas, 39. 7, 40. 1, 50. 1; (320) defeats Eumenes, 40. 5–8, 44. 1, 50. 1, 53. 4; takes his army and satrapy, 41. 1, 4–5, 50. 1, 57. 3; shuts him up in Nora, 41. 6–7, 53. 4–5; refers terms to Antipater, 41. 7; (319) in Pisidia, defeats Alcetas and takes over army, 41. 7, 44. 1–45. 4, 50. 1; secures his body, 46. 3–7, 47. 3; younger Pisidians plunder lands of, 47. 2; in Phrygia, learns of Antipater’s death, 47. 4–5; ambitions of; will no longer obey the “kings,” 47. 5, 50. 2, 55. 2, 57. 3; sends Hieronymus to win Eumenes, 50. 4–5; re-assigns satrapies, 50. 5–51. 1; moves to aid Cyziceni, 52. 1, and to expel Arrhidaeus and Cleitus from satrapies, 52. 2–6; takes treasure ships; takes Ephesus and other cities, 52. 6–53. 1; raises siege of Nora, permitting Eumenes to depart, 53. 5, 19. 44. 2; promises Cassander aid, 18. 54. 3–55. 2; (318) Eumenes continues to oppose, 57. 3–4,
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  • 58. 4; ineffectual operations against Eumenes, 59. 1–2, 62. 3–63. 6; Polyperchon readies fleet against, 63. 6; Cassander joins, 64. 1, and is supplied with fleet, 68. 1; Arrhidaeus flees from, 72. 2; Nicanor with ships of, defeats Cleitus, 72. 2–73. 1; moves against Eumenes in Cilicia, 73. 1–2; winters in Mesopotamia, 19. 15. 6; (317) Eumenes prepares for action against, 12. 1, 15. 3; Seleucus asks aid of, 13. 5; gathers forces; moves into upper satrapies, 15. 6–16. 1; in Babylonia, makes agreement with Seleucus and Pithon; crosses Tigris, 17. 2–3; feared by Peucestes, 17. 5; orders siege of citadel of Susa; moves to Coprates riv.; Eumenes attacks foragers of, 18. 1–7; reaches Media, 19. 1–8, 21.1; prevents mutiny, 20. 1–4; Eumenes falsely reports coming of Polyperchon against, 23. 2; Eumenes and, both set out for Persia, 24. 4; fails to win Eumenes’ Macedonians, 25. 1–7; Eumenes prevents, from reaching Gabenê, 26. 1–10; meets Eumenes in battle in Paraetacenê, claiming victory, 27. 1–32. 1; withdraws to winterquarters in Gamarga (Gadamala), 32. 2–3, 34. 8, 37. 1; makes winter march; meets Eumenes in final battle, 37. 1–42. 1; capture of baggage train and retirement of Peucestes give victory to, 42. 2–43, 6, 52. 4; gives their wives and children to Silver Shields in return for Eumenes, 43. 7–44. 1; burns Antigenes alive; puts Eumenes and others to death, 44. 1–2; attaches Hieronymus the historian to himself; winters in Media, 44. 3–4, 46. 1.
  • (316) Executes Pithon of the Body Guard for mutiny, IX, 19. 46. 1–4; moves to Ecbatana, then to Persepolis, 46. 5–47. 1; Persians regard, as king, 48. 1; assigns satrapies, 48. 1–5; occupies citadel of Susa acquiring great wealth, 48. 6–8; makes a native satrap of Susianê, 55. 1, 56. 1–2; moves to Babylon; quarrels with Seleucus, 55. 2–5; Chaldaean prophecy re Seleucus’ victory over, 55. 6–9, I, 2. 31, 2; imprisons Seleucus’ friends, X, 19. 91. 4; competes with Seleucus for support of Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus, IX, 19. 56. 1–4; makes Pithon s. of Agenor satrap of Babylonia, 56. 4; winters in Cilicia, 56. 5–57. 1; takes money from Cyinda; financial resources of, 56. 5; (315) rejects demands of Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus; makes ready for war, 57. 1–5, 60. 1; besieges Tyre, 58. 1, 59. 2–3, X, 19. 86. 2; establishes shipyards, IX, 19. 58. 2–59. 1; takes Joppa and Gaza, 59. 2; gains support of Polyperchon and his son Alexander, 60. 1, 61. 1; sends nephew Ptolemy into Cappadocia and Lydia, 60. 2–4; charges Cassander before assembly of Macedonians, 61. 1–3, which orders Cassander to obey, and proclaims autonomy of Greeks, 61. 3–4, 62. 1, X, 19. 66. 3, 74. 1, 20. 93. 7; feigns to support the “kings,” IX, 19. 61. 4; sends Alexander s. of Polyperchon back to Greece; presses siege of Tyre, 61. 5; sends ships to Peloponnese; secures the sea, 62. 7–9; Alexander s. of Polyperchon deserts, for Cassander, 63. 3, 64. 3–4, 66. 2; Polycleitus’ defeats forces of, 64. 5–8; at Ecregma, refuses demands of Ptolemy, 64. 8; (?) engaged elsewhere while Ariarathes II recovers Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 5; (314) garrisons Tyre after its fall, IX, 19. 61. 5; gains support of Aetolians, X, 19. 66. 2–3, 67. 3;
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  • drives army of Cassander from Lemnos, 68. 2–4; leaves son Demetrius and advisers to command army in Syria, 69.1,82. 1, 85. 1–2; Ptolemy nephew of, winters in Caria, 68.5; winters in Phrygia, 69. 2; summons fleet, 69. 3; (313) sends forces to Callantia, and to Peloponnese, 73. 6–74. 2; subjects Caria, 75. 1–6; makes alliance with Aetolians and Boeotians; negotiations with Cassander fail, 75. 6; sends nephew Ptolemy and Medius to free Greeks, 77. 2; makes alliance with Rhodes, 77. 3; sets out as if for Macedon; fails to make alliance with Byzantines; goes into winter quarters near Propontis, 77. 5–7; nephew Ptolemy leaves Greek cities without garrisons to show good faith of, 78. 2; Athenians send envoys about peace, 78. 3–4; Ptolemy of Egypt puts Pygmalion to death for negotiating with, 79. 4; (312) hostility of Seleucus for, 80. 3; already an old man, 81.3; charged by Ptolemy and Seleucus with not sharing gains, 85. 3; Demetrius asks, for aid, 85. 5; puts nephew Ptolemy in charge of Greeks; Telesphorus betrays, 87. 1–3; absent while Seleucus recovers Babylon, 90. 1, 91. 3–4; offended by, many join Seleucus, 92. 4. joins Demetrius; recovers Syria and Phoenicia, 93. 4–94. 1; sends Athenaeus against Nabataean Arabs, then disowns act, 94. 1, 96. 1–4; rebukes and praises Demetrius, 100. 1; places Hieronymus over asphalt industry, 100. 1–3; sends Demetrius to recover Babylonia, 100. 3–5; (311) comes to terms with Cassander, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, 105. 1; after murder of Alexander s. of Roxanê, hopes to be king, 105. 3–4.
  • (310) Deserted by nephew Ptolemy, X, 20. 19. 2, 27. 3; charged by Ptolemy of Egypt with failure to free Greek cities, 19. 3; Cilician cities subject to, are taken by Ptolemy, then recovered by Demetrius, 19. 4–5; sends son Philip to Hellespont against Phoenix, 19. 5; makes alliance with Nicocles of Paphos, 21. 1; (309) Ptolemy takes Xanthos from, 27. 1; (308) causes death of Alexander’s sister Cleopatra, 37. 3–6; (307) sends Demetrius to free Athens and other cities, 45. 1–5; honoured by Athens, 46. 2, 4; bids Demetrius call council on Greek affairs, 46. 5; hostility of, and Rhodes begins, 46. 6; Cyprian captives sent to, 47. 4; founds Antigonia on the Orontes, 47. 5; assumes title “king”; grants same to Demetrius, 53. 2, 54. 1; (306) Phoenix (Philip?) s. of, dies, 73. 1; begins campaign against Egypt, 73. 1–75. 3; unable to land at mouth of Nile; returns to Syria, 75. 4–76. 6; (305) causes of war with Rhodes, 81. 1–82. 3; (304) statue of, in Rhodes not pulled down as Demetrius besieges the city, 93. 6–7; bids Demetrius come to terms with Rhodes, 99. 1, 100. 5, which becomes ally except against Ptolemy, 99. 2–3; (302) the other four kings (Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, Lysimachus) join forces against, 106. 2–5, 2. 3; Docimus and Phoenix desert, 107. 4–5; Philip holds Sardis against Cassander, 107. 5; cancels games at Antigonia; moves against Lysimachus; pays army at Tarsus, 108. 1–2; crosses Taurus against Lysimachus; goes into winter quarters, 108. 3–109. 4; recalls Demetrius from Greece, 109. 5, 111. 1–2; Mithridates of Cius deserts, 111. 4; Ptolemy retires on false news of victory of, 113. 1–2; some men of Lysimachus desert to, 113. 3; (301)
344
  • killed in war with the kings, Ptolemy not being present; Chaldean prophecy re Seleucus and, fulfilled, XI, 21. 1. 1–5, IX, 19. 55. 7–9; kingdom of, divided, XI, 21. 1. 5. Rose from private station to great power; downfall of, caused by ambition, 1.1. See Demetrius s. of; Ptolemy nephew of; Stratonicê wife of.
  • — II Gonatas, of Macedonia, 283–239: (c. 274) Pyrrhus defeats, XI, 22. 11. 1.
  • — III Doson, of Macedonia, 229–221: guardian of Philip s. of Demetrius II (Philip V), XI, 25. 18. 1.
  • — of Macedon: (304) sent to Rhodes by Ptolemy, X, 20. 98. 1.
  • Antimachus, the poet: (405) flourished, V, 13. 108. 1; cited, II, 3. 65. 7.
  • Antiocheia on the Orontes, in Syria: (c. 300) Seleucus dismantles Antigonia to found Seleuceia (i.e., Antiocheia), X, 20. 47. 64; colonies sent to region of, XI, 21. 1. 6; (c. 211) compared with Syracuse, 26. 19. 1; (c. 146) roused against Demetrius II, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445); (145?) administration of, given to Hierax and Diodotus, XII, 33. 3. 1; citizens of, mistreated by Demetrius II, 4. 1–3; (129) mourns death of Antiochus VII, 34/5. 17. 1; (67) futile uprising in, 40. 1a. 1; Philip Barypous flees to, 1b. 1.
  • Antiochides: (435) archon, IV, 12. 34. 1.
  • Antiochis, d. of Antiochus III: (196) Antiochus plans marriage of, to Ptolemy, XI, 28. 12. 1; (after 196) wife of Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia, 31. 19. 7.
  • Antiochus s. of Heracles, II, 4. 37. 1.
  • — of Syracuse, historian, V, 12. 71. 2.
  • —, pilot of Alcibiades: (408) defeated while in command, V, 13. 71. 1–4.
  • — I Soter, of Syria, 281–261: (before 285) marries Stratonicê d. of Demetrius Poliorcetes; (285) consults with father Seleucus I re Demetrius, XI, 21. 20. 1.
  • — II Theos, of Syria, 261–247; father of Stratonicê, wife of Ariarathes III of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 6.
  • — III the Great, of Syria, 223–187; (196) rejects Roman intervention in Asia; refounds Lysimacheia, XI, 28. 12. 1; (194) Rome foresees war with, 15. 1; rejects Rome’s warning, 15. 2–3; Rome promises aid against, to Greece, 15. 4; (?) Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia marries daughter of, 31. 19. 7; (192) violates sanctuary of Delium, 29. 1. 1; winters in Demetrias, 2. 1; (191) angry at those who advised war; admires Hannibal, 3. 1; (190) Aetolians support, 4. 1; Rome defeats, at Myonnesus; concentrates on defence of Asia, 5. 1; Rome rejects peace offers of, 7. 1–8. 1; returns son to Africanus, 8. 1–2; Aetolians cling to hope in, 9. 1 (p. 257); (189) defeated at Magnesia, 28. 3. 1, XII, 37. 1. 2; accepts Roman terms, XI, 29. 10. 1, 11. 1, 24. 1, 31. 8. 1, 4; (188) cities subject to, freed, 29. 11. 1; pays indemnity to Rome, 13. 1, 21. 1; pillages temple of Bel, 15. 1, 28. 3. 1; (185) alliance made by, with Achaean League renewed by Seleucus IV, 29. 17. 1. Character of, 28. 3. 1–4. 1, 29. 6. 3. See Antiochis d. of.
  • — IV Epiphanes, of Syria, 175–163: (170) sends envoys to Rome, XI, 30. 2. 1; (169) generous to defeated Egyptians, 14. 1; ministers of Ptolemy VI undertake war with, 15. 1, 16. 1; takes Pelusium after truce, 18. 1–2; hopes to gain by strife in Egypt, 31. 1. 1; defeats Jews, enters their temple, 18a. 1, XII, 34/5. 1. 3–5; (168) forced
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  • by C. Popillius Laenas to withdraw from Egypt, XI, 31. 2. 1–2, 17. 1; (166) gives magnificent festival, 16. 1–3; conceals hostility from Roman envoy, 17. 1; (165) defeats Artaxias (Artaxes) of Armenia, 17a. 1; burns temple of Artemis; is driven mad, 18a. 1; (c. 158) a pretended son of, set up as claimant by Eumenes II, 32a. 1. Character of, XI, 29. 32. 1. See Timarchus of Miletus.
  • — V Eupator, of Syria, 163–162: (c. 158) claimant to Syrian throne resembles, XI, 31. 32a. 1.
  • — VI Epiphanes, of Syria, 145–142: s. of Alexander Balas, placed in protection of Diocles of Abae, XI, 32. 9d. 1–10. 1 (p. 445), or of Iamblichus, an Arab, XII, 33. 4a. 1; (145) set up as pretender by Diodotus (Tryphon), 4a. 1; (138) killed by Diodotus, 28. 1, 28a. 1.
  • — VII Euergetes Sidetes, of Syria, 139–129: (134) takes Jerusalem, XII, 34/5. 1. 1–5; (129) Arsaces VII of Parthia rejects terms offered by, 15. 1; Parthians defeat and kill, 16. 1–18. 1.
  • — VIII Philometor Grypus, of Syria, 125–96: (123) apprehends Alexander II Zabinas, XII, 34/5. 28. 2. Grandfather of Philip II Barypous, 40. 1a. 1.
  • — IX. Philopator Cvzicenus, of Syria. 113–95: evil habits of, XII, 34/5. 34. 1.
  • — XIII Asiaticus, of Syria, 69–64: (67) quells uprising, XII, 40. 1a. 1; (64) slain by Sampsiceramus, 1b. 1.
  • —: (135) name taken by Eunus, slave leader, XII, 34/5. 2. 24, 42.
  • Antion s. of Periphas: father of Ixion, III, 4. 69. 3.
  • Antiopê, an Amazon: Heracles gives, to Thesus, II, 4. 16. 4, 28. 1; bears Hippolytus, 28. 3, III, 4. 62. 1; slain aiding Theseus against Amazons, II, 4. 28. 4.
  • Antipater: (389) archon, VI, 14. 103. 1.
  • —, general of Alexander: (335) advises Alexander to delay campaign, VIII, 17. 16. 2; (334) given European command, 17. 5, 118. 1, IX, 18. 12. 1; (330) sends Alexander reinforcements, VIII, 17. 65. 1–2; moves on Thrace, 62. 6; makes terms with Thracians; defeats Lacedaemonians, 63. 1–4, VII, 16. 64. 1, X, 19. 70. 5; refers them to Hellenic League, VIII, 17. 73. 5–6; (326) demands surrender of Harpalus, 108. 7; proclaims return of exiles in Greece, 109. 1, IX, 18. 8. 4; (324) according to some, poisons Alexander by hand of son, VIII, 17. 118. 1, IX, 19. 11. 82; holds supreme command in Europe, VIII, 17. 118. 2; (323) Perdiccas assigns Macedonia to, IX, 18. 3. 2; Athens begins Lamian war against, 8. 1, 9. 2; defeated by Leosthenes; takes refuge in Lamia, 12. 1–4, 18. 3; near surrender when Leosthenes is killed, 13. 3–6; makes treaty with Ptolemy, 14. 2; (322) Leonnatus fails to aid, 14. 4–15. 7; defeats Greeks at Crannon, 16. 4–17. 5; makes terms with all but Athenians and Aetolians, 17. 6–8; moves against Athens, which surrenders, 18. 1–6, VII, 16. 64. 1; refers matter of Samos to the “kings,” IX, 18. 18. 6; returns to Macedon; honours Craterus, giving him his daughter Phila in marriage, 18. 7; sets up oligarchies, 18. 8, 55. 2, X, 20. 46. 3; Nicaea d. of, is married by Perdiccas to cover plot against, IX, 18. 23. 1–3; Antigonus joins, 23. 4, 25. 3; moves against Aetolians; makes terms on news of Perdiccas’ plans, 24. 1–25. 5; assumes command of Europe; seeks aid of Ptolemy; plans move on Asia, 25. 4; (321) Perdiccas sends Eumenes to oppose,
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  • 29. 1–2; with Craterus, crosses into Asia, 29. 4, 38. 1; Neoptolemus escapes to, 29. 4–6; moves toward Cilicia, 29. 6; receives fugitives from Craterus’ army, 32. 2–33. 1; aids Ptolemy, 33. 1; Amphissian Locrians defeat general of, 38. 1–3; at Triparadeisus, elected guardian of the “kings”; silences Eurydicê Adeia, 39. 2–4; redistributes satrapies, 39. 5–6, 19. 12. 2; makes Antigonus general against Eumenes, 18. 39. 7, 50. 1, 19. 29. 3; returns to Macedon, 18. 39. 7; (320) Antigonus pretends loyalty to, 41. 5, 7; Eumenes sends Hieronymus to discuss surrender, 42. 1; (319) quarrels with Olympias, 49. 4; fatally ill, 48. 1; kills Athenian envoy, Demades, 48. 1–5; declares that no woman shall hold first place, 19. 11. 9; is said to have sought advice from daughter Phila when she was a child, 59. 5; makes Polyperchon guardian of the “kings” and supreme commander with Cassander as chiliarch, 18. 48. 4–5; Antigonus hears of death of, 47. 4, 50. 1; he makes pretence of aiding Cassander, 54. 3–4; Polyperchon orders cities to exile former leaders of, 57. 1; (318) oligarchy set up by, governs Megalopolis, 68. 3; governments set up by, in Greek cities overthrown, 65. 4–6, 66. 4, 69. 3–4. See Cassander.
  • —, general of Alcetas: (319) captured by Antigonus, IX, 18. 45. 3; (317) tries to escape, 19. 16. 1–5.
  • — I, of Macedon, 297–294: (c. 295) kills mother; (294) killed by Demetrius Poliorcetes, XI, 21. 7. 1.
  • — II Etesias, of Macedon, 279: (279) rules 45 days, XI, 22. 4. 1.
  • —: (c. 163) dies under torture, XI, 31. 20. 1 (p. 363).
  • —: (128) and others seize Laodiceia, XII, 34/5. 22. 1.
  • Antiphates s. of Melampous: father of Oecles and Amphalces, III, 4. 68. 5.
  • Antiphemus of Rhodes: cofounder of Gela, III, 8. 23. 1.
  • Antiphilus of Athens: (323) commands after death of Leosthenes, IX, 18. 13. 6; (322) defeats Macedonians in Thessaly, 15. 1–7; defeated at Crannon, 17. 1–6.
  • Antiphon: (418) archon, V, 12. 80. 1.
  • Antiphus, king of Cos; with Greeks at Troy, III, 5. 54. 1.
  • Antissa, on Lesbos: (392) surrenders to Athenians, VI, 14. 94. 4; (333) Memnon takes, VIII, 17. 29. 2.
  • Antisthenes the Cynic: (366) among men of culture, VII, 15. 76. 4.
  • —, admiral of Demetrius: (307) delays Ptolemy’s ships, X, 20. 50. 1, 52. 5.
  • — Rhodus of Acragas: (406) entertains citizens, V, 13. 84. 1–3; advises son, 84. 4.
  • Antistius (Anthestius), L.: (371=V379) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 51. 1.
  • Antixyes, a Persian: (333) killed at Issus, VIII, 17. 34. 5.
  • Antonius: (73) conspires against Sertorius, XII, 37. 22a. 1 (pp. 267–269).
  • —, M.: (167) tr. pl., brings Rhodian envoys into Senate, XI, 31. 5. 1.
  • — Creticus, M.: (71) propr., makes terms with Crete, XII, 40. 1. 1.
  • Antrones, in Phthiotis: (302) won over by Demetrius, X, 20. 110. 3.
  • Antyllius, Q.: (121) C. Gracchus rejects plea of, XII, 34/5. 28a. 1.
  • Anubis s. of Osiris, I, 1. 18. 1, 87 2
  • Anxor (Tarracinê): (403 = V406) Rome takes, VI, 14. 16. 5.
  • Anytus s. of Anthemion, of
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  • Athens: (409) fails to relieve Pylos; first Athenian to escape conviction by bribery, V, 13. 64. 6; (400) accuses Socrates; later executed without trial, VI, 14. 37. 7.
  • Aornus, in India: (327) a “rock” that Heracles failed to take, taken by Alexander, VIII, 17. 85. 1–86. 1, 96. 2.
  • Apamea, in Syria: (135) home of Eunus and wife, XII, 34/5. 2. 5, 16.
  • Aparctias, a north (etesian) wind, I, 1. 39. 6.
  • Apelles of Syracuse: (453) subdues pirates, IV, 11. 88. 5.
  • — of Colophon, a painter, XI, 26. 1. 1.
  • Apennines, in Italy: (387 = V390) Celts occupy plain between, and Alps, VI, 14. 113. 1.
  • apes: held sacred in certain cities of Libya, X, 20. 58. 3–5.
  • Aphetae, in Magnesia: (480) Xerxes’ fleet comes to, IV, 11. 12. 3.
  • Aphidna, in Attica: Theseus sends Helen to, III, 4. 63. 3; the Dioscuri raze, and free her, 63. 5.
  • Aphrices, an Indian: (327) head of, brought to Alexander, VIII, 17. 86. 2.
  • Aphrodisia: (446) street in Thurii, IV, 12. 10. 7.
  • Aphrodisias, in Cilicia: (315) fleet of Seleucus sails to, IX, 19. 64. 5.
  • Aphrodite: child of Zeus and Hera, I, 1. 13. 4, III, 5. 72. 5; myrtle ascribed to, I, 1. 17. 5; called golden, 97. 8. II, 4. 26. 2; cares for maidens, III, 5. 73. 2; called Erycinian, Cytherian, Paphian, Syrian from her shrines, 77. 5, 4. 83. 2; causes Derceto to love Syrian youth, I, 2. 4. 2–4; maddens sons of Poseidon, III, 5. 55. 6; gives gold necklace to Harmonia, 4. 65. 5, 66. 3; Phaedra builds temple for, 62. 2; Minos buried beneath temple of, in Sicily, 79. 3; temple of, on Mt. Eryx built by Eryx, 83. 1–3, embellished by Daedalus, 78. 4–5, by Aeneas, by Carthaginians, and by Romans, 83. 4; Romans trace ancestry to, 83. 4–7; (169) Eulaeus exchanges service of, for contests of Ares, XI, 30. 15. 1. Mother of Aeneas, III, 4. 75. 5, 83. 4, Eryx, II, 4. 23. 2, III, 4. 83. 1, Harmonia, II, 4. 2. 1, Hermaphroditus, 6. 5, Priapus, 6. 1.
  • Aphroditê, the planet Venus, I, 2. 30. 3.
  • Aphroditê’s harbour, on Red Sea, II, 3. 39. 1.
  • Apis: bull at Memphis consecrated to Osiris, I, 1. 21. 10; ceremonies connected with, 84. 4–85. 5, 96. 6; honoured for aid to farmers, 88. 4.
  • Apollo (Horus): Egyptians identify, and Horus, I, 1. 25. 7, son of Zeus and Hera, 13. 4, brother of Osiris, 17. 3–4, 18. 4, discoverer of laurel, 17. 4–5, called Musegetes, 18. 4, founder of Egyptian cities, 12. 6.
  • Apollo (including oracular responses by “the god”): son of Zeus, III, 5. 72. 5; revealed self in Crete; called Delian, Lycian, Pythian from his shrines, 77. 6–7; gives responses, 67. 4; discovers lyre, healing by prophecy, and the bow, 74. 5–6; defeats and flays Marsyas, 75. 3, II, 3. 59. 2–6; joins Cybelê in her wanderings, 59. 6; honoured by the Hyperboreans, 2. 47. 2; gives Heracles bow and arrows, 4. 14. 3; foretells his immortality, 26. 4; bids him send colony to Sardinia, 29. 1; forecasts freedom of Sardinians, 30. 4–6; bids Heracles sell self as slave, 31. 5; orders dying Heracles taken to Oetê, 38. 3; bids Laomedon sacrifice Hesionê, 42. 3; Aegeus sacrifices Marathonian bull to, III, 4. 59. 6; bids Athens seek prayers of Aeacus, 61. 1, and grant satisfaction to Minos, 61. 2; bids Epigoni follow Alcmaeon,
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  • 66. 1; bids Alcmaeon punish Eriphyle, 66. 2–3; punished by Zeus for slaying Cyclopes, 71. 3; carries Sinopê to Sinopê, 72. 2; slays children of Niobê, 74. 3; bids cities of Sicily honour Cretan “Mothers,” 80. 4; carries Cyrenê to Libya, 81. 1–2; bids his son Aristaeus dwell among Ceans, 82. 1; Hermes adds deeds of, to inscription in Panchaea, 5. 46. 7; plays lyre at marriage of Cadmus and Harmonia, 49. 1; seduces Rhoeo, 62. 1–2; establishes her sisters in Carian Cherronesus, 62. 3–5; Zeus commands, to serve Admetus; Melampus becomes friend of, 6. 8. 1; through oracle at Delos rids Rhodes of snakes, 5. 58. 4–5.
  • Father of: Anius, III, 5. 62. 1–2; Aristaeus, 4. 81. 1–2; Asclepius, 71. 1, 5. 74. 6; Centaurus and Lapithes, 4. 69. 1, 5. 61. 3; Syrus, 4. 72. 2.
  • Advises Lycurgus on Spartan constitution, III, 7. 12. 5–6, I, 1. 94. 1, VII, 16. 57. 4; Athenians claim, as tutelary god and progenitor, 57. 4; one tenth of Chalcidians dedicated to, III, 8. 23. 2; various accounts of, and the golden tripod for the wisest, IV, 9. 3. 1–3; (480) Xerxes attempts to burn precinct of, at Delphi, 11. 14. 2–4; (479) golden tripods set up for, at Delphi by Gelon, 26. 7, and by Greeks, 33. 2; (446) directs re-establishment of Sybaris (Thurii), 12. 10. 5–6, 35. 3; (426) Athenians purify Delos, V, 12. 58. 6–7; (420) Argives declare war on Lacedaemonians for not paying sacrifices to, 78. 1; (406) before Arginusae generals make vows to, 13. 102. 2; (405) Carthaginians send statue of, from Gela to Tyre, 108. 4; (403) same rites to, at Herbitê and at Halaesa Archonidion, VI, 14. 16. 4; (383) called on to settle dispute re Leucê, 15. 18. 1–2; (355) gives favourable omens to Philomelus, VII, 16. 27. 2, and to Onomarchus, 33. 1; (352) Philip II shows reverence to, 38. 2; (347) Athenians and Phocians charged with taking treasure of, 56. 3–57. 4; punishes Phocians, 58. 4–6, VIII, 16. 78. 4; (332) Tyrians tie statue of, to base, 17. 41. 7–8; Alexander frees it, 46. 6; believed to have aided him in capture of Tyre, V, 13. 108. 4–5; (279) “White Maidens” and, will protect Delphi, XI, 22. 9. 5; (145) Alexander Balas consults oracle of, in Cilicia, 32. 10. 2 (p. 447); (87) L. Cornelius Sulla confiscates treasures of, at Delphi, XII, 38/9. 7. 1. See also Delphi.
  • Cities and colonies established at direction of oracle of Apollo: Croton, III, 8. 17. 1–2; Cyrenê, 29. 1; Gela and Rhegium, III, 8. 23. 1–2; Sardinia, II, 4. 29. 1; Sybaris (Thurii), IV, 12. 10. 5–6, 35. 3; Tarentum, III, 8. 21. 3. See also Delphi.
  • Temples and shrines of Apollo: at Abae, VII, 16. 58. 4–6, in Cilicia, XI, 32. 10. 2 (p. 447); at Delos, V, 12. 58. 6–7, III, 5. 77. 6; at Delphi, passim; at Herbitê and Halaesa Archonidion, VI, 14. 16, 4; on island of Hyperboreans, II, 2. 47. 2–3; at Leucê, VI, 15. 18. 1–2; in Lycia, III, 5. 56. 1, 77. 6–7.
  • Statues of Apollo: dedicated by Amphictyons, VII, 16. 33. 1; at Gela, carried to Tyre, V, 13. 108. 4, VIII, 17. 41. 7–8, 46. 6; on Lindus, III, 5. 55. 2; on Samos, I, 1. 98. 5–9; in Tyre, see Gela above.
  • Names of Apollo: Delius, III, 5. 77. 6–7; Lycius, 56. 1, 77. 6–7; Phoebus, 7. 12. 6, 8. 13. 2, 29. 1, IV, 11. 14. 4, VII, 16. 56. 7; Pythius, I, 1. 98. 5, III, 4. 80. 4, 5. 77. 6–7, V, 12.
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  • 78. 1; Philalexander, VIII, 17. 46. 6; Sarpedonius, XI, 32. 10. 2; Tcichinius, III, 5. 55. 2.
  • Apollodorus: (430) archon, V, 12. 43. 1.
  • —: (350) archon, VII, 16. 46. 1.
  • — of Amphipolis: (330) Alexander appoints, military governor of Babylon, VIII, 17. 64. 5.
  • —: (319) archon, IX, 18. 44. 1.
  • — of Athens, historian: cited, I, 1. 5. 1, III, 7. 8. 1, V, 13. 103. 5, 108. 1.
  • — of Cassandreia: (c. 278) cruelty of, XI, 22. 5. 1–2, XII, 33. 14. 3.
  • Apollonia, in Sicily: (342) Timoleon frees, from tyrant, VIII, 16. 72. 5; (307) Agathocles sacks, X, 20. 56. 4.
  • —, in Illyria: (314) Cassander takes, X, 19. 67. 6; Glaucias king of Illyrians besieges; he makes treaty with, 70. 7; (313) Corcyraeans free; goes over to Illyrians, 78. 1, 89. 1; (312) resists Cassander’s attack, 89. 1–2. See Pherecrates of.
  • —, in Thrace: (302) X, 20. 112. 2.
  • —, in Crete: (169) Cydonians occupy, XI, 30. 13. 1.
  • Apolloniades of Agyrium: (339) Timoleon ends tyranny of, VIII, 16. 82. 4.
  • Apollonides, general of Eumenes: (320) Antigonus subverts, IX, 18. 40. 5–8.
  • —: (315) commands Argos for Cassander, IX, 19. 63. 1–2.
  • — of Tegea: (308) stadion winner, X, 20. 37. 1.
  • Apollonius: (104) betrays leader of slave war, XII, 36. 2. 6.
  • Aponius, M.: (88) Italian leader in Social war, XII, 37. 2. 13.
  • — Motylus, C. (C. Papius Mutilus): (91) Italian leader in Social war, XII, 37. 2. 6–7.
  • Appian aqueduct, Appian way: (309) cens. Ap. Claudius builds, X, 20. 36. 1–2.
  • Appius: see Ap. Claudius.
  • Apple bearers (Melophoroi): (331) in army of Dareius, VIII, 17. 59. 3.
  • Appuleius Saturninus, L.: (104) quaestor, stripped of powers; (103) tr. pi., XII, 36. 12. 1; (101) insults envoys of Mithridates; elected tribune (for 100), 15. 1–3.
  • Apries, king of Egypt, 588–566: defeats Phoenicians; defeated by Cyrenê; overthrown, I, 1. 68. 1–5.
  • Apseudes: (433) archon, IV, 12. 36. 1.
  • Apsia riv., in Italy: Rhegium founded beside, III, 8. 23. 2.
  • Aptera, in Crete: use of fire and metals discovered at, III, 5. 64. 5.
  • Apulia, in Italy: (before 359) Dionysius II founds two cities in, VII, 16. 5. 3; (317=V318) Romans and Samnites at war in, IX, 19. 10. 2; (315=V316) 65. 7; (314=V315) X, 19. 72. 5–7. See Cannae, Luceria, Venusia in.
  • Aquillius, C: (101) cos., ends slave war, XII, 36. 10. 1–3.
  • —, M’.: (88) Lesbians seize; kills self, XII, 37. 27. 1–2.
  • — Corvus, L.: (380=V388) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 23. 1.
  • Arabia (i.e., the east bank of the Nile): lies along Nile riv., I, 1. 21. 4, 32. 2, 33. 3, 89. 1–2, which forms marshes in, 32. 4; Tnephachthus invades, 45. 2; Sesoösis conquers, 53. 5–6, and builds wail to protect Egypt from, 57. 4; stone for pyramids from, 63. 6; robbers from, 89. 1–2; barbarous Ethiopians live in, II, 3. 8. 1; gold mines where Ethiopia and, join, 12. 1–14. 6. See Antaeus, a village.
  • Arabia: location of, I, 1. 28. 2, II, 2. 48. 1, 3. 38. 4, IX, 18. 6. 3; description of, I, 2. 1. 6, II, 2. 48. 1–54. 7, 3. 1. 2, 42. 1–48. 5, III, 5. 41. 2–4; part of, called Arabia Felix (see below); various tribes of (see below): gold nuggets found in, II, 2. 50. 1; stones of, 52. 1–9; flora and fauna of,
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  • 50. 2–51. 4, 53. 1–7, 54. 6–7; divisions of, 54. 1–5; Osiris crosses, I, 1. 19. 6; not conquered by Persians or Macedonians, I, 2. 1. 5; Ariaeus, king of, makes alliance with Ninus, 1. 5–7, and shares Babylonian spoil, 3. 1–2; aid Arbaces against Sardanapallus, 24. 6; robbers of, capture Iambulus, II, 2. 55. 1–3; frankincense transported from Upper, to Red Sea, 3. 42. 5; revere temple in land of Banizomenes, 44. 2; Sabae surpass rest of, in wealth, 47. 5; heat of south wind in, 48. 5; Libyan Amazons slay many, 55. 4; account of island south of, III, 5. 41. 4–46. 7; (410) said to be about to attack Phoenicia, V, 13. 46. 6; (386) king of, sends men to Evagoras, VI, 15. 2. 4; (302) Tachôs crosses, VII, 15. 92. 5; (c. 345) Nectanebôs fortifies bank of Nile towards, 16. 47. 7; (312) Nabataeans surpass other peoples of, in wealth, X, 19. 94. 4; manner of life of, 94. 10; (311) Ptolemy receives parts of, near Egypt, 105. 1; (306) Antigonus gathers camels from, 20. 73. 3; (c. 230) Ptolemy III sends Ariston to explore coast of, II, 3. 42. 1; (145) Alexander Balas flees to, XI, 32. 9d. 1, 10. 1 (p. 445); Diophantus marries a woman of, 10. 2 (p. 447); (before 61) Pompey subdues, XII, 40. 4. 1. See Azizus, Iamblichus of; Chalcis on border of; Nysa in.
  • Arabia Felix (Arabia Eudaemon, Arabia the Blest): in southwestern Arabia, II, 2. 54. 1, 4, 3. 15. 1, III, 5. 41. 3; inhabited by Sabaeans, II, 3. 46. 1; produces every kind of fruit and fragrant substance, 2. 49. 1–5, 3. 46. 1–47. 9, X, 19. 94. 5; strange astronomical phenomena in, II, 3. 48. 1–4; islands Off coast of, 47. 9, III, 5. 41. 4, 6. 1. 4. See Nysa.
  • Arabian tribes:
  • Alilaei and Gasandi, producers of gold, II, 3. 45. 6–8.
  • Carbae, on coast of Bed Sea, II, 3. 46. 1.
  • Debae, breeders of camels; hospitable to Boeotians and Peloponnesians, II, 3. 45. 3–5.
  • Nabataeans: live in desert; unconquerable, II, 2. 48. 1–5; have a “rock” as refuge, 48. 6; possess a lake that produces asphalt, 48. 6–8, X, 19. 98. 1; land fertile where rivers flow; produces balsam trees, II, 2. 48. 9; live about Gulf of Akaba and Bed sea, 3. 43. 4; become pirates, 43. 5; rich pasture lands, 43. 6–7; customs and wealth of, X, 19. 94. 2–95. 1; (312) Athenaeus, general of Antigonus, takes the “rock,” then is defeated, 94. 1, 95. 2–7; accuse Athenaeus in letter to Antigonus, 96. 1–4; hold “rock” against Demetrius, 97. 1–2; give hostages to him; he withdraws, 97. 2–98. 1; prevent Antigonus from exploiting asphalt industry, 100. 1–3; (before 61) Aretas, king of, subdued by Cn. Pompeius, XII, 40. 4. 1.
  • Sabae, in Arabia Felix, II, 3. 46. 1–47. 9.
  • Thamudeni, inhabit inhospitable coast, II, 3. 44. 3–6.
  • Arabian Gulf (i.e., the Red sea): enclosed by Arabia Felix and land of the Trogodytes, II, 3. 15. 1, 38. 4–5; opens into southern Ocean, 38. 4; peoples of the coast from Babylonia to, 14. 6–23. 1; account of west shore of, 38. 1–41. 4, of the east shore of, 42. 1–48, 5; canal from Pelusiac mouth of Nile to, I, 1. 33. 8–12.
  • Arachosia: location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; (329) Alexander conquers, VIII, 17. 81. 3; (323) Perdiccas assigns, to Sibyrtius, IX, 18. 3. 3, 19. 14. 6, 23. 4; (317) horsemen from, in Eumenes’ army, 27. 4; (316) retained by
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  • Sibyrtius, 48. 3. See Sibyrtius.
  • Aracus of Lacedaemon: (406) sent as admiral to Ionia, V, 13. 100. 8.
  • Aradus: (351) a town of Phoenician Tripolis, VII, 16. 41. 1; (before 145) fails to seize Marathus, XII, 33. 5. 1–6.
  • Aramulius Silvius: king of Alba Longa, III, 7. 5. 10; slain by lightning, 5. 11–12.
  • Aras riv.: see Araxes riv.
  • Aratus: Phaenomena of, cited, III, 4. 80. 1–2.
  • Arausio, in Gaul: (105) Gauls defeat Romans at, XII, 34/5. 37. 1 (p. 141).
  • Araxes (Aras) riv., in Scythia, II, 2. 43. 2.
  • — riv., in Persis: (330) Alexander crosses, VIII, 17. 69. 2.
  • Arbaces, a Mede: general of Sardanapallus; defeats him and overthrows Assyrian empire, I, 2. 24. 1–28. 7; reigns 28 years, 32. 6.
  • Arbela, in Assyria: (331) Dareius camps at, VIII, 17. 53. 4; Alexander defeats Dareius near, 57. 1–62. 3, 64. 1–2; Alexander finds rich spoil in, 64. 3.
  • Arbelitis: (321) Antipater assigns, to Amphimachus, IX, 18. 39. 6.
  • Arbianes, king of Medes, I, 2. 32. 6.
  • Arcadia: Heracles in, II, 4. 12. 7, 33. 2–4, 7, 34. 1; people of, follow him, 34. 1, 36. 5, 37. 3, 5, 57. 3; Atalantê returns to, 34. 4; Lapiths take refuge in, III, 4. 70. 4; not displaced by Heracleidae, 7. 9. 1; Argives forced to hand over homes to, 13. 2; (c. 560) Lacedaemonians attempt to conquer, IV, 9. 36. 2–3; (419) Argives and Athenians attack, V, 12. 79. 2–3; (402) Lacedaemonians cross, VI, 14. 17. 8; (385) Mantineians surpass others of, in valour, 15. 12. 1; (377) form two divisions of Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; (370) civil war in, brings Spartan intervention, 59. 1–4; (369) defeat Lacedaemonians at Orchomenus, 62. 1–2; in alliance with Boeotians, plunder Laconia; withdraw, 62. 3–65. 5; reestablish Messenê on advice of Epameinondas, 66. 1; take Pellenê in Laconia, 67. 2; with Argives prevail on Boeotians to give aid, 68. 1; (368) defeated by Lacedaemonians; found Megalopolis, 72. 3–4; (365) exiles from, occupy Lasion, 77. 1–2; defeat Eleians; invade Elis, 77. 2–4; (364) with Pisans, drive Eleians from Olympia, and celebrate Olympic games, 78. 1–3; (363) 82. 1; wish to make peace with Eleians, 82. 1–2; Lacedaemonians invade, 82. 5; fight on both sides at Mantineia, 84. 4, 85. 2; (362) break general peace, 94. 1–2; (352) Lacedaemonians invade, 16. 39. 5; (after 345) aid Eleians against exiles; sell captured mercenaries, 63. 4–5; (335) never acknowledge leadership of Philip II, VIII, 17. 3. 4; in answer to Theban appeal, send force, which stops at Isthmus, 8. 5–6; (315) general of Cassander raids, IX, 19. 63. 1; Cassander crosses, 64. 1. See Mantineia, Messenê, Orchomenus, Pheneus, Tegea in; Mt. Lampeia in.
  • —, on Zacynthus: (374) occupied by exiles returning to Zacynthus, VII, 15. 45. 3.
  • Arcadians: (446) a tribe in Thurii, IV, 12. 11. 3.
  • Arcesilaüs s. of Archilycus: Boeotian leader in Trojan war, III, 4. 67. 7.
  • —, king of Cyrenê: complains to Delphi, III, 8. 30. 1.
  • —: (403) delivers Catanê to Dionysius, VI, 14. 15. 1.
  • —: (323) Perdiccas assigns Mesopotamia to, IX, 18. 3, 3.
  • Archaeanactidae: (438) rule of, in Cimmerian Bosporus ends, IV, 12. 31. 1.
352
  • Archagathus (Agatharchus) s. of Agathocles: (310) in Libya, X. 20. 11. 1; (309) kills Lyciscus, 33. 3–8; charged with adultery with stepmother, 33. 5, 68. 3; (308) Agathocles leaves, in command before Tunis, 38. 1; (307) left in command in Libya, 55. 5, 57. 4; campaigns of, fail, 57. 4–60. 8; sends to Sicily for aid, 61. 1; supplies of, cut off, 61. 2–4; Agathocles gathers fleet to aid, 61. 5; abandoned in Libya by father; killed by his soldiers, 68. 3–69. 3, 72. 1, 77. 2, XI, 21. 16. 3.
  • — s. of Archagathus: (c. 289) character of, XI, 21. 16. 3, 7; commands army of Agathocles near Etna, 16. 2; secures murder of Agathocles and his son, 16. 3–4; murdered by Menon, 16. 6.
  • Archedemides: (464) archon, IV, 11. 70. 1.
  • Archelaüs: early Agiad king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • —, king of Macedonia, c. 413–399: (413) succeeds Perdiccas II, III, 7. 15. 2; (410) takes Pydna, V, 13. 49. 1–2; institutes dramatic contests, VIII, 17. 16. 3; (406) Euripides dies at court of, V, 13. 103. 5; (400) killed in hunting accident, VI, 14. 37. 6.
  • —, a Macedonian: (321) commander at Tyre; delivers city to Attalus, IX, 18. 37. 3–4.
  • —: (312) left by Demetrius to attack citadel of Babylon, X, 19. 100. 7.
  • archers, mounted: (317) from Media and Parthia, IX, 19. 29. 2.
  • Archestratus of Athens: (408) elected general, V, 13. 74. 1.
  • Archias of Corinth: tries to carry off Actaeon, III, 8. 10. 1–3.
  • —: (419) archon, V, 12. 78. 1.
  • —: (346) archon, VII, 16. 59. 1.
  • —: (164) with Ptolemy VI in exile, XI, 31. 18. 1.
  • Archidamus II of Lacedaemon, 476–426: (476) succeeds Leotychides, IV, 11. 48. 2; (469) reorganizes Sparta and leads against Helots and Messenians, 63. 5–64. 1; (434) dies, 12. 35. 4; (431) invades Attica, V, 12. 42. 6; (429) invades Boeotia, 47. 1–2; (428) invades Attica, 52. 1–2.
  • — III of Lacedaemon, 360–338: (371) s. of Agesilaüs; reinforces Cleombrotus, VII, 15. 54. 6; at Leuctra, 55. 1; (355) supports Philodemus and Phocians, 16. 24. 1–2, 63. 1; (352) commands against Megalopolis, 39. 1; (346) brings aid to Phocians, 59. 1; sent to Crete; frees Lyctus, 62. 4; in Italy, killed fighting for Tarentum, 62. 4, 63. 1–2; (338) VIII, 16. 88. 3–4.
  • Archilycus s. of Itonus: sire of Boeotian leaders at Troy, III, 4. 67. 7.
  • Archimedes of Syracuse: genius of, III, 5. 37. 4; “screw” of, used in Egypt and in Iberia, I, 1. 34. 2, III, 5. 37. 3–4; (212) devices of, used for defence of Syracuse, XI, 26. 18. 1 (pp. 193–195); (211) death of, 18. 1 (pp. 195–197).
  • Archippus: (318) archon, IX, 18. 58. 1.
  • Architeles: father of Eurynomus, II, 4. 36. 2.
  • Archon: (323) Perdiccas assigns Babylonia to, IX, 18. 3. 3.
  • Archonides, ruler of Herbita: (446) joins in founding Calê Actê, IV, 12. 8. 2; (403) founds Halaesa Archonidion, VI, 14. 16. 1–2.
  • Archylus of Thurii: (397) enters Motyê; admits Dionysius, VI, 14. 52. 5–6, 53. 4.
  • Archytas of Tarentum, a Pythagorean, IV, 10. 7. 4.
  • Arcturus, the star: not visible in southern India, II, 2. 35. 2.
  • Ardea, in Latium: (435 = V442) Rome sends colony to, IV, 12. 34. 5.
  • Ardoates, king of Armenia: (after
353
  • 322) reinforces Ariarathes II of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 5.
  • Areia: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; (329) Satibarzanes, satrap of, joins Bessus against Alexander, VIII, 17. 78. 1–4, 81. 3; (328) generals of Alexander defeat Satibarzanes of, 83. 4–6; (326) Alexander seeks supplies from, 105. 7–8; (323) assigned to Stasanor, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) to Stasander, 39. 6, 19. 14. 7, (316) to Evitus, then to Evagoras, 48. 2.
  • Areopagus, Court of the: Egyptian judges not inferior to, I, 1. 75. 3; convicts Daedalus, III, 4. 76. 7; (460) power of, curtailed, IV, 11. 77. 6.
  • Ares: son of Zeus, III, 5. 72. 5; Amazonian queen establishes festival for, II, 2. 46. 1; Periboea with child by, 4. 35. 1; golden fleece hung in temple of, in Colchis, 47. 1, 48. 1–2; among the Gauls, in awe of Muses, III, 5. 31. 5; according to Samothracians, not father of Harmonia, 48. 5; first to make armour, 74. 4; takes cities for his own, IV, 11. 62. 3; (326) Coragus compared with, VIII, 17. 100. 5; (289) called Mamertos in Oscan, XI, 21. 18. 1; (169) Eulaeus exchanges service of Aphrodite for that of, 30. 15. 1; (86) in war, gold outstrips, XII, 37. 30. 2. Father of: Amazonian queen, II, 2. 45. 2; Cycnus, 4. 37. 4; Harmonia, III, 5. 48. 5; Oenomaüs by Harpinê, 4. 73. 1; Penthesileia, II, 2. 46. 5; Romulus, 4. 21. 1, III, 8. 2. 1.
  • Ares, the planet Mars, I, 2. 30. 3.
  • Aretas III of Nabataean Arabs: (before 61) Pompey subdues, XII, 40. 4. 1.
  • — the Lacedaemonian: see Aristus.
  • Arethusa, fountain on Ortygia: formed by Nymphs, III, 5. 3. 5; sacred fish in, 3. 6, XII, 34/5. 9. l6; (356) Nypsius anchors off, VII, 16. 18. 3.
  • Areus, king of Lacedaemon, 309–256: succeeds grandfather, X, 20. 29. 1.
  • Arevaci, of Celtiberia: (153) at war with Rome, XI, 31. 42. 1.
  • Argaeus: early king of Macedon succeeding Perdiccas I, III, 7. 15. 2.
  • —, king of Macedon: (393) said to have ruled for two years, VI, 14. 92. 4; (360) Philip prevents Athenian restoration of, VII, 16. 2. 6, 3. 3–6.
  • —: (310) Ptolemy sends, to slay Nicocles, X, 20. 21. 1.
  • Argeia d. of Adrastus; marries Polyneices, III, 4. 65. 3.
  • Argeius, a Centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 12. 7.
  • — of Acragas: (406) spared, V, 13. 87. 5.
  • Argestean wind, called etesian, I, 1. 39. 6.
  • Arginusae isls.: between Mitylenê and Cymê, V, 13. 97. 3; (406) Athenians defeat Lacedaemonians at, 97. 2–99. 6, 102. 4; Athenian generals forced by storm to land on, 100. 3; they are commended for victory but condemned for leaving bodies unburied, 101. 1–102. 5, 104. 1, VII, 15. 35. 1. The greatest sea battle between Greeks, V, 13. 98. 5, 102. 4.
  • Argiopê d. of Teuthras: marries Telephus, II, 4. 33. 12.
  • Argo: Jason builds, II, 4. 41.1; its name, 41. 3; dedicated, 53. 2; Greek mercenaries (the Ten Thousand) hold games where, landed, VI, 14. 30. 3. See Jason, Argonauts.
  • Argolas: (354) Phocians defeat Thessalians at, VII, 16. 30. 4.
  • Argolis: Eurystheus, ruler of, II, 4. 10. 6; before return of the Heracleidae the most important kings are from, V, 12. 75. 6; (480) Mycenaeans the only people of, to fight at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 65. 2; (424) Athenians take Thyreae on border of, V, 12. 65. 9; (417) Lacedaemonians establish garrison at Orneae in;
354
  • Athenians remove it, 81. 4–5; (391) Agesilaüs raids, VI, 14. 97. 5; (315) Cassander comes to, IX, 19. 64. 1. See Argos, Nauplia in.
  • Argonauts: Dionysius Skytobrachion composed account of, II, 3. 52. 3, 66. 6; under Jason, saii in Argo to Colchis, 4. 40. 1–46. 3; with aid of Medea, seize Golden Fleece and escape, 46. 5, 48. 1–6; at Troad, aid Heracles in capture of Troy, 32. 1, 48. 7–49. 7; pay vows at Samothrace, 49. 8; rumour in Thessaly that, have perished, 50. 1; reach city of Pelias after his murder by Medea, 52. 4; institute games to Zeus, 53. 4–6; varying accounts of return voyage of, 56. 2–57. 1. Names of individual: II, 4. 15. 4, 25. 4, 32. 1, 41. 2–3, 43. 2, 44. 2, 48. 4–7, 49. 3, III, 6. 6. 1.
  • Argoön, Etruscan harbour: visited by and named for the Argonauts, II, 4. 56. 5.
  • Argos, Argives: Danaus founds, I, 1. 28. 2, III, 5. 58. 1; near Stymphalus riv., VII, 15. 49. 5; origin of Isis transferred to, I, 1. 24. 8; Inachus, king of, seeks daughter Io, III, 5. 60. 4; Melampous cures women of, and establishes line of kings, 4. 68. 4–6; give name to Heracles, II, 4. 10. 1; Tlepolemus s. of Heracles in, 58. 5, 7, III, 5. 59. 5–6; Pelasgians from, occupy Lesbos, 81. 2; Tydeus and Polyneices flee to, 4. 65. 2, 4; Polyneices gazes towards, IV, 10. 9. 8; Adrastus returns to, III, 4. 65. 9; Epigoni gather at, 66. 3, IX, 19. 53. 6–7; Diomedes flees from, III, 7. 3.1; chief city of Greece before return of Heracleidae, V, 12. 75. 6; Temenus one of Heracleidae receives, as his portion, III, 7. 13. 1; sends colonies to islands, 5. 53. 2–3, 54. 4, 80. 3; defeated by Lacedaemonians; drive out king, 7. 13. 2; kingship in, endured for 549 years, 14. 1; (before 776) move against Macedonians, 15. 1; (c. 536) Pythagoras sees shield of Euphorbus in temple in, IV, 10. 6. 2–3; (c. 500) slave rising in, 26. 14; (480) do not join against Xerxes, 11. 3. 4–5, 65. 2; (472) Dandes of, wins stadion, 53. 1; (471) Themistocles, ostracized, comes to, 55. 3, 56.1; (468) defeat Mycenaeans, 65. 1–5; (458) with Athenians, attack Lacedaemonians, 80. 1–2.
  • (431) Neutral at start of Peloponnesian war, V, 12. 42. 4; (421) lead in forming alliance against Athens and Lacedaemon, 75. 3–7; (420) make alliance with Athens, 77. 2; (419) at war with Lacedaemonians; defeated at Mantineia, 78.1–79. 7; (418) allied with Lacedaemonians; oligarchy set up in, 79. 7–80. 3; (417) Lacedaemonians capture Hysiae and destroy Long Walls, 81. 1; democracy re-established and oligarchs expelled, 81. 2–5; friends of Alcibiades put to death, 13. 5. 1; (404) refuse to expel Athenian exiles, VI, 14. 6. 2; (395) join in Council at Corinth, 82. 1–4; seize Heracleia Tracheia, 82. 6–7; aid Corinthians against Lacedaemonians, 86. 1–6; (393) occupy Corinth, 92. 1; (391) 97. 5; (380) submissive to Lace-daemon, VII, 15. 23. 4; (375) Corinthian exiles in, attempt return, 40. 3; exiled Phliasians flee to, 40. 5; (370) bitter civil strife in, 57. 3–58. 4, 60. 2; (369) exiles from, in Lacedaemonian army, 62. 1; with allies, move on Lacedaemonians, 62. 3–5, 64. 2, 68. 1; some from, support Euphron as tyrant in Sicyon, 70. 3; (367) Phliasians defeat, 75. 3; (363) on Theban side at Mantineia, 84. 4, 85. 2; (353) are defeated by Lacedaemonians, 16. 34. 3; (352) 39. 2–5; (c. 344) send troops to
355
  • Artaxerxes III against Egypt, 44. 2–3, 46. 4, 47. 3, 48. 3–5; (335) move to recover liberty from Macedon, VIII, 17. 3. 5; troops sent to aid Thebes halt at Isthmus, 8. 5–6; (323) join Athenians against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 2; (319) Polyperchon forces, to exile leaders, 57. 1; (316) Cassander forces, to abandon Alexander s. of Polyperchon, 19. 54. 3; (315) some of, invite Alexander’s return 63. 2; Cassander makes Apollonides general over, IX, 19. 63. 1. See Dandes of; Argolis.
  • Argos Hippeion (Argyrippa), in Apulia; Diomedes founds, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 171).
  • Argus, builder of the Argo, II, 4. 41. 3.
  • Argyrippa: see Argos Hippeion.
  • Aria: see Areia.
  • Ariadnê: d. of Minos and Pasiphae, III, 4. 60. 4; aids Theseus; deserted on Dia; carried off by Dionysus; deified, 61. 4–5, 5. 51. 4; wreath of, becomes constellation, 4. 61. 5, 6. 4. 1. Mother of Oenopion, 5. 79. 1, 84. 3.
  • Ariadnê, Mountain of: (158) Orophernes plunders temple below, XI, 31. 34. 1.
  • Ariaeus, king of Arabs: ally of Ninus against Babylonia, I, 2. 1. 5–7, 3. 2.
  • —: (396) aids Tithraustes in killing Tissaphernes, VI, 14. 80. 7–8.
  • Ariamnes (Ariaramnes) I of Cappadocia: s. of Datames, XI, 31. 19. 2.
  • — II of Cappadocia: s. of Ariarathes II; Ariarathes III succeeds, XI, 31. 19. 6.
  • Ariana, near India, II, 2. 37. 6.
  • Arians: laws of, I, 1. 94. 2.
  • Ariaramnes: see Ariamnes.
  • Ariarathes I of Cappadocia: (343?) sends brother to join Artaxerxes against Egypt; adopts nephew Ariarathes (II); (322) defeated and slain by Perdiccas, XI, 31. 19. 3–4, IX, 18. 16. 1–3, 22. 1.
  • — II of Cappadocia: adopted son of Ariarathes I; (c. 301) recovers kingdom with Armenian aid, XI, 31. 19. 5; Ariamnes II succeeds, 19. 6.
  • — III of Cappadocia: (c. 255) marries daughter of Antiochus II; shares power with father, Ariamnes II; (220) succeeds him, XI, 31. 19. 6.
  • — IV of Cappadocia, 220–163: s. of Ariarathes III, becomes king as infant; XI, 31. 19. 6; marries daughter of Antiochus III, 19. 7.
  • — V Philopater of Cappadocia, 163–130: s. of Ariarathes IV; receives Greek education; (163) succeeds father; renews alliance with Rome, XI, 31. 19. 7–9, 21. 1; (c. 162) restores Mithro buzanes to throne of Sophenê, 22, 1; drives Ptolemaeus of Commagenê from Melitenê, 19a. 1 (p. 373); (160) exchanges gifts with Home; renounces alliance with Demetrius I, 28. 1; (158) driven from throne by brother Orophernes, 32. 1, 32a. 1; (157) escapes plots, 32b. 1.
  • —, suppositious son of Ariarathes IV, XI, 31. 19. 7.
  • Aricia, in Latium: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
  • Aridaeus (Ariaeus): (401) commands Cyrus’ left at Cunaxa, VI, 14. 22. 5; after battle, joins Clearchus, 24. 1, 7, 25. 7, 26. 3, 5.
  • Arimaspi: a Scythian tribe, II, 2. 43. 5; (c. 530) save army of Cyrus the Great, VIII, 17.81.1; (329) welcome army of Alexander, 81. 2.
  • Arimnaeus, brother of King Datames of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 2.
  • Arimnestus: (416) archon, V, 12. 82, 1.
  • Ariobarzanes, satrap of Phrygia: (362) leader in satraps’ revolt, VII, 15. 90. 3; (334) fallen statue of, at Ilium, VIII, 17. 17. 6.
  • —, king of Cius: (362) succeeds
356
  • Mithridates, VII, 15. 90. 31; (337) dies, VIII, 16. 90. 2.
  • —: a descendant of one of the Seven who slew Smerdis; (317) son of, with Eumenes, IX, 19. 40. 2. See VII, 15. 90. 31 X, 20. 111. 43.
  • —, satrap of Persis: (330) Alexander drives, from Susian rocks, VIII, 17. 68. 1–7.
  • — I of Cappadocia: (66) Pompey saves kingdom of, XII, 40. 4. 1.
  • Aripharnes, king of Siraces: (c. 310) allied to Eumelus, X, 20. 22. 4–23. 8.
  • Ariphron: father of Xanthippus, IV, 11. 27. 3.
  • Arisba, in Troad: (399) Lacedaemonians take, VI, 14. 38. 3.
  • Aristaeus: guardian of Libyan Dionysus, II, 3. 70.1, 72. 1.
  • — s. of Apollo: marries Autonoê; father of Acteon, III, 4.81.3–4; saves Greece from pestilence, 82. 1–3; teaches agriculture to mankind, 81.1–3, 82. 4–5; honoured as god, 81. 3, 82. 5–83. 1; a terrestrial god, 6. 1. 2.
  • Aristagoras of Miletus: (497) tries to found colony at Amphipolis, V, 12. 68. 1–2.
  • Aristarclms of Ambracia: (335) democratic leader, VIII, 17. 3. 3.
  • Aristazanes, (c. 344) usher of Artaxerxes III, VII, 16. 47. 3.
  • Aristeides of Athens (the Just): (479) commands Athenians at Plataea, IV, 11. 29. 4, 30. 3–6, 12. 1. 5; urges that prize for valour be given Pausanias, 11. 33. 1; (477) named by assembly to consider Themistocles’ secret plan, 42. 1–3; liberates cities, 44. 2; wins confidence of Greeks, 44. 6, 46. 4–5; advises making Delos the treasury, 47. 1; wins name “the Just” in allocation of levy, 47. 2–3, XI, 26. 1. 1, 31. 26. 2.
  • — of Athens: (423) drives Lesbian exiles from Antandrus, V, 12. 72. 3.
  • Aristion: (421) archon, V, 12. 75. 1,
  • Aristippus of Cyrenê: (366) memorable for culture, VII, 15. 76. 4.
  • Aristobulus, king of Jews: (63) Jews complain of, XII, 40. 2. 1; subdued by Pompey, 4. 1.
  • Aristocrates of Athens: (408) general, V, 13. 74. 1; (406) condemned after victory at Arginusae, 101. 5–102. 5.
  • —: (399) archon, VI, 14. 38. 1.
  • — of Sparta: (374) sent with fleet to Zacynthos, VII, 15. 45. 4.
  • — of Rhodes: (c. 155) unsuccessful in Cretan war, XI, 31. 37. 12.
  • Aristodamis, descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
  • Aristodemus: (352) archon, VII, 16. 37. 1.
  • — of Miletus, general of Antigonus: (319) brings news of Antipater s death, IX, 18. 47. 4; (315) in Peloponnesus, wins over Alexander s. of Polyperchon, 19. 57. 5, 60. 1; carries on war against Cassander and Ptolemy in Peloponnesus, 62. 5, 63. 3, 64. 2, (314) and in Achaïa and Aetolia, X, 19. 66. 2–6.
  • Aristogeiton of Athens: (514) Harmodius and, try to destroy the Peisistratidae, IV, 9. 1. 4, 10. 17. 2–3; statues of, in Athens, X, 20. 46. 2.
  • Aristogenes of Athens: (408) general, V, 13. 74. 1; flees to avoid trial after Arginusae, 101. 5.
  • Aristolochus of Athens: (344) stadion winner, VIII, 16. 69. 1.
  • Aristomachê: (398) wife of Dionysius, VI, 14. 44. 8–45. 1.
  • Aristomachus, descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
  • Aristomedes, early king of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 4–5.
  • Aristomenes of Messenê: (685–668) leader in war with Lacedaemonians, VII, 15. 66. 3–4; awarded meed of valour, III, 8. 12. 1–16.
  • —: (194) guardian of Ptolemy V, who kills him, XI, 28. 14. 1.
  • Ariston: (454) archon, IV, 11. 86. 1.
  • — of Corinth: (413) improves
357
  • Syracusan triremes, V, 13. 10. 2–3.
  • — of Cyrenê (401) with other exiles, seizes city, VI, 14. 34. 4–5.
  • —, agent of Eumenes: (315) gives hones of Craterus to Phila, IX, 19. 59. 3.
  • —, agent of Ptolemy III: (c. 230) explores coast of Arabian gulf (i.e., Red Sea), II, 3. 42. 1.
  • Aristonicus of Pergamum: (c. 135) attempts to seize throne, XII, 34/5. 2. 26.
  • Aristonoüs of Amphipolis; general of Alexander, IX, 19. 51. 1; (317) Olympias sends, against Cassander, 35. 4; (316) 50. 3, 7–8; surrenders Amphipolis; put to death, 50. 8–51. 1.
  • Aristophanes of Athens, the comic poet: quoted, IV, 12. 40. 6.
  • —: (331) archon, VIII, 17. 49. 1.
  • Aristophon: (330) archon, VIII, 17. 62. 1.
  • Aristotle: (396) mercenary leader of Dionysius, VI, 14. 78. 2.
  • —, the philosopher, IV, 12. 1. 5, VII, 15. 76. 4.
  • —, admiral of Cassander: (314) fails to take Lemnos, X, 19. 68. 3–4.
  • — Battus: founds Cyrenê, III, 8. 29. 1, 30. 1.
  • Aristus (Aretes) of Lacedaemon; (404) as agent provocateur strengthens Dionysius, VI, 14. 10. 2–3, 70. 3.
  • arithmetic, Egyptian, I, 1. 81. 1–3.
  • Armaeus, king of Egypt: builds pyramid, Ι, 1. 64. 13.
  • Armenia: location and climate of, I, 2. 11. 1, IX, 18. 5. 4, VI, 14. 27. 7–28. 5; Ninus of Assyria in, I, 2. 1. 8–9; Semira-mis brings obelisk from, 11. 4–5; (401) Greek mercenaries (the Ten Thousand) cross, VI, 14. 27. 7–28. 5; (330) Alexander assigns, to Mithrines, VIII, 17. 64. 6; (320) Eumenes tries to escape to, IX, 18. 41. 1; (317) Antigonus feigns move against, 19. 37. 3; (c. 300) aids Ariarathes II, XI, 31. 19. 5; (165) Antiochus IV defeats, XI, 31. 17a. 1; (c. 161) allied with Media, 27a. 1; (before 61) protected by Pompey, XII, 40. 4. 1. See Artaxias king of; Orontes satrap of.
  • armour: Ares invents, III, 57. 74. 4.
  • Arnê d. of Aeolus: mother of Boeotus by Poseidon, III, 4. 67. 2–6.
  • Arnê, a name of Aeolis, III, 4. 67. 6.
  • Arpi: see Argos Hippeion.
  • Arpinum (Harpina), in Latium: (305) Romans recover, from Samnites, X, 20. 90. 4.
  • Arretium, in Etruria: (309) cos. Q. Fabius Maximus makes treaty with, X, 20. 35. 5.
  • Arrhidaeus: father of Amyntas, king of Macedon, VII, 15. 60. 3.
  • —, general of Alexander: (323) prepares burial of Alexander, IX, 18. 3. 5, 26. 1, 28. 2, 36. 7; regent and one of guardians of the “kings,” 36. 6–7; (321) at Triparadeisus, resigns guardianship; Hellespontine Phrygia assigned to, 39. 1–2, 6; (319) fails to take Cyziceni, 51. 1–7; Antigonus threatens, 52. 3–5; (318) flees to Cius, 72. 2–3.
  • —, s. of Philip II: see Philip III Arrhidaeus.
  • Arsaces VI Mithridates I of Parthia, c. 170–138: extends power by his clemency, XII, 33. 18. 1; (c. 140) takes Demetrius II captive, 28. 1.
  • — VII Phraates II of Parthia, c. 138–128: (129) rejects terms of Antiochus VII, XII, 34/5. 15. 1; defeats Antiochus, 16. 1–18. 1; threatens Seleuceia, 19. 1.
  • Arsamenes, a Persian: (334) at Granicus, VIII, 17. 19. 4.
  • Arsanes: father of Dareius III, VIII, 17. 5. 5.
  • Arses, king of Persia, 338–330: Bagoas kills, VIII, 17. 5. 3–4.
  • Arsinoê: on west coast of Arabian Gulf (i.e., Red Sea), II, 3. 39. 1; canal from Nile to, I, 1. 33. 12.
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  • Arsites, a Persian: (334) at Granicus, VIII, 17. 19. 4.
  • Artabanus, an Hyrcanian: (465) slays Xerxes, IV, 11. 69. 1–6.
  • Artabazus, general of Xerxes and of Artaxerxes I: (479) after Plataea, leads surviving Persians into Asia, IV, 11. 31. 3–32. 1, 33. 1; (477) brings money to Pausianias, 44. 4; (462) general for Artaxerxes in Egypt, 74. 6; (461) 75. 1–2; (460) 77. 4; (450) Athenian fleet defeats, off Cyprus, 12. 3. 2–3; (449) negotiates peace, 4. 4–5. , general of Artaxerxes II: (362) invades Cappadocia, VII, 15. 91. 2–6; (356) revolts, defeating Artaxerxes III with aid of Athenians, 16. 22. 1, (353) and Thebans, 34. 1–2; (349) at court of Philip II; Artaxerxes pardons, 52. 3–4.
  • Artacoana, in Areia: see Chortacana.
  • Artaeus: 5th king of Medes after Arbaces, I, 2. 32. 6; defeated by Cadusii; dies, 33. 1–34. 1.
  • Artamnes, ancestor of Cappadocian kings, XI, 31. 19. 1.
  • Artaphernes, satrap at Sardis: (494) restores rights to Greeks after Ladê, IV, 10. 25. 4.
  • —, general of Artaxerxes II: (396) relieves Conon at Caunus, VI, 14. 79. 5.
  • Artaxerxes I of Persia, 464–424: (465) kills brother Dareius and becomes king, IV, 11. 69. 2–6; (463) punishes murderers of father Xerxes; reorganizes Persia, 71. 1–2; attempts to recover Egypt, 71. 6; (462) 74. 1–6; (461) 75. 1–4; (450) defeated by Athenians off Cyprus, 12. 3. 1–4; (449) makes peace with Athens, 4. 4–6, 9. 10. 5; (424) dies, V, 12. 64. 1; successors take name of, VII, 15. 93. 1.
  • Artaxerxes II Mnemon, 404–362: (405) succeeds father Dareius, V, 13. 108. 1; Ctesias the historian at court of, I, 2. 32. 4; (403–401) plot of Cyrus revealed to, by Alcibiades, VI, 14. 11. 2, by Pharnabazus, 11. 3, 22. 1, by Syennesis, 20. 3, by Tissa-phernes, 80. 6; march of Cyrus against, 12. 7–9, 19. 1–21. 7, 31. 5, I, 2. 32. 4; (401) despots in Cilicia rebel against, VI, 14. 19. 3; Syennesis of Cilicia sends son to, 20. 3; moves from Ecbatana against Cyrus, 22. 1–4; defeats Cyrus at Cunaxa, 22. 4–24. 7; makes terms with Greek mercenaries, 25. 1–26. 3; approves Tissaphernes’ treachery against them, 26. 4–5; executes captured generals except Menon 27. 2; the Carduchi enemies of, 27. 5; (400) sends Tissaphernes to satrapies by the sea, 35, 2; Tamôs flees from, to Egypt, 35. 4; Lacedaemonians move against, 36. 1–3; (399) Conon of Athens becomes admiral of, 39. 1–2; (396) 79. 5–8, 81. 4–6; sends Tithraustes to arrest Tissaphernes, 80. 6–8; (395) Conon defeats Lacedaemonians near Cnidus, 83. 4–7, VII, 15. 35. 2; (394) Tiribazus charges that Conon aids Athens with fleet of, VI, 14. 85. 2–4; (391) sends aid to cities of Cyprus against Evagoras, 98. 1–4; (390) sends Struthas against Lacedaemonians, 99. 1–2; (387) Antalcidas negotiates peace between Lacedaemonians and, 110. 2–4, 117. 8–9, 15. 9. 5, 10. 2, 19. 1; makes ready for war with Evagoras, 14. 110. 5; (386) 15. 2. 1–4; fleet of, under Glôs, 3. 2, 14. 35. 3, defeats Evagoras, 15. 3. 4–6; (385) arrests Tiribazus, 8. 2–5; at war with Cadusians, 8. 5; Evagoras accepts terms, 8. 2–3, 9. 1–2; Glôs revolts from, 9. 3–5, 18. 1; ends war with Cadusians; acquits Tiribazus, 10. 1–4; condemns Orontes, 11. 1–2; (380) seeks Spartan alliance, VII, 15. 23. 5; (377) Acoris of Egypt undertakes war with, 29. 1–3; Athenians offer, Iphicrates as general, 29. 3–4; (375) urges Greek
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  • peace to free mercenaries, 38. 1–2; (374) sends unsuccessful expedition to Egypt, 41. 1–43. 6, 16. 40. 43; (372) proposes general peace in Greece, 15. 50. 4; (369) 70. 2; (366) 76. 3, 90. 2; (367) Pelopidas comes as envoy to, 81. 3; (362) prepares for war with Egypt, Ionian Greeks, and mutinous satraps, 90. 1–4; Orontes betrays satraps to, 91. 1; has Datames killed, 91. 7; pardons many, 92. 1, 5; (361) dies; is succeeded by Artaxerxes III, 93. 1. Granduncle of Dareius III, VIII, 17. 5. 5.
  • — III Ochus of Persia, 361–338: (361) succeeds father, VII, 15. 93. 1; (356) Artabazus rebels against, 16. 22. 1–2; (353) 34. 1–2; (351) gives Thebans financial aid against Phocians, 40. 1; Egyptians defeat, 40. 32, 44. 1, 48. 1–2; (after 351) campaigns against Cadusians, VIII, 17. 6. 1; supports Pnytagoras of Salamis, VII, 16. 46. 1–2; (344–343) prepares to attack Egypt, Phoenicia, and Cyprus, 40. 3–41. 6; causes of war with Phoenicia, 41. 1–6, and with Cyprus, 42. 3–9; receives aid from Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 3, and from Greece, VII, 16. 44. 1–4; in Phoenicia, 42. 1; Sidon betrayed to, 43. 1–4, 44. 4–45. 6; moves to Pelusium, which is taken, 46. 4–49. 8; services of Bagoas and Mentor to, 50. 1–8, 52. 1–3; takes over all of Egypt; makes Pherendates its satrap; returns to Babylon, 51. 2–3; Mentor quells revolt of Hermias against, 52. 5–8; (341) bids satraps aid Perinthus against Philip II, VIII, 16. 75. 1–2; (338) killed by Bagoas, who places Arses s. of, on throne, 17. 5. 3–4, VII, 16. 50. 8.
  • Artaxias (Artaxes), king of Armenia: (165) Antiochus IV defeats, XI, 31. 17a. 1 (p. 355); (c. 163) suggests partition of Sophenê, 22. 1; (c. 161) joins Timarchus against Demetrius I, 27a. 1.
  • Artemidorus of Ephesus: geographer, II. 3. 11. 2.
  • Artemis: d. of Zeus, III, 5. 72. 5; healer of children, 73. 5; identified with Dictynna, 76. 3; called Ephesian, Cretan, Tauropolian, Persian, 77. 6–8; reared with Athena and Corê; favours Sicily, 3. 4–6; Heracles slays comrades of, II, 4. 16. 3; punishes hunter of Poseidonia, 22. 3–4; the Calydonian boar and, 34. 2; slays children of Niobê, III, 4. 74. 3; punishes Acteon, 81. 4–5; Daphnis accompanies, 84. 4; deeds of, on inscription in Panchaea, 5. 46. 7; drug-filled figure of, carried by Medea, II, 4. 51. 1–4; virgins in same case as, VII, 16. 26. 6; (211) festival of, at Syracuse, XI, 26. 18. 1 (p. 195); (315) shrine of, in Orchomenus, IX, 19. 63. 5, (279) in Delphi, XI, 22. 9. 5, (163) in Elymais, 31. 18a. 1.
  • Artemis Tauropolus: festival of, among Amazons, II, 2. 46. 1; human sacrifice to, 4. 44. 7–45. 2; Iphigeneia a priestess of, 44. 7; (323) Alexander’s plan for temple to, cancelled, IX, 18. 4. 4–6.
  • Artemisia, queen of Caria: (353) assumes power on death of King Mausolus, VII, 16. 36. 2; (351) dies, 45. 7.
  • Artemisium, in Euboea: (480) Greek fleet sent to, IV, 11. 4. 1; it meets Persians at, 12. 4–13. 5.
  • Artemon of Clazomenae: (441) invents siege engines, IV, 12. 28. 3.
  • artisans: caste of, in India, II, 2. 41. 1.
  • Artoles (Artoces), Iberian king: (65) Pompey subdues, XII, 40. 4. 1.
  • Artycas, king of Medes, I, 2. 32. 6.
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  • Artynes, king of Medes, I. 2. 34. 1.
  • Arymbas, king of Molossians: (342) dies, VIII, 16. 72. 1.
  • —, king of Epirus: (before 312) banishes son Alcetas, X, 19. 88. 1.
  • Aryptaeus, king of the Molossians: (323) briefly allied to Athens, IX, 18. 11. 1.
  • Aryses: (c. 322) brother of Ariarathes II of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 3.
  • Asa riv., in Ethiopia, II, 3. 23. 1.
  • Asander: (323) Caria assigned to, IX, 18. 3. 1; (321) 39. 6; (315) ally of Ptolemy, 19. 62. 2–5; (314) general of Cassander in Caria, X, 19. 68. 5–7; (313) makes, then breaks, terms with Antigonus, 75. 1–2.
  • Ascalon, in Syria, I, 2. 4. 2.
  • Ascanius s. of Aeneas: plots against half brother, III, 7. 5. 8, 6.1; becomes king of Latium; founds Alba Longa, 5. 3–7; disputed succession after death of, 5. 8. See Julius s. of.
  • Ascelus, in Sicily: (263) Romans take, XI, 23. 5. 1.
  • Asclepiades: (c. 163) prefect of Alexandria, XI, 31. 20. 1 (p. 363).
  • Asclepiodorus: (316) Antigonus makes, satrap of Persia, IX, 19. 48. 5.
  • —: (315) general of Cassander, IX, 19. 60. 2.
  • Asclepius s. of Apollo: account of, and his descendants, III, 4. 71. 1–4, 5. 74. 6; (316) temple of, in Rhodes, IX, 19. 45. 4, (87) in Epidaurus, XII, 38/9. 7. 1; (156) statue of, in Pergamum, XI, 31. 35. 1.
  • Asculum, in Apulia: (91) opposes Borne, XII, 37. 2. 4; (90) Roman prisoner at, freed, 16. 1.
  • Asia (usually including Egypt): visited by Diodorus, I, 1. 4. 1; book on, by Agatharchides, II, 3. 11. 2.
  • Boundaries of: I, 1. 32. 3–4, 55. 4; population of, in ancient and modern times, 2. 5. 5–7.
  • Introductory account of the peoples of: Egypt, I, 1. 9. 1–98. 10; Assyrians, 2. 1. 1–28. 8; Chaldaeans of Babylon, 29. 1–31. 10; Medes, 32. 1–34. 7; Indians, II, 2. 35. 1–42. 4; Scythians and Amazons, 43. 1–46. 6; Hyperboreans, 47. 1–6; Arabians, 48. 1–54. 7; people of the island to the south, 55. 1–60. 3; tribes of coast of, 3. 38. 1–48. 5; Rhodians and people of the Carian Cherronesus, III, 5. 55. 1–63. 3.
  • Mythical period of: Osiris visits, I, 1. 20. 1; Egyptians conquer, 55. 2–6; Dionysus leads force from, II, 3. 65. 4; oracle directs Heracles to, 4. 31. 5; Augê taken to, 33. 10; Argonauts leave Heracles in, 44. 5; Hellê drowned crossing to, 47. 1; Medea goes into interior of, 55. 7; Tantalus in, III, 4. 74. 1; Tithonus campaigns in, 75. 4; Cimmerians overrun, 5. 32. 4–5; Dardanus in, 48. 3; rites of Mother of the Gods taken to, 49. 2; Cretan power in, 78. 2. 79. 1–3. 84. 1–4.
  • (580–576) Affairs of, III, 5. 9. 1–2; (560–530) IV, 9. 21. 1–36. 1, 10. 13. 1, V, 13. 22. 2–3 (Cyrus the Great); (529–522) IV, 10. 14. 1–15. 1, I, 1. 46. 4 (Cambyses); (522–486) IV, 10. 19. 1–5, 25. 1–4, 27. 1–3 (Dareius); (480) 11. 1. 1–19. 6, 59. 2 (Xerxes; Thermopylae, Salamis); (479–478) 27. 1–39. 5 (Plataea, Mycale); (471–470) 56. 4–62.3 (Themistocles; Greeks of Asia freed); (465) 09. 1–6 (Artaxerxes I); (463–460) 71. 1–6, 74. 1–75. 4, 77. 1–5 (Egyptian revolt); (438) 12. 31. 1; (433) 36. 1; (425) V, 12. 64. 1; (424) 71. 1 (Dareius II); (405) 13. 108. 1 (Artaxerxes II); (401) VI, 14. 19. 1–31. 5 (Cyrus the Younger); (400) 35. 2–37. 4; (399) 38. 2–39. 6; (396) 79. 1–81. 6, VII 15. 31. 3 (Agesilaüs); (395) VI, 14. 83. 1–84. 5; (394) 85. 2–4; (391) 98. 1–4; (390) 99. 1–5; (387) 110. 2–5;
361
  • (386) 15. 2. 1–4. 3; (385) 8. 1–11. 2 (Cyprian war); (383) 18. 1–19. 1; (377) VII, 15. 29. 1–4; (374) 41. 1–44. 4 (Egyptian campaign of Artaxerxes II); (371) 50. 4; (369) 70. 2; (362) 90.1–93. 6 (Satraps’ revolt; Second Egyptian campaign of Artaxerxes II; succession of Artaxerxes III); (356) 16. 22. 1–2; (353) 34. 1–2; (344–343) 40. 3–52. 8 (Egyptian campaign of Artaxerxes III); (341) VIII, 16. 74. 2, 75. 1; (338–335) VII, 16. 1. 5, VIII, 17. 1. 3–2. 6, 5. 1–7. 10, 16. 1–2 (Dareius becomes king).
  • (334) Crossing of Alexander to, as a date, I, 1. 26. 1, 2. 7. 3, II, 2. 39. 4, III, 7. 15. 3, IX, 18. 56. 4; affairs of, 17. 1–28. 5 (Alexander invades; battle at the Granicus); (333) 29. 1–39. 4 (Issus); (332) 40. 1–48. 7 (Tyre); (331) 49. 1–61. 3 (Amnion; Arbela [Gaugamela]); (330) 63. 5–73. 4 (occupation of Persia; death of Dareius); (329) 74. 1–81. 3 (in upper satrapies); (328) 82. 1–83. 9, p. 111 (murder of Cleitus); (327) pp. 111–113, 84. 1–86. 7 (India); (326) 87. 1–109. 3, IX, 18. 19. 2 (return to Susa; affair of Harpalus); (325) VIII, 17. 110. 1–112. 6 (death of Hephaestion); (324) 113.1–118. 4 (death of Alexander); (323) IX, 18. 2. 1–7. 9, 9. 3–4, 12. 1–4, 14. 1–4 (Perdiccas regent; the satrapies); (322) 16. 1–4, 18. 7, 22. 1–28. 2 (regency of Perdiccas); (321) 28. 2–38. 1, 39. 1–7 (Antipater regent); (320) 40. 1–43. 2 (growing power of Antigonus and Ptolemy); (319) 44. 1.–47. 5, 50. 1–54. 4, 57. 1–4 (death of Antipater; Antigonus and Cassander oppose Polyperchon and Eumenes); (318) 58. 1–63. 6, 72. 2–73. 4; (317) 19. 12. 1–34. 8 (Antigonus against Eumenes); (317–316) 37. 1–44. 5 (defeat and death of Eumenes); (316) 45. 1–49. 1, 55. 1–56. 5 (alliance against Antigonus); (315) 57. 1–63. 1, 64. 4–8 (Antigonus against Polyperchon); (314) X, 19. 68. 2–69. 3 (Caria); (313) 75. 1–8, 79. 4–80. 2 (Caria); (312) 80. 3–86. 5, 90. 1–100. 7 (Ptolemy defeats Demetrius at Gaza; Demetrius in Arabia); (311) 105. 1–4 (death of Roxane and her son; treaty of the kings); (310) 20. 19. 2–26. 3; (309) 27. 1–3; (308) 37. 3–7; (307) 47. 1–53. 4 (Demetrius defeats Ptolemy off Cyprus); (306) 73. 1–77. 1 (Antigonus invades Egypt); (305) 81. 1–88. 9 (Demetrius’ siege of Rhodes); (304) 91. 1–100. 5 (siege of Rhodes abandoned); (302) 106. 1–109. 7, 110. 5–113. 5 (coalition against Antigonus).
  • (301) Affairs of, XI, 21. 1. 1–6; (294) 7. 1, 9. 1; (285) 20. 1; (196–191) 28. 12. 1, 14. 1–15. 4, 29. 2. 1–3. 1 (Antiochus the Great); (190) 5. 1, 6. 3–8. 2 (Romans enter Asia); (189) 10. 1–11. 1, 21. 1, XII, 34/5. 33. 1, 37. 1. 2 (Antiochus defeated); (188) XI, 29. 11. 1–13. 1; (187) 14. 1–15. 1; (181) 29. 1 (p. 271), 22. 1–24. 1; (175) 31. 1–32. 1 (accession of Antiochus IV); (172) 34. 1–2; (170) 30. 2. 1, 6. 1; (169) 7. 2–3, 14. 1–18. 2 (Antiochus in Egypt); (168) 31. 1. 1–2. 2 (Antiochus and Popilius Laenas); (168–166) 12. 1–17. 1; (165) 17a. l–17b. 1; (164) 7. 2 (p. 357) (Pergamum), 18. 1–18a. 1, 20. 1, 17c. 1 (p. 363) (Egypt); (163–158) 19. 1–22. 1, 19a. 1, 27a. 1–30. 1, 32. 1–32b. 1 (Cappadocia); (158–155) 33. 1–38. 1 (Bithynia, Rhodes); (149) 32. 19. 1–21. 1 (Bithynia); (146–145) 9c. 1–10. 9 (pp. 445–453) (Alexander Balas); (135–131) XII, 34/5. 2. 26, 3. 1, 13. 1 (Pergamum); (129–127) 15. 1–21. 1 (Antiochus VII and the Parthians); (128–123) 22. 1, 28. 1–3 (Alexander Zabinas); (111) 34. 1 (Antiochus IX); (97) 37. 5.
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  • 1–6. 1 (Mucius Scaevola); (88) 2. 11, 13, 26. 1–28. 1, 29. 2 (Mithridates VI of Pontus); (67–66) 40. 1a. 1–1b. 1 (Antioch); (63–61) 2. 1–4. 1 (Pompey; the Jewish war). See Asia Minor.
  • Asia Minor, Greeks of Asia: (545) Harpagus rejects envoy of, IV, 9. 35. 1–3; Lacedaemonians order Cyrus not to enslave, 36. 1; (before 480) Persia enslaves, 12. 1. 2; ships of, in Persian fleet at Salamis, 11. 17. 3; (479) many from, desert Persian fleet before Mycalê, 34. 2–5, 35. 4, 36. 2–6; Athens promises to aid, 37. 1–3; (477) Themistocles plans to liberate, 41. 4; (470) Athens frees, 60. 1–61. 7, 12. 2. 1; (450) 3. 1–4. 6, 26. 2; (441) Samian aristocrats cross to, seeking Persian aid, 27. 3; (431) allied to Athens at outbreak of Peloponnesian war, V, 12. 42. 5; (413) Athens supreme over, 13. 25. 1; (411) Lacedaemonian and Athenian operations in, and off coast of, 38. 3–42. 6, (410) 45. 1–47. 2, 49. 2–51. 8, (409) 64. 1–5, 66. 1–67. 7, (408) 69. 5–72. 2, 73. 3–6, (407) 76. 1–79. 7, (406) 97. 1–100. 8, (405) 104. 1–106. 7; (401) Cyrus the Younger assembles forces in, VI, 14. 19. 1–9; the Ten Thousand return to, 30. 3–31. 5; (400) seek Lacedaemonian aid against Tissaphernes, 35. 6; (387) left subject to Persia by treaty of Antalcidas, 1. 10. 3–4, 15. 9. 5, 10. 2, 19. 4; (362) revolt from Persia, VII, 15. 90. 1, 3; (344) supply troops for Egyptian campaign of Artaxerxes III, 16. 44. 4, 46. 4; Mentor satrap of, 52, 2; (343) Philip II protects some of, from Thracians; they join his alliance, VIII, 16. 71. 1–2; (336) Philip sends Attalus and Parmenion to, VII, 16. 1. 5, VIII, 16. 91. 2, 93. 9, 17. 2. 4; (335) campaigns of Memnon in, 7. 2–9, (334) 23. 4–27. 5, (333) 29. 1–30. 1, 31. 3–4; (334) Alexander promises freedom to, 24. 1; (323) included in satrapies, IX, 18. 5. 5; (319) Arrhidaeus attacks city of, 51. 1–52. 3; (313) cities of, in Caria subject to Antigonus, X, 19. 75. 1–5; (310) Bumelus of Bosporus shows kindness to, 20. 25. 1; (302) Greek cities of, to be free, 111. 2; (194) Rome threatens to free, from Antiochus, XI, 28. 15. 4; (190) cities of, appeal to Roman Senate, 29. 7. 1. See Aeolians, Ionians.
  • Asinarus riv., in Sicily: (413) Syracusans defeat Athenians at, V, 13. 19. 2.
  • Asinê, in Peloponnese, II, 4. 37. 2.
  • Asopis d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1.
  • Asopus s, of Oceanus: gives name to river, III, 4. 72. 1; account of descendants of, 72. 1–73. 1, 61. 1.
  • Asopus riv., in Peloponnese, III, 4. 72.1.
  • — —, in Boeotia: (479) battle of Plataea near, IV, 11. 30. 1, 5.
  • Aspandas: see Astyages, king of Medes.
  • Aspendus, in Pamphylia: (390) Athenian fleet at, attacked, VI, 14. 99. 4–5.
  • asphalt: abundance of, in Babylonia, I, 2. 12. 1–3; production of, from Bead Sea, II, 2. 48. 6–8; (312) X, 19. 98. 1–99. 3; exploitation of, by Antigonus fails, 100. 1–3.
  • Asphodel, Meadows of, in Homer, I, 1. 96. 6.
  • Asphodelodes, in Libya: (307) general of Archagathus subdues, X, 20. 57. 5.
  • Aspisas of Susianê: (316) made satrap of Susianê, IX, 19. 55. 1.
  • Assaracus s. of Tros: father of Capys, III, 4. 75. 3, 5.
  • assembly, Athenian: (460) curtails power of Acropagus, IV, 11. 77. 6; (408) hears Alcibiades, V, 13. 69. 1–3, 73. 6.
  • Assorus, in Sicily: (396) does not support Carthage, VI, 14. 58. 1; makes treaty with Dionvsius, 78. 7.
363
  • Assyrians: account of, I, 1. 98.10, 2. l. 3–28. 8, II, 3. 1. 2; conquests of, under Ninus, I, 2. 1. 4–7. 1; Nineveh (Ninus) founded, 3. 2–4; ruled by Semiramis, 7. 2–20. 5, by Ninyas, 21. 1–7; do not conquer Nabataean Arabs, II, 2. 48. 5; send aid to Troy, I, 2. 22. 1–5; long empire of, 22. 2, 23. 4, 32. 2; (612) destroyed by Medes during reign of Sardanapalus, 7. 2, 23. 1–28. 8, 31. 10, 32. 2, 5, 34. 7, III, 7. 15. 1.
  • — (= White Syrians): Scythians conquer and transport, II, 2. 43. 6.
  • Astaba (Astaboras) riv.: see Asa riv.
  • Astacus, in Propontis: (435) Athens founds, IV, 12. 34. 5; (315) general of Antigonus relieves, IX, 19. 60. 3.
  • Astapus, a name for the Nile, I, 1. 37. 9.
  • Astartê: see Derceto.
  • Asteius: (373) archon, VII, 15. 48. 1.
  • Asteria, an Amazon, II, 4. 16. 3.
  • Asterius king of Crete: marries Europê; adopts her children by Zeus, III, 4. 60. 2–3.
  • Asterius Fontinius, A.: see A. Aternius Varus Fontinalis, cos., 447=V454.
  • Asterusia, on Panchaea: Ammon razes, III, 5. 44. 7.
  • Astibaras, king of Medes, I, 2. 34. 1–6.
  • Astolpas: (145) Viriathus marries d. of, XII, 33. 7. 1–4.
  • astrology: among Egyptians, I, 1. 9. 6, 49. 5, 73. 4, 98. 3–4; III, 5. 57. 2–4; learned from them by Chaldaeans, I, 1. 28. 1, 81. 3–6; of the Chaldaeans, 2. 29. 2, 30. 1–31. 10; Atlas s. of Uranus perfects, II, 3. 60. 2; among Rhodians, III, 5. 57. 1; (372) Chaldaean astrologers, VII, 15. 50. 3; (325) VIII, 17. 112. 2; (316) IX, 19. 55. 8–9; (104) in Sicily, XII, 36. 5. 3.
  • astronomy: order of stars discovered by Hermes, I, 1. 16. 1, by Hyperion, III, 5. 67. 1; stars observed by Egyptians, I, 1. 9. 6, 28. 1, 50. 1–2, 69. 5, 81. 3–6, by Chaldaeans, 28. 1, 2. 30. 1–31. 10.
  • Asty, city in Egypt, I, 1. 28. 4.
  • Astyages (Aspandas), king of Medes, 584–550: grandfather of Cyrus the Great, IV, 9. 22. 1; (549) Cyrus conquers, I, 2. 32. 3, 34. 6, IV, 9. 23. 1.
  • Astyaguia d. of Hypseus: wife of Periphas, III, 4. 69. 3.
  • Astydamas of Athens: (399) produces tragedy, VI, 14. 43. 5.
  • Astydameia, mother of Ctesippus by Heracles, II, 4. 37. 4.
  • Astylus of Syracuse: (480) stadion winner, IV, 11. 1. 2.
  • Astymedes of Rhodes: (167) before Roman senate, XI, 31. 5. 1–3.
  • Astyochus s. of Aeolus: ruler of Lipara, III, 5.8. 1–2.
  • Astyphilus: (420) archon, V, 12. 77. 1.
  • Asychis, of Egypt; see Sasychis.
  • Asyllius, L.: see L. Sempronius Asellio, pr. 96.
  • Atabyrus, Mt., in Rhodes, III, 5. 59. 2.
  • Atalantê d. of Schoeneus: receives hide of Calydonian boar, II, 4. 34. 4–5; with Argonauts, 41. 2, 48. 5; mother of Parthenopaeus, III, 4. 65. 4, 7.
  • —, sister of Perdiccas: (321) wife of Attalus; mutineers slay, IX, 18. 37. 2–3.
  • Atalantê, in Malean gulf: (430) a fortress, V, 12. 44. 1; (426) made an island by earthquake, 59. 2.
  • Atarbas of Carthage: (307) moves against Archagathus, X, 20. 61. 3–4.
  • Atarneus, in Asia Minor: (409) Chian base at, V, 13. 65. 4; (c. 342) Persians recover, VII, 16. 52. 5–7.
  • Atarrhias: (317) Cassander sends, against Epirotes, IX, 19. 36. 2–3.
  • Aternius Varus Fontinalis, A,: (447=V454) cos., IV, 12. 6. 1.
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  • Athamanians: (395) revolt from Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 82. 7; (354) oppose Phocians in Sacred war, VII, 16. 29. 1; (323) join Athenians against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1. See Amynander king of; Galaestes of.
  • Athamas, father of Phrixus, II, 4. 47. 1.
  • Athanas of Syracuse, historian, VII, 15. 94. 4.
  • Athena: d. of Zeus, I, 1.12. 7, III, 5. 72. 3, 5, 6. 1. 9, or born from the earth, II, 3. 70. 2–3; identified with element “air” by Egyptians, I, 1. 12. 7; reared with Artemis and Core, III, 5. 3. 4; teaches mankind olive culture (but see I, 1. 16. 2), handicrafts, and music. III, 5. 73. 7–8; protects infant Dionysus, II, 3. 70. 2; slays Aegis, 70. 3, 5; aids Zeus against Giants, 70. 6; leads Amazons, 71. 4; defends Ammon, 73. 7; protects infant Heracles, 4. 9. 6; gives him robe, 14. 3; at wedding of Cadmus, III, 5. 49. 1; Rhodians’ special claim to, 56, 5–7; Danaüs dedicates temple to, at Lindus, 58.1–3.
  • Strikes offender with lightning, III, 8. 11. 1; Aristotle Battus told to pray to, 29. 1; (c. 506) Athenians dedicate bronze chariot to, IV, 10. 24. 3; Palladium of, falls from heaven, p. 109, frag. 3; (480) thunderstorm at temple of Athena Pronaea turns Persians from Delphi, 11. 14. 3–4; Xerxes wastes precinct of, in Athens, 15. 2; (477) Pausanias starves in sanctuary of, 45. 5–9; (431) statue of, by Pheidias, 12. 39. 1, 40. 3; (406) Carthaginians profane temple of, in Acragas, V, 13. 90. 2; (334) Alexander at temple of, in Ilium, VIII, 17. 17. 6–18. 1, 21. 2; (323) his plan for temples to, cancelled, IX, 18.4. 4–6; (310) Agathocles releases owls of, X, 20. 11. 3–5; (307) portraits of Antigonus and Demetrius in peplos of, 46. 2; (279) shrine of Athena Pronaea at Delphi, XI, 22. 9. 5; (274) Pyrrhus dedicates shields to, 11. 1. Also called: Glaucopis, I, 1. 12. 8; Itonis, XI, 22. 11. 1; Pallas, III, 8. 29. 1, IV, 10. 24. 3; Pronoea, IV, 11. 14. 3, IX, 22. 9. 5; Tritogeneia, I, 1.12. 8, III, 5. 72. 3; Tritonis, II, 3. 70. 2; the Worker, III, 5.73. 8.
  • Athena, Hill of, in Acragas: (406) mercenaries hold, V, 13. 85. 4.
  • Athenaeus, historian, I, 2. 20. 3–5.
  • —, general of Antigonus: (312) Antigonus sends, against Arabs, X, 19. 94. 1, 95. 2–7, then disowns acts of, 96. 1–2.
  • — of Pergamum: husband of Callippa, XI, 32. 15. 5.
  • —, general of Antiochus VII: (129) fate of, XII, 34/5. 17. 2.
  • Athenagoras of Miletus, general of Ptolemy: (304) tricks Demetrius by feigning treachery, X, 20. 94. 3–5.
  • Athenians: (446) one of tribes in Thurium, IV, 12. 11. 3.
  • Athenion: (103) cavalry leader of Salvius (Tryphon), XII, 36. 8. 2–4; (102) succeeds to command, 9. 1; (101) defeated and slain, 10. 1.
  • Athens: claimed as Egyptian colony, I, 1. 28. 4–29. 6; ally of Psammetichus, 67. 8; Hyperboreans friendly to, II, 2. 47. 4; names of months in, 3. 48. 1, IV, 12. 36. 2; Heracles at, II, 4.25. 1; defeat Amazons, 28. 1–4; Thespius of, king of Thespiae, 29. 2; first to sacrifice to Heracles, 39. 1; receive Medea, then exile her, 55. 4–6; protect Heracleidae from Eurystheus, 57. 4–6; Theseus comes to, 55, 6, III, 4. 59. 1, 6; send youths and maidens to Crete, 60. 4–61. 7, 77. 4; Theseus as king incorporates demes in city, 61. 8–9; allied to Deucaleon of Crete, 62. 1; story of Phaedra and Hippolytus,
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  • 62. 1–4; Helen brought to, 63. 1–3; bury bones of Theseus, 62. 4, and of followers of the Seven, 65. 9; Daedalus born in, 76. 1; receive gift of wheat from Demeter; establish Eleusinian mysteries, 5. 4. 4, V, 13. 26. 3, which are kept secret, III, 5. 77. 3; first to raise altar to Mercy, V, 13. 22. 7; too late in sacrifice to Athena, III, 5. 56. 5–6; found Saïs in Egypt, 57. 5; discover corn, 69. 2; no annual magistrates before the first Olympiad, 7. 8. 1; (about 680) send Tyrtaeus to Sparta as general, 8. 27. 1–2, VII, 15. 66. 3; (c. 600) Ionian luxury in, before Solon, IV, 9. 1. 4; (before 585) defeated by Pittacus of Mityleng, 12. ll; (c. 584) Solon brings laws from Egypt, I, 1. 77. 5, 79. 4–5, V, 13. 26. 3; neglect Solon’s warnings against Peisistratus, IV, 9. 4. 1–2, 20. 1–3; (560) Peisistratus becomes tyrant, V, 13. 95. 5–6; (527) Thettalus s. of Peisistratus renounces tyranny; lawless deeds of Hippias and Hipparchus, IV, 10. 17, l; (507) ostracism adopted, 11. 55. 1–3, 86. 5–87. 3, IX, 19. 1. 3–4; (506) defeat Spartans, Boeotians, and Chalcidians, IV, 10. 24. 3; (490) Datis claims, as descendants of Medus, 27. 1–3; defeat Datis at Marathon, 11. 2. 2, 82. 1.
  • (480–302) For annual election of archons, see table preceding the Index. (480) subject to Lacedaemonian command, VII, 15. 78. 4; hold Tempê against Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 5; ships of, under Themistocles in battle at Artemisium, 12. 4–6; win prize for valour, 13. 2; at approach of Persians, retire to Salamis, 13. 3–4, 15. 2, 59. 2; Xerxes razes city, 14. 5, 15. 2, V, 13. 25. 2, VIII, 17. 72. 6; with allies defeat Persians at Salamis, IV, 11. 15. 2–19. 3, 34. 1–2; (479) do not receive prize for valour, 27. 2–28. 1, 55. 6; make Xanthippus general vice Themistocles, 27. 3; reject Persian offers; seek Lacedaemonian aid; send non-combatants to Salamis, 28. 1–5, 39. 1; Greeks decide to aid, 29. 1; under Aristeides in victory at Platæa, 29. 4–33. 1; 82. 1; honour those killed, 33. 3; after Mycalê, promise aid to Greeks of Asia, 37. 3; fleet takes Sestus, returns home, 37. 4–5; (478) rebuild city walls in spite of Lacedaemonians, 39. 1–40. 4; (477) construct harbour at Peiraeus and build new fleet, 41. 1–43. 3, 50. 8; Aristeides with fleet liberates Greeks of Asia and gains supremacy on sea, 44. 1–6, 46. 4–47. 3; (475) Lacedaemonians dissuaded from war against, 50. 1–8; (471) acquit, then ostracize, Themistocles, 54. 2–55. 8; his past services to, 58. 4–59. 4; (470) under Cimon, set up colony at Scyros, 60. 1–2, defeat Persians off Cyprus, 60. 3–7, and at Eurymedon, 61. 1–62. 3; (469) Lacedaemonians request aid, then reject it, 64. 2–3; (464) stern treatment of allies causes revolts, 70. 1–4; send colonists to Amphipolis, 70. 5, V, 12. 68. 2; (463) make alliance with Egypt against Persia, IV, 11. 71.4–6; (462–461) campaign in Egypt, 74. 1–75. 4; (460) withdraw from Egypt with loss of ships, 77. 2–5, 12. 3. 1, V, 13. 25. 2; curtail power of the Aeropagus, IV, 11. 77. 6; justice of the Areopagus proverbial, I, 1. 75. 3; (459) defeat Corinthians and Epidaurians, IV, 11, 78. 1–2, and Aeginetans, 78. 3–4; (458) defeat Corinthians, 79. 1–4; fight drawn battle with Lacedaemonians (Tanagra); make truce, 80. 1–6; (457) Thebans and Lacedaemonians allied against, 81. 1–3: under Myronides, twice defeat
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  • Boeotians, 81. 4–83. 1; defeat Locrians and Phocians; vainly besiege Pharsalia, 83. 2–4; (456) under Tolmides, raid Laconian coast; establish Messenians at Naupactus, 84. 1–8, V, 12. 44. 3, VI, 14. 34. 2, VII, 15. 66. 5; method of enlisting hoplites, IV, 11. 84. 4–5; (455) in Boeotia under Tolmides, 85. 1; under Pericles s. of Xanthippus, win Acarnania except Oeniadae; control many cities, 85. 1–2; (454) move treasury from Delos to, 12. 38. 2, V, 12. 54. 3, 13. 21. 3; make truce with Lacedaemon, IV, 11. 86. 1; Syracuse adopts “petalism” in imitation of ostracism, 86. 5–87. 6; (453) under Pericles, defeat Sicyonians and overrun Acarnania, 88. 1–2; distribute land in Thracian Cherronese, Euboea, and Naxos to citizens, 88. 3.
  • (450) Philosophy in high repute, IV, 12. 1. 4–5, V, 13. 27. 2; hold first place in Greece, IV, 12. 2. 1; undertake war on Persia in behalf of Greeks of Asia, 3. 1; Cyprian campaign of Cimon, 11. 1. 1, 92. 5, 12. 2. 3, 3. 2–4; (449) 4. 1–4; Persia makes peace, 4. 5–6, 26. 2; (448) Megara revolts, 5. 2; (447) Lacedaemonians invade Attica, then withdraw, 6. 1; Boeotians defeat, at Coroneia, 6. 1–7. 1; (446) truce with Sparta, 7. 1, 26. 2, 28. 4; many states revolt and are reduced, 7. 1; (446) share in reestablishing Sybaris (Thurji), 10. 3–4; (445) recover Euboea; settle citizens in Hestiaca, 22. 2, VII, 15. 30. 1; (441) force Samians to establish democracy, IV, 12. 27. 1–28. 4; (437) recolonize Amphipolis, 32. 3, V, 12. 68. 2; (436) with Corcyraeans, defeat Corinthians at sea, IV, 12. 33. 1–34. 1, V, 12. 54. 2; (435) found Astacus in Propontis, IV, 12. 34. 5; Potidaea revolts; Corinthians defeated at Pailene, 34. 1–4, 37. 1; (434) claim Thurii as colony, 35, 1–2; (433) Meton reveals his cycle, 36. 2–3; (432) continue siege of Potidaea, 37. 1; Thucydides’ history begins, 37. 2.
  • (431) War with Lacedaemonians (Peloponnesian war) begins; first year of the war, IV, 12. 38. 1–40. 6, V, 12. 41. 1–42. 8; Pericles seeks war in order to avoid an accounting, IV, 12. 38. 2–39. 3, 40. 1; refuse to revoke Megarian decree, 39. 4–5; financial resources of, 40. 1–3, V, 12. 46. 4; military resources of, IV, 12. 40. 4–5, V, 12. 42. 5; Lacedaemonians in Peloponnesian council vote for war with, 12. 41. 1; Plataea maintains alliance, removing non-combatants to, 41. 2–42. 2; Lacedaemonians charge, with breaking peace, 42. 3; Pericles, all-powerful in, prevents offering battle in Attica, 42. 6; raid Peloponnesian coast, 42. 6–8; (430) war continued, 43. 1–45. 5; raid Peloponnesian coast, 43. 1–5; move against Locris, Aegina and Megara, 44. 1–3; suffer from Lacedaemonian raids and from plague, 45. 1–3; vainly try to make peace, 45. 4–5; (429) Pericles dies, 46. 1; war continues, 46. 1–48. 3; under Hagnon, take Potidaea and send colonists, 46. 2–7; Plataea remains loyal to, 47. 1; under Xenophon and Phanomachus, defeated in Thrace, 47. 3; under Phormio, sail to Naupactus and defeat Lacedaemonians off Rhium, 47. 1, 48. 1–3; (428) war continues, 49. 2–5, 52. 1–2; repel Lacedaemonian attacks on Peiraeus and Salanris, 49. 2–5; Sitalces of Thrace seeks aid of, against Chalcidicê, 50. 3; Lacedaemonians plunder Attica, 52. 1–2; (427) make alliance with Leontines, 53. 1–5; ambitions re Sicily, 54. 1–4; two fleets sent to Sicily, then recalled, 54. 4–7; war with
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  • Lacedaemonians continues, 55. 1–56. 6; suppress revolt on Lesbos; spare people of Mitylenê, 55. 1–10, 13. 30. 4–5; fail to save Plataea, 12. 56. 1–6, 76. 3; aid democrats on Corcyra, 57. 3.
  • (426) Suffer from plague in city, V, 12. 58. 1–7; purify Delos, 58. 6–59. 1; war with Lacedaemonians continues, 59. 1–2; (425) 60. 1–63. 5; under Demosthenes, defeated in Aetolia, withdraw to Naupactus, 60. 1–3; defeat Ambraciots, 60. 3–6; occupy and hold Pylos, 61. 1–62. 7; Lacedaemonians raid Attica, 61. 2, 62. 6–7; naval victory near Pylos, 63. 1; reject peace offers, 63. 2; Spartans on Sphacteria surrender, 63. 3–5; (424) war continues, 65. 1–68. 6; under Nicias, defeat Thebans and raid Peloponnesus, 65. 1–9; under Demosthenes, admitted into Megara, 66. 1–2; briefly hold Nisaea, 66. 2–67. 1; Brasidas instigates revolt in north, 67. 2–68. 6; under Hippocrates, defeated by Boeotians at Delium, 69. 1–70. 6, 72. 1, 75. 5, 13. 72. 8; (423) war continues, 12. 72. 1–10; check revolts in Mitylenê and Mendê but not in Scionê, 72. 1–4, 7–10; make short-lived truce with Lacedaemonians, agreeing to release those captured on Sphacteria, 72. 5–6, 13. 24. 2; (422) war continues, 12. 73. 1–74. 6; expel Delians from Delos, 73. 1; Cleon defeated and slain at Amphipolis, 73. 3–74. 4; make 40-year truce with Lacedaemonians, 74. 5–75. 2; (421) former allies consider alliance against, and Lacedaemonians, 75. 2–5; give power to ten men, 75. 4; reduce Scionê giving it to Plataeans, 76. 3, 13. 30. 6; (420) return Delos to Delians, 12. 77. 1; hold Pylos; make treaty with Argos, 77. 2; Olynthians drive, from Mecyberna, 77. 5; (419) under Alcibiades, join Argives in attack on Troezen, Orchomenus, and Tegea, 78. 2–79. 3; (418) under Nicias, seize Cythera, Nisaea, and Melos, 80. 5; (417) with Argives, expel Argive exiles from Orneae, 81. 2–5.
  • (416) Leontines and Egestaeans ask, to intervene in Sicily, V, 12. 83. 1–3, 13. 43. 1; envoys to Egesta deceived, 12. 83. 3–5; decide on Sicilian war; elect generals, 83. 5–84. 4, 13. 1. 2; (415) first year of war against Syracuse, 2. 1–6. 6; prepare for war, 2. 1–6; Hermae in, mutilated, 2. 3; fleet reaches Rhegium, 3. 1–5; news comes to Syracuse, 4. 1–2; fleet moves to Sicilian Naxos; Naxos and Catane join, 4. 3–5; Chalcidians of Sicily hire mercenaries to aid, 44. 1–2; Alcibiades summoned home; is condemned in default, 5. 1–4; capture Hyccara; occupy Olympieum on Great Harbour but withdraw to Catanê, 6. 1–6; send for cavalry and supplies, 6. 6; at home, condemn Diagoras for impiety, 6. 7; (414) war against Syracuse continues, 7. 1–8. 7; send reinforcements to Sicily, 7. 3; in Sicily, occupy Epipolae; begin circumvallation of Syracuse, 7. 3–5, VI, 14. 18. 2; withdraw from Epipolae; Lamachus killed, V, 13. 8. 1–2; defeat Syracusan allies, 8. 3–4; Nicias asks for reinforcements, which are sent, 8. 6–7; spurred by Alcibiades, Lacedaemonians renew war in Greece, 5. 4, 8. 8, 9. 2; (413) final year of war against Syracuse, 9. 2–19. 3, 33. 1; reinforcements sent to Sicily, 9. 2; defeat Syracusans at sea but camp is occupied, 9. 3–6; await Demosthenes, 10. 1; defeated in Great Harbour, 10. 2–11. 1; under Demosthenes briefly hold Epipolae, 11. 1–5; suffer from epidemic, 12. 1, 4, VI, 14. 70. 5;
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  • departure agreed upon but delayed by eclipse, V, 13. 12.1–6; twice defeated at sea, 13. 1–17. 5; start for Catanê by land, 18. 1–6; slain or captured, 19. 1–3, 34. 1, 4, 36. 1, 5, 43. 4, 63. 1, 96. 3, VI, 14. 67. 1; Syracusans debate fate of captives, V, 13. 19. 4–33. 1; consigned to quarries; generals and allies condemned to death, 33. 1.
  • (412) War with Lacedaemonians actively renewed, V, 13. 34. 1–4, 36. 3–37. 6; oligarchy of the Four Hundred set up, 34. 1–2, 36. 1–2; allies desert, 34. 1, 36. 5; Lacedaemonians defeat, at Oropus, 34. 2–3, 36. 3–4; Syracusans send aid against, 34. 4, 61. 1; Alcibiades prevents Persian aid against, 37. 1–6; (411) war continues, 38. 3–42. 4; the Four Hundred dissolved, 38. 1–2; fleet under Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus at Samos, 38. 3–6, at Lesbos, 38. 7, defeats Lacedaemonians on Hellespont, 39. 1–40. 6, recovers Cyzicus, 40. 6; Alcibiades restored and given share in command, 41. 4–42. 2, 37. 5–6, 38. 2; (410) war continues, 45. 1–53. 4; fleet at Sestos defeats Lacedaemonians, 45. 2–47. 1; Lacedaemonians plan attack on allies of, 47. 2; fail to prevent Boeotian causeway at Euripus, 47. 3–6; aid democracy in Corcyra, 48. 3–7; fleet moves to Cardia, then to Cyzicus, 49. 2–5; under Alcibiades, defeat Lacedaemonians at Cyzicus, 49. 5–51. 8; send ships to Alcibiades, 52. 1; Cleophon prevents peace sought by Lacedaemonians, 52. 2–53. 4; (409) war continues, 64. 1–67. 7; under Thrasybulus attack Ephesus; withdraw, 64. 1; generals move from Cyzicus to Chalcedon, 64. 2; win cities of Thrace, 64. 3; relieve taxes by sale of booty, 64. 4; lose Pylos, 64. 5, 7; Anytus, accused for failure at Pylos, is first to bribe jury, 64. 6; under Leotrophides and Timarchus, defeat Megarians, 65. 1–2; under Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, and Theramenes, force Chalcedon to make terms, 66. 1–3; take Byzantium, 66. 3–67. 7; (408) war continues, 68. 1–74. 4; take cities of Hellespont, 68. 1; welcome generals, 68. 2–3, 69. 1; make Alcibiades supreme commander, 68. 4–69. 3; he defeats Andrians but does not take Andros, 69. 4–5; Cyrus s. of Dareius stirred against, 70. 3, VI, 14. 19. 4; Clazomenae, an ally, in danger, V, 13. 71. 1; fleet defeated at Notium in absence of Alcibiades, 71. 1–4; successes in the north, 72. 1–2; repulse attack by Agis, 72. 3–73. 2; accuse Alcibiades for attack on Cymê, 73. 3–6; send Conon to take his fleet, 74. 1–4; (407) war continues, 76. 1–79. 7; Conon commands fleet, 76. 1; Lacedaemonians under Callicratidas take Delphinium and Methymnê, 76. 3–5; fleet under Conon wins partial victory, withdraws to Mitylenê, 77. 1–78. 3; Callicratidas enters harbour of Mitylenê, 78. 4–79. 7; (406) war continues, 97. 1–103. 2; grant citizenship to metics and aliens, 97. 1; fleet under Thrasybulus and others defeats Lacedaemonians at Arginusae islands, 97. 1–99. 6; generals fail to pick up dead, 100. 1–6; condemn generals, 101. 1–103. 2; (405) last year of war with Lacedaemon, 104. 1–107. 4; fleet under Philocles and Cononmoves to Hellespont, 104. 1–2; Lysander takes Iasus and Lampsacus from, 104. 7–8; proposal of Alcibiades rejected, 105. 3–4; fleet at Aegospotami destroyed, 105. 1–2, 106. 1–8; Athens surrenders on terms, 107. 1–4, VI, 14. 2. 4, 85. 2, VII, 15.63. 1.
369
  • (404) Treaty with Lacedaemon; government of the Thirty established, VI, 14. 2. 1, 4, 3. 2–7; with Lacedaemonian aid the Thirty seize all power, 4. 1–5. 7, VII, 15. 63. 1; they grant civil rights to 3000, VI, 14. 32. 4; Lacedaemonians order all Athenian exiles delivered to the Thirty, 6. 1–3; (402) Lacedaemonians bid Eleians pay quota for war with, 17. 5; (401) those exiled by the Thirty gather at Phylê under Thrasybulus, 32. 1–6; they defeat and overthrow the Thirty, 33. 1–6, VII, 15. 25. 4; (400) condemn Socrates, VI, 14. 37. 7; (399) Conon hopes to recover leadership for, 39. 3; (397) Sophocles s. of Sophocles produces plays in, 53. 6; tragic poets distort myths to win favour in, II, 4. 56. 1–2; (396) join Boeotians against Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 81. 2; Conon places men of, over Persian fleet, 81. 4, 85. 4; (395) join alliance against Lacedaemonians (Council at Corinth), 82. 1–4; (394) 86. 2–6; (393) oppose Iphicrates’ plan to seize Corinth; name Chabrias general, 92. 2; (392) send fleet to Ionia, 94. 2–4; (391) Lacedaemonians move against, in Rhodes and islands, 97. 1–4; (390) naval operations on Eurymedon and against Rhodes, 99. 4–5; (387) unwillingly accept peace of Antalcidas, 110. 4, VII, 15. 29. 5.
  • (386) Refuse aid to Mantineia, VI, 15. 5. 5; (380) in bad repute for earlier imperialism, VII, 15. 23. 4; (378) aid return of Theban exiles, 25. 1; send force to Thebes, 25. 4–27. 4; (377) win allies of Lacedaemonians; form council, 28. 2–4, 30. 1–2; allied to Thebes, 28. 5; recall Chabrias from Egypt; send Iphicrates to Persia as general, 29. 1–4; prevent occupation of Peiraeus by Sophodriades the Spartan; prepare for war, 29. 6–8; operations against Lacedaemonian allies in Euboea and the islands, 30. 2, 5, and in Boeotia, 32. 2–6; bring grain convoy to Peiraeus, 34. 3; fleet under Chabrias defeats Lacedaemonians, 34. 3–35. 2; (376) protect Abdera; win allies, 36. 4–6; (375) divide power with Lacedaemonians; oppose Theban demand, 38. 3–4; (374) Iphicrates of, in Persian army, 41. 1–3; he flees to, and is given naval command, 43. 5–6; support democracies in Greek states, 45. 1–4; answer Corcyraean appeal, 46. 3; grant citizenship to Plataean fugitives, 46. 4–6; (373) send Timotheüs and Iphicrates to Corcyra, 47. 2–3, 7, 16. 57. 2–3; under Ctesicles, defeat Lacedaemonians at Corcyra, 15. 47. 4–6; (371) Thebans send wives and children to, 52. 1; (370) claim only naval leadership, 60. 2; (369) ignors Arcadian request for aid, 62. 3. allied with Lacedaemoniane against Thebes; force under Iphicrates arrives too late, 63; 1–2, 65. 6; agree with Lacedaemonians on division of power, 67. 1; under Chabrias, defeat Epamemondas at Corinth, 68. 1–69. 4; (368) aid Alexander of Pherae, 71. 3–4; Lenaean festival in, 74. 1, 4; (367) under Chares, defeat Argives, 75. 3; (366) Themison of Eretria takes Oropus from, 76. 1; Arcadians summon allied army from, 77. 3; (364) fail to hinder Epameinondas in Rhodes, Chios, and Byzantium, 79. 1; take Toronê and Potidaea; relieve Cyzicus, 81. 6; (363) aid Mantineia against Tegeans and Thebans, 82. 4–5, 84. 2; in battle at Mantineia, 84. 4, 85. 2–8; claim victory, 87. 3; (362) Chabrias commands Egyptian fleet without approval of, 92. 3; (361) condemn Leosthenes for failure
370
  • against Alexander of Pherae, 95. 1–3; disgraced by Chares’ attack on Corcyra, 95. 3.
  • (360) Support Argaeus against Philip II for Macedonian throne, VIII, 16. 2.–6, 3. 3; (359) make peace with Philip, 4. 1–2; (358) support one party in Euboea, 7. 2; name Chares and Chabrias generals against rebellious allies (Social war) 7. 3; rivalry of, and Philip for Olynthus, 8. 4; Philip sends captured garrison home from Potidaea, 8. 5; (356) naval operations against former allies, 21. 1–4; remove Iphicrates and Timotheüs from commands, 21. 4; Chares takes fleet of, to aid Artabazus, 22. 1–2; make peace with allies, 22. 2; send colonists to Samos, IX, 18. 8. 7; (355) make alliance with Philomelus, VII, 16. 27. 3–5; (354) support Phocians in Sacred war, 29. 1; (353) take Sestus, 34. 3; send colonies to Thracian Chersonese, 34. 4; unable to rescue Phocians defeated by Philip, 35. 5; (352) send forces to aid Phocians, 37. 3; check Philip at Thermopylae, 38. 1–2; (348) roused against Philip by Demosthenes, 54. 1–2, IX, 18. 10. 1; (347) share Phocian guilt for sack of Delphi, VII, 16. 57. 1–4; (344) refuse aid to Artaxerxes III against Egypt, 44. 1; (341) Perinthus, friendly to, besieged by Philip, VIII, 16. 74. 2; (340) Philip makes peace with, 77. 2–3; (338) dismayed when he seizes Elateia, 84. 1–4; Demosthenes wins Thebes as ally, 84. 5–85. 1; defeated at Chaeroneia by Philip, 85. 1–86. 6; peace made, 87. 3, XI, 32. 4. l; finances of, conducted by Lycurgus. VIII, 16. 88. 1; condemn Lysicles, 88. 1–2; (336) ill-omened words of envoy to Philip, 92. 1–2; (335) do not concede leadership of Greece to Alexander, 17. 3. 2, until he enters Boeotia, 4. 5–9; with Attalus, plot against Alexander, 3. 2, 5. 1; vote aid for Thebes, but delay, 8. 5–6; destruction of Thebes prevents revolt by, XI, 32. 4. 3; refuse to surrender Demosthenes and others but promise to punish them, VIII, 17. 15. 1–5; (334) Alexander retains ships of, in Asia, 22. 5; some, fight on Persian side, 25. 6; (330) do not join revolt against Alexander, 62. 7; burning of palace at Persepolis avenges Persian sack of Acropolis, 72. 6; (326) Harpalus throws self on mercy of; his earlier contacts with, 108. 5–8; (325) grant money to Leosthenes, 111. 3.
  • (323) Offended by Alexander’s restoration of exiles, IX, 18. 8. 6–7; on death of Alexander assert liberty, 9. 1–3; begin war with Antipater (Lamian War), 8. 1, 10. 1–12. 4; besiege Lamia, 13. 1–3, 18. 3; Leosthenes killed before Lamia; Hypereides delivers funeral oration, Demosthenes being in exile, 13. 5–6; (322) fleet defeated by Macedonians, 15. 8–9; deserted by allies, 17. 8; surrender to Antipater, 18. 1–3, VII, 16. 64. 1; he restores “constitution of Solon” and installs garrison, IX, 18. 18. 3–6, X, 20. 46. 3; soon acquire wealth, IX, 18. 18. 6; Antigonus flees to Antipater on ship of, 23. 4; (319) seek removal of garrison, 48. 1–2; retain Samos by edict of Polyperchon, 56. 6–7; (318) Nicanor, commander of garrison, occupies Piraeus, 64. 1–5; Olympias bids him restore Piraeus and Munychia, 65. 1–2; Alexander s. of Polyperchon comes to, but co-operates with Nicanor, 65. 3–5; re-establish democracy; condemn Phocion, 65. 6–67. 6; make terms with Cassander, who names Demetrius
371
  • of Phalerum overseer, 74.1–3; (316) flight of Olympias to, suggested, 19. 51. 2; aid rebuilding of Thebes, 54. 2; (313) aid Cassander on Euboea, X, 19. 75. 8; force Demetrius of Phalerum to send envoys to Antigonus, 78. 3–4; (312) two ships of, sunk by Carthaginians, 103. 4; (308) Ophelias seeks alliance with, 20. 40. 5; many from, join Ophelias, 40. 6; (307) freed from Cassander’s garrison and from Demetrius of Phalerum by Demetrius s. of Antigonus, 45. 1–7; pay honours to Antigonus and Demetrius, 46. 1–2, 4; Antigonus returns Imbros to, 46. 4; quadriremes from, in Demetrius’ fleet, 50. 3; (304) fail to bring Demetrius and Rhodes to terms, 98. 2–3; (302) initiate Demetrius at Eleusis, 110. 1; (200) Philip V commits outrages in, XI, 28. 7. 1; (c. 145) burn hermaphrodite alive, 32. 12. 2 (p. 457); (86) surrender to Sulla, XII, 38/9. 6. 1.
  • See Anticles, Apollodorus, Aristolochus, Chabrias, Chares, Charidemus, Conon, Demades, Diophantus, Dioxippus, Diyllus, Ephialtes, Eriboea, Hippomenes, Lysander, Minos, Myrmidon, Phocides, Phocion, Plato, Pythostratus, Solon, Sosippus, Thrasybulus, Thucydides, Xenophon of.
  • Athos, Mt.: Argonauts sail by, II; 4. 42. 1; (480) Xerxes digs canal through, IV, 11. 2. 4, 3. 6, 5. 1; (411) Lacedaemonian ships wrecked off, V, 13. 41. 1–3.
  • Athyrtis d. of Sesoösis, I, 1. 53. 8.
  • Atilii: (after 247) mistreat Punic captives, XI, 24. 12. 1–3.
  • Atilius Luscus, L.: (437=V444) tr. mil. c. p., IV, 12. 32. 1.
  • — Priscus, L.: (396=V399) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 54. 1; (393=V396) 90. 1.
  • — Regulus, C., or L.: (225) cos., defeated and slain by Gauls, XI, 25. 13. 1.
  • — —, M.: (256) cos., defeats Carthaginians in Libya; makes excessive demands which lead to disaster, XI, 23. 12. 1, 16. 1, 15. 1–4, 7 (p. 105), 24. 113. 1; meets death by torture, 23. 16. 1; (after 247) wife of, encourages mistreatment of Punic captives, 24. 12. 1–3.,
  • — — Calenus, M.: (322=V335) cos., VIII, 17. 40. 1.
  • Atizyes, a Persian: (334) slain at the Granicus riv., VIII, 17. 21. 3.
  • Atlantians: the gods according to the, II, 3. 1. 3, 56. 1–57. 8, 59. 8–61. 6; Amazons defeat, 54. 3–6, then slay Gorgons at request of, 54. 7; received name from Atlas s. of Uranus, 60. 1.
  • Atlantic (= Indian) ocean: end of account of people beside, II, 3. 38. 1.
  • Atlantides dd. of Atlas: ancestors of gods and heroes; become the Pleiades, II, 3. 60. 4–5; seized by agents of Busiris, 4. 27. 2; rescued by Heracles, 27. 4. See Hesperides, Electra.
  • Atlas s. of Uranus: rules regions towards Ocean, II, 3. 60. 1; perfects doctrine of sphere; reputed to support earth, 60. 2, 4. 27. 5; father of Hesperus, 3. 60. 2, and the Atlantides (= Hesperides), 60. 4, 4. 27. 1–2; Heracles restores the Atlantides to, 27. 3–4. See Cronus, brother of.
  • Atlas, Mt., named from Atlas s. of Uranus, II, 3. 60. 1; near Hespera, 53. 4; Hesperus s. of Atlas snatched by wind from top of, 60. 3.
  • Atossa: aunt of Cyrus the Great, ancestress of Cappadocian kings, XI, 31. 19. 1.
  • Atreus, king of Mycenae: resists return of Heracleidae, II, 4. 58. 1–2.
  • Atropates: (323) Media Atropatenê assigned to, IX, 18. 3. 3.
  • Attalus, kin of Cleopatra (wife
372
  • of Philip II): (before 336) Philip unwilling to punish, for treatment of Pausanias of Orestis, VIII, 16. 93. 5–9; (336) Philip sends, and Parmenion to free Greek cities of Asia, 91. 2, 93. 9, 17. 2. 4; (335) possible rival of Alexander, 2. 3; in secret communication with Athens, 3. 2, 5. 1; killed by Hecataeus, 2. 5, 5. 1–2.
  • —, brother-in-law of Perdiccas: (336) with others, kills murderer of Philip II, VIII, 16. 94. 4; (321) after murder of Perdiccas, takes fleet to Tyre, IX, 18. 37. 2–4; (320–319) captured by Antigonus, 41. 7, 44. 1, 45. 3, 50. 1; escapes; is recaptured, 19. 16. 1–5; (317) daughters of, with Olympias, 35. 5.
  • — I Soter of Pergamum, 241–197: consults Pythia, XII, 34/5. 13. 1; (201) Philip V angry with, XI, 28. 5. 1.
  • — II Philadelphus of Pergamum, 160–138; (181) in Rome as envoy, XI, 29.22. 1; (172) on rumour of death of Eumenes II, woos Eumenes’ wife, 34. 2; (164) in Rome, defends Eumenes before Senate, 31. 7. 2. (pp. 357–359); (158) sets up pretender for Syrian throne, 32a. 1; (157) Ariarathes V escapes to, 32b. 1; (156) Prusias’ design against, fails, 35. 1; (before 145) cruelty of Diegylis of Thrace to subjects of, XII, 33. 14. 2–5; (145) shows mercy to Thracians, 15. 1; (133) friends of, killed by Attalus III, 34/5. 3. 1.
  • —III Philometor Euergetes of Pergamum, 138–133: cruelty of, XII, 34/5. 3. 1.
  • Attica: corn discovered in, III, 5. 69. 2, by Demeter, 77. 4, I, 1. 29. 2, or by Triptolemus, 20. 3; Amazons in, II, 4. 28.2–3; drought in, after murder of Androgeos, III, 4. 61. 1, 3; Theseus returns to, 61. 6; Daedalus escapes from, 76. 7–77. 1; silver mines of, 5. 37. 1–2; Helius bids people of, sacrifice to Athena, 56. 5; (480) triremes from, join Greek fleet before Artemisium, IV, 11. 13. 2; Xerxes plunders, 14. 5, 15. 2, 16. 2; Phoenicians from Xerxes’ fleet flee to, 19. 4; (479) Mardonius enters, 28. 2–5; (460) ships from, on Nile, 77. 2; (458) Thessalians attack supply train from, 80. 3; (447) Lacedaemonians invade, 12. 6. 1; (431) V, 12. 42. 6–7; (430) 45. 1; they withdraw from, 45. 2–3, when Clearchus accepts bribe, 13. 106. 10; (428) Salaminians signal to, 12. 49. 4; Lacedaemonians plunder, 52. 1–2; (427) 55. 6; (426) Lacedaemonians prevented from raiding, 59. 1–2; (425) Athenians unable to protect, 61. 2, 62. 6–7; (424) Athenians escape from Delium to, 70. 6; (415) Diagoras flees from, 13. 6. 7; Lacedaemonians raid, from Deceleia, 9. 2; (413) prows of triremes of, too high, 10. 3; (410) small part of, available for cultivation, 52. 4; (408) King Agis plunders, 73. 2; (405) Lysander accomplishes nothing against, 104. 8; Agis and Pausanias invade, 107. 1–3; Lacedaemonians wish to turn, into sheepwalk, VII, 15. 63. 1; (395) Conon sails for, VI, 14. 84. 4; (377) no Athenians to cultivate land outside of, VII, 15. 29. 8; (374) Timotheüs and Thracian allies coast along, 47. 3; (369) Athenian army returns to, 65. 6; (338) invasion of, by Philip II expected, VIII, 16. 84. 2, 5; (335) property brought from, into Athens, 17. 4. 6; (326) a monument of Attic type, 108. 5; Harpalus flees to, 108. 6; (323) three tribes to guard, in Lamian War, IX, 18. 10. 2; (318) Polyperchon expected in, 64. 1; Alexander s. of Polyperchon enters, 65. 3; bodies of Phocion
373
  • and others cast outside, 67. 6; Polyperchon enters and leaves; Alexander remains in, 68. 2–3; (313) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus in, X, 19. 78. 3–5; (135?) slave revolt in, suppressed, XII, 34/5. 2. 19. Attic drachmas, IV, 11. 26. 3, XI, 31. 24. 1; Attic talents, XII, 36. 2. 2; Attic charm, VIII, 16. 87. 3. See: Glycera, Perilaüs, Thaïs of; Aphidna, Corydallus, Deceleia, Oenoê, Phylê, Salamis in. See also Athens.
  • Attis: Phrygian legend of, II, 3. 58. 4–59. 1, 59. 7.
  • Atys s. of Croesus, slain by Adrastus, IV, 9. 20. 1–2.
  • Audas of Orso: (139) agent in slaying of Viriathus, XII, 33. 21. 1.
  • Audoleon, king of Paeonians: (310) Cassander aids, X, 20. 19. 1. See Xermodigestus.
  • Augê, mother of Telephus by Heracles, II, 4. 33. 7–12.
  • Augeas, king of Elis: Heracles cleans stables of, II, 4. 13. 3, is cheated of pay and kills, 33.1–4.
  • Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 27 b.c. to a.d. 14: plants Roman colony at Tauromenium, VII, 16. 7. 1.
  • Aulis, in Boeotia: (410) causeway from, to Chalcis, V, 13. 47. 5; (396) Agesilaüs sails from, VI, 14. 79. 1; (304) Demetrius at, X, 20. 100. 5.
  • Aulius, Q.: (314) mag. eq., killed at Laustolae, X, 19. 72. 6–8.
  • — Cerretanus, Q.: (322 = V323) coa., IX, 18. 26. 1; (318 = V319) 58. 1.
  • Auschisae: Libyan tribe, II, 3. 49. 1.
  • Auson: an Italian king, III, 5. 7. 5; Rhegium founded in land of, 8. 23. 2.
  • Autariatae, Illyrian tribe: driven out by rain of frogs, II, 3. 30. 3; (310) Cassander transports, to place near Mt. Orbelus, X, 20. 19. 1; (302) in army of Lysimachus, 113. 3.
  • Autocles of Athens: (368) commands against Boeotians, VII, 15. 71. 3–4.
  • Autolycus of Athens: (404) executed by the Thirty, VI, 14. 5. 7.
  • Autolyte of Metapontum: Aeolus and Boeotus slay, III, 4.67. 5.
  • Automala, in Cyrenê; (308) Ophelias with army near, X, 20. 41. 1–3.
  • Automenes: last king of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 6.
  • Autonoe: d. of Cadmus, II, 4. 2. 1; mother of Acteon by Aristaeus, III, 4. 81. 3.
  • Autophradates, satrap of Lydia: (362) a leader in satraps’ revolt, VII, 15. 90. 3.
  • Aventine hill, in Rome: named for King Aventius, III, 7. 5. 12; (443=V450) plebeians occupy, IV, 12. 24. 5.
  • Aventius, king of Alba Longa: retreats to Aventine Hill, III, 7. 5. 12.
  • Avernus, Lake: sacred to Persephonê; formed by Heracles, II, 4. 22. 1–2.
  • Axenos: name of Pontus Euxinus, II, 4. 40. 4.
  • Axiothea: (310) wife of Nicocles; kills self, X, 20. 21. 2–3.
  • Axius riv., in Macedon: XI, 31. 8. 8.
  • Azan: marries Hippolytê, II, 4. 33. 1.
  • Azizus, the Arab: (67) crowns Philip II Barypous, XII, 40. 1a. 1, then plots his death, 1b. 1.
  • Azof, Sea of: see Lake Maeotis.
  • Azones, in Sicily: (c. 278) Pyrrhus seizes, XI, 22. 10. 2.
  • Azorius, in Perrhaebia: (316) Polyperchon besieged in, IX, 19. 52. 6.
  • Azotus, in Phoenicia: (312) Demetrius at, X, 19. 85. 1.
B
  • Baal: see Cronus.
  • baboons: dog-faced, I, 1. 33. 4, II, 3. 35. 5; sphinx, 35. 4.
  • Babylon, in Babylonia: founded
374
  • by Belus, I, 1. 28. 1, or Semiramis, 2. 7. 2, II, 3. 1. 2, after time of Ninus of Assyria, I, 2. 1. 7; construction of, by Semiramis, 2. 7. 2–10. 6; Belesys governor of, brings ashes of Sardanapallus to, 28. 1–5; Belus entertains Zeus in, III, 6. 1. 10; (520) Megabyzus delivers, to Persians, IV, 10. 19. 2; (401) Cyrus s. of Dareius promises booty of, to mercenaries, VI, 14. 21. 6; Artaxerxes II moves to, 26. 4; (396) Conon of Athens in, 81. 4; (344) Artaxerxes III gathers forces in, VII, 16. 42. 1, 43. 1; he returns to, 51. 3; (333) Dareius III musters forces in, against Alexander, VIII, 17. 31. 1–2, 6; he returns to, after Issus, 39. 1; (331) he leads army from, 53. 3; (330) Alexander sets up government in, 64. 3–65. 1, 108. 4; he gathers pack-animals from, 71. 2; (325) he sends body of Hephaestion to, 110. 8; he enters, in spite of Chaldaean warnings, 112. 1–6, 116. 4, IX, 19. 55. 8; he builds boats near, 12. 5; he dies in. VIII, 17. 117. 1–118. 4, IX, 18. 1. 4, 9. 4, 12. 1; (323) the Bodyguard withdraws from, 2. 4; (321) body of Alexander taken from, 28. 2; (317) Eumenes camps on Tigris below, 19. 12. 3; Pithon of the Bodyguard seeks aid of Seleucus in, 14. 3; (316) Antigonus in, 55. 2; (314) Pithon s. of Agenor returns from, X, 19. 69. 1; (312) Demetrius occupies, 100. 4–7; (307) Antigonus founds Antigonia to watch over, 20. 47. 5; (127) much of, destroyed by Parthians, XII, 34/5. 21. 1; little of, now inhabited, I, 2. 9. 9. See Chaldaeans of.
  • Babylon, in Egypt: established, I, 1. 56. 3–5.
  • Babylonia: location of, IX, 18. 6. 3, I, 2. 11. 2–5; Zeus called Belos in, 8. 7, 9. 4; cities in, older than Babylon, 1. 7; prisoners taken in, by Sesoösis build Babylon on the Nile, 1, 56. 3; Ninus of Assyria makes campaign against, 2. 1. 7; Semiramis plans city in, 7. 2; she diverts Euphrates into reservoir in, 9. 1; she brings stone to, 11. 5; bitumen and other wonders of, 12. 1–3; satrapy of, promised to Belesys, 24. 1–3; people of, join revolt against Sardanapallus, 24. 5–8; Arbaces pursued as far as, 25. 6; Chaldaeans among oldest people of, 29. 2; peacocks and dates produced in, II, 2. 53. 2, 6–7; fishing on coast of, 3. 22. 1–4; account of peoples of coast of, ends, 23. 1; (550) reduced by Cyrus the Great, IV, 10. 13. 1; (c. 520) Megabyzus chosen general by, 19. 3; (401) Cyrus s. of Dareius rests army on borders of, VI, 14. 21. 7; Artaxerxes camps in, 22. 3; (330) trade on Tigris to, VIII, 17. 67. 3; (324) Alexander lost in great swamp of, 116. 5–7; (323) assigned to Archon by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) to Seleucus by Antipater, 39. 6, 19. 12. 2; (318) Seleucus changes course of canal in, 18. 73. 3–4; (317) Eumenes winters in, 19, 12. 1; Antigonus enters, 17. 2; (316) Seleucus flees to Ptolemy to avoid an accounting for, 55. 1–5, X, 19. 85. 3, 86. 4, 91. 4; Ptolemy and others demand return of, to Seleucus, IX, 19. 57. 1; Antigonus makes Pithon s. of Agenor satrap of, 56. 4; (312) Seleucus recovers, X, 19. 86. 5, 90. 1–91. 5; he makes Patrocles general of, 100. 5; Antigonus sends Demetrius to regain, 100. 4–7; (127) many people of, enslaved by Euhemerus, XII, 34/5. 21. 1. See Belesys, Seleucus of.
  • Babylonian talent, a weight, I, 2. 9. 5, 8.
375
  • — tigers, in Arabia, II, 2. 50. 2. Bacchantes: female followers of Dionysus, II, 3. 65. 2, 4, 4. 3. 3, 5. 1; Lycurgus attacks, 3. 65. 4–7.
  • Baccheius, a name of Dionysus, II, 4. 5. 1.
  • Bacchic hymn, by Eumolpus; quoted, I, 1. 11. 3.
  • — revels: introduced by a Dionysus, II, 3. 63. 2.
  • Bacchidae, early kings of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 4–6.
  • Bacchis, an early king of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 4. Bactra: chief city of Bactriana, 1, 2. 6. 2; Ninus of Assyria captures, only with Semiramis’ aid, 6. 4–9, 7. 1; she prepares for Indian campaign in, 16. 1, 5; she returns to, 19. 10; (330) Dareius III seeks refuge in, after Arbela, VIII, 17. 73. 2.
  • Bactria (Bactriana, Bactrian6): location of, IX, 18. 5. 4, II, 2. 37. 6; revolts from Osymandyas (Ramses II) of Egypt, I, 1. 47. 6; Ninus of Assyria conquers, only with aid of Semiramis, 2. 2. 1, 4, 4. 1, 5. 3–7. 1; she assembles army for Indian campaign in, 16. 7–17. 3; force from, joins Arbaces against Sardanapallus, 26. 1–4; (465) Hystaspes s. of Xerxes in, when father is killed, IV, 11. 69. 2; (401) array of Cyrus s. of Dareius fears march into, VI, 14. 20. 4; (334) cavalry from, in Persian army, VIII, 17. 19. 4; (330) Dareius III seeks aid from, 64. 2, 73. 2; Bessus, satrap of, murders Dareius and escapes into, 73. 2–4, 74. 1, proclaiming himself king, 74. 2; (329) Satibarzanes returns from, 81. 3; (328) Alexander enters, 83. 3, and punishes, p. 111; (326) Greeks settled in, by Alexander revolt on false news of his death, 99. 5–6; (323) assigned to Philip by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) to Stasanor by Antipater, 39. 6; (317) Stasander brings troops from, to Eumenes, 19. 14. 7; (316) Antigonus continues Stasanor in, 48. 1. See Oxyartes of.
  • Badacê, in Susianê: (317) Antigonus moves to, IX, 19. 19. 1.
  • baggage train: (317/316) the Silver Shields surrender Eumenes to Antigonus in order to recover their, IX, 19. 42. 2–3, 43. 2, 7–8,
  • Bagistanê, in Media: (325) Alexander at, VIII, 17. 110. 5.
  • Bagistanus, Mt., in Media: Semiramis builds park on, I, 2. 13. 1–2.
  • Bagoas: (c. 344) friend of Artaxerxes, in campaign in Egypt, VII, 16. 47. 3–4, 49. 4–6; in partnership with Mentor, rises to great power, 50. 1–8; restores Egyptian sacred records for a bribe, 51. 2; (338–336) kills Artaxerxes and his son Arses; puts Dareius on throne; is killed by him, VIII, 17. 5. 3–6, VII, 16. 50. 8.
  • Bagodaras: (328) threatened by Bessus, escapes to Alexander, VIII, 17. 83. 7–8.
  • Balacrus: father of Philip an officer of Alexander, VIII, 17. 57. 3.
  • — s. of Nicanor: (before 322) satrap of Pisidia; killed, IX, 18. 22. 1.
  • Baliarides isls: description of, and their people, III, 5. 17. 1–18. 4; skilled slingers from, 17. 1, 18. 3–4, X, 19. 106. 2, 109. 1–3; (406) Carthaginians recruit mercenaries on, V, 13. 80. 2; (241) XI, 25. 2. 2.
  • Balius, horse of Achilleus: formerly a Titan, III, 6. 3. 1.
  • Ballonymus: (332) made king of Tyre by Alexander, VIII, 17. 46. 6–47. 6.
  • balsam: source and uses of, II, 2. 48. 9, 3. 46. 2, X, 19. 98. 1.
  • Banizomenes, on Arabian coast of Red sea, II, 3. 44. 2.
  • Barathra: swamp east of Nile, protects Egypt, I, 1. 30. 4–9; (344) VII, 16. 46. 5; (306) X, 20. 73. 3.
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  • barbarians (non-Greeks): first three books deal with, I, 1. 4. 5–6, 9. 5; claim great antiquity, 9. 3; Greeks and, led to Sardinia by Iolaüs, III, 5. 15. 1; histories of Ephorus and of Diyllus tell of Greeks and, VIII, 16. 76. 5–6; (316) some, eat human flesh when besieged in Pydna, IX, 19. 49. 4; insensible to flogging, XII, p. 299, frag. 13.
  • Barcê (Barca) in Cyrenê: (c. 570) Egyptian force sent to, is lost, I, 1. 68. 2; (322) allied to Thibron, IX, 18. 20. 2.
  • Bardylis, Illyrian king: (360) defeats Macedonians under Perdiccas III, VII, 16. 2. 4; (359) defeated by Philip II, 4. 3–7.
  • baris, Egyptian boat of the dead, I, 1. 92. 2, 4, 96. 8.
  • barley: Isis discovers, and Osiris devises cultivation of, I, 1. 14. 1–2, 17. 1–2, 20. 4; wheat and, grow wild in Sicily; their culture devised by Demeter, III, 5. 2. 4, 69. 3; a drink made from, I, 1. 20. 4, 34. 10, II, 3. 73. 6, 4. 2. 5, III, 5. 26. 2. See corn.
  • Barsabas of Thrace: (c. 149) aids Andriscus, XI, 32. 15. 7.
  • Barsinê d. of Artabazus: mother of Heracles by Alexander the Great, X, 20. 20. 1, 28. 1.
  • Barxaës: (329) companion of Bessus, VIII, 17. 74. 1.
  • Barzanes, king of Armenia: yields to Ninus of Assyria; becomes ally, I, 2. 1. 8–9; defeats and crucifies Pharnus of Media, 1. 10.
  • Basileia d. of Uranus: gains name of Great Mother for rearing the Titans, her brothers, II, 3. 57. 2–3; orders worship of her slain children, Helius and Selenê, 57. 3–6; is herself honoured as divine, 57. 7–8.
  • Basileia, isl.: source of amber, III, 5. 23. 1, 4.
  • Basista, the hunt in, VIII, 17, p. 111.
  • Bateia, d. of Teucer, III, 4. 75. 1.
  • baths, warm: at Lipara in Sicily, III, 5. 10. 1.
  • Bathys, in Boeotia: (313) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus gathers force at, X, 19. 77. 4.
  • Battaces of Pessinus: (102) priest of the Great Mother in Rome, XII, 36. 13. 1–3.
  • battles, land, described in some detail: (480) Persians defeat Greeks at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 6. 3–10. 4; (479) Greeks defeat Persians at Plataea, 30. 1–33. 1; (424) Boeotians defeat Athenians at Delium, V, 12. 69. 1–70. 6; (410) Athenians defeat Lacedaemonians near Cyzicus on land and sea, 13. 49. 2–51. 8; (401) Artaxerxes II defeats Cyrus at Cunaxa, VI, 14. 22. 4–24. 6; (371) Thebans defeat Lacedaemonians at Leuctra, VII, 15. 55. 1–56. 4; (363) drawn battle at Mantineia, 84. 3–87. 6; (334) victories of Alexander at the Granicus riv., VIII, 17. 18. 4–21. 6, (333) at Issus, 33. 1–34. 9, (331) at Arbela (Gaugamela), 57. 1–61. 3; (319) Antigonus defeats Alcetas in Pisidia, IX, 18. 44. 3–45. 2; (317) battles between Eumenes and Antigonus, 19. 27. 1–31. 5, 39. 6–44. 1; (312) Ptolemy and Seleucus defeat Demetrius at Gaza, X, 19. 82. 1–84. 8; (310) Agathocles defeats Carthaginians, 20. 10. 5–13. 2.
  • battles, naval, described in some detail: (480) Greeks defeat Persians at Salamis, IV, 11. 16. 1–19. 3; (413) Syracusans defeat Athenians in Great Harbour, V, 13. 13. 1–8, 14. 3–17. 5; (411) Athenians defeat Lacedaemonians in Hellespont, 39. 1–40. 4, (410) near Dardanus, 45. 7–46. 5, near Cyzicus, 49. 5–51. 8, (406) and at Arginusae, 97. 2–99. 6; (407) Callicratides forces harbour of Mitylene, 78. 4–79. 7; (396) Magon defeats Leptines,
377
  • VI, 14. 60. 1–6; (307) Demetrius defeats Ptolemy off Cyprus, X, 20. 49. 1–52. 6.
  • Battus: see Aristotle Battus.
  • beaks of ships, as tokens of victory, X, 20. 9. 2.
  • Bears (constellations): “Mothers” of Cretan cult translated into, III, 4. 80. 1–2; not visible in southern India, II, 2. 35. 2, or from Iambulus’ island, 58. 7; as guides in desert, 54. 2; cold climate beneath, III, 5. 21. 6, 25. 2; most savage of Gauls dwell beneath, 32. 3.
  • Bedyndia, in Bisaltia: (316) forces of Cassander defeated in, IX, 19. 50. 7.
  • beer: from barley in lands unsuited for vineyards, I, 1. 20. 4, 34. 10, II, 3. 73. 6, 4. 2. 5, III, 5.26. 2.
  • bees: Aristaeus teaches men to make hives, III, 4. 81. 2; Zeus rewards, for food, 5. 70. 5. See honey.
  • Begeda, in Spain: (153) enlargement of, by Celtiberians leads to war with Home, XI, 31. 39. 1.
  • Bel: (187) Antiochus III pillages temple of, in Elymaïs, XI, 29. 15. 1.
  • Belephantes: (325) agent of Chaldaeans, warns Alexander, VIII, 17. 112. 3–4.
  • Belerium, in Britain: tin produced in, III, 5. 21. 3, 22. 1–4.
  • Belesys, a Chaldaean: leads Babylonians into conspiracy against Sardanapallus, I, 2. 24. 1–25. 8; secures treasure m ashes of palace, 28. 1–6.
  • —, satrap of Syria: (c. 344) suppresses Phoenician revolt, VII, 16. 42. 1–2.
  • Bellerophon: falsely accused; sent against the Chimaera, III, 6. 9. 1. See Deidameia d. of.
  • Bel-Marduk: see Zeus Belus.
  • Belus: see Zeus Belus.
  • Belus s. of Poseidon: leads colonists from Egypt; establishes Babylon, I, 1. 28. 1; entertains Zeus, III, 6. 1. 10; tomb of, VIII, 17. 112. 3.
  • “Benefactors,” Arimaspians called, by Cyrus the Great, VIII, 17. 81. 1.
  • Bengal, Bay of: rivers south of Taurus drain into, IX, 18. 5. 2–3.
  • Berecynthus, in Crete: use of fire and of metals discovered at, III, 5. 64. 5.
  • Berenicê: marriage of, and her brother Ptolemy as example, IV, 10. 31. 1.
  • Berenicê, in Cyrenê: see Hesperis.
  • Bernon, M.„ in Macedon: (167) XI, 31. 8. 8.
  • Beroea, in Macedon: (167) XI, 31. 8. 8
  • Bessus: (before 330) Dareius III makes, satrap of Bactria, VIII, 17. 74. 1; (330) murders Dareius, 73. 2; escapes into Bactria; proclaims self king, 73. 3–4, 74. 1–2, 78. 1–4, (328) 83. 3, 7; delivered to Alexander by own generals; put to death, 83. 7–9.
  • Bias of Prienê (one of Seven Wise Men): anecdotes of, IV, 9. 13. 1–3; warns Croesus against Greek war, 25. 1–2; at court of Croesus, 26. 2, 27. 3.
  • — s. of Amythaon: shares rule of Argos with brother Melampous, III, 4. 68. 3–4, 6.
  • — s. of Melampous, III, 4. 68. 5. biography: difficulty and value of IV, 10. 12. 1–3.
  • Bion: (458) archon, IV, 11. 79. 1.
  • Bird-eaters: see Struthophagi.
  • birds: bright colours of, in south. II, 2. 52. 5, 53. 1–2; plague of seed-eating, in Media, 3. 30. 3.
  • Bisaltica, in Macedon: (424) Brasidas masters towns of, V, 12. 68. 5; (167) in first Macedonian canton, XI, 31. 8. 8. See Bedyndia in.
  • Bitch-milkers: see Cynamolgi.
  • Bithynia: Ninus of Assyria subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; (before 480) Xerxes builds ships in, IV, 11. 2. 1; (416) Thracians and others attack, V, 12. 82. 2; (401) Greek mercenaries (the
378
  • Ten Thousand) fight way through, VI, 14. 31. 4; (399) Lacedaemonians plunder Thracians of, 38. 3; (315) Ptolemy general of Antigonus crosses, IX, 19. 60. 3; (149) Nicomedes murders his father Prusias and becomes king of, XI, 32. 19. 1–21. 1; (104) people of, enslaved by Roman tax-gatherers, XII, 36. 3. 1; in Roman army in Sicily, 8. 1; (before 61) Pompey delivers, 40. 4. 1. See Prusias, Zibytes kings of, Libyssa in.
  • Biton of Syracuse: (397) commander at Motyê, VI, 14. 53. 5.
  • Bitter lake, in Libya: (331) Alexander at, VIII, 17. 49, 6.
  • bitumen: see asphalt.
  • Black sea: see Pontic sea.
  • Blanno of Carthage: (149) opposes Roman sack of Carthage, XI, 32. 6. 3.
  • Blauda, in Lydia: (405) fugitives from Miletus settled in, V, 13. 104. 6.
  • Blessed, Islands of the: Lesbos and near-by islands called, III, 5. 82. 1–3.
  • blister-beetle: (280) ointment from, causes blindness, XI, 22. 1. 2–3.
  • Bocchoris (Bokenranef), king of Egypt, c. 726–712: s. of King Tnephachthus, I, 1. 45. 2; weak and avaricious, but wise, 65. 1; lawgiver, 79. 1–3, 94. 5–95. 1.
  • Bocchus, of Mauretania: (106) defeated by Marius, XII, 36. 1. 1; (105) betrays Jugurtha to Marius, 34/5. 39. 1, 36. 1. 1.
  • Bodostor, a Carthaginian: (after 247) the Atilii torture, XI, 24. 12. 1, 3.
  • Bodyguard of Alexander: (323) members of, accept Philip Arrhidaeus as king, IX, 18. 2. 2–4; satrapies given to chief members of, 2. 4. See Peucestes, Pithon of the.
  • Boeotarchs: (347) send force against Plataea, VII, 15. 46. 4; exercise military control before battle at Leuctra, 53. 3.
  • Boeotia: Cephisus river in, I, 1. 39. 13; ancient friendship of Debae (Arabs) and, II, 3. 45. 5; named from Boeotus, III, 4. 67. 2, 6, IX, 19. 53. 6; Cadmus comes to, II, 4. 2. 1; Dionysus born in; he frees cities of, 2. 6; bi-annual feast of Dionysus in, 3. 1–2; Heracles floods all, 18. 7; leaders of, in Trojan War, III, 4. 67. 7; expelled by Pelasgians; return according to the prophecy of the ravens, IX, 19. 53. 7–8; Ismenus settles in, III, 4. 72. 2; Aristaeus comes to, 81. 3; (c. 506) Athenians defeat, IV, 10. 24. 3; (480) most of, submit to Xerxes, 11. 3. 1–2; Xerxes crosses, 14. 2, 5; (479) Mardonius stationed in, 28. 3, 30. 1; Greek forces enter, 29. 4; Xerxes settles some, in Sitacenê, VIII, 17. 110. 4–5; (458) Thebes disdained by rest of, for medizing, IV, 11. 81. 2; battle of Athenians and Lacedaemonians at Tanagra in, 80. 1–6; (457) Thebans recover rule of, by alliance with Lacedaemonians, 81. 1–3; Athenians twice defeat, and become masters of all, except Thebes, 81. 4–83. 2; (455) Tolmides of Athens in, 85. 1; (447) defeat Athenians at Coroneia; recover freedom, 12. 6. 2, 7. 1; (431) allied to Lacedaemonians, V, 12. 42. 4; enter Plataea; are expelled, 41. 2–6; (429) Lacedaemonians enter, 47. 1; (424) defeat Athenians at Delium, 69. 1–70. 6, 13. 72. 8; (420) Eeracleia in Trachis seeks aid of, 12. 77. 4; (414) aid Syracuse, 13. 8. 3; (410) construct causeway to Euboea, 47. 3–6; (408) in forces of Agis, 72. 4, 8, (406) and of Callicratidas, 98. 4, 99. 6; (402) Oropus added to, VI, 14. 17. 3; Lacedaemonians offend, 17. 7;
379
  • (401) in army of Cyrus the Younger, 19. 8; (396) defeat Phocians, 81. 1–3; (c. 395) join alliance against Lacedaemonians (Council of Corinth), 82. 1–4; occupy Heracleia in Trachis restoring its people, 38. 5, 82. 6–7; with allies, defeat Phocians and fight drawn battle with Lacedaemonians, 82. 7–83. 2; Agesilaüs claims victory over, at Coroneia, 84. 1–2; (394–388) aid democratic faction in Corinth, 86. 2–6.
  • (382) Lacedaemonians fear Thebes as leader of all, VII, 15. 20. 1; (378) causes of war between Lacedaemonians and, 25. 1–4; Athens sends force into, against Lacedaemonians, 26. 1–3; (377) gather forces, 28. 1: Lacedaemonians enter, and plunder, 28. 5, 32. 1–33. 1; (375) Thebes not permitted to sign for all, 38. 2–4; (374) Plataeans expelled from, 46. 4–6; (372) Lacedaemonian supremacy threatened by, 50. 4–5; (371) Thebes refuses to free cities of, 51. 3–4; Epameinondas enlists volunteers from all, 52. 2; defeat Lacedaemonians at Leuctra, 53. 1–56. 4, 16. 23. 2; origin of festival at Lebadeia, 15. 53. 4; (370) Thebans return from Orchomenus to, 57. 1; (369) refugees from, in Lacedaemonian army, 62. 1, 64. 2, 65. 6; allied with Arcadia; move into Peloponnese, 62. 3–5, 64. 1; with allies, devastate Laconia and withdraw to Arcadia, 64. 6–65. 6; make alliance with Macedon, 67. 3–4; army sent into Peloponnese defeated by Chabrias of Athens, 68. 1–70. 1; all, brought into single federation by Thebes, 70. 2, 71. 2; (368) forced to withdraw from Thessaly, 71. 4–7; (367) release Pelopidas in Thessaly; invade Peloponnese, 75. 2; (366) end of Sparto-Boeotian war, 76. 3; (364) defeat Alexander of Pherae, 80. 1–6; (363) raid on Sparta fails, 82. 3–83. 5; fail to take Mantineia, 84. 1–2; claim victory over Lacedaemonians and allies at Mantineia, 84. 3–87. 6.
  • (358) Intervene in Euboea, VII, 16. 7. 2–3; (355) renew war with Phocians on behalf of Delphi, 25. 1, 27. 5; (354) 28. 3–4, 29. 1, 30. 1; series of battles with the Phocians, 30. 3–4, 31. 1, 3–4, 32. 1, (353) 33. 4; send aid to Artabazus, 34. 1–2; battles with Phocians, 35. 3, (352) 37. 5–6, 38. 4–7, 39. 7–8, (351) 40. 2, (347) 56. 1–2, 58. 4; seek aid of Philip II, 58. 1–3, (346), 59. 1–2, who puts end to war, 59. 1–4; (c. 344) in Persian army in Egypt, 47. 2; with Philip and Thessalians, hold Pythian Games, 60. 2; (338) Demosthenes wins support of, against Philip, VIII, 16. 84. 5–85. 5; Philip defeats Athenians and, at Chaeroneia, 85. 5–86. 6; he makes peace with, 87. 3; (335) Alexander enters, 17. 4. 4–5; Delphi foretells disaster for, 10. 3; Alexander distributes Theban lands to, IX, 18. 11. 3–4; (325) Alexander finds, in Sittacenê, VIII, 17. 110. 4–5; (323) defeated by Leosthenes, IX, 18. 11. 3–5; (316) consent to rebuilding of Thebes by Cassander, 19. 54. 1; Cassander in, 53. 1–3, 54. 1–3, (315) 63. 3–4; (313) allied with Antigonus, X, 19. 75. 6; supply men to Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus, 77. 4; make truce with Cassander, 77. 6; Ptolemy gives Oropus to, and frees Thebes, 78. 3–5; (309) prevent entry of Polyperchon, 20. 28. 4; (304) forced by Demetrius to break friendship with Cassander, 100. 5–6; (291) Demetrius deals gently with, XI, 21. 14. 2–3; (85) Sulla defeats
380
  • Mithridates in, XII, 38/9 6. 1. See Dionysodorus, Anaxis of; Aulis, Oropus, Thebes, Tilphossaeum in.
  • Boeotians, a tribe in Thurii, IV, 12. 11. 3.
  • Boeotus: son of Arnê and Poseidon, III, 4. 67. 2–3, or of Melanippê and Poseidon, IX, 19. 53. 6; tyrant of Metapontium, slays adoptive mother, comes to Greece, III, 4. 67. 3–5; gives name to Boeotians, 67. 2, 6, IX, 19. 53. 6. See Itonus son of.
  • —, friend of Antigonus: (312) killed when Ptolemy defeats Demetrius at Gaza, X, 19. 85. 1.
  • Boeum: city of Doris, IV, 11. 79. 4; Cadmeans return to, III, 4. 67. 1.
  • Bokenranef: see Bocchoris of Egypt.
  • Bola (Bolae, Boilum), in Latium: founded by Latinus Silvius, III, 7. 5. 9; (411=V414) Romans capture, V, 13. 42. 6; (387=V390) Aequi besiege, VI, 14. 117. 4; (305) Samnites defeated at, X, 20. 90. 4.
  • Bolbitine mouth of Nile, I, 1. 33. 7.
  • Bolcon: (451) Syracusan general, executed for treason, IV, 11. 91. 2.
  • Bolgii, a tribe of the Trogodytes: migrate from the interior; theory of, on Nile source, I, 1. 37. 8.
  • Bomilcar: see Bormilcar.
  • booms, floating: (428) at Peiraeus, V, 12. 49. 5; (305) at Rhodes, X, 20. 85. 2.
  • Borcanii: Ninus overcomes the, I, 2. 2. 3.
  • Boreadae, ss. of Boreas: kings of the Hyperboreans, II, 2. 47. 6; sail with Heracles, 4. 44. 2.
  • Borean wind: one of etesian winds, I, 1. 39. 6.
  • Boreas: Hyperboreans live beyond, II, 2. 47. 1; descendants of, are kings of Hyperboreans, 47. 6; father of Cleopatra wife of Phineus, 4. 43. 3, and of Butes and Lycurgus, III, 5. 50. 2; blinds Phineus, II, 4. 44. 4.
  • Bormilcar: (310) Carthaginian general against Agathocles; aims at tyranny, X, 20. 10. 1–2, 4; in battle against Agathocles, 10. 5–6, treacherously retires, 12. 5–8; (308) makes bid for tyranny; put to death, 43. 1–44. 6.
  • Bosporus, Cimmerian (Strait of Kertch): Amazons cross, II, 4. 28. 2.
  • Bosporus, Cimmerian (the state): (438) rule of Archaeanactidae in, ends; Spartacus succeeds to throne of, IV, 12. 31. 1; (433) Seleucus succeeds Spartacus as king of, 36. 1; (393) Leucon succeeds Satyrus, VI, 14. 93. 1; (354) Spartacus succeeds Leucon, VII, 16. 31. 6; (c. 310) disputed succession in, X, 20. 22. 1–26. 3; Panticapaeum capital of, 24. 2; (304) Spartacus succeeds Eumelus, 100. 7.
  • Bottiaïs, in Macedon, III, 7. 16.1.
  • Botticê, in Chalcidicê: (429) Athenians plunder, V, 12. 47. 3.
  • Boubo, in Pisidia, (c. 145) XII, 33. 5a. 1.
  • Boudorium on Salamis: (428) attacked by Lacedaemonians, V, 12. 49. 3.
  • boulêin Athens: (415) Alcibiades charged before, V, 13. 2. 4; discusses Sicily, 2. 6.
  • bow and arrow: discovered by Curetes, III, 5. 65. 3, or by Apollo, 74. 5; called Cretan, 74. 5.
  • Brahmins: (326) Alexander destroys cities of, VIII, 17. 102. 7–103. 8.
  • Branchidae: Persians settle the, on the frontier, VIII, 17, p. 111; (312) god of, hails Seleucus as king, X, 19. 90. 4.
  • Brasidas, the Spartan: (430) saves Methonê, V, 12. 43. 2–3; (425) leads attack on Pylos, 62.1–5; (424) expels Athenians from Nisaea; moves to Macedon, 67. 1; helots serve under, 67. 3, 5, 76. 1; campaign of, in
381
  • Thrace and Chalcidicê, 68. 1–6, (423) 72. 1, 7; (422) slain in victory over Cleon at Amphipolis, 73. 2–74. 3; words of mother of, 74. 3–4.
  • Brennus, king of Gauls: (279) invades Macedon; kills self, XI, 22. 9. 1–4.
  • Bretti, Brettia: see Bruttii.
  • bribery: (409) first, of jury in Athens, V, 13. 64. 6.
  • bridge, pontoon: built by Semiramis over Indus, I, 2. 18. 6, 19. 8–10, (480) by Xerxes over the Hellespont, IV, 11. 2. 4, 3. 6, 19. 5–6, 59. 2, (317) by Antigonus over the Tigris, IX, 19. 17. 2.
  • —, stone: built by Scmiramis over Euphrates, I, 2. 8. 2–3.
  • bridges (gangways) in sieges: (397) VI, 14. 51. 7, 52. 4.
  • British Islands: possibly the island of Hyperboreans, II, 2. 47. 12; account of, III, 5. 21. 1–23. 4; tin produced in, 22. 1–23. 1, and exported, 38. 5; cannibalism among, 32. 3; (55–54) Caesar invades, I, 1. 4. 7, II, 3. 38. 2–3, III, 5. 21. 2, 22. 1.
  • Britomartis: see Dictynna.
  • Bromius, name of Dionysus, II, 4. 5. 1.
  • Brutii (Bretti, Brettia): (445) destroy Sybarites, IV, 12. 22. 1; (356) fugitive slaves in Lucania are called, VII, 16. 15. 1–2; (339) kill followers of Thrasius, VIII, 16. 82. 2; (before 317) attack Croton, XI, 19. 3. 3; (317) Croton makes peace with, 10. 3–4; (312) Agathocles captures Punic ships near, X, 19. 103. 5; (307) he sells children to, 20. 71. 5; (298) he alienates, XI, 21. 3. 1, 8. 1; (216) Hannibal takes cities of, 26. 13. 1; (88) in Social war, XII, 37. 2. 13.
  • Brutus: see Junius Brutus.
  • bubali(?), in Arabia, II, 2. 51. 2.
  • Bubastus, on Carian Cherronesus: Parthenos honoured as divine at, III, 5. 62. 4.
  • —, in Egypt: built by Isis, I, 1. 27. 4; (c. 344) Mentor secures, VII, 16. 49. 7–51. 1.
  • Bucephala, in India: (326) founded by Alexander, VIII, 17. 89. 6, 95. 5.
  • Bucephalus: horse given to Alexander by Demaratus; (329) stolen and recovered, VIII, 17. 76. 5–8; Bucephala named for, 95. 5.
  • bucolic poetry, invented by Daphnis, III, 4. 84. 3.
  • Bucolus: name of Daphnis, III, 4. 84. 3.
  • bulls, sacred, in Egypt, I, 1. 84, 4, 8, 85. 1–5, 88. 4–5. See Apis.
  • —, wild, in country of the Trogodytes, II, 3. 35. 7–9.
  • Buphonas, one of Sicani: slain by Heracles, II, 4. 23. 5.
  • Bura, in Achaïa: (373) tidal wave destroys, VII, 15. 48. 1–49. 4; (303) Demetrius takes, X, 20. 103. 4.
  • burial: of dead as claim to victory, VII, 15. 87. 3–4, VIII, 17. 68. 4, IX, 19. 31. 4, 32. 3; of ruler, as claim to succession, 18. 28. 3–5, 19. 52. 5.
  • Burichus: (307) officer of Demetrius, X, 20. 52. 4.
  • Busiris: Osiris makes, governor of part of Egypt, I, 1. 17. 3.
  • —, king of Egypt: sacrifices strangers to Zeus, I, 1. 67. 11, 88. 5, II, 4. 27. 2–3; slain by Heracles, 27. 3, 18. 1; founds line of kings, I, 1. 45. 4.
  • —, king of Egypt: establishes city called Thebes, I, 1. 45, 4–7.
  • Busiris (Bousiris), city in Egypt, I, 1. 85. 5.
  • Busiris: tomb of Osiris, I, 1. 88. 5.
  • Butas, king of Sicily: father of Eryx, II, 4. 23. 2, III, 4. 83. 1.
  • — of Argos: rules in Rhodes, III, 5. 59. 6.
  • Butes s. of Boreas: exiled; occupies Naxos; Dionysus drives, mad, III, 5. 50. 2–6. See Hippodameia, d. of.
  • Byblus, in Phoenicia: (315) Antigonus builds ships in, IX, 19. 58. 3–4.
382
  • Bytaeas: a Sicanian, slain by Heracles, II, 4. 23. 5.
  • Byzantium: named for Byzas, II, 4. 49. 1; (477) Pausanias frees, from Persians, IV, 11. 44. 3; (470) Cimon takes over fleet at, 60. 2; (416) attacks Bithynia, V, 12. 82. 2; (412) revolts to Lacedaemonians, 13. 34. 1–2; (409) Athenians admitted to, after siege, 64. 3, 66. 3–68. 1; (403) Clearchus, sent by Lacedaemonians as general, becomes tyrant of; then flees, VI, 14. 12. 2–6; (401) Greek mercenaries (the Ten Thousand) seek ships from, 30. 4; (377) goes over to Athenians, VII, 15. 28. 3; (364) Thebes seeks support of, 79. 1; (358) aids Chios against Athens, 16. 7. 3; (356) continues war with Athens, 21. 1–4; (341) aids Perinthus against Philip II, VIII, 16. 74. 4, 75. 2, 76. 3; Philip lays siege to, 76. 3–4, (340) 77. 2, then withdraws before Athenians, 77. 2–3; (319) aids Cyziceni against Arrhidaeus, IX, 18. 51. 6; (318) Cleitus defeats Nicanor near, 72. 4; aids Antigonus against Cleitus, 72. 6; (313) neutral between Antigonus and Lysimachus, X, 19. 77. 7; (c. 310) Eumelus of Bosporus shows kindness to, 20. 25. 1; (c. 149) punished by Rome for aid to Andriscus, XI, 32. 15. 6. See Heracleides of.
  • Byzas: Byzantium named for, II, 4. 49. 1.
C
  • Cabala: (383) Dionysius defeats Carthage at, VI, 15. 15. 3–4.
  • Cabeiri: in mysteries at Samothrace, III, 5. 49. 51.
  • Cacius, welcomes Heracles, II, 4. 21. 2.
  • Cacyrus, a Celtiberian: (153) defies Rome, XI, 31. 39. 1.
  • Cadmean victory: defined, XI, 22. 6. 1; (480) won by Xerxes at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 12. 1, (280) by Pyrrhus in Italy, XI, 22. 6. 2; (406) forecast for Athens at Arginusac, V, 13. 97. 6–7.
  • Cadmeans: flee from Thebes, settle in Doris, III, 4. 66. 5, 67. 1.
  • Cadmeia, in Thebes: built by Cadmus, IX, 19. 53. 4; bodies of followers of the Seven lie before, III, 4. 65. 9; (382) Lacedaemonians occupy, VII, 15. 20. 1–2, 25. 1, 16. 23. 2, 29. 2; Pelopidas recovers, 15. 25. 2–27. 2, 81. 1; (335) Thebans vote to expel Macedonians from, VIII, 17. 3. 4; Alexander camps before, 4. 4; Thebans attack Macedonians in, 8. 3–4, 7; Macedonians sally from, 12. 5; (313) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus drives Cassander’s garrison from, X, 19. 78. 5.
  • Cadmus: account of, and founding of Thebes as told by Egyptians, I, 1. 23. 2–7, XII, 40. 3. 1–2, by Libyans, II, 3. 74. 6, by Rhodians, III, 5. 57. 5–58. 3, and by Samothracians, 48. 5–49. 2. As told by Greeks: son of Agenor, seeking Europê, founds Thebes and marries Harmonia, II, 4. 2. 1; introduces Phoenician letters, 3. 67. 1, III, 5. 57. 5, 58. 3, 74. 1; builds Cadmeia; brings Spartoi to Thebes, IX, 19. 53. 4–5; father of Semelê, I, 1. 23. 7, II, 3. 64. 3, Autonoê, III, 4. 81. 3, Harmonia, 66. 3, and Polydorus, IX, 19. 53. 5; with followers, driven to Illyria, 53. 5.
  • —, of Miletus: historian; cited, I, 1. 37. 3.
  • Cadusii, in Media; Ninus masters, I, 2. 2. 3; defeat the Medes, 33. 1–6; (385) Artaxerxes II at war with, VI, 15. 8. 5, 10. 1; (336) Dareius kills a, in single combat, VIII, 17. 6. 1; (331) cavalry from, raid Alexander’s camp, 59. 5–8.
383
  • Caecilius Metellus, L.: (251) cos., defeats Celts in Punic army, XI, 23. 21. 1.
  • — — Q., (109) cos., pays scant heed to his legatus, C. Marius, XII, 34/5. 38. 1.
  • — — Macedonicus, Q.: (148) pr., defeats Andriscus, XI, 32. 15. 7; wins Telestes away from Andriscus, 9b. 1 (p. 431).
  • — — Numidicus, Q., cens., 102: (98) returns from exile, XII, 36. 16. 1.
  • — — Pius, Q., cos., 80: (98) gains name by winning father’s return, XII, 36. 16. 1: (88) procos., takes Venusia, 37. 2. 10; (87) recognizes Cinna as consul, 38/9. 2. 1.
  • Caeëtes (Aeëtes), in Formiae, II, 4. 56. 6.
  • Caeneus, father of Coronus, II, 4. 37. 3.
  • Caenina, in Latium, founded by Latinus Silvius, III, 7. 5. 9.
  • Caeno, in Crete: Dictynna born in, III, 5. 76. 3.
  • Caerium, in Etruria: (308) Romans take, X, 20. 44. 9.
  • Caeso Fabius, Aenas: see K. Fabius Ambustus, tr. mil. c. p., 387=V390.
  • — Sulpicius, Q.; see Q. Sulpicius Longus, tr. mil. c. p., 387=V390.
  • Caïcus riv., in Phrygia: limit of conquests of Libyan Amazons, II, 3. 55. 5.
  • Calabrians: (216) Cannae on frontiers of Lombards and, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 171).
  • Calactians: see Calê Acte.
  • Calaris (Alalia or Aleria): founded by Phocaeans on Corsica, III, 5. 13. 3–4.
  • Calatia, in Campania: (312) taken by Romans, X, 19. 101. 3, (306) by Samnites, 20. 80. 1.
  • Calê Actê, in Sicily: (446) Ducetius founds, IV, 12. 8. 2, 29. 1.
  • calendar: early Egyptian, based on lunar month, I, 1. 26. 1–5, 50. 2; Uranus introduces solar year and lunar month, II, 3. 56. 4; intercalary days used by Greeks, I, 1. 50. 2; (433) Meton reveals his cycle, IV, 12. 36. 2–3.
  • Cales riv., in Thrace: (423) Athenian ships lost in, V, 12. 72. 4.
  • Callantia, on Pontus: near Odessus, X, 20. 112. 2; (313) Lysimachus’ garrison driven from, 19. 73. 1–2; he lays siege to, 73. 4–7; aided by Antigonus, 73. 6, and by Eumelus, 20. 25. 1.
  • Callas s. of Harpalus, officer of Alexander and Cassander: (335) withdraws before Persians, VIII, 17. 7. 10; (334) commands Thessalian cavalry, 17. 4; (317) Cassander sends, against Polyperchon, IX, 19. 35. 3, 36. 6.
  • Calleas: (377) archon, VII, 15. 28. 1.
  • Calliades: (480) archon, IV, 11. 1. 2.
  • —, of Athens: (406) general at Arginusae; condemned, V, 13. 101. 5–102. 5.
  • Callias of Athens, s, of Cimon: pays father’s fine, IV, 10. 31. 1.
  • — — father of Myronides, IV, 11. 81. 4.
  • — —: (456) archon, IV, 11. 84. 1.
  • — —, s. of Hipponicus: (449) envoy to Artaxerxes I, IV, 12. 4. 5; (446) negotiates peace with Lacedaemonians, 7. 1; (432) general, killed in victory over Potideia, 37, 1. See Hipponicus s. of.
  • — —: (412) archon, V, 13. 34. 1.
  • — —: (406) archon, V, 13. 80. 1.
  • — of Phocis: (347) one of commission to supersede Phalaecus, VII, 16. 56. 3.
  • — of Syracuse; historian, cited, XI, 21. 16. 5, 17. 4.
  • Callibius of Lacedaemon: (404) commands garrison in Athens, VI, 14. 4. 4.
  • Callicarpus s. of Aristaeus, III, 4. 82. 4.
  • Callicrates: (310) agent of Ptolemy, X, 20. 21. 1.
  • Callicratidas of Lacedaemon:
384
  • (407) commands fleet off Asia Minor, V, 13. 76. 2–3; successful operations of, 76. 3–6, 78. 4–79. 7; (406) defeated and killed at Arginusae, 97. 3–99. 6.
  • Callimachus of Cyrenê, the poet: quoted, IV, 10. 6. 4.
  • —: (446) archon, IV, 12. 7. 1.
  • —: (349) archon, VII, 16. 52. 1.
  • Cailimedes: (360) archon, VII, 16. 2. 1.
  • Callimenes s. of Alcadas, of Syracuse: (343) holds new priesthood, VIII, 16. 70. 6.
  • Calliope, a Muse, II, 4. 7. 2, 4.
  • Calliphon, a Sicel: (c. 278) tutor in tyranny, XI, 22. 5. 2.
  • Callippa: concubine of Perseus; (c. 149) aids Andriscus, XI, 32. 15. 5.
  • Callippus of Athens: (354) slays Dion; secures rule of Syracuse, VII, 16. 31. 7; (353) driven from city, 36. 5; (351) takes llhegium, 45. 9.
  • Callisthenes of Olynthus, the historian: avoided myth, II, 4. 1. 3; (387) history by, begins with Peace of Antalcidas, VI, 14. 117. 8, (357) ends with sack of Delphi, VII, 16. 14. 4; (c. 328) death of, VIII, 17, p. 111.
  • Callistratus of Athens: (377) general, VII, 15. 29. 7; (375) opposes Theban signing of pact for all Boeotia, 38. 3.
  • —: (355) archon, VII, 16. 23. 1.
  • Callixenus of Athens: (406) accuser of generals after Arginusae; condemned, V, 13. 103. 2.
  • Callo of Epidaurus: changes sex, XI, 32. 11. 1–4 (pp. 453–455).
  • Calpetus s. of Capys: king of Alba, III, 7. 5. 10.
  • Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, L.: (148) cos., breaks promised terms, XI, 32. 18. 1.
  • caltrops: (318) used against elephants, IX, 18. 71. 2–6; (312) X, 19. 83. 2, 84. 1–4.
  • Calydna, off Carian coast: account of, III, 5. 54. 1–3.
  • Calydon, in Aetolia: Heracles in, II, 4. 34. 1; the boar hunt in, 34. 1–7; Heracles aids, by diverting river, 35. 3, and defeating Thesprotians, 36. 1–3; Tydeus in, III, 4. 65. 2; (367) freed by Epameinondas, VII, 15. 75. 2.
  • Camarina, in Sicily: (461) land of, portioned out, IV, 11. 76. 5; (415) delays alliance with Syracuse, V, 13. 4. 2; (413) aids Syracuse, 12. 4; (406) aids Acragas, 86. 5, 87. 5; (405) plundered by Carthage, 108. 3; people of, evacuate city and go to Syracuse, 111. 3–6, then to Leontini, 113. 4; left tributary to Carthage, 114. 1, VI, 14. 66. 4, 68. 2; (397) levy from, joins Dionysius against Motyê, 47. 6; (357) some, support Dion against Younger Dionysius, VII, 16. 9. 5; (339) enlarged by Timoleon, VIII, 16. 82. 7; (311) desert Agathocles, X, 19. 110. 3; (309) Acragantines aid, against Agathocles, 20. 32. 1–2; (before 264) Mamertines plunder, XI, 23. 1. 4; (260) occupied by Hamilcar, (258) then by Rome, 9. 4–5; (255) Roman fleet wrecked near, 18. 1–2; (249) 24. 1. 9. See Parmenides of. Cambyses: father of Cyrus the Great, IV, 9. 22. 1, XI, 31. 19. 1.
  • —, king of Persia, 529–522: half-mad, IV, 10. 14. 1; subdues Egypt, I, 1. 44. 3, 68. 6, IV, 10. 15. 1; ravages tombs and shrines, I, 1. 49. 5, 95. 4, IV, 10. 14. 2–3; Libyans and Cyrenaeans submit to, 15. 1; fails in attack on Ethiopia, II, 3. 3. 1; introduces persea (a tree) into Egypt, I, 1. 34. 7; founds Meroe, 33. 1; carries off works of art, 46. 4–5.
  • Cameirus, king of Rhodes: after flood founds city, Cameirus, III, 5. 57. 8.
  • Cameirus, on Rhodes: founded by Tlepolemus, II, 4. 58. 8, or Cameirus, III, 5. 57. 8;
385
  • statue, “Hera Telchinia,” in, 55. 2; Althaemenes makes home in, 59. 2–3; (408) forms part of city, Rhodes, V, 13. 75. 1.
  • camelopards, in Arabia, II, 2. 51. 1.
  • camels; produced in Arabia, II, 2. 54. 6–7; Antigonus obtains, from Arabs, X, 20. 73. 3.
  • Camels, Fort of: (321) Ptolemy holds, against Perdiccas, IX, 18. 33. 6–34. 5.
  • Cameria, in Latium: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
  • Camicus, in Sicily: (258) Romans take, XI, 23. 9. 5.
  • Camicus riv., in Sicily: Daedalus builds city on, III, 4. 78. 2.
  • Campanian mercenaries: (before 410) hired by Chalcis in Sicily, V, 13. 44. 2, (410) then by Carthage to aid Aegesta, 44. 1–4; (409) in army of Hannibal at Selimis, 55. 7–8, at Himera, 62. 5, (406) left behind in Sicily and hired by Sicilians, 80. 4, 85. 4; Carthage hires, for Sicilian campaign and brings to Libya, 80. 4; in Punic army in Sicily, 87. 1, 88. 2–5; (405) 110. 5–6; (404) Dionysius gains aid of, VI, 14. 8. 5–9. 3; dismissed by Dionysius, seize Entella, 9. 8–9; receive Catanê from Dionysius, 15. 3, 68. 3; (396) he moves them to Aetnê, 58. 2, VIII, 16. 67. 3–4; of Aetnê aid Dionysius, VI, 14. 61. 4–6; of Entella, aid Carthage, 61. 5; (345) of Entella, seek aid against Carthage, VIII, 16. 67. 3; of Aetnê, fear to move against Carthage, 67. 4; (339) of Aetnê, wiped out by Timoleon, 82. 4.
  • Campanians: (438) nation of, formed, IV, 12. 31. 1; (421=V428) take Cymê (Cumae), V, 12. 76. 4; (410–339) mercenaries hired among, see above; (337=V340) Romans defeat, VIII, 16. 90. 2; (313=V314) Samnites plunder those, who aid Rome, X, 19. 76. 1; rise against Rome but make terms, 76. 3–5; (280) guarding Rhegium, mutiny, XI, 22. 1. 2–3; (216) luxury of, corrupts Hannibal’s army, 26. 11. 1; (212) reject Roman offer of immunity, 17. 1.
  • Campê, a monster: slain by Libyan Dionysus, II, 3. 72. 3.
  • Camps, The, in Egypt: (663–609) given by Psammetichus to mercenaries, I, 1. 67. 1.
  • Campus Martius, in Rome: (387=V390) army mustered in, VI, 14. 117. 1; (88) C. Marius exercises in, XII, 37. 29. 1.
  • Campylus riv., in Aetolia: (314) Cassander camps by, X, 19. 67. 3.
  • Canachê d. of Aeolus: mother of Triopas by Poseidon, III, 5. 61. 3.
  • canals: early, in Egypt, I, 1. 52. 2, 57. 2–3, 63. 1; with lock, between Nile and Red Sea, completed by Ptolemy II, 33. 8–12; (318) in Babylonia, breached by Seleucus, threatens to flood camp of Eumenes, IX, 18. 73. 3.
  • Candalus: s. of Helius, III, 5. 56. 5; flees to Cos after slaying of Tenages, 57. 2.
  • Canes, king of Phocians: Evadnê d. of Pelias marries, II, 4. 53. 2.
  • Canis, cape near Arginusae, V, 13. 97. 3.
  • Cannae, in Apulia: (216) Hannibal defeats Romans at, XI, 25. 19. 1 (pp. 169–173).
  • cannibalism: banned by Osiris, I, 1. 14. 1; practised on borders of Scythia and in Iris (Ireland), III, 5. 32. 3, (316) by non-Greeks during sieges of Pydna, IX, 19. 49. 4, (132) and Tauromenium, XII, 34/5. 2. 20.
  • Canopic mouth of Nile, I, 1. 33. 7.
  • Cantium (Kent), in Britain, III, 5. 21. 3.
  • Canusium, in Apulia: (317) Rome recovers, IX, 19. 10. 2.
  • Capaneus: joins Adrastus against Thebes, III, 4. 65. 4, 7–8.
386
  • Capheira, d. of Oceanus: nurtured Poseidon, III, 5. 55. 1.
  • Capitoline, in Rome: (387=V390) Romans hold, against Celts, VI, 14. 115. 3–116. 7; (121) on, cos. L. Opimius debates course, XII, 34/5. 28a. 1.
  • Cappadocia: location and climate of, IX, 18. 5. 4; Ninus subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; (547) Cyrus the Great at passes of, IV, 9.31. 3; (c. 522) Anaphas satrap of, XI, 31. 19. 1; (401) Cyrus the Younger crosses regions near, VI, 14. 20. 1; (362) battle in, during “Satraps’ Revolt,” VII, 15. 91. 2–6; (334) commander of, slain at Granicus, VIII, 17. 21. 3; lands bordering, not invaded by Alexander, IX, 18. 3. 1; (323) Perdiccas assigns, to Eumenes, 3. 1, 53. 2; (322) Perdiccas defeats Ariarathes of, and delivers, to Eumenes, 16. 1–3, 22. 1, XI, 31. 19. 4; (321) Eumenes defeats Craterus near, 37. 1; Antipater assigns, to Nicanor, 39. 6; (320) Antigonus defeats Eumenes in, 40. 1, 6–8, 50. 1, 4; (319) Antigonus leaves, 44. 1; Eumenes gathers forces in, 53. 6–7; the “kings” offer to restore, to Eumenes, 57. 3; (318) he leaves, before arrival of Antigonus’ army, 59. 1–3; (317) Eumenes spreads report that Polyperchon is in, 19. 23. 2; (315) Cassander and Antigonus both claim, 57. 1, 4; Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus recovers, 60. 2; (302) Antigonus moves toward, X, 20. 108. 3; Mithridates III of Cius becomes king of, 111. 4; Seleucus winters in, 113. 4; (c. 163) genealogy of the kings of, from time of Cyrus the Great, XI, 31. 19. 1–9; (163–130) Ariarathes V attracts men of culture to, 19. 8; (c. 162) Ptolemaeus of Commagenê invades dependency of, 19a. 1 (p. 373); (c. 158) Orophernes dethrones Ariarathes V, 32. J; (88) ships of, in service of Mithridates of Pontus, XII, 37. 28. 1.
  • Caprianus, Mt., in Sicily: (104) rebellious slaves occupy, XII, 36. 4. 2.
  • Caprima, in Caria: (314) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus defeats Eupolemus near, X, 19. 68. 5–7.
  • Capua, in Campania: (313) Romans face Campanians at, X, 19. 76. 4; (309) Appian Way paved to, 20. 36. 3; (216) joins Hannibal, XI, 26. 10. 1; (212) lack of food in, 12. 4; invested by Romans, 17. 1; (104) slave rising in, suppressed, XII, 36. 2. 1, 5, 2a. 1.
  • Capys, father of Anchises, III, 4. 75. 5.
  • —, king of Alba Longa, III, 7. 5. 10.
  • Carae, Villages of, in Babylonia: (325) Alexander at, VIII, 17. 110. 3; (317) Eumenes winters at, IX, 19.12. 1.
  • — (Carrhae?), in Mesopotamia: (312) Seleucus recruits Macedonians settled at, X, 19. 91. 1.
  • Caranus: first king of Macedon, III, 7. 15. 1–3; descended from Heracles, 17. 1.
  • — of India: (326) a philosopher, takes own life, VIII, 17. 107. 1–6.
  • Carbae: see Arabian tribes, Carbae.
  • Carcinus of Acragas, tragic poet; quoted, III, 5. 5. 1.
  • — of Athens: (431) raids Peloponnesian coast, V, 12. 42. 7.
  • — of Rhegium, father of Agathocles: (before 317) exposes, then accepts, his son, IX, 19. 2. 2–7; becomes Syracusan citizen, 2. 8.
  • Cardia, on Thracian Chersonese: (410) Athenian licet at, V, 13. 49. 3; (353) not given to Athens by Cersobleptes, VII, 16. 34. 4. See Eumenes, Hieronyinus of.
  • Carduchi, in Armenia: (401) attack Greek mercenaries (the
387
  • Ten Thousand), VI, 14. 27. 3–7.
  • Caria, Carians: non-Greeks, III, 5. 84. 4; location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; receive Augê, mother of Telephus, II, 4. 33. 10; subdued by Ninus, I, 2. 2. 3; occupy Strongylê, calling it Naxos, III, 5. 51. 3; settle Calydna and Nisyros, 54. 1; Triopas s. of Helius occupies much of, 57. 6, 61. 3; driven from Carian Cherronesus by Curetes, 60. 2–3; Cyrnus lands in, 60. 5; Rhadamanthys comes to islands off, 84. 3; after Trojan War, occupy Cyclades, 84. 4, 51. 3; 10th in list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1; seize Symê, 5. 53. 2; driven from Cyclades by Greeks, 84. 4; (663–609) mercenaries from, in Egypt, I, 1. 66. 12; (c. 500) exhausted by struggle with Persians, IV, 10. 25. 2; (c. 480) build ships for Xerxes, 11. 2. 1, 3. 7–8; (470) Cimon persuades some cities of, to revolt from Persia, 60. 3–4; (431) allied with Athens, V, 12. 42. 5; (405) Lysander takes Iasus in, 13. 104. 7; (396) Lacedaemonian fleet off, VI, 14. 79. 4; (391) Hecatomnus ruler of, supports Artaxerxes against Evagoras of Cyprus, 98. 3–4; (386) he supports Evagoras against Artaxerxes, 15. 2. 3; (362) Mausolus ruler of, supports Tychôs of Egypt against Persia, VII, 15. 90. 3; (358) he aids Chios against Athens, 16. 7. 3; (353) Artemisia succeeds Mausolus as tyrant of, 36. 2; (351) Idrieus succeeds Artemisia, 42. 6–9, 45. 7; (344) Ada succeeds Idrieus, VIII, 16. 69. 2; (341) Pizodarus ousts Ada and rules, 74. 1: Persian forces concentrated in, 17. 23. 4; (334) Alexander restores Ada, 24. 1–3; (323) assigned to Asander by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 1, (321) by Antipater, 39. 6; (315) crews from, in ships of Antigonus, 19. 64. 5; Asander satrap of, joins Ptolemy, 62. 2, 5; (314) Antigonus attacks cities of, X, 19. 68. 2; Cassander sends forces into, 68. 2, 5–7; (313) cities of, subject to Antigonus, 75. 1–6; (307) Demetrius moves toward, 20. 46. 6; (188) added to Rhodes, XI, 29. 11. 1.
  • Carmania: location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; Ninus conquers, I, 2. 2. 3; Ichthyophagi on coast of, II, 3. 15. 1; (326) Alexander orders supplies brought to, VIII, 17. 105. 7–8; (323) assigned to Tlepolemus by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) by Antipater, 39. 6, 19. 14. 6, (316) by Antigonus, 48. 1; (317) men of, in army of Eumenes, 28. 3.
  • Carmê d. of Eubulus: mother of Dictynna by Zeus, III, 5. 76. 3.
  • Carpasia, in Cyprus: (307) Demetrius takes, X, 20. 47. 2.
  • Carpathos, is].: early peoples of, III, 5. 54. 4; (304) ships of Demetrius attacked at, X, 20. 93. 2.
  • Carthage, Western Phoenicians: founded from Tyre, VIII, 17. 40. 3, X, 20. 14. 1–2; destroy Heracleia in Sicily, II, 4. 23. 3; fail to subdue Sardinia, 29. 6, 30. 6, III, 5. 15. 3–5; honour Aphroditê, 4. 83. 4; army of, once lived on acorns, 84. 2; wage many wars with Syracuse, 5. 11. 1; maroon mutinous mercenaries, 11. 1–4; establish Eresus on Pityussa, 16. 2–3; employ mercenaries rather than citizens, 17. 4, 38. 2–3; preserve island in west as refuge, 20. 4; develop silver mines of Iberia, 38. 2; honour Cronus, 66. 5–6.
  • (Before 480) prepare attack on Greeks in concert with Xerxes, IV, 11. 1. 4–2. 1; (480) under Hamilcar, invade Sicily; Gelon of Syracuse destroys army of, 20. 1–23. 3, 67. 2, V, 13. 94. 5, VI, 14. 67. 1,
388
  • XII, 37. 1. 3; Hamilcar slain, IV, 11. 22. 1, V, 13. 62. 4; aided only by Selinuntians, 55. 1; fear attack by Syracuse, obtain peace on promise of indemnity, IV, 11. 24. 1–26. 3, 12. 26. 3; (478) leave Sicily in peace, 11. 38. 1; cannot deprive Gelon of glory, 38. 5; (416) refuse to aid Egesta against Selinus, V, 12. 82. 7; more powerful than Athens, 83. 6; (410) aid Egesta against Selinus; war with Syracuse begins, 13. 43. 3–44. 6; (409) under Hannibal, cross to Sicily and reduce Selinus, 54. 1–59. 3; joined by Siceli and Sicani, 59. 6, VI, 14. 7. 5; take and destroy Himera, V, 13. 59. 4–62. 4, 80. 1, IV, 11. 49. 4; Campanian mercenaries complain of treatment by, V, 13. 62. 5, 80. 4; Hannibal returns to, 62. 6; Hermocrates of Syracuse attacks holdings of, in Sicily, 63. 1–6; (407) prepare army and send colony to Therma in Sicily, 79. 8; (406) Hannibal and Himilcon raise army, 80. 1–5; Syracuse defeats advance fleet of, 80. 5–7; Acragas expects attack by, 81. 1–3; trade of Acragas and, 81. 4–5; under Hannibal and Himilcar cross to Sicily and lay siege to Acragas, 85. 1–5; plague strikes, after tombs are destroyed, 86. 1–3; defeated by Syracusans; flee to camp, 87. 1–5; suffer want until Syracusan supply ships are captured, 88. 1–6; occupy and pillage Acragas, which has been abandoned, 90. 1–3; send home booty, 90. 3–5, 96. 5; Dionysius accuses generals of betraying Syracuse to, 91. 3, 94. 1; he is made general against, 92. 1–2; Geloans beg him for aid against, 93. 5; fear of, aids Dionysius in becoming tyrant, 96. 2; winter in Acragas; prepare for siege of Gela, 96. 5; (405) raze Acragas; camp near Gela; send colossal Apollo to Tyre, 108. 2–5; withstand attack by Gela, 108. 5–9, and by Syracuse, 109. 3–110, 7; occupy Gela and Camarina, 111. 1–6, 112. 6; Dionysius uses danger from, to gain power, 112. 1–2, VI, 14. 68. 1–7; terms of peace with Dionysius, V, 13. 114. 1–3, VI, 14. 7. 1, 14. 1; suffer from pestilence, V, 13. 114. 2; end of first war with Dionysius, 114. 3, 1. 3; Campanian mercenaries left to guard district in Sicily, VI, 14. 8. 5; found Halaesa Archonidion, 16. 4.
  • (401) Dionysius postpones war planned on, VI, 14. 18. 1; (399) he expects support from Greek subjects of, 41. 1; plague in, gives opportunity to attack, 41. 1–2; one of most powerful nations of Europe, 41. 2; Dionysius hires artisans from territory of, 41. 3; (398) he fears that Rhegium and Messenê will support, 44, 3; plague in, continues, 45. 2–4; Dionysius persuades Syracusans to make war on, 45. 2–5; property of citizens of, in Syracuse is plundered, 46. 1; Greek subjects of, show hatred for, 46. 2–4; Dionysius threatens war unless, frees Greek cities, 46. 5; (397) Dionysius’ ultimatum received by; mercenaries recruited in Europe, 47. 1–3; Sicilian Greeks support Dionysius through hatred of, 47. 5; Syracusans take Motyê a colony of, by assault, 47. 4–53. 4; establish survivors of Motyê at Lilybaeum, XI, 22. 10. 4; many Sicilian cities allied to, come over to Dionysius, VI, 14. 47. 5–48. 5; fleet of, raids Syracusan harbour, 49. 1–2; Dionysius ravages country subject to, 49. 3; fleet of, sails to Motyê and returns, 50. 1–4; in Motyê, fear Greek retaliation, 51. 4, 52. 2; Dionysius crucifies Greeks supporting,
389
  • 53. 4; he sends fleet to guard against, 53. 5, (396) 54. 4; he plunders allies of, 54. 2–4; Himilcon crosses to Sicily, 54. 4–55. 4, 56. 1–3, 68. 5; Halicyaeans and Siceli go over to, 55. 7, 58. 1, 59. 2; take Messenê, 56. 3–57. 6, 58. 3–4, 68. 5; fleet under Magon defeats Syracusans near Catanê, 59. 3–60. 7; Dionysius fails to attack ships of, when beached, 68. 6–7; Campanians of Aetnê unable to join, 61. 5–6; Dionysius seeks aid against, in Italy and Greece, 62. 1; fleet of, enters harbour of Syracuse; land force camps near city, 62. 2–63. 4; pillage temples in Achradinê; are smitten by plague, 63. 1–2, 70. 4–71. 4; defeated by Syracusans without Dionysius, 64. 1–3, 69. 2–3; Dionysius assailed for mismanaging war with, 64. 5–69. 5; defeated by Dionysius on land and sea, 72. 1–75. 1, 78. 4, 95. 1; Himilcon for a price permitted to sail with citizen-soldiers, abandoning rest, 75. 1–9; sudden reversal as example of instability of Fortune, 76. 1–4; allies of, in Libya revolt and seize Tynes, 77. 1–3; new rites for Corê and Demeter instituted in, 77. 4–5; prepare for war against allies, who scatter, 77. 6; (393) under Magon, recover strength, form alliances, plunder territory of Messenê; defeated by Dionysius near Abacaenê, 90. 2–4; (392) under Magon, win back the Siceli except the Agyrinaeans, 95. 1–3, 7; make peace with Dionysius, 96. 1–4, 15. 6. 1; (384) Dionysius prepares war against, 14. 4; (383) 15. 1; enrol troops, move to Sicily and Italy, 15. 2; defeated by Dionysius near Cabala, 15. 3; refuse his terms, 15. 4–16. 2; defeat him at Cronium, 16. 3–17. 4; make peace, 17. 4–5; (379) invade Italy, VII, 15. 24. 1; suffer from plague; subdue Libyans and Sardinians, 24. 2–3; (368) weakened by plague and defection of Libyans, 73. 1; Dionysius attacks territory of, in Sicily, 73. 1–2; defeat his fleet off Eryx, 73. 3–4; armistice with Syracuse, 73. 3–4, 16. 5. 2; why Dionysius avoided complete victory over, 15. 74. 3–4.
  • (357) Acragas subject to, VII, 16. 9. 4; (345) warn Timoleon not to enter Sicily, VIII, 16. 66. 5–6; control the sea, 66. 7; support Sicilian tyrants, 67. 1–2; attack Entella, 67. 3–4; attempt to trap Timoleon in Rhegium, 68. 4–8; (344 = V348) make first treaty with Rome, 69. 1; establish large force near Syracuse, then withdraw; Timoleon in Syracuse, 69. 3–6; he recovers Messenê from, 69. 6; (342) he attacks allies of; prepare army against him, 73. 1–3; (340) send force to Sicily, 77. 4; defeated by Timoleon at Crimisus river, 78. 1–81. 1, IX, 19. 2. 8; escape to Lilybaeum, VIII, 16. 81. 2; fear invasion of Libya by Timoleon; send envoys to make peace, 81. 3–4; agree to free Greek cities and not aid tyrants, 82. 3, VII, 16. 65. 9; (332) Tyrians hope for aid from, VIII, 17. 40. 3, and send non-combatants to, 41. 1–2, 46. 4; (324) envoys from, come to Alexander, 17. 113. 2; (323) Perdiccas abandons attack on, planned by Alexander, IX, 18. 4. 4, 6; (322) Cyrenê seeks aid of, 21. 4; (before 317) rule Therma, 19. 2. 2; Delphi foretells misfortune to, from Agathocles, 2. 2–3, 7; join exiles under Sostratus in war on Syracuse, 4. 3–7, 6. 2; make peace, fear Agathocles in exile, 5. 4; (315) envoys from, intervene with Agathocles in favour of Messenê, 65. 5; (314)
390
  • Heraclea, Silenus, and Himera subject to, X, 19. 71. 6–7; censure Hamilcar for treaty, 72. 2; (312) Agathocles attacks Sicilian lands of, 102. 7–8; send ships to Acragas, 102. 8; Deinocrates seeks aid of, 103. 1; ships of, raid Syracusan harbour, 103. 4–5; occupy Ecnomus, 104. 3–4; (311) prepare large force under Hamilcar son of Gisgo, 106. 1–2; fleet suffers from storm, 106. 3–4; power of, in Sicily increases, 106. 5–107. 2; hold hill Ecnomus, 108. 1; under Hamilcar son of Gisgo, defeat Agathocles at Himeras riv., IX, 19. 1. 10, X, 19. 108. 1–109. 5, 20. 3. 1, 13. 3–4; Agathocles wishes to divert, to Gela, 19. 110. 2; control Sicily except Syracuse, 110. 3–4, 20. 3. 2–3.
  • (310) Agathocles invades Libya to attack, X, 20. 3. 1–7. 5; he takes cities of, 8. 2, 7; his men marvel at agriculture of, 8. 2–6; recall fleet; fear loss of forces in Sicily, 9. 1–5; regain courage; reprimand those who let Agathocles cross, 9. 5–10. 1; under Hanno and Bormilcar, are defeated by Agathocles and flee to city, 10. 1–13. 4, VIII, 17. 23. 2–3; while, besiege Syracuse, Agathocles besieges, X, 20. 13. 3–4, 70. 2; offer sacrifices to Heracles and human victims to Cronus, 14. 1–7; send to Hamilcar in Sicily, 15. 1; Hamilcar spreads word of Syracusan defeat in Libya, 15. 2, 16. 3–6; he sends aid to, 16. 9; Agathocles wins support because of hatred for, 17. 1; attack camp of Agathocles and Tunis; are defeated, 17. 2–5, 18. 1–3; (309) attack Syracuse; are defeated and Hamilcar captured, 29. 2–30. 3; command given to Deinocrates, 31. 1–2; Acragas expects no difficulty from, 31. 2–3, 32. 2; drive Syracusan ships on shore, 32. 3–5; head of Hamilcar displayed to, 33, 1–2; vainly seek advantage from mutiny in Agathocles’ army, 34. 1–7; (308) win back some of the Nomads, 38. 1–2; Greeks in army of, 38. 6, 39. 4; Agathocles defeats, 38. 3–39. 2; he secures aid of Ophelias of Cyrenê against, 40. 1–7, causing panic in, 42. 3; Bormilcar makes unsuccessful bid for tyranny in, 43. 1–44. 6; (307) Agathocles attacks cities of, in Libya, 54. 1–55. 3; mixed races in, 55. 4; Agathocles returns to Sicily leaving Agatharchus in command against, 55. 5; Agathocles grants safe-conducts to those, in Therma, 56. 3; send out three armies, 59. 1–4; under Hanno, defeat Aeschrion, 60. 3; under Himilco, defeat Eumachus, 60. 4–8; blockade Syracuse but are defeated at sea, 61. 5–62. 1; defeat Agathocles, 64. 3–5; while sacrificing captives, set fire to camp, 65. 1–2; drive back Libyans deserting Agathocles; tumult in both camps, 66. 1–67. 4; control sea making Syracusan return impossible, 68. 1–2, XI, 21. 16. 1; take into own service mercenaries abandoned by Agathocles; crucify those leaders who resist, X, 20. 69. 3–5; recover liberty, 69. 5; Agathocles puts to death kin of those taking part in attack on, 72. 1–5; (306) Agathocles makes terms with, 79. 5.
  • (289) After long peace Agathocles prepares fleet for war with, XI, 21. 16. 1; defeat Hicetas of Syracuse, 18. 1; (280) 22. 2. 1; (279) make alliances with Mamertines and with Rome against Pyrrhus, 7. 4–5; besiege Syracuse; permit Pyrrhus’ entry into Syracuse, 8. 1–4; Pyrrhus overruns Punic Sicily except Lilybaeum, 10. 1–7; (c.269) Hannibal, general of, at Lipara, restores the Mamertines, 13.
391
  • 7–8; (c. 264) Hiero and the, agree on attack on Messenê, 13. 9, and on expulsion of Romans from Sicily, 23. 1. 2; under Hanno, lay siege to Messenê, 1. 2–3; after naval battle, Romans and, discuss terms, 1. 4–2. 1; Romans defeat, 3. 1; (263) Romans make peace with Syracuse in view of war with, 4. 1; various cities turn from, to Rome, 5. 1; (262) yield Acragas to Rome, 7. 1–9. 1; strip Hanno of civil rights, 9. 2; (260) Hannibal, defeated by Rome at sea, forestalls accusations, 10. 1; (260–257) lose many Sicilian cities to Rome, 9. 3–5, VI, 14. 93. 6; (256) miss opportunities against Rome, XI, 23. 11. 1; reject terms of cos. M. Atilius Regulus, 12. 1, 15. 2, 16. 1; renew old rites, 13. 1; defeat Romans on land and sea, 15. 3–5, 7; (255) put Regulus to death by torture; send Xanthippus to sea in leaking ship, 16. 1; fleet of, defeated by Romans, 18. 1; (254) capture Acragas, 18. 2–3; Romans drive, from Panormus and other cities, 18. 4–5; (253) prevent Roman fleet from mooring off Libya, 19. 1; (c. 252) Romans take Lipara from, 20. 1, VI, 14. 93. 5; (251) under Hasdrubal, move to Panormus, XI, 23. 21. 1; (250) Hamilcar Barca and his son Hannibal greatest generals of, 22. 1, 24. 5. 1; raze Selinus, 1. 1; hold Lilybaeum, 1. 1–4, (249) 1. 6, 2. 1; have advantage over Romans at sea, 1. 5–10; drive Romans from Aegithallus, 1. 11; (247) under Hamilcar, attack fort of Catana, 6. 1, (244–243) and take Eryx, 8. 1–9. 2; (243) under Hanno “the Great,” master Hecatompylos, II, 4. 18. 1, XI, 24. 10. 1–2; (241) fleet under Hanno “the Elder” defeated at Aegatesisls., 11. 1–3; Romans demand surrender of arms, 13. 1, 25. 19. 1 (p. 167); peace made with Romans, 24. 14. 1, 25. 2. 1, XII, 37. 1. 4; (241–237) wage “Truceless war” with mercenaries, XI, 25. 2. 1–6. 1, 26. 23. 1; (237) besieged by mercenaries; saved by Hamilcar Barca, 25. 8. 1; (237–229) Hamilcar extends power of, in Spain, 9. 1–11. 2; under Hasdrubal, suppress revolt of Numidians, 10. 3; (229–221) Hasdrubal general in Spain, 12.1.
  • (221) Hannibal becomes general; (219) under Hannibal, attack Saguntum (Zacantha), XI, 25. 15. 1; (221–183) career and fame of Hannibal, 19. 1; (218) choose war with Rome, 16. 1; under Hannibal, cross the Alps, 19. 1 (pp. 167–169); (218–217) in Italy, 26. 2. 1–3. 3; (216) Capua goes over to, 10. 1; (216–215) winter in Campania, 11. 1; (215) in southern Italy, 13. 1; cruelty toward Romans, 14. 1–2; (212) body of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus in hands of, 16. 1; (207–206) P. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus) defeats, in Spain, 29. 20. 1; (206) hated by the Numidian Micatani, 26. 23. 1; Hasdrubal enters Italy; defeated by Fortune, 24. 1–2; because of money and mercenaries, bring Rome near disaster, 29. 6. 1; (203) Sophonba wife of Masinissa supports, 27. 7. 1; envy Hannibal and fail to furnish supplies, 25. 19. 1 (pp. 173–175); return from Italy, 27. 9. 1; conquered by Scipio Africanus, 29. 20. 1, 31. 26. 4, XII, 34/5. 5. 1, 37. 1. 4; some, raid Roman ships after peace is made, XI, 27. 11. 1–2, and attack Roman envoys, 12. 1–2; Roman debate over terms of peace with, 13. 1–18. 3; (183) eulogy of Hannibal as greatest of, 29. 19. 1; arguments in Rome over fate of, XII, 34/5. 33. 3; (150)
392
  • violate treaty with Rome by war with Masinissa, XI, 32. 1. 1–3. 1; (149) yield to Rome; are told city must be destroyed, 6. 1–4; trust P. Scipio Aemilianus, tr. mil., 7. 1–8. 1, 9a. 2–3 (pp. 429–431); women of, contribute jewels, 9. 1; siege of, 14. 1; Phameas deserts, 17. 1; (148) cos. Calpurnius Piso razes towns of, 18. 1; (147) Hasdrubal lives in luxury during siege of, 22. 1; razed by Rome, 4. 5, 14. 1, 26. 2; actions of Hasdrubal and of Scipio at fall of, 23. 1–25. 1; Scipio returns bull of Phalaris to Acragas, 25. 1, V, 13. 90. 5; misfortunes of Greece and, compared, XI, 32. 26. 2; Sicilian prosperity after fall of, XII, 34/5. 2. 1–3; destruction of, brought political evils to Rome, 33. 4–6.
  • Carthalo of Carthage: (254) takes Acragas, XI, 23. 18. 2; defeats Romans at Drepana, 18. 3, (249) off Lilybaeum, and off Phintias, 24. 1. 7–8; recovers Aegithallus, 1. 11.
  • — —: (150) punished for starting war with Masinissa, XI, 32. 3. 13.
  • Carystus, in Euboea: established by Dryopes, II, 4. 37. 2; (323) joins Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 2; (313) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus receives, as ally, X, 19. 78. 3.
  • Casium, in Egypt: (306) Demetrius unable to land at, X, 20. 74. 2–4.
  • Casius, ruler of Syria: Zeus visits, III, 6. 1. 10.
  • —, (145) kills Alexander Balas, XI, 32. 10. 1 (p. 447).
  • Casius, Mt., in Syria, III, 6. 1. 10.
  • Caspian gates: entrance to Caspiana, I, 2. 2. 3.
  • — sea: Hyrcania surrounds, IX, 18. 5. 4; Scythian empire extended to, II, 2. 43. 5; rivers north of Cilician Taurus drain to, IX, 18. 5. 2; (329) Alexander takes possession as far as, VIII, 17. 75. 3.
  • Caspiana: Ninus invades, I, 2. 2. 3.
  • Cassander: (334) commands Thracians and Paeonians under Alexander, VIII, 17. 17. 4.
  • — s. of Antipater: (c. 323) seeks hand of Cleopatra sister of Alexander, X, 20. 37. 3–4; (321) chiliarch under Antigonus, IX, 18. 39. 7, (319) under Polyperchon, 48. 4–5; seeks support for revolt, 49. 1–3, 54. 1; leaves Macedon, seeking aid of Antigonus, 54. 2–3, 55. 1, 64. 1; supported by garrisons and oligarchies in Greek cities, 55, 2–3; Polyperchon exiles supporters of, 57. 1; (318) Nicanor holds Athens for, 64. 1–6, 65. 4–5; occupies Peiraeus, 68. 1–3; supported in Peloponnesus by Megalopolis alone, 68. 3, 69. 4; secures Aegina, 69. 1–2; sends fleet to Hellespont against Cleitus, 72. 3; secures support of most Greek cities, 74. 1–3, 75. 2; sets Demetrius of Phalerum over Athens, 74. 3, X, 20. 45. 2; executes Nicanor; moves into Macedon, IX, 18. 75. 1, seizing Polyperchon’s elephants, 19. 35. 7; (317) Eurydicê Adeia seeks aid of, 11. 1; Olympias kills friends of, 11. 8, 18. 57. 2; Eumenes reports death of, 19. 23. 2; in Macedon, 35. 1–2; sends Callas against Polyperchon, 35. 3, 36. 6; Olympias sends Aristonoüs against, 35. 4; besieges Olympias in Pydna, 36. 1; makes alliance with rebellious Epirotes, 36. 2–5; gains support of most Macedonians, 36. 5; (316) Olympias surrenders Pydna to, 49. 1–50. 5; Pella and Amphipolis yield to, 50. 6–8; causes death of Aristonoüs, 51. 1, and of Olympias, 51. 1–6, 61. 1, VIII, 17. 118. 2; marries Thessalonicê, IX, 19. 52. 1, 61. 2; founds Cassandreia on Pallenê, 52. 2–3, 61. 2; puts
393
  • Roxanê and her son Alexander in custody, 52. 4; buries Eurydicê, Philip, and Cynna, 52. 5; moves against Alexander s. of Polyperchon, 52. 5–53. 1; re-establishes Thebes, 53. 2–3, 54. 1–2, 61. 2, 63. 3–4, VIII, 17. 118. 2; secures cities of Argolis; leaves troops at Isthmus; returns to Macedon, IX, 19. 54. 3–4; receives envoys from Seleucus and from Antigonus, 56. 3–4.
  • (315) With Ptolemy and Lysimachus, makes ready for war with Antigonus, IX, 19. 57. 1–5; Asclepiodorus general of, besieges Amisus, 60. 2; Antigonus’ Macedonians declare, an enemy, 61. 1–3; appoints Apollonides over Argos, 63. 1–2; fails to win Polyperchon, 63. 3; occupies Arcadian cities; presides at Nemean games; returns to Macedon, 63. 4–64. 1; makes alliance with Alexander s. of Polyperchon; appoints him general of Peloponnesus, 64. 2–4; (314) garrisons of, in Patrae and Dymê overpowered, X, 19. 66. 3–6; operations of, in Aetolia, Acarnania, and Illvria, 67. 3–68. 2, 88. 2, 5; sends army to Caria and fleet to Lemnos, 68. 2–69. 1; (313) Antigonus sends Telesphorus against, 74. 1; Philip brother of, in Acarnania, Aetolia, and Epirus, 74. 3–6; after negotiations with Antigonus fail, moves into Euboea, 75. 6–8, 77. 5, and Boeotia; returns to Macedon, 77. 5–6, 78. 2; Lysimachus urges Byzantines to do nothing against, 77. 7; garrisons of, driven from many Greek cities, 78. 1–5; (312) comes to terms with Alcetas of Epirus, 88. 1–89. 1; after unsuccessful attack on Apollonia, returns to Macedon for winter, 89. 1–2; garrison of, driven from Leucadia, 89. 3; (311) with Ptolemy and Lysimachus, comes to terms with Antigonus; to be general of Europe until Alexander son of Roxanê is of age, 105. 1; secures murder of Alexander and Roxanê, 105. 2–4.
  • (310) Aids Paeonians against Autariatae, X, 20. 19. 1; Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus makes alliance with, 19. 2; Ptolemy of Egypt urges cities held by, to resist Antigonus, 19. 4; Polyperchon urges enemies of, to support Heracles son of Barsinê, 20. 1–3; (309) persuades Polyperchon to murder Heracles, 28. 1–3; (308) Ptolemy makes terms with, each to hold what he has, 37. 2; (307) Demetrius of Phalerum governing Athens for, is driven out by Demetrius 8. of Antigonus, 45. 1–7; assumes title “king,” 53. 4, 54. 1, VIII, 17. 118. 2; (306) Ptolemy reports to, his success against Antigonus, X, 20. 76. 7; (305) Rhodes seeks aid of, as Demetrius s. of Antigonus begins siege, 84. 1; (304) sends barley to Rhodes, 96. 3; statue of, set up by Rhodes, 100. 2; Polyperchon and, plunder Greece, 100. 6; Demetrius prepares for war against, 100. 6, (303) 102. 1; Demetrius takes Corinth from, 103. 1–4; garrisons of, withdrawn from other cities, 103. 4–7; Cleonymus, mercenary leader, joins neither Demetrius nor, 105. 1; (302) joins with Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus against Antigonus, 106. 1–5, 2. 3; gives Lysimachus part of army; moves into Thessaly against Demetrius and the Greeks, 107. 1, 110. 2–111. 2; Demetrius makes terms with, 111. 2; Mithridates II of Cius appears to be shifting toward, and is murdered, 111. 4; after departure of Demetrius, takes cities of Thessaly, 112. 1; (301) Antigonus killed in war with,
394
  • XI, 21. 1. 4b; (299) besieges Corcyra, 2. 1–2. Euhemerus required by, to make foreign journeys, III, 6. 1. 4.
  • Cassandreia, on Pallenê: (316) Cassander founds, IX, 19. 52. 2–3, 61. 2; Antigonus’ Macedonians demand destruction of, 61. 3; (c. 279) Apollodorus tyrant of, XII, 33. 14. 3.
  • cassia: grown in Arabia Felix, II, 3. 46. 2.
  • Cassiterides, islands off Iberia: named for their tin mines, III, 5. 38. 4.
  • Cassius Vicellinus, Sp.: (480=V486) cos., IV, 11. 1. 2; (479 = V485) put to death for seeking tyranny, 37. 7.
  • Cassopia, in Epirus: (312) Lyciscus camps before, X, 19. 88. 3.
  • Castabus, in Caria: Hemithea worshipped at, III, 5. 62. 1–63. 3.
  • caste system, of India, II, 2. 40. 1–41. 5.
  • Castola, in Etruria: (309) Q. Fabius takes, X, 20. 35. 5.
  • Castor s. of Zeus: an Argonaut, II, 4. 41. 2, III, 6. 6. 1. See Dioscuri.
  • cat: held sacred by Egyptians, I, 1. 83. 1–9, 84. 3, 87. 4.
  • Catanê (Catina, Catania), in Sicily: (476) Hieron of Syracuse drives out inhabitants, brings in new colonists, IV, 11. 49. 1–2, 67. 7, 76. 3; (467) Hieron dies in, 66. 4; (466) Thrasybulus enlists Hieron’s colonists, 67. 7; (461) colonists driven out by Siceli; original inhabitants return, 76. 3; (415) promises aid to Syracuse against Athens, V, 13. 4. 2; forced to join Athenians, 4. 2–5; the Salaminia comes to, for Alcibiades, 5. 2; Athenian fleet at, 6. 1; Syracusans march against, 6. 2–4; Athenians return to, 6. 6; (414) Nicias and Lamachus at, 7. 3; (413) Athenians set out for, 18. 6, 19. 2; (403) delivered to Dionysius by own general, VI, 14. 14. 1, 5, 15. 1–4; his treatment of, 15. 3, 40. 1, 66. 4, 68. 3; (396) he persuades Campanians to move from, 58. 2; (396) Carthaginian fleet defeats Syracusan at, 59. 3–60. 7, 61. 4, 68. 6; (394) survivors of, established at Mylae, 87. 1; (344) Marcus tyrant of, goes over to Timoleon, VIII, 16. 69. 4; (311) goes over to Carthage, X, 19. 110. 3; (278) Pyrrhus lands at, XI, 22. 8. 3; (c. 246) Hamilcar Barca attacks fort belonging to, 24. 6. 1; (c. 135) slaves escort daughter of Damophilus to, XII, 34/5. 2. 39.
  • catapult: (399) invented in Syracuse, VI, 14. 42. 1–2, 43. 3, 50. 4.
  • Cataracta: (310) Romans take, X, 20. 26. 4,
  • cataracts, of Nile: described, I, 1. 32. 7–11.
  • cataracts: Hylophagi blinded by, II, 3. 24. 4.
  • Cathaeans, of India: (326) Alexander comes to, VIII, 17. 91. 2–4.
  • Catilinarian Conspiracy: (63) two accounts of, XII, 40. 5. l–5a. 1.
  • Catones: account of, given by Diodorus, XII, p. 299, frag. 3.
  • Catreus, of Crete: son of second Minos, III, 4. 60. 4; killed by own son, 5. 59. 1–4.
  • Caucasus Mts.: heavy snows on I, 1. 41. 7; Scythian power extends to, II, 2. 43. 2.
  • — — (i.e., the Hindu Kush): cave of Prometheus in; (328) Alexander crosses; he founds city, VIII, 17. 83. 1; (323) satrapy along, assigned to Oxyartes, IX. 18. 3. 3; Cilician Taurus extends to, 5. 2; India adjacent to, 6. 1.
  • Caulonia, in Bruttium: (389) Dionysius takes, by siege and transports its people, VI, 14. 103. 3, 5, 106. 3; (357) Younger Dionysius at, VII, 16. 11. 3.
  • Caunus, in Caria: (396) Lacedaemonians lay siege to, VI, 14. 79. 4–5; (313) taken and
395
  • its citadel besieged by Antigonus, X, 19. 75. 5, (309) by Ptolemy, 20. 27. 2.
  • causeway, across Euripus, V, 13. 47. 3–6.
  • cavalry: (334) at Granicus, VIII, 17. 19. 6–20.2, 21. 4; (331) at Arbela, 58. 2, 59. 2–60. 8.
  • Caÿster, Plains of: (396) Lacedaemonians plunder, VI, 14. 79. 3, 80. 1.
  • Cebalinus: (329) reports plot against Alexander, VIII, 17. 79. 2–6.
  • Cecrops, king of Athens: double form of, I, 1. 28. 7; sacrifices to Athena after Rhodians, III, 5. 56. 6.
  • Cecryphaleia, island near Epidaurus: (459) Athenians defeat Corinthians near, IV, 11. 78. 2.
  • cedar, produced in Arabia Felix, II, 2. 49. 4.
  • Cedon, of Athens: (377) naval commander; killed, VII, 15. 34. 5.
  • Cedrosia (Gedrosia): location of, III, 5. 41. 1, IX, 18. 6. 3; Ichthyophagi on coast of, II, 3. 15. 1; (329) Alexander received kindly in, VIII, 17. 81, 2, (326) 104. 4; army of Alexander suffers in crossing, 105. 3; people of, described, 105. 4–7; (323) assigned to Sibyrtius, IX, 18. 3. 3.
  • Celaenae, in Phrygia: (319) Antigonus in, IX, 18. 52. 1; (314) X, 19. 69. 2; (312) 93. 4.
  • Celaeno, an Amazon: slain by Heracles, II, 4. 16. 3.
  • — d. of Atlas, II, 3. 60. 4.
  • Celbanus: (317) slain by Antigonus, IX, 19. 44. 1.
  • Celer: slays Remus, III, 8. 6. 3.
  • celery, wild: (340) as omen of victory, VIII, 16. 79. 3–4.
  • Celones, north of Susa: (325) visited by Alexander; their Greek origin, VIII, 17. 110. 4–5.
  • Celtiberians: account of Iberians and, III, 5. 33. 1–39. 1; (179) pr. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus carries on war with, XI, 29. 26. 12; he makes treaty with, 31. 39. 1; (153) violate treaty; Rome wages war on, 39. 1–41. 1; given to threats, XII, 33. 24. 1. See Indibilis the, Numantia in.
  • Celtic dagger: (336) Philip II slain with a, VIII, 16. 94. 3.
  • Celtica: account of Celts and Celtica, III, 5. 24. 1–33. 1; distinguished from Gauls, 32. 1; Alesia chief city of, founded by Heracles, II, 4. 19. 1–3; Argonauts return by way of, 56. 4; Britain lies beyond, 2. 47. 1; British tin carried through, III, 5. 38. 5; (442) peace among, IV, 12. 26. 4; (387=V390) cross Alps; invade Tyrrhenia; demand surrender of Romans who fought at Clusium, VI, 14. 113. 1–7; defeat Romans; besiege Capitoline, 2. 4, 114. 1–116. 7, 117. 9, 15. 1. 6; defeated by M. Furius Camillus; cut to pieces by Cerii, 14. 117. 5, 7; (225) defeat Romans; are defeated by cos. L. Aemilius Paulus, XI, 25. 13. 1; Hiero sends grain to Rome during war with, 14. 1; (58–50) subdued by C. Julius Caesar, II, 4. 19. 2; his war with, ends Diodorus’ history, I, 1. 4. 7, 5. 1. See Gaul.
  • Celts as mercenaries: (369) in army of Dionysius, VII, 15. 70. 1, (342) of Carthage, VIII, 16. 73. 3, (310) of Agathocles, X, 20. 11. 1, (307) 64. 2, (251) of Carthage, XI, 23. 21. 1, (c. 230) of Tartessians, 25. 9. 1, 10. 1, (168) of Perseus, 30. 21. 3; (241–237) in Punic army, mutiny in “Truceless War,” 25. 2. 2.
  • Cemeletae, in Spain: (c. 182) brigands, challenge Rome, XI, 29. 28. 1 (pp. 269–271).
  • Cenaeum, Cape, in Euboea: Heracles at, II, 4. 37. 5–38. 1.
  • Cenchreae, on Isthmus: (480) Isthmus fortified from Lechaeum to, IV, 11. 16. 3; (369)
396
  • VII, 15. 68. 3; (315) Cassander takes, IX, 19. 63. 4; Polycleitus at, 64. 4–5.
  • Cenomani, in Cisalpine Gaul: (187) pr. M. Furius Crassipes disarms, XI, 29. 14. 1.
  • censorship, military: (329) in Alexander’s army, VIII, 17. 80. 4.
  • Centaurs: offspring of Ixion and a cloud; of human shape, III, 4. 69. 5, 70. 1; fathers of Hippocentaurs of double form, 70. 1; war of Lapiths and, 69. 1–70. 4; struggle of Heracles and, II, 4. 12. 3–8, 14. 3; accepted in theatre as mythical, 8. 4. See Eurytion, Nessus.
  • Centaurus, s. of Apollo, III, 4. 69. 1.
  • Centoripans, of Sicily; (before 406) gibe at Tellias of Acragas, V, 13. 83. 4; (396) Dionysius makes treaty with, VI, 14. 78. 7; (339) Timoleon drives out Nicodemus tyrant of, VIII, 16. 82. 4; (312) Agathocles holds, X, 19. 103. 2–4; (307) he fails to take, 20. 56. 3; (c. 270) Hiero enlarges, XI, 22. 13. 1; (263) Romans besiege, 23. 4. 1.
  • Centrites river: (401) the “Ten Thousand” cross, into Armenia, VI, 14. 27. 7.
  • Ceos: Aristaeus makes home on, as ordered by Apollo, III, 4. 82. 1–4.
  • Cephallenia: Zacynthus near, IV, 11. 84. 7, VII, 16. 6. 5, 9. 4; Messenians settle, 15. 66. 5; (456) Athenians win cities of, IV, 11. 84. 7; (430) enters Athenian alliance, V, 12. 43. 5; (425) joins allied force, 60. 1; (401) Lacedaemonians drive Messenians from, VI, 14. 34. 2–3; (376) Athenians win over cities of, VII, 15. 36. 5.
  • Cephaloedium, in Sicily: (396) Himilcon makes terms with, VI, 14. 56. 2; Dionysius gains, by treachery, 78. 7; (307) Agathocles takes, X, 20. 56. 3; (306) he asks that, be left to him, 77. 3, 79. 4; (254) Romans take, XI, 23. 18. 3.
  • Cephalon: (317) commands cavalry from Arachosia, IX, 19. 27. 4.
  • Cephalus: father of Canes, II, 4. 53. 2.
  • — of Corinth: (339) revises laws of Syracuse, VIII, 16. 82. 7, V, 13. 35, 3.
  • Cepheus s. of Belus, father of Andromeda, II, 4. 9. 1.
  • — s. of Aleus: friend of Heracles; killed in attack on Sparta, II, 4. 33. 6.
  • Cephision of Thebes: (352) commands Thebans at Megalopolis, VII, 16. 39. 2.
  • Cephisodorus: (366) archon, VII, 15. 76. 1.
  • —: (323) archon, IX, 18. 2. 1. Cephisodotus: (358) archon, VII, 16. 6. 1.
  • Cephisophon: (329) archon, VIII, 17. 74. 1.
  • Cephisus riv., in Boeotia: alluvial plain of, I, 1. 39. 13; (352) Boeotians defeat Phaÿllus beside, VII, 16. 37. 5.
  • Cephren (Chephren, Kafre), king of Egypt: not buried in his pyramid, I, 1. 64. 1, 6.
  • Cerasus, in Armenia: (401) the “Ten Thousand” pass through, VI, 14. 30. 5.
  • Cerata: (409) Athenians defeat Megarians at hills called, V, 13. 65. 1–2.
  • Ceraunia, in Libya: the Aegis falls in, II, 3. 70. 4–5; Ammon finds Amaltheia in, 68. 1.
  • Ceraunilia, in Italy: (310) Romans take, X, 20. 26. 4.
  • Cerbenia, in Troad: (399) Lacedaemonians take, VI, 14. 38. 3.
  • Cerberus: body of the Apis brought to one in mask of, I, 1. 96. 6; Heracles brings, from Hades, II, 4. 25. 1, 26. 1, VI, 14. 31. 3.
  • Cercaphus s. of Helius: becomes king of Rhodes, III, 5. 56. 5, 57. 7–8.
  • Cercii, in Latium: (390=V393)
397
  • Romans send colony to, VI, 14. 102. 4.
  • Cercina, isl. off Sicily, III, 5. 12. 4.
  • Cercola, in Italy, XII, 37. 2. 7.
  • Cercopes: Heracles kills, II, 4. 31. 7.
  • Cercyon: Theseus kills, III, 4. 59. 5.
  • Cercyra: see Corcyra.
  • Cerii: (387 = V390) destroy Celts returning from Rome, VI, 14. 117. 7.
  • Cernê, city of Atlantians, II, 3. 54. 4.
  • Cersobleptes, king of Thrace, 360–341: (353) gives Athens cities of Cherronesus except Cardia, VII, 16. 34. 4; (343) Philip II defeats, VIII, 16. 71. 1–2.
  • Ceryces: heralds at Eleusis, of Egyptian origin, I, 1. 29, 4.
  • Ceryneia, on Cyprus: (315) allied with Antigonus, IX, 19. 59. 1; taken by Seleucus, 62. 6; (313) ruler of, arrested by Ptolemy, X, 19. 79. 4.
  • Cerynes s. of Temenus: plots against father, III, 7. 13. 1.
  • Cetes, king of Egypt, I, 1. 62. 1–6.
  • Ceteus, of India: (317) with Eumenes; funeral of, IX, 19. 33. 1, 34. 1–6.
  • Ceylon (?): discovered by Iambulus, II. 2. 55. 1–60. 3.
  • Ceÿx, king of Trachis: Heracles and his sons dwell with, II, 4. 36. 5, 57. 2–3.
  • Chabinus mts., on Arabian Gulf (Red Sea), II, 3. 45. 3.
  • Chabrias: (415) archon, V, 13. 2. 1.
  • — of Athens: (393) general, sent to Corinth, VI, 14. 92. 2; (380) in Egyptian service; recalled by Athens, VII, 15. 29. 1–4; (379) made general against Lacedaemonians, 29. 7; wins victories in Euboea and Cyclades, 30. 5; (378) Agesilaüs avoids, 32. 5–6, 33. 4; (377) defeats Lacedaemonians; picks up dead instead of following up victory, 34. 3–35. 2; (376) saves Abdera from Triballians; assassinated, 36. 4; (369) sent to hold Isthmus, 68. 1–3; defeats Epameinondas, 69. 1–4; (362) commands Egyptian fleet, 92. 2; (356) commands fleet in Social war; defeated and killed, 16. 7. 3–4, VIII, 16. 85. 7; one of famous men of period, VII, 15. 88. 2–3.
  • Chabryes, king of Egypt, I, 1. 64. 1–2.
  • Chaereas of Athens: (410) commands near Cyzicus, V, 13. 49. 6; joins Theramenes, 50. 7, 51. 2.
  • Chaeroneia, in Boeotia: (447) Athenians seize, IV, 12. 6. 1–2; (353) Thebans defeat Phocians at, VII, 16. 33. 4; (352) 38. 7; Phocians seize; are expelled, 39. 8; (338) Philip defeats Athenians and allies at, VIII, 16. 85. 2, 86. 1–6, 89. 1, 88. 3–4, XI, 32. 4. 1–2.
  • Chalcedon, in Bithynia on Propontus: (416) makes war on Bithynia, V, 12. 82. 2; (409) Athenians under Theramenes besiege, 13. 64. 2–3; makes terms after defeat, 66. 1–3; (401) the “Ten Thousand” at, VI, 14. 31. 4; (318) ships of Cassander escape to, IX, 18. 72. 4; (315) Ptolemy s. of Antigonus forces Bithynians to raise siege of, 19. 60. 3; (302) Demetrius camps by shrine of, X, 20. 111. 3.
  • Chalcidian mount, in Sicily: (264) Hiero camps at, XI, 23. 1. 3.
  • Chalcidicê, Chalcidians, in Thrace: (435) join in forming single city, Olynthus, IV, 12. 34. 2; (431) not allied to Athens, V, 12. 42. 5; (429) Potidaeans go to live among the, 46. 7; (428) Sitalces of Thrace wishes to subdue, 50. 3, 7; northern Greeks and, turn Thracians back, 51, 2; (424) Brasidas joins, 67. 2; (395) join Athens and others against Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 82. 3; (349) Philip II invades, VII, 16. 52. 9.
398
  • Chalcis d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1.
  • Chalcis, in Aetolia, III, 8. 17. 1.
  • —, in Arabia: (145) Diodotus Tryphon at, XII, 33. 4a. 1.
  • —, Chalcidians, in Euboea: one tenth of, dedicated to Apollo, III, 8. 23. 2; found Rhegium, 23. 2, V, 12. 54. 4, VI, 14. 40. 1, Leontini, V, 12. 53. 1, VI, 14. 14. 1, Naxos, Catanê, 14. 1, Toronê, V, 12. 68. 6; (c. 506) Athenians defeat, IV, 10. 24. 3; (427) Rhegium and other colonies of, aid Leontini against Syracuse, V, 12. 54. 4; (410) revolt from Athens, 13. 47. 3; at request of, Boeotians build causeway from Aulis to, 47. 3–6; (403) Dionysius seeks support of colonies of, VI, 14. 14. 1; (313) Cassander leaves garrison in, X, 19. 77. 5–6; Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus occupies, 77. 4, 78. 2; (309) he goes from, to Cos, 20. 27. 3; (304) Demetrius frees, from Boeotian garrison, 100. 6; (302) he musters forces in, 110. 2; (192) Antiochus III violates sanctuary near, XI, 29. 1. 1. See Grylus of.
  • —, in Sicily: (415) hire mercenaries to aid Athenians, V, 13. 44. 1; (409) Syracuse ends war with, 56. 2.
  • Chaldaeans, of Babylon: Egyptian origin of, I, 1. 28. 1, 81. 6; observe stars, 2. 9. 4; Belesys most distinguished of, 24. 2; position and training of, 29. 2–6; cosmology of, 30. 1–31. 10, II, 3. 1. 2; forecast comets, VII, 15. 50. 3; (325) reputation of, in astrology, VIII, 17. 112. 2; warn Alexander of danger in Babylon, 112. 1–6, 116. 4, IX, 19. 55. 8–9; (316) foretell greatness of Seleucus, 55. 7–9.
  • —, in Paphlagonia: (401) the “Ten Thousand” cross land of, VI, 14. 29. 2.
  • Chalestrum: (c. 170) Perseus takes, XI, 30. 4. 1.
  • Chaoi, in Armenia: (401) attack the “Ten Thousand,” VI, 14. 29. 1.
  • Chares: (472) archon, IV, 11. 53. 1.
  • — of Sparta: (446) Callias and, make truce between Athens and Lacedaemon, IV, 12. 7. 1.
  • — of Athens: (367) defeats Argives, relieves Phliasians, VII, 15. 75. 3; (361) sent against Alexander of Pherae but attacks Corcyra, an ally, 95. 3; (357) makes landing on Chios, 16. 7. 3; (356) accuses colleagues, 21. 1–4; aids revolt of Artabazus, 22. 1–2, 34. 1; (353) captures Sestos, 34. 3; completes rout of Phocians, 35. 5; (338) at Chaeroneia, 85. 2, 7.
  • Charicleides: (363) archon, VII, 15. 82. 1.
  • Charicles of Athens: (413) sent to Laconia with fleet, V, 13. 9. 2.
  • Chariclus: early Eurypontid king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • Charidemus of Athens: (333) formerly adviser of Philip II, now of Dareius, VIII, 17. 30. 2–5.
  • Charinus: (308) archon, X, 20. 37. 1.
  • chariots, scythe-bearing: (401) in Persian army, VI, 14. 22. 7; (331) VIII, 17. 53. l–2, 58. 2–5; (302) brought by Seleucus from upper satrapies, X, 20. 113. 4.
  • —, two-horsed: used by Celts, III, 5. 29. 1, and by Britons, 21. 5; (408) race with, added at Olympia, V, 13. 75. 1.
  • Charisander: (376) archon, VII, 15. 36. 1.
  • Charmus s. of Aristaeus, III, 4. 82. 4.
  • Charmuthas, harbour on Arabian Gulf (Red Sea), II, 3. 44. 7–8.
  • Charoeades of Athens: (427) general, sent to aid Leontini, V, 12. 54. 4.
  • charon: Egyptian name for ferryman who transports dead bodies, I, 1. 92. 2–3, 96. 8.
  • Charon: Orpheus invented myth of Hades and, I, 1. 92. 3.
  • Charondas of Thurii: (c. 600)
399
  • laws of, IV, 12. 11. 3–18. 4; slays self after violating one of own laws, 19. 1–3.
  • Charondes: (338) archon, VIII, 16. 84. 1.
  • Charops: saves Dionysus from Lycurgus of Thrace; hands on secret rites to grandson, Orpheus, II, 3. 65. 4–6.
  • —: father of Nireus king of Symê, III, 5. 53. 2.
  • — of Epirus: (c. 198) provided guide for T. Quinctius Flamininus, XI, 30. 5. 1.
  • — —, the Younger: (c. 170) educated in Rome, XI, 30. 5. 1; (c. 160) gains control of Epirus, 31. 31. 1.
  • Chauon, in Media: Semiramis builds park and palace at, I, 2. 13. 3–4.
  • cheese: Aristaeus teaches men to make, III, 4. 81. 2.
  • Cheirisophus of Lacedaemon: (401) commands Lacedaemonians in army of Cyrus, VI, 14. 19. 5, 21. 1; elected general by the “Ten Thousand,” 27. 1; sent to Byzantium for ships, 30. 4–5, 31. 3.
  • Cheiron, a Centaur: helps Pelias s. of Poseidon, III, 6. 7. 4; his knowledge of healing; unwittingly slain by Heracles, II, 4. 12. 8.
  • Chelonê: Sceiron hurls victims from cliff at, III, 4. 59. 4.
  • Chelonophagi: a tribe of the Ichthyophagi, II, 3. 21. 1–5.
  • Chemmis (Cheops, Khufu), king of Egypt: builds largest pyramid, I, 1. 63. 2–64. 6.
  • Chemmo, in Egypt, I, 1. 18. 2.
  • Chenae, on Mt. Oeta, IV, 9. 6. 1, 7. 1.
  • Chenium, Mt.: (401) the “Ten Thousand” sight sea from, VI, 14. 29. 3.
  • Cheops: see Chemmis.
  • Chephren: see Cephren.
  • Cherronesus: early ruler of Carian Cherronesus, III, 5. 60. 1–2.
  • Cherronesus (Chersonesus), Carian: early history of, III, 5. 60. 1–64. 1; (396) Conon brings King’s fleet to, VI, 14. 79. 5–6. See Loryma, Physcus on.
  • —, in Chalcidicê: (480) Xerxes cuts canal through, IV, 11. 2. 4.
  • —, Libyan: Amazons embark from, II, 3. 53. 6–54. 1.
  • —, Tauric, on north shore of Black sea: people of, sacrifice strangers to Artemis Tauropolus, II, 4. 44. 7–45. 2, 47. 2, X, 20. 14. 6; Perses s. of Helius formerly king of, II, 4. 45. 1; Argonauts put in at; find Medea, 44. 7, 46. 2–3; men of, who guard the Golden Fleece changed by myth into fire-breathing bulls, 47. 2–3; Medea addresses them in Tauric speech, 48. 1; they pursue Argonauts and are defeated, 48. 4–5; Nabataean Arabs imitate piracy of, 3. 43. 4; (c. 310) Eumelus of Cimmerian Bosporus restrains piracy of, X, 20. 25. 2.
  • —, Thracian: (447) Pericles distributes land on, IV, 11. 88. 3; (410) Athenians sail around, V, 13. 49. 3; 49. 5; (409) Alcibiades enlists men on, 66. 3–4; (401) the “Ten Thousand” gather in, and plunder, VI, 14. 31. 5; (399) Dercylidas repels invading Thracians and builds wall across, 38. 6–7; (392) Thrasybulus of Athens at, 94. 2; (353) Cersobleptes of Thrace gives Athens cities of, except Cardia, VII, 16. 34. 4; (319) Cassander crosses, IX, 18. 54. 3; (309) Lysimacheia founded on, X, 20. 29. 1.
  • child birth: in Corsica, father takes to his bed during, III, 5. 14. 2.
  • children: held in common on island of Iambulus, II, 2. 58. 1; (327) women and, accompany mercenaries, VIII, 17. 84. 3; 94. 4; (317) IX, 19. 43. 7.
  • chiliarch: (319) duties of, IX, 18. 48. 5.
  • Chilon of Lacedaemon: one of
400
  • the Seven Wise Men, IV, 9. 9. 1–10. 6.
  • Chimaera: Bellerophon ordered to slay, III, 6. 9. 1.
  • Chion: (365) archon, VII, 15. 77. 1.
  • Chios: Rhadamanthys gives, to Oenopion, III, 5. 79. 1, 84. 3; colony sent to, from Lesbos, 81. 7; (480) sends ships to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 8, (441) to Athens, 12. 27. 4, 28. 2; (431) allied to Athens, V, 12. 42. 5; (412) goes over to Lacedaemonians, 13. 34. 1–2, 40. 5; (411) Lacedaemonian fleet at, 38. 7; (409) Lacedaemonians restore exiles to, 65. 3–4; new exiles make war on, 65. 4; (408) Lacedaemonians summon ships from, 70. 2; (406) after Arginusae, Peloponnesians withdraw to, 99. 6, 100. 5; (405) Lacedaemonian fleet at, 104. 3; (395) expels Lacedaemonian garrison, VI, 14. 84. 3; (392) Athenians gather ships from, 94. 4; (377) secedes from Lacedaemonians, VII, 15. 28. 3; (364) supports Epameinondas, 79. 1; (358) revolts from Athens, 16. 7. 3–4; (356) carries on war with Athens, 21. 1–4; (340) aids Byzantium against Philip II, VIII, 16. 77. 2–3; (333) Memnon secures, 17. 29. 2, 31. 3; (91) wine from, XII, 37. 3. 3. See Oenopides, Theopompus of; Delphinium on.
  • Chloris, mother of Nestor, III, 4. 68. 6.
  • Choromnaei: Ninus conquers, I, 2. 2. 3.
  • Chortacana (Artacoana), in Areia: (329) Satibarzanes gathers forces in, VIII, 17. 78. 1.
  • Chremes: (326) archon, VIII, 17. 87. 1.
  • Chrysaor, king of Iberia: father of Geryones, whom Heracles slays, II, 4. 17. 2, 18. 2–3, III, 5. 17. 4.
  • Chrysas riv., in Sicily: (392) Carthaginians camp by, VI, 14. 95. 2.
  • Chrysopolis, on Propontis: (409) established by Athens to collect duties, V, 13. 64. 2; (401) the “Ten Thousand” reach, VI, 14. 31. 4.
  • Chrysothemis, wife of Staphylus, III, 5. 62. 1.
  • Chthonius s. of Poseidon: leads settlement of Symê, III, 5. 53. 1.
  • Cichorius, king of Gauls: (279) succeeds Brennus, XI, 22. 9. 2–3.
  • Cicones, in Thrace: celebrate mysteries, III, 5. 77. 3.
  • Cilicia: location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; beauty of plain of, VI, 14. 20. 2; Ninus subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; Libyan Amazons make terms with, II, 3. 55. 4; Zeus conquers Cilix in, III, 6. 1. 10; (480) ships of, in Persian fleet, IV, 11. 2. 1, 3. 7, 19. 1; (470) 60. 5; (461) 75. 2, (460) 77. 1; (450) 12. 3. 3; Athenians defeat Persians off, 12. 3. 2–4; (401) Cyrus the Younger feigns campaign against, VI, 14. 19. 3, 5–6, 20. 1–21. 1; (399) Conon comes to, with Persian fleet, 39. 4; (396) fleet reinforced from, 79. 8, and coasts along, 81. 4; (386) Persian base for war on Cyprus, 15. 2. 2, 3. 2–3, 4. 2; (362) rises against Persia, VII, 15. 90. 3; (344) Mazaeus governor of, 16. 42. 1; many cross from, to Cyprus, 42. 9; (334) Alexander overruns coast of, VIII, 17. 27. 7; (333) Dareius moves toward, 31. 2; Alexander defeats Dareius at Issus in, 33. 1–36. 6, 48. 2–6, 53. 1; he names governor for, 64. 5; (324) he sends Craterus to, with discharged soldiers, IX, 18. 4. 1, 12. 1; he plans to build ships in, 4. 4; (323) Perdiccas assigns, to Philotas, 3. 1; (322) Craterus brings aid from, to Antipater (Lamian War), 12. 1, 16. 4; (321) Antipater goes to, to aid
401
  • Ptolemy against Perdiccas, 29. 6, 33. 1; Antipater assigns, to Philoxenus, 39. 6; (319) royal treasury in, 52. 7, (318) 58. 1, (316) 19. 56. 5; (318) Eumenes moves to, 18. 59. 3; he enrols mercenaries in, 61. 4; Ptolemy in, 62. 1; Antigonus moves toward, 73. 1; (316) 19. 56. 4; he establishes shipyards in, 58, 4; general of Seleucus in, 64. 5; (314) Antigonus returns to, X, 19. 69. 2; (313) Ptolemy plunders, and leaves, 79. 6–80. 2; (312) Demetrius gathers soldiers from, 85. 5; he leaves, 93. 1; (310) Leonidas takes cities of, for Ptolemy; Demetrius recovers them, 20. 19. 4–5, 27. 1; (307) Demetrius assembles forces in, 47. 1; (304) ship from, carries royal robes, 93. 4; (302) Antigonus in, 108. 2; (301) his wife Stratonicê in, XI, 21. 1. 4b; (c. 158) pretender to Syrian throne brought to, 31. 32a. 1; (before 145) oracle in, warns Alexander Balas, 32. 10. 2 (p. 447); (67) those rebelling against Antiochus XIII flee to, XII, 40. la. 1; (before 61) subdued by Pompey, 4. 1. See Agamemnon, Anthenion, Cleon of; Issus in.
  • Cilician Gates: (401) Cyrus the Younger passes, VI, 14. 20. 1–2.
  • Cilix: governor of Cilicia, conquered by Zeus, III, 6. 1. 10. See Thebê d. of.
  • Cilles, general of Ptolemy: (312) Demetrius defeats, X, 19. 93. 1–2.
  • Cimbri: identified with Cimmerians, III, 5. 32. 4; (387=V390) capture Rome; (279) plunder Delphi; are called Graeco-Gauls when they settle, 32. 5–6; (105) defeat Romans at Arausio, XII, 34/5. 37. 1, 36. 1. 1; (104) are defeated, 3. 1, 37. 1. 5, 38/9. 4. 2.
  • Cimmerians: once overran Asia; identified with Cimbri, III, 5. 32. 4.
  • Cimolia: (458) Athenians defeat Corinthians at, IV, 11. 79. 4.
  • Cimon s. of Miltiades, of Athens: (after 489) assumes debt of deceased father, IV, 10. 30. 1–2, 32. 1; fined for marrying sister, 31. 1; Themistocles commends, 32. 1; (478–471) general; conducts war with Persians, freeing islands; establishes colony at Scyros, 11. 60. 1–2; (467–466) with reinforcements, takes cities in Caria and defeats Persian fleet off Cyprus; sails for the Eurymedon riv., 60, 3–61. 1; (c. 467) defeats Persians on the Eurymedon, 61. 1–62. 1; (457) Myronides rivals, 82. 4; (454) negotiates peace with the Peloponnesians, 86. 1; (449) reduces cities of Cyprus; defeats Persian fleet, 12. 3. 1–4. 1, 11. 1. 1, 92. 5, 12. 2. 3; attacks Cyprian Salamis forcing Artaxerxes to make peace; dies of illness on Cyprus, 4. 2–6; his fame, 1. 5, VII, 15. 88. 2–3.
  • Cineas: (c. 280) envoy of Pyrrhus to Rome, XI, 22. 6. 3.
  • Cinna: see Tarracina.
  • cinnamon, produced in Arabia Felix, II, 2. 49. 3, 3. 46. 3.
  • Ciôs, commander of Mamertines: (269) captured by Hiero; kills self, XI, 22. 13. 2–6.
  • Circaeum, in Italy: Circe flees to, II, 4. 45. 5.
  • Circê d. of Hecate and Aeëtes: surpasses Hecatê in skill with drugs; establishes self at Circaeum, II, 4. 45. 3–5; teaches Medea, 46. 1, 50. 6, 54. 5.
  • circumcision: practised by Egyptians, Jews, Colchians, and Scythians, I, 1. 28. 3, 55. 5, and by Trogodytes, II, 3. 32. 4.
  • circus, Roman: (102) captives from slave war brought to Rome to fight beasts, XII, 36. 10. 2–3.
  • Cirrha, in Phocis: (c. 590) attempts to plunder Delphi, IV, 9. 16. 1; (355) Phocians convicted of cultivating plain of, VII, 16. 23. 3.
402
  • Cirta, in Numidia: (112) Jugurtha takes, XII, 34/5. 31. 1.
  • Cissians: (480) in Persian army, IV, 11. 7. 2–3.
  • Cissides of Sicily: (374) a general of Dionysius, VII, 15. 47. 7.
  • Cissius (Cissus) s. of Temenus: plots against father, III, 7. 13. 1; ancestor of Macedonian kings, 17. 1.
  • Cithaeron, Mt., in Attica: (479) Greek forces move through pass of, IV, 11. 29. 4; (335) Demosthenes turns back at, VIII, 17. 4. 7.
  • Citium, on Cyprus: (450) Athenians under Cimon reduce, by siege, IV, 12. 3. 3; (391) seeks aid of Persia against Evagoras of Salamis, VI, 14. 98. 2; (386) Evagoras defeated by Persians off, 15. 3. 4–6; Persian base for siege of Salamis, 4. 1; (315) Antigonus makes alliance with, IX, 19. 59. 1; Seleucus besieges, 62. 6; (307) Ptolemy coasts along to, X, 20. 49. 1, 52. 3.
  • citizenship: (427) Syracusan, granted to Leontines, V, 12. 54. 7; (374) Athenian, granted to Plataeans, VII, 15. 46. 6; (305) Roman, granted to Paeligni, X, 20. 90. 3; (91) delay in granting Roman, causes Social war, XII, 37. 2. 2.
  • Cius, in Bithynia: (318) Arrhidaeus flees to, IX, 18. 72. 2.
  • —, in Mysia: (302) Mithridates III succeeds Mithridates II, X, 20. 111. 4.
  • Claudius, M’.: see Ap. Claudius Crassus Inregillensis, tr. mil. c. p., 400=V403.
  • — Caecus, Ap.: (309) censorship of, X, 20. 36. 1–6; (307) consul, 45.1.
  • — Caudex, Ap.: (264) consul, defeats Carthaginians, XI, 23. 1. 4, 3. 1.
  • — Crassinus Inregillensis Sabinus, Ap.: (466=V471) consul, IV, 11. 67. 1.
  • — Crassus, T.: (416=V424) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 82. 1.
  • — — Inregillensis Sabinus, Ap.: (444=V451) Xvir for revising laws, IV, 12. 23. 1; (443=V450) 24. 1; claims Verginia as slave, 24. 2–3, 25. 1.
  • — — —, Ap. or M’.: (400=V403) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 35. 1.
  • — Inregillensis Sabinus, C.: (455=V460) cos., IV, 11, 85. 1.
  • — Marcellus, M.: (329=V331) cos., VIII, 17. 74. 1.
  • — —, M.: (212–211) takes Syracuse; regrets death of Archimedes, XI, 26. 18. 1; spares Syracusans but confiscates property, 20. 1.
  • — Pulcher, P.: (249) cos., defeated at Drepana by Punic fleet, XI, 24. 1. 5; assumes command of siege of Lilybaeum, 3. 1.
  • Clazomenae, in Ionia: (408) Alcibiades aids, against its exiles, V, 13. 71. 1; (383) takes Leucê, VI, 15. 18. 1–4; (302) Prepelaüs raids, X, 20. 107, 5. See Artemon of.
  • Clearchus of Lacedaemon: (before 429) condemned for receiving bribe, V, 13. 106. 10.
  • — —: (411) Cyzicus revolts to Pharnabazus and, V, 13. 40. 6; (410) in defeat at Cyzicus, 51. 1–4; (409) harmost in Byzantium, 66. 5–6; (406) second in command at Arginusae, 98. 1; (403) sent to Byzantium; becomes tyrant, VI, 14. 12. 2–3; Lacedaemonians defeat; joins Cyrus the Younger, commanding Peloponnesians, 12. 4–9, 19. 8; at Cunaxa, 22. 5, 23. 1–2, 24. 2–5; leader of Greeks after Cunaxa, 24. 7–25. 8; Artaxerxes tricks and kills, 26. 1–27. 2.
  • — of Heracleia: (364) becomes tyrant, VII, 15. 81. 5; (353) slain, 16. 36. 3.
  • — —: (306) becomes tyrant, X, 20. 77. 1.
  • — s. of Nausicles: (318) Athenians send, to Nicanor, IX, 18. 64. 5.
  • Cleidê, a nymph: shares in rearing Dionysus, III, 5. 52. 2.
403
  • Cleinias of Tarentum, a Pythagorean, IV, 10. 4. 1.
  • Cleinippides of Athens: (427) defeats fleet of Mytilenê, V, 12. 55. 3–4.
  • Cleinius of Cos: (344) leads mercenaries of Nectanebôs, VII, 16. 48. 4–5.
  • Cleio, a Muse, II, 4. 7. 2, 4. Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon: invites daughter’s suitors, III, 8. 19. 1.
  • Cleitarchus, tyrant of Eretria: (341) Phocion expels, VIII, 16. 74. 1.
  • —, historian, cited, I, 2. 7. 3.
  • Cleitor: seeCleomantis of.
  • Cleitus the Black: (334) saves Alexander, VIII, 17. 20. 6; (331) commands royal squadron at Arbela, 57. 1; (328) killed by Alexander, p. 111.
  • — the White: (322) defeats Athenians, IX, 18. 15. 8–9; (321) Antipater assigns Lydia to, 39. 6; (319) seeks aid of Polyperchon, 52. 5–6; (318) as admiral of Polyperchon, wins allegiance of Propontis; defeats Nicanor of Munychia at sea, 72. 2–5; defeated by Antigonus and nicanor; killed by men of Lysimachus, 72. 5–9.
  • Cleocritus: (413) archon, V, 13. 9. 1.
  • Cleodaeus s. of Heracles, II, 4. 31. 8.
  • — s. of Hyllus: ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
  • — s. of Eurybiades: ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
  • Cleomantis of Cleitor: (336) wins stadion, VIII, 16. 91. 1.
  • Cleombrotus, king of Lacedaemon, 380–371: (380) succeeds brother, VII, 15. 23. 2; (377) instigates attack on Peiraeus without consent of ephors, 29. 5–6; (371) enters Boeotia with army; camps at Leuctra, 51. 3–52. 1, 53. 1–2, 54. 5–6; commands one wing, 55. 1; killed, 55. 5, 33. 2–3, 39. 2.
  • Cleomenes, father of Nicomedes the Lacedaemonian, IV, 11. 79. 5.
  • — II of Lacedaemon, 370–309: (370) succeeds brother, VII, 15. 60. 4; (309) dies, X, 20. 29. 1. See Acrotatus s. of.
  • Cleon of Athens: (427) leader of popular party; decree of, against people of Mytilenê. V, 12. 55. 8–10; (425) brings captives from Sphacteria, 63. 4; (422) in Thrace as general; takes Toronê; defeated and killed, 73. 2–74. 2.
  • — of Cilicia: (c. 135) leads slave revolt; occupies Acragas, XII, 34/5. 2. 17, 43; joins Eunus, 2. 17; (132) killed at Enna, 2. 21. See Comanus brother of.
  • Cleonae, in Peloponnesus: Heracles kills Eurytus near; temple of Heracles at, II, 4. 33. 3.
  • Cleonê, d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72.1.
  • Cleonnis of Messenê: vainly claims meed of valour, III, 8. 12. 1–15.
  • Cleonymus of Lacedaemon: (303) leader of mercenaries at Tarentum, X, 20. 104. 1–105. 3.
  • Cleopatra d. of Boreas: wife of Phineus; displaced and imprisoned; freed by Heracles, II, 4. 43. 3–44. 3; ss. of, turn kingdom over to, 44. 4–6.
  • —: (before 336) marries Philip II of Macedon, VIII, 16. 93. 9; bears a child; Attalus brother (?) of, regarded by Alexander as rival, 17. 2. 3.
  • — d. of Philip II and Olympias: (336) marries Alexander of Epirus, VIII, 16. 91. 4–92. 1, X, 20. 37. 3; (323–322) chief leaders seek hand of, X, 20. 37. 4; Perdiccas marries, IX, 18. 23. 1–3, 25. 3; (308) Antigonus procures death of, X, 20. 37. 3–6.
  • — widow of Ptolemy VI: (c. 145) married by Ptolemy VIII Physcon, XII, 33. 6a. 1; (144) bears a son, Memphites, 13. 1; (139) pretended son of, and
404
  • Ptolemy VI as claimant, 20. 1; (131) quarrels with Physcon, who kills their son, 34/5. 14. 1.
  • — d. of Ptolemy VI: (c. 146) married to Alexander Balas, then to Demetrius II, XI, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445); (138) at Seleuceia, XII, 33. 28. 1.
  • — VII of Egypt, XII, 40. 6. 1.
  • Cleophis, queen of Assacenians: (327) concludes truce with Alexander, VIII, 17. 84. 1.
  • Cleophon of Athens: (410) prevents peace with Lacedaemon, V, 13. 53. 1–4.
  • Cleopompus of Athens: (430) operations of, against Locrians, V, 12. 44. 1.
  • Cleptius, Ti.: (103) commands Lucanians in slave war, XII, 36. 8. 1; (88) leader of Italians in Social war, 37. 2. 11, 13.
  • Cleri, on Propontis: (410) Mindarus escapes to, V, 13. 50. 4.
  • cleruchies: (470) established by Athens on Scyros, IV, 11. 60. 2, (453) on Naxos, on Thracian Cherronesus, 88. 3, (445) at Histiaea, 12. 22. 2, (430) at Aegina, V, 12. 44. 2, (429) at Potidaea, 46. 6–7, (427) on Lesbos, 55. 10; (380) bad reputation of Athens for, VII, 15. 23. 4; (377) Athens votes to return to former owners land held by cleruchs, 29. 8.
  • climate: effect of, on flora and fauna, II, 2. 51. 3–53. 7, on peoples and their cultures, 3. 33. 7–34. 8.
  • Clinon: (308) leads Greek cavalry in Punic army, X, 20. 38. 6.
  • Cloelius Siculus, P.: (370=V378) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 57. 1.
  • Clonius s. of Alegenor: Boeotian leader in Trojan war, III, 4. 67. 7.
  • —: (c. 128) with others, seizes Laodiceia, XII, 34/5. 22. 1.
  • —, P.: (104) in Sicily, murdered by slaves, XII, 36. 4. 1.
  • Clusium, in Etruria: (387=V390) Roman envoys take part in battle against Celts at, VI, 14. 113. 3–5.
  • Clytius s. of Eurytus, II, 4. 37. 5.
  • Cnemus of Lacedaemon: (429) commands against Acarnania, V, 12. 47. 4–5; (428) seizes ships at Salamis, 49. 2–5.
  • Cnidia: Nireus king of, in Trojan war, III, 5. 53. 2; shares in colonization of Symê, 53. 3.
  • Cnidinium, in Asia Minor: (390) Lacedaemonians escape to, VI, 14. 99. 3.
  • Cnidus, in Caria: founded by Triopas from Thessaly, III, 5. 61.1–2; men of, are defeated in Sicily and settle in Lipara, 9. 1–4; (395) Conon with King’s fleet defeats Lacedaemonians at, VI, 14. 83. 5–7, VII, 15. 35. 2; Theopompus ends his history with battle at, V, 13. 42. 5, VI, 14. 84. 7; (391) Lacedaemonian fleet at, 97. 4; (304) envoys of, fail to persuade Rhodes to accept Demetrius’ terms, X, 20. 95. 4–5. See Agatharchides, Ctesias of.
  • Cnossus (Cnosus), in Crete; founded by Minos, III, 5. 78. 2; Titans dwell about, 66. 1; Zeus reared at, and educates Minos at, XII, 33. 10. 1; Zeus marries Hera at, III, 5. 72. 4; Idomeneus and Meriones buried at, 79. 4; (346) hire Phalaecus and his mercenaries, VII, 16. 62. 3; (305) send men to Rhodes, X, 20. 88. 9; (145) ancient pride of, XII, 33. 10. 1. Rites secret elsewhere are public at, III, 5. 77. 3; temple of Rhea still to be seen at, 66. 1.
  • Coans: see Cos.
  • Cocalus, king of Sicanians: receives Daedalus fleeing from Crete, III, 4. 75. 6, 77. 6; he constructs works for, 78.1–2; entertains Minos, VII, 16. 9. 4; kills him in hot bath, III, 4. 79. 1–2, 5. 78. 4; burns Cretan ships, 4. 79. 5; Antiochus of Syracuse begins history with, V, 12. 71. 2.
  • Cocytus, Portals of: near Egyptian place of tombs, I, 1. 96. 9.
405
  • Coelê Syria: see Syria, Codê.
  • Coelius, P.: see P. Cloelius Siculus, tr. mil. c. p., 370=V378.
  • Coenus, early king of Macedon, III, 7. 15. 1.
  • —, a Macedonian: (331) at Arbela (Gaugamela), VIII, 17. 57. 2, 61. 3.
  • Coeus: a Titan, III, 5. 66. 3; father of Leto, 67. 2.
  • Colchi, in Pontus: Egyptians claim, as colony, I, 1. 28. 2, 55. 4–5; circumcision practised in, 28. 3, 55. 5; famous for cruelty to strangers, II, 4. 47. 2; ruled by King Aeëtes, 45. 1, 47. 2; Phrixus hangs Golden Fleece in, 47. 1, 5; Pelias sends Jason to, for the fleece, 40.1–3, 41. 2; Heracles goes to, with Jason, 15. 4, 42. 7; Argonauts in, 46. 3–50. 1, 54. 7; Medea prays in language of, 52. 3; according to some she returns to, 56. 1; Trapezus lies in territory of, VI, 14. 30. 3; (401) the “Ten Thousand” defeat, 29. 5–6; (before 61) Pompey protects, XII, 40. 4. 1.
  • Collatia: (V510) Sex. Tarquinius comes to, IV, 10. 20. 1.
  • Colon: (317) on route from Badacê to Ecbatana, IX, 19. 19. 2.
  • Colonê (Colonae), in Troad: prince of, founds Tenedos, III, 5. 83. 1; (399) Lacedaemonians take, VI, 14. 38. 3.
  • colonization: by Egyptians, I, 1. 28. 1–29. 6; Greek, directed by Delphi, III, 5. 6. 5, 8. 17. 1–2, 21. 3, 23. 1–2, 29. 1; (317) of Thracians in upper satrapies, IX, 19. 27. 5, 29. 2, See cleruchies.
  • Colophon, in Lydia: (302) adheres to Lysimachus and Cassander, X, 20. 107. 5.
  • Colossae, in Phrygia: (396) Tissaphernes killed in, VI, 14. 80. 7–8.
  • columbethra: (480) built in Acragas, IV, 11. 25. 4–5.
  • Comanus brother of Cleon: (132) P. Rupilius captures, XII, 34/5. 2. 20.
  • comet: (372) foretells end of Lacedaemonian supremacy, VII, 15. 50. 2–3.
  • Cominius Pontius: (387=V390) messenger from Veii to Rome, VI, 14. 116. 3–4.
  • Commagenê: (c. 162) asserts independence, XI, 31. 19a. 1 (p. 373).
  • communism, experiments in: by Celtiberians, III, 5. 34. 3; on Lipara island, 9. 4–5.
  • Companions (cavalry) of Alexander: commanded by He-phaestion, then by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 4; (333) pursue Dareius after Issus, VIII, 17. 37. 2; (323) accept Philip Arrhidaeus as king, IX, 18. 2. 2–4; Perdiccas makes Seleucus commander of, 3. 4; (317) at Peucestes’ festival, 19. 22. 2.
  • — (cavalry); (317) in army of Eumenes, IX, 19. 28. 3, of Antigonus, 29. 4, (312) of Demetrius, X, 19. 82. 3.
  • Conon: (462) archon, IV, 11. 74. 1.
  • — of Athens: (410) general, in Corcyra, V, 13. 48. 6; (407) takes over fleet from Alcibiades, 74. 1–2, 76. 1; too late to aid Methymnê, 77. 1–2; defeats Lacedaemonians off Mitylenê; withdraws to Mitylenê, 77. 3–78. 3; fails to prevent Lacedaemonian landing, 78. 4–79. 7; (406) after Arginusae, Athenian generals pick up, at Mitylenê, 100.6, and turnover fleet to him, 101. 5; (405) with Philocles, moves toward Hellespont, 104. 1–2; after defeat at Aegospotami, flees to Cyprus, 106. 6; (399) at Cyprus, appointed admiral of Persian fleet, VI, 14. 39.1–4; (396) blockaded by Lacedaemonians at Caunus, 79. 4–5; with Rhodians, seizes Lacedaemonian grain fleet, 79. 6–7; fleet of, reinforced, 79. 8; goes to Babylon, wins King’s support for war on Lacedaemonians, 81. 4–6; (395) defeats
406
  • Lacedaemonians off Physcus, 83. 4–7, 84. 3; wins over many cities; comes to Corinth, makes alliance with Council at Corinth; returns to Asia, 84. 3–5; (394) rebuilds walls of Peiraeus, 85. 2–3; imprisoned for using King’s fleet for Athenian advantage, 85. 4, VII, 15. 43. 5; among famous men of age, 88. 2–3. See Timotheüs s. of.
  • — —, s. of Timotheüs: (318) sent to Nicanor with Athenian complaints, IX, 18. 64. 5.
  • consul: (443=V450) at least one, to be plebeian, IV, 12. 25. 2–3. For annual elections of, see table preceding the Index.
  • Contobris, in Spain: (139) orders Rome to quit region, XII, 33. 24. 1.
  • Contoniatus, a Gaul: (110) supported by Rome, XII, 34/5. 36. 1.
  • copper: found in Egyptian Thebaīd, I, 1. 15. 5, 33. 3, in India, 2. 16. 4, II, 2. 36. 2, in Iberia, III, 5. 36. 2; use of, discovered by Idaean Dactyli, 64. 5, by Hephaestus, 74. 2.
  • Coprates riv., in Susiana: (317) Antigonus at, IX, 19. 18. 3–4.
  • Cora, in Latium: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
  • Coragus of Macedon: (326) defeated in duel by Athenian, VIII, 17. 100. 2–8.
  • Corcinas of Lavisa: (404) stadion winner, VI, 14. 3. 1.
  • Corcyra d. of Asopus: carried by Poseidon to island named for her, III, 4. 72. 1, 3.
  • Corcyra (Cercyra), isl. and city: named for d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 3; as large as Pityussa, 5. 16. 1; a colony of Corinth, IV, 12. 30. 4; join Corinth in colonizing Epidamnus, 30. 2; (480) wait to join winning side at Salamis, 11. 15. 1; (439) send force to Epidamnus demanding return of exiles; declare war on Corinth, 12. 30. 3–5; Corinthians take some, prisoners at Epidamnus, V, 12. 57. 1; (438) defeat Corinthians and force Epidamnus to surrender, IV, 12. 31. 2–3; (437) build ships, 32. 3; (436) with Athenians defeat Corinth at sea, 33. 1–4, 34. 1, V, 12. 54. 2; (431) allied to Athens, 42. 5; (430) support Athenian raids on Peloponnese, 43. 1; (427) prisoners freed by Corinth return and overthrow democracy in, 57. 1–3, but are driven out by Athenians, 57. 3–4; (425) join Athenian forces under Demosthenes, 60. 1; (415) Athenian fleet at, 13. 3. 3; (410) civil strife in, 48. 1–8; (374) importance of, for sea power, VII, 15. 46. 1, V, 12. 54. 2; Lacedaemonians send fleet to aid oligarchs in, VII, 15. 46. 1–2, 47. 1; Athenians vote fleet for, which is too late, 46. 3, 47. 2–3, 7, 16. 57. 2; Athenian army in, raises Lacedaemonian siege of, 15. 47. 4–7; (361) allied to Athens but attacked by Athenian admiral, 95. 3; (345) ships from, join Timoleon, VIII, 16. 66. 2; (313) free Apollonia; give Epidamnus to Illyrian king, X, 19. 78. 1; (312) help Leucadians drive out Cassander’s garrison, 89. 3; (303) Cleonymus installs garrison in, 20. 104. 4, 105. 1, 3; (299) besieged by Cassander; delivered by Agathocles, XI, 21. 2. 1–3. 1; (167) L. Aemilius Paullus at, 31. 11. 1; (157) Ariarathes foils plot at, 31. 32b. 1.
  • Cordisci: see Scordisci.
  • Corê (Persephonê): reared in Sicily, III, 5. 2. 3–5, 3. 4; rape of, by Poseidon, 4. 2–3, 6–7, 5.1, II, 4. 23. 4, occurs in Sicily, III, 5. 3. 1–3, 69. 3; Demeter seeks, 4. 3; Sicily sacred to, 2. 3, 4.1, 4. 5–5. 1, 69. 3, V, 13. 31. 1, X, 20. 7. 2; Heracles offers sacrifices to, II, 4. 23. 4; (after 480) Gelon builds temple to,
407
  • IV, 11. 26. 7; (413) Athens plunders is l. of, V, 13. 31. 1; (396) Himilcon plunders temples of, VI, 14. 63. 1, and a plague strikes his camp, 70. 4; rites for, instituted in Carthage, 77. 4–5; (310) Agathocles burns fleet as votive offering to, X, 20. 7. 1–3. See Persephone.
  • Corfinium, city of the Paeligni: (91) capital of the Italians in Marsic war, XII, 37. 2. 4; abandoned, 2. 9.
  • Corinth: settled by Dorians, III, 7. 9. 1; Jason and Medea in, II, 4. 53. 3, 54. 1–55. 2; Heracleidae give, to Aletes; his successors, III, 7. 9. 1–6; harbour of, called Lechaeum, XI, 22. 8. 6; (c. 734) founds Syracuse, VI, 14. 42. 3, 69. 5, VII, 16. 65. 2; (after 660) Delphi forbids settlement of Epeunactae between Sicyon and, III, 8. 21. 3; (480) council of Greeks at, considers alliance with Gelon, IV, 11. 1. 1; men from, tell Gelon of victory at Salamis, 26. 5; (479) after Plataea, pursue Persians, 32. 1; (after 479) develop first triremes, VI, 14. 42. 3; (459) Athenians defeat, at Halieis and at Cecryphaleia, IV, 11. 78. 1–2; (458) Athenians and Megarians twice defeat, 79. 1–4; (451) Ducetius sent from Syracuse to, 92. 4, 12. 8. 1–2; (439) causes of war with Corcyra, 12. 30. 2–5; (438) defeated at sea by Corcyraeans and allies, 31. 2–3; (437) prepare new fleet, 32. 1–2; (436) fail to gain Athenian support, 33. 2, V, 12. 54. 2; defeated by Corcyraeans and Athenians, IV, 12. 33. 1–4; (435) incite Potidaea to revolt from Athens; defeated by Athens, 34. 1–4, 37. 1; (429) Lacedaemonians withdraw to, after defeats off Rhium, V, 12. 48. 3; (428) Lacedaemonians inactive at, 49. 2; (427) release Corcyraean prisoners to betray Corcyra, 57. 1–2; (424) twice defeated by Nicias, 65. 5–6; (421) join alliance against Athens and Lacedaemon, 75. 3; (420) make alliance with Lacedaemon, 77, 3; (414) send aid to Syracuse, 13. 7. 1–2, 8. 2–3; (411) ships of, in Lacedaemonian fleet, 40. 5; (402) offended by Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 17. 7; (400) Thibron calls allies to, for war with Artaxerxes, 36. 2; (396) ships sent to Dionysius, 62. 1, 63. 4, pursue retreating Punic fleet, 75. 5; (395) beginning of “Corinthian war,” 86. 6; with Athenians and others form alliance against Lacedaemon (Council at Corinth), 82. 1–4, which sends aid to Medius of Larissa, 82. 5–10; gather soldiers in Corinth, 82. 10, and make alliance with Conon, 84. 5; (394) Lacedaemonians prevent establishment of democracy in, 86. 1–6; (393) Iphicrates drives exiles from Lechaeum and defeats Lacedaemonians, 91. 2; occupied by Argives, 92. 1; Athenians reject Iphicrates’ plan to seize; they send Chabrias to, 92. 2; (391) Argives busy about, 97. 5.
  • (380) Humbled by past wars with Lacedaemon, VII, 15. 23. 4; (377) in Lacedaemonian empire, 31. 2; (375) disorders in, on recovery of autonomy, 40. 1, 3; (369) join Lacedaemonians and Athenians to check Boeotians, 68. 2; defeated, 69. 1–2, 72. 1; Epameinondas attacks, but is defeated by Athenians, 69. 1–4; Dionysius sends mercenaries to Lacedaemonians at, 70. 1; (368) messenger from Athens to Syracuse changes ships at, 74. 1; (before 357) aid Dion against Dionysius the Younger, 16. 6. 5; (346) charged with share in sacrilege of Phocians
408
  • at Delphi, 60. 2; freighters hired in, 61. 4; send Timoleon to Syracuse, 65. 1–2, VIII, 16. 66. 1–4, 68. 5, rather than decide his fate, VII, 16. 65. 3–9; (344) send ships and funds to him, VIII, 16. 69. 4; Dionysius II spends rest of life at, 70. 2–3; (340) Timoleon dedicates spoil in, 80. 6; (339) send colonists to Syracuse, 82. 3; (337) council of Hellenic League meets in, 89. 1–3; (335) 17. 4. 9; (332) 48. 6; (330) 73. 5; (324) envoys from, to Alexander, 113. 4; (315) Cassander plunders fields of, IX, 19. 63. 4; (313) Polyperchon holds, X, 19. 74. 2; (312) admiral of Antigonus in, 87. 1; (308) Ptolemy takes, 20. 37. 1–2; (303) Demetrius drives Cassander’s garrison from, and installs his own, 103. 1–4; (192) T. Quinctius Flamininus at, XI, 29. 1. 1; (157) plot against Ariarathes in, fails, 31. 32b. 1; (146) Home destroys, 32. 4. 5, 27. 1; (44) Caesar rebuilds, 27. 1–3. See Acestorides, Andromenes, Archias, Ariston, Cephalus, Demaratus, Nicoteles, Periander, Pythes, Timoleon, Xenophon of.
  • —, Council at: see Hellenic League.
  • Corinth, Isthmus of: Poseidon honoured at, by Eurytus, II, 4. 33. 3, by Jason, 53. 2; altar of Poseidon at, III, 4. 73. 3, 5; Heracleidae assemble at, II, 4. 58. 3; home of Sinis, III, 4. 59. 2; (480) Greeks meet at, IV, 11. 3. 3; Peloponnesians wish to make stand at, 15. 3–4; wall built across, 16. 3; Xerxes expects Greek fleet to retire to, 17. 1; (479) Greek forces assemble at, 29. 1–2; (426) Lacedaemonians checked at, by earthquake, V, 12. 59. 1–2; (369) Lacedaemonians fortify, against Boeotians, VII, 15. 68. 3; (335) Peloponnesian forces to aid Thebes wait at, VIII, 17. 8. 6; (316) Alexander s. of Polyperchon holds, IX, 19. 54. 3–4; Cassander leaves troops at, 54. 4; (308) Ptolemy moves to, X, 20. 37. 1.
  • corn (σῖτος, wheat and/or barley): the most excellent of dry foods, II, 4. 3. 5; not discovered at time of the Libyan Amazons, II, 3. 53. 5; grew wild in Sicily, III, 5. 2. 4; discovered by Demeter before birth of Persephonê; after recovery of Persephonê she bids Triptolemus spread culture of, III, 5. 68. 1–3; Demeter gives, to Iasion, 49. 1, 4; Triptolemus skilled in culture of, accompanies Osiris on campaign, I, 1. 18. 2. Athens, India, Egypt, and Sicily all claim discovery of, III, 5. 69. 1–3, II, 2. 36. 3, III, 5. 2. 4–5, 4. 3–7, 77. 4, V, 13. 26. 3. Produced in Libya near Cyrenê, II, 3. 50. 1. See wheat, barley.
  • Cornelii Scipiones, XII, p. 299.
  • Cornelius, C.: (369=V377) trib. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 61. 1.
  • —, C.: see Cn. Cornelius Cossus, cos. 406=V409; L. Cornelius Scipio, cos. 347 = V350.
  • —, L.: (379=V387) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 24. 1.
  • —, P.: (381=V389) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 22. 1.
  • —, T.: (377=V385) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 28. 1.
  • — Arvina, P.: (306) cos., X, 20. 73. 1; invades Iapygia and Samnium, 80. 1–4.
  • — Cinna, L.: (87) cos., in exile rejects emissaries from Rome, XII, 38/9. 1. 1; recognized as consul by Metellus, 2. 1; threatened by cos. Cn. Octavius, 2. 2; recalled by senate, 3. 1; with C. Marius puts rivals to death, 4. 1–3; (83) Sulla defeats forces of, 6. 1.
  • — Cossus, A.: (421=V428) cos., V, 12. 75. 1; (418=V426) tr. mil. c. p., 80. 1; master of horse, 80. 6–8.
  • — —, A.: (365=V369) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 77. 1.
409
  • — —, Cn.: (411=V414) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 38. 1; (406=V409) cos., 80.11.
  • — —, Cn.: (398=V401) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 44. 1.
  • — —, M.: (410=V413) cos., V, 13. 43. 1.
  • — —, P.: (412=V415) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 34. 1.
  • — —, P.: (405=V408) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 104. 1.
  • — —, P.: (392=V395) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 94. 1.
  • — —, Ser.: (427=V434) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 53.1.
  • — —Arvina, A.: (340=V343) cos., VIII, 16. 77. l; (330 = V332) 17. 62. 1.
  • — Curitinus, L.: see L. Cornelius Maluginensis Uritinus, cos. 454=V459.
  • — Lentulus, C: (473=V478) cos., IV, 11. 52. 1 (error of Diodorus for C. Servilius Structus).
  • — —, L.: (325=V327) cos., VIII, 17. 110. 1.
  • — —, Ser.: (303) cos., X, 20. 102. 1.
  • — — Spinther, P., cos. 57: (69) tr. pleb. (?), vetoes senatus consultum in favour of Cretans, XII, 40. 1. 2.
  • — — Sura, P., cos. 71: (63) leader in Catilinarian conspiracy, XII, 40. 5. 1.
  • — Macerinus, A.: see A. Cornelius Maluginensis, cos., 429=V436.
  • — Maluginensis, A.: (429=V436) cos., V, 12. 46. 1.
  • — —, M.: (443=V450) member of second decemvirate, IV, 12. 24. 1.
  • — —, M.: (365=V369) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 77. 1.
  • — — P.: (401=V404) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 19. 1.
  • — —, P.: (394=V397) tr. mil. c. p.. VI, 14. 85. 1.; (393=V396) mag. eq., 93. 2; (387=V390) tr. mil. c. p., 110. 1; (382=V390) VII, 15. 20. 1.
  • — —, Ser.: (479–V485) cos., IV, 11. 27. 1.
  • — —, Ser.: (378=V386) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 25. 1; (374=V382), 41. 1; (368=V376) 71. 1; (366=V370) 76. 1; (364=V368) 78. 1.
  • — — Uritinus, L.: (454=V459) cos., IV, 11. 86. 1.
  • — Merula, L.: (87) cos. suf. in place of Cinna, XII, 38/9. 3. 1.
  • — Rutilus Cossus, P.: (403=V406) tr. mil. c, p., VI, 14. 12. 1.
  • — Scapula, P.: (326=V328) cos., VIII, 17. 87. 1.
  • — Scipio, L. (or C): (347=V350) cos., VII, 16. 56. 1.
  • — —, P.: (392=V395) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 94. 1.
  • — —, P.: (c. 160) s. of Africanus, adopts s. of L. Aemilius Paullus, XI, 31. 26. 4.
  • — — Africanus, P., cos., 205, 194: married to Aemilia, XI, 31. 27. 3–4; (210–206) procos. in Spain, 29. 20. 1; (209) releases hostages, 26. 21. 1; (206) releases Indibeles, 22. 1; (205) cos., puts pressure on Sicilian aristocrats, 27. 2a. 1; (204) accused of sharing guilt of Q. Pleminius, 4. 1–8; (203) keeps Syphax in free custody, 6. 1–2; warned against Sophonba, 7. 1; makes alliance with Masinissa secure, 8. 1; releases Punic envoys, 12. 1–2; (202) defeats Hannibal and Carthage, 25. 19. 1 (p. 175), 29. 20. 1, XII, 34/5. 5. 1, 33. 1, 37. 1. 4; (190) Antiochus III returns s. of; warns Antiochus, XI, 29. 8. 1–2; (189) advises brother Lucius on terms for Antiochus, 10. 1; arrogance of, 21. 1; greatest Roman to his day, 31. 26. 4; (before 160) Scipio Aemilianus pays dowries of daughters of, 27. 5; Aemilianus, grandson of, by adoption, 30. 22. 1.
  • — — — Aemilianus, P., cos. 147, 134: (168) after Pydna L. Aemilius Paullus seeks for, XI, 30. 22. 1; account of early life and character, 31. 26. 3–27 8; adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio s. of Africanus,
410
  • 26. 4; tutored by Polybius, 26. 5; (149) alone of military tribunes keeps faith with the conquered, 32. 7. 1; Hasdrubal grants appeal of, for burial of Romans, 8. 1; Cato praises, 9a. 2 (p. 429); persuades Pharneas to desert Carthaginians, 17. 1; (148) elected consul below legal age, 9a. 2–3 (pp. 429–431); (147) cos., offers asylum to Hasdrubal, 22. 1; (146) sees sign of fickleness of Fortune in fall of Carthage, 23. 1–24. 1; returns to Sicilian cities what Carthage had taken, 25. 1, V, 13. 90. 5; not inferior in war to adoptive grandfather, XI, 30. 22. 1; (138) visits Egypt, Cyprus, and Syria, XII, 33. 28b. 1–4; (133) approves death of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, 34/5. 7. 3.
  • — — Asiaticus, L.: (190) cos., occupies Lysimacheia, XI, 29. 5. 1; (189) notifies Antiochus III of terms of surrender, 10. 1; consults re Asian settlement, 11. 1, XII, 34/5. 33. 1.
  • — — —, L.: (83) cos., deserted by men, rescued by Sulla, resumes command, XII, 38/9. 16. 1 (p. 257).
  • — — Hispanus: conquered Spain, XII, 34/5. 33. 1.
  • — — Nasica, P., cos. 191: career of, 34/5. 33. 1; selected as best man to receive Great Mother, 33. 2.
  • — — — Corculum, P.: cos. 162, 155: career of, 34/5. 33. 1; wished that Carthage might continue to exist, 33. 3–6.
  • — — — Serapio, P., cos. 138: (133) kills Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, 34/5. 33. 6–7, 7. 2.
  • — — — —, P., cos. 111: ancestry of, XII, 34/5. 33. 1–6; died during consulship; character of, 33. 8.
  • — Sulla, L., diet., 82–79: (105) quaestor, receives Jugurtha, XII, 34/5. 39. 1; (89) legatus, defeats Italians, 37. 2. 8; arouses great expectations, 25. 1; (88) cos., forces Italians to surrender; sets out for Mithridatic war, 2. 13; C. Marius seeks illegally to take Mithridatic command from, 29. 2; (87) procos., plunders temples in Greece, 38/9. 7. 1; (86) takes Athens, 6. 1; Marius commits suicide in fear of, 37. 29. 4; (85) makes Mithri-dates an ally, 38/9. 6. 1; (83) wonders at Cn. Pompey, 10. 1; gives escort to cos. L. Cornelius Scipio, 16. 1 (p. 257); (82) strife between, and C. Marius the Younger, 13. 1, 15. 1, 37. 2. 14; fails to win M. Perpenna, 38/9. 14. 1; defeats Cinna (?) and Marius, 6. 1; shuts Marius in Praenestê where he kills self, 15. 1, 37. 29. 4 (?); becomes dictator; called Epaphroditus, 38/9. 15. 1; p. 301: proscriptions of, 37. 29. 5, 38/9. 19. 1; p. 301; concocts reports of domestic and foreign wars, pp. 301–303.
  • — Tricostus, Ser.: see Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis, cos. 479=V485.
  • Cornissus (Solmissus?), Mt., in Ionia: (390) Lacedaemonians seize, VI, 14. 99. 1.
  • Coroebus of Athens: (306) archon, X, 20. 73. 1.
  • Coroneia, in Boeotia: (447) Boeotians defeat Athenians at, IV, 12. 6. 2, 7. 1; (411) inscription on Lacedaemonian fleet wrecked off Athos in temple at, V, 13. 41. 3; (404) man beats horse in race from, to Thebes, VI, 14. 11. 5; (395) Agesilaüs claims victory over Boeotians at, 84. 1–2; (371) Spartans camp at, before Leuctra, VII, 15. 52. 1; Epameinondas seizes pass of; Lacedaemonians avoid pass, 52. 7–53. 1; (353) Onomarchus takes, 16. 35. 3; (352) Boeotians defeat Phocians at, 37. 6; (347) Phocians defeat Boeotians near, 56. 2; Phocians use, as base, 58. 1.
411
  • Coronis: mother of Asclepius by Apollo, III, 4. 71. 1, 5. 74. 6.
  • —, a nymph: rears infant Dionysus, III, 5. 52. 2.
  • —, devotee of Dionysus: violated by Butes, III, 5. 50. 5.
  • Coronus s. of Caeneus: king of Lapithae; slain by Heracles, II, 4. 37. 3.
  • Corsiae, in Boeotia: (347) used by Phocians as base, VII, 16. 58. 1.
  • Corsica: Cyrnus called Corsica by the Romans, III, 5. 13. 3. See Cyrnus.
  • Cortona: see Crotona.
  • Corybantes: settled on Samothrace by the Mother of the Gods, II, 3. 55. 9; receive name from Corybas, III, 5. 49. 3.
  • Corybas s. of Cybelê: spreads rites of Mother of the Gods, III, 5. 49. 2–4.
  • —, father of Idê, III, 4. 60. 3.
  • Corydallus, in Attica: home of Procrustes, III, 4. 59. 5.
  • Corynetes: slain by Theseus, III, 4. 59. 2.
  • Coryphasium, in Elis: (365) Arcadians seize, VII, 15. 77. 4.
  • Corythus: rears Telephus s. of Heracles, II, 4. 33. 11.
  • Cos (Meropis), Coans: kings of, with Agamemnon at Troy, III, 5. 54. 1; colonize Calydna and Nisyros, 54. 2–3; Candalus flees to, 57. 2; Macareus sends colony to, 81. 8; (480) furnish ships to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 8; (411) Alcibiades sacks, V, 13. 42. 3; (408) 69. 5; (395) secede from Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 84. 3; (366) move to present location, VII, 15. 76. 2; (358) revolt from Athens, 16. 7. 3; (356) continue war with Athens, 21. 1–4; (340) join Athenians against Philip II, VIII, 16. 77.2–3; (334) Memnon moves to, with army, 17. 27. 5; (314) Seleucus sails to, X, 19. 68. 4; (309) Ptolemy calls Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus to, 20. 27. 3. See Cleinius of, Pleistias of.
  • Cosconius, C.: (89) legatus, defeats Italians, XII, 37. 2. 8.
  • cosmology and cosmogony: various theories, I, 1. 6. 3–8. 1, 40. 5; of Chaldaeans, 2. 30. 1–31. 10.
  • Cossaeans: mountain tribe of Media, VIII, 17. 111. 4; (331) in Persian army at Arbela, 59. 3; (325) defeated by Alexander, 111. 4–112. 1; (317) obstruct march of Antigonus, IX, 19. 19. 2–8.
  • Cothon, harbour of Carthage: Charmuthas on Red Sea compared to, II, 3. 44. 8.
  • Cotta, governor of Paphlagonia: Sardanapallus sends treasure to, I, 2. 26. 8.
  • Cotyora, on Pontus: (401) Greek mercenaries (the “Ten Thousand”) embark at, VI, 14. 31. 1.
  • Cotys: father of Cersobleptes king of Thrace, 360–341, VII, 16. 34. 4.
  • —, king of Thrace: (c. 170) free from Thracian vices, XI, 30. 3. 1.
  • —, king of Thrace: (c. 91) hands Euphenes over to his father, XII, 37. 5a. 1 (p. 207).
  • councillors: form 7th caste in India, II, 2. 41. 4.
  • counselling gods: stars in Chaldaean system, I, 2. 30, 6.
  • cow: held sacred in Egypt, I, 1. 11. 4, 87. 2.
  • Crannon, in Thessaly: (369) Alexander II of Macedon occupies, VII, 15. 61. 3–5; (322) Antipater and Craterus defeat Greeks at, IX, 18. 16. 4–17. 8, 16. 54.
  • Craters, The, in Sicily: description of, IV, 11. 89. 1–8.
  • Craterus of Macedon: (400) accidentally slays King Archelaüs, VI, 14. 37. 6.
  • —, general of Alexander: (331) at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 3; (326) leads part of army beside the Acesines riv., 96. 1; (324) rival of Hephaestion for Alexander’s love, 114. 1–2; Alexander sends, to Cilicia with
412
  • veterans, IX, 18. 4. 1, 12. 1; (323) joins Antipater in Lamian war, 12. 1, 16. 4-5, 17. 7; marries Phila d. of Antipater, 18. 7; (322) with Antipater, takes field against Aetolians; they make peace on news from Asia, 24. 1-25. 5; with Antipater, plans war on Perdiccas, 25. 4; (321) with Antipater, crosses into Asia, 29. 1–6; defeated by Eumenes; killed by fall from horse, 30. 1–6, 37. 1, 53. 3; (315) bones of, given to Phila, former wife of, 19. 59. 3; (302) Amestris, former wife of, married to Lysimachus, X, 20. 109. 7.
  • Crates: (434) archon, IV, 12. 35. 1.
  • Cratesipolis, wife of Alexander s. of Polyperchon: (314) rules Sicyon after husband’s death, X, 19. 67. 1–2; (308) Ptolemy takes Sicyon and Corinth from, 20. 37. 1.
  • Cratesippidas of Lacedaemon: (409) restores exiles to Chios, V, 13. 65. 3.
  • Crateuas (Cratevas), officer of Cassander: (316) defeated by Aristonoüs, IX, 19. 50. 7; kin of, kill Aristonoüs, 51.1.
  • Crathis riv., in Bruttium: near Sybaris, IV, 11. 90. 3, 12. 9. 2.
  • Crato: (124) a partisan of Rome in a Gallic town, XII, 34/5. 23. 1.
  • Craton, father of Antiphemus, III, 8. 23. 1.
  • Cremera riv., in Etruria: (472 = V477) Veiians defeat Romans at, IV, 11. 53. 6.
  • Crenides, in Thrace: (360) Thasians settle, VII, 16. 3. 7; (358) Philip II changes name to Philippi, 8. 6–7.
  • Creon, king of Thebes: gives daughter to Heracles, who has defeated Minyans, II, 4. 10. 4–6.
  • — s. of Menoeceus, king of Thebes: some Cadmeans return during reign of, III, 4. 67. 1; father of Jocastê, 64. 1.
  • —, king of Corinth: welcomes Jason, II, 4. 53. 2; drives Medea from city; killed by Medea, 54. 5-6. See Hippotes s. of, Glaucê d. of.
  • Cres: king of Eteocretans, III, 5. 64. 1.
  • Cresphontes: early king of Messenê, VII, 15. 66. 2.
  • Cretê, d. of one of Curetes: Ammon marries, and names Crete for, II, 3. 71. 2. See Pasiphaê d. of.
  • Crete: one of the seven largest islands, III, 5. 17. 1; visible from Rhodes, 59. 2; Zeus brother of Uranus, king of, names island for Idaea his wife, II, 3. 61. 1–2; his tomb still visible on, 61. 2, as is tomb of “Picus who is called Zeus,” III, 6. 5. 3; Ammon driven to, marries Cretê and calls island Crete, II, 3. 71. 2; he is protected from Titans by Zeus s. of Cronus, Dionysus, and others, 73. 7–8; account of Crete, III, 5. 64. 1–81. 1; Cretan origin of the gods, 64. 2–77. 8, 46. 3; Zeus born and reared on, 60. 2, II, 3. 61. 3, 4. 17. 3; he battles the giants on, 3. 73. 7, III, 5. 71. 2–3; the heroes who followed the gods on, 78. 1–79. 4; Zeus brings Europê to, 4. 60. 2; Minos s. of Zeus and Europe becomes king of, 60. 2–3, 5. 78. 1–3, 80. 3, 84. 1–2, I, 1. 94. 1; sea power of, III, 5. 78. 3, 84. 1; Rhadamanthys s. of Zeus gives laws to, III, 4. 60. 3; Minos, Pasiphaê, and Daedalus, 77. 1–9; Minos and Cretans in Sicily, 79. 1-7, VII, 16. 9. 4; cult of the Mothers moved from, to Sicily, III, 4. 79. 7–80. 2; Minos, Theseus, and Ariadne, 60. 4–62. 1, 5. 51. 4; Heracles on, II, 3. 74. 4, 4. 13. 4, 17. 3–4, III, 4. 59. 6; Eteocretans, autochthonous inhabitants of, followed by Pelasgians, Dorians, and barbarians, III, 5.
413
  • 64. 1, 80. 1–3; Peloponnesian colonies on, 80. 3; sources for history of, 80. 4; some, live on Hiera (Panehaea) isl., 42. 4; colonies of, on Cyclades driven out by Carians, 84. 1–4; Gela founded as home for men of, and Rhodes, 8. 23. 1; use of the bow cultivated in, 5. 74. 5; (331) archers from, in Macedonian army, VIII, 17. 57. 4; (305) X, 20. 85. 3; (363) runners from, used by Agis of Sparta, VII, 15. 82. 6–83. 2; (346) Cnossians bring mercenaries to, for war with Lyctus, 16. 62. 3–4; (332) Agis of Sparta forces cities of, to take Persian side, VIII, 17. 48. 1–2; (326) Harpalus sails to, 108. 8, IX, 18. 19. 2; (c. 205) Rhodians declare war on, XI, 27. 3. 1, 28. 1. 1; (c. 155–153) war with Rhodes, 31. 38. 13, 43. 1–45. 1; (c. 149) Andriscus claims Cretan rearing, 32. 15. 2; (145) disaster in, XII, 33. 11. 1; (90) a, prefers money to Roman citizenship, 37. 18. 1; (71) makes terms with M. Antonius, 40. 1. 1; (69) sends envoys to Rome, 1. 1–2; in league with pirates, 1. 3; labyrinth in, has disappeared, 1,1. 61. 4. See Catreus, Idaean Dactyli, Mnasicles, Nearchus of, Cacno, Tripolis in.
  • Cretheus: Tectamus marries d. of, and begets Asterius, III, 4. 60. 2.
  • —: father of Amythaon, Pheres, and Aeson, III, 4. 68. 3.
  • Cretopolis, in Lycia (?): (319) Antigonus moves to, IX, 18. 44. 2, 47. 4.
  • Creüsa, a nymph: mother of Hypseus and Stilbê, III, 4. 69. 1.
  • —, wife of Aeneas, III, 7. 5. 8. Crimisê: mentioned in Delphic response to Myscellus, III, 8. 17. 1.
  • Crimisus (Crimissus) river, in Sicily: (340) Timoleon defeats Carthaginians at, VIII, 16. 79. 5–80. 6, IX, 19. 2. 8.
  • Crinacus s. of Zeus: father of Macareus, III, 5. 81. 4.
  • Crinippus of Syracuse: (374) Athenians capture fleet under, VII, 15. 47. 7.
  • Crisaean gulf: Athenians block Lacedaemonians in, V, 12. 47. 1.
  • Crison of Himera: (488) stadion winner, IV, 12. 5. 1; (444) 23. 1; (440) 29. 1.
  • Critias of Athens: (404) accuses Theramenes, VI, 14. 4. 5–6; (401) killed in attack on Munychia, 33. 2–3.
  • Critolaüs, general of Achaean League: (146) inflames revolution, XI, 32. 26. 4–5.
  • Crius, a Titan, III, 5. 66. 3.
  • —, an attendant of Phrixus, II, 4. 47. 5–6.
  • crocodile: described, I, 1. 35. 1–7; held sacred by Egyptians, 35. 6, 83.1, 5, 84. 4–8, 89.1–3; eggs of, destroyed by ichneumons, 35. 7, 87. 4–5; live in Egypt because of sun’s strength, II, 2. 51. 4.
  • Crocodiles, City of, in Egypt: founded by King Moeris, I, 1. 89. 3.
  • crocottas, an Egyptian animal: described, II, 3. 35. 10.
  • Croesus, descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
  • —, king of Lydia, 560–546: dissuaded from campaign against the islands, IV, 9. 25. 1–2; accustomed to consult the wise, 26. 1–3; questions Anacharsis, 26. 3–5, Solon, 27. 1–2, 2. 1, Bias, 27. 3, 25. 1–2, Pittacus, 27. 4, 12. 1–2, 25. 1–2; gives up punishment of Adrastus. 29. 1–2; misinterprets oracles before war with Cyrus, 31. 1–3, 33. 2; replies of, to Cyrus, 2. 3–4, 31. 3, 33. 4; fails to obtain Peloponnesian mercenaries, 32. 1; saved from pyre, 2. 3–4, 34. 1, V, 13. 22. 2–3; gold of, dedicated at Delphi, IV, 9. 10. 6, (347) seized by Phocians, VII, 16. 56. 6.
414
  • Crommyon, in Megaris: Theseus slays wild sow of, III, 4. 59. 4; (424) Nicias ravages, V, 12. 65. 7.
  • cronia: high places called, after Cronus, II, 3. 61. 3.
  • Croniôn: Zeus called, in oracle, III, 8. 29. 1.
  • Cronion, in Elis: (365) Arcadians take, VII, 15. 77. 4.
  • —, in Sicily: (333) Carthaginians defeat Dionysius at, VI, 15. 16. 3–17. 5.
  • Cronius, s. of Zeus and Himalia, III, 5. 55. 5.
  • Cronus: regarded by Egyptians as a terrestrial god, I, 1. 13. 2; king of Egypt, father of Osiris (Zeus) and Isis (Hera), 13. 4, 27. 4–5; myth of, brought from Egypt by Melampus, 97. 4; s. of Uranus, shares in kingdom of Hyperion, II, 3. 60. 1; lord of the west; high places called cronia, 61. 3; marries Rhea and drives Ammon to Crete, 71. 1–2; defeated by Libyan Dionysus, 72. 1, 71. 3–4, 72. 5–6; begets Olympian Zeus, 72. 6, 73. 4, 61. 1; birth of Zeus concealed from, III, 4. 80. 1–2, 5. 65. 4, 70. 1–2; eldest of the Titans, introduced civilized life, 66. 3–6; festivals in honour of, continue in Rome and Carthage, 66. 5–6; father of Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades, 68. 1, 69. 4; Zeus succeeds, 70. 1, 71. 1, II, 3. 61. 4; deeds of, as mortal king recorded on inscription in Panchaea, III, 6. 1. 7–9; first to wear a crown, 4. 1. See Zeus s. of, Rhea sister of.
  • — (i.e., Baal or Moloch); (406) human sacrifice to, in Carthage, V, 13. 86. 3; (310) X, 20. 14. 4–7.
  • Cronus (the planet Saturn): called “star of Helius” by Chaldaeans, I, 2. 30. 2.
  • Croton: Heracles kills, and foretells city called by his name, II, 4. 24. 7.
  • Croton, in Bruttium: named for Croton, killed by Heracles, II, 4. 24. 7; Myscellus of Achaia thrice directed by Delphi to found, III, 8. 17. 1–2; Lacedaemonians offer aid against, to the Epizephyrian Locrians, 32. 1; honour Pythagoras as a god, IV, 10. 9. 9; (510) defeat and destroy Sybaris, IV, 10. 23. 1, 11. 48. 4, 90. 3, 12. 9. 2–10. 1; (before 446) drive Thessalians from Sybaris, 11. 90. 4, 12. 10. 2; (446) make peace with Thurians, 11. 3; (415) supply market for Athenians, V, 13. 3. 4; (390) Italiotes send ships from, to aid Rhegium against Dionysius, VI, 14. 100. 3; (389) largest Greek city of Italy with most Syracusan exiles, 103. 4; given command against Dionysius, 103. 4–5; (c. 325) besieged by Bruttii, IX, 19. 3. 3–5; Agathocles fails to establish self at, 4. 1; (317) makes peace with Bruttii; slaughters its own exiles, 10. 3–4; (c. 295) surrenders to Agathocles, XI, 21. 4. 1; (216) Hannibal captures, 26. 13. 1. See Cylon of, Milo of.
  • Crotona (Cortona) in Etruria: (309=V310) makes truce with Rome, X, 20. 35. 5.
  • “crown” of gold pieces: (160) Ariarathes V and Demetrius I send, to Roman Senate, XI, 31. 28. 1, 29. 1.
  • crucifixion: (c. 530) of Cyrus the Great by Scythians, II, 2. 44. 2; (397) of Greeks who fought for Carthage by Dionysius, VI, 14. 53. 4; (332) of Tyrians of military age by Alexander, VIII, 17. 46. 4; (314) of Sicyonians by Cratesipolis, X, 19. 67. 2; (307) of Greeks by Carthage, 20. 69. 5; (303) of Arcadians by Demetrius, 103. 6; (241–237) during war with mercenaries in Carthage, XI, 25. 5. 2; (237–228) by Hamilcar Barca in Spain, 10. 2; (206) of captured
415
  • Numidians by Carthage, XI, 26. 23. 1.
  • Crustumerium, in Latium; Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
  • Crytidas, a Sicanian: Heracles slays, II, 4. 23. 5.
  • Ctesias of Cnidus, historian: lived at court of Artaxerxes II, I, 2. 32. 4; wrote history of period from Ninus to 398 B.C., VI, 14. 46. 6; cited: I, 1. 56. 5, 2. 2. 2, 5. 4, 7. 1, 3, 4, 8. 5, 15. 1–4, 17. 1, 20. 3, 21. 8, 32. 4–34. 6.
  • Ctesicles of Athens: (374) Athenians send, to command Zacynthian exiles, VII, 15. 46. 3; saves Corcyra from Lacedaemonians, 47. 4–7.
  • —: (334) archon, VIII, 17. 17. 1.
  • Ctesippus s. of Heracles and Astydameia, II, 4. 37. 4.
  • Cumae (Cymê), in Campania: Thespiadae settle in, III, 5. 15. 6; (474) defeats Tyrrhenians at sea, IV, 11. 51. 1–2; (421=V428) Campanians destroy, V, 12. 76. 4.
  • Cumaean plain, in Campania: battle of Zeus and Giants on, III, 5. 71. 4; Heracles at, II, 4. 21. 5.
  • Cunaxa, in Babylonia: (401) Artaxerxes II defeats Cyrus at, VI, 14. 22. 4–24. 6.
  • Curetes: ten sons of Zeus brother of Uranus, II, 3. 61. 2, or of Zeus s. of Cronus, III, 6. 1. 9; other accounts, 5. 65. 1–4; Titans sons of one of the, and Titaea, 66. 1–2; Cretê d. of one of, II, 3. 71. 2; deceive Cronus while Zeus is born and nurtured, III, 4. 80. 2, 5. 60. 2, 70. 2–4; five of, settle on Carian Cherronese, 60. 2–3; land of, named in Delphic response, 8. 17. 1.
  • Curiatius Fistus Trigeminus, P.: (446=V453) cos., IV, 12. 7. 1.
  • Curibus of Elea: (776) stadion winner at first Olympic Festival, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • Curtius Chilo, Agr.: (438–V445) cos., IV, 12. 31. 1.
  • curule chair: Tyrrhenians originate use of, by magistrate, III, 5. 40. 1; (173) Senate honours Eumenes II with, XI, 29. 34. 1.
  • Cyanê d. of Liparus: marries Aeolus, III, 5. 7. 6.
  • Cyanê, spring near Syracuse: Pluto seized Core near, III, 5. 4. 1–2; Heracles institutes rites to Core at, II, 4. 23. 4; (396) Dionysius leads army by, VI, 14. 72. 1.
  • Cyanean rocks, at outlet of Black Sea: Samothracian tradition of, III, 5. 47. 3–4; (480) Xerxes wins islands near, IV, 11. 3. 8; (449) by terms of peace, no Persian ship to sail within, 12. 4. 5.
  • Cyaxares, king of Medes: (711) founds Median empire, I, 2. 32. 2–3.
  • Cybelê wife of Iasion of Thebes: mother of Corybas; carries rites of Great Mother to Phrygia; calls goddess by own name, III, 5. 49. 2–3.
  • — daughter of Meïon and Dindymê, exposed and reared by beasts, II, 3. 58.1–3; frenzied at death of Attis, visits every land, 58. 3–59. 1; joined by Apollo, 59. 6; Phrygians honour as divine, 59. 7–8. See Mother of the Gods.
  • Cybelus, Mt., in Phrygia: Meïon and Dindymê expose daughter (Cybelê) on, II, 3. 58. 1.
  • Cychreus s. of Poseidon: king of Salamis, III, 4. 72. 4; Telamon succeeds, 72. 7.
  • Cyclades islands: Egyptian villages appear like, during floods, I, 1. 36. 8; Sesoösis of Egypt subdues, 55. 6; Thracians plunder, III, 5. 50. 3–4; Minos of Crete settles, 84. 1–2; Carians, then Greeks occupy, 84. 4; (424) Melos alone of, allied to Lacedaemonians, V, 12. 65. 2; (395) Conon wins most of, VI, 14. 84. 4; (377) Athenians under Chabrias sail to, VII, 15. 30. 5; (361) Alexander of Pherae raids, 95. 1;
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  • (333) many of, send missions to Memnon, VIII, 17. 29. 3.
  • Cyclopes: forge thunderbolts of Zeus; slain by Apollo, III, 4. 71. 3.
  • Cycnus s. of Ares: Heracles slays, II, 4. 37. 4.
  • —, king of Colonê: puts son Tennes adrift, III, 5. 83.1, 4.
  • Cydippê, d. of Ochimus, III, 5. 57. 7.
  • Cydonia, in Crete: Minos founds, III, 5. 78. 2; (346) Phalaecus killed besieging, VII, 16. 63. 2–4; (169) seizes Apollonia in time of peace, XI, 30. 13. 1.
  • Cydrolaüs s. of Macareus: leads colony to Samos, III, 5. 81. 8.
  • Cyinda (Quinda), in Cilicia: (318) Ptolemy forbids those at, to give Eumenes funds, IX, 18. 62. 2; (316) Antigonus takes money at, 19. 56. 5; (302) he pays army with money from, X, 20. 108. 2–3.
  • Cyllenê: (314) Alexander s. of Polyperchon forced to raise siege of, X, 19. 66. 2; (312) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus recovers, 87. 3.
  • Cylon of Croton: enemy of Pythagoreans, IV, 10. 11. 1.
  • Cymê, in Aeolis: Libyan Amazons found, II, 3. 55. 6; (480) Xerxes assembles forces at, IV, 11. 2. 3; (479) 27. 1; (408) Alcibiades attacks; charges laid against him, V, 13. 73. 3–74. 1; (406) battle at Arginusae isls. near, 97. 3, 99. 6, 100. 4; (400) Tissaphernes fails to take, VI, 14. 35. 7; (396) Lacedaemonian base against Phrygia, 79. 3; (386) generals of Artaxerxes II take over forces at, 15. 2. 2; (383) loses Leucê, 18. 1–3. See Ephorus, Tyrrhastiadas of; Malacus tyrant of.
  • Cymê, in Campania: see Cumae.
  • Cynamolgi (Agrii), of southern Ethiopia, II, 3. 31. 1–3.
  • Cynegi, of upper Ethiopia, II, 3. 25. 1–4.
  • Cynna mother of Eurydicê: (316) Cassander buries, IX, 19. 52. 5.
  • cynocephali: see baboons.
  • Cynosarges, in Attica: (200) Philip V at, XI, 28. 7. 1.
  • Cynossema, on Hellespont: (411) Athenian fleet defeats Lacedaemonian, V, 13. 39. 1–40. 6; Thucydides’ history ends and that of Theopompus begins with battle at, VI, 14. 84. 7.
  • Cyparissia, in Elis (365) Arcadians take, VII, 15. 77. 4.
  • Cyparissus near Delphi: (355) claimed by Phocians as Homeric home, VII, 16. 23. 5.
  • Cyprus: one of seven largest islands, III, 5. 17. 1; Aphrodite journeys to, 55. 6; some of the Dryopes come to, II, 4. 37. 2; Semiramis summons shipwrights from, I, 2. 16. 6–7; sixth in list of thalassocracies, III, 7. 11. 1; (588–566) Egyptians defeat, I, 1. 68. 1; (569–526), 68. 6; (480) ships from, in fleet of Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 1, 3. 7, 19. 1–2; (477) Pausanias liberates Greek cities on, 44. 1–2; (470) ships from, in Persian fleet, 60. 5; Athenians under Cimon defeat Persians off, 60. 6–7, 62. 3; Cimon returns to, after Eurymedon, 61. 7; (461) Persia demands ships from, 75. 2; (450) Cimon drives Persian fleet from, 12. 3. 1–4, 11. 1. 1, 92. 5, 12. 2. 3, (449) and subdues, 4. 1–2; after defeats on, Artaxerxes I makes peace; Cimon dies on, 4. 4–6; (405) after Aegospotami Conon finds safety at court of Evagoras I of, V, 13. 106. 6, (399) VI, 14. 39. 1–2; (391) Evagoras recovers much of, and becomes king of Salamis, 98. 1–4; (390) Artaxerxes II prepares war against, 98. 3–4; (387) 110. 5, (386) 15. 1. 6, 2. 1–4; most of, controlled by Evagoras, 2. 4; Persian force on, mutinies, 3. 1–3; Glôs commands Persian fleet off, 3. 2, 6, 18. 1; Evagoras is
417
  • defeated at, 3. 4–6, and goes to Egypt, 4. 2–3; (385) he returns to, 8. 1; (380) he surrenders all, but Salamis, 8. 2, 9. 1–2; (374) King Evagoras I of, is assassinated; Nicocles succeeds, VII, 15. 47. 8; peace brings wealth to, and its nine kings, 16. 42. 4, 8; (351) kings of, revolt from Persia, 40. 5; mercenaries under Phocion and Evagoras II terrify, 42. 3–9; (344) Persia recovers all, except Salamis, 40. 3; 46. 1; Evagoras II returns to, and pays penalty, 46. 3; (332) after Issus, Amyntas comes to, in Persian service, VIII, 17. 48. 3; (323) Alexander had planned shipbuilding on, IX, 18. 4. 4; (322) ships of Thibron driven on, 20. 7; (318) Eumenes seeks mercenaries in, 61. 4; (315) Antigonus sends to, for aid against Ptolemy, 19. 57. 4; part of, supports Ptolemy, part Antigonus, 59. 1; Ptolemy sends two armies to, 62. 3–6; Seleucus remains on, 62. 5, 64. 4; Polycleitus, admiral of Seleucus, operates from, 64. 4–8; (313) Ptolemy subdues kings of, X, 19. 79. 4–6; (310) 20. 21. 1; he procures death of king of Paphos, 21. 1–3; (307) Rhodes refuses Antigonus ships for war over, 82. 1; Demetrius sent to, by Antigonus defeats Ptolemy’s forces, 46. 4–47. 4, 47. 7–8, and besieges Salamis, 48. 1–8; Ptolemy sails to aid, but is defeated at sea, 49. 1–52. 5; Ptolemy abandons, and Demetrius takes all cities of, 53. 1; (306) he is called from, 73. 1; (301) in possession of Demetrius, XI, 21. 1. 4b; (163) Ptolemy VI Philometor recalled from, 31. 17c. 1 (p. 363); (138) Scipio Aemilianus visits, XII, 33. 28b. 3; (131) Ptolemy VIII Physcon kills son on, 34/5. 14. 1. See Stasander of; Paphos on.
  • Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth: (c. 657) overthrows the Bacchidae and becomes tyrant, III, 7. 9. 3, 6.
  • Cyrbê, on Rhodes: destroyed by flood, III, 5. 57. 8.
  • Cyrbia d. of Ochimus, III, 5. 57. 7.
  • Cyrenê d. of Hypseus: mother of Aristaeus by Apollo, III, 4. 81. 1–2, 82, 4.
  • Cyrenê: fertile area about, inhabited by Libyans, II, 3. 49. 1, 50. 1; Apollo founds, and names for Cyrenê d. of Hypseus, III, 4. 81. 1; Apollo bids Aristotle Battus found, 8. 29. 1; Delphi blames later kings of, 30. 1; Demonax of Mantinea arbitrates civil strife in, 30. 2; (588–566) army of Apries of Egypt sent against, is lost, I, 1. 68. 2; (529–522) submits to Cambyses, IV, 10. 15. 1; (460) Athenians leave Egypt by way of, 11. 77. 5; (406) Carthage summons soldiers from regions near, V, 13. 80. 3; (403) Lysander in, on way to Amnion, VI, 14. 13. 5; (401) Ariston seizes power in, 34. 3–6; (362) Agesilaüs dies in, VII, 15. 93. 6; (331) makes alliance with Alexander, VIII, 17. 49. 1–2; (before 322) Thibron takes port of, IX, 18. 19. 1–5, but is driven from, 20. 1–5, 21. 2; defeated by Thibron, seeks aid from Ptolemy, 21. 4–7; makes terms with Thibron; captured by Ptolemy, 21. 7–9; (313) revolt against Egypt fails, X, 19. 79. 1–4; (308) Agathocles tricks Ophelas of, and takes his army, 20. 40. 1, 42. 3–5, 44. 7; (158–157) Ptolemy VII Physcon content to rule, XI, 31. 33. 1; (144) men from, accompany him to Egypt; are slain, XII, 33. 13. 1; (before 61) subdued by Cn. Pompey, 40. 4. 1. See Eubatus, Polycles, Polymnastus, Porus, Prorus of.
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  • Cyrnus: founds Cyrnus in Caria, III, 5. 60. 4–5.
  • Cyrnus (Cyrnos): one of the seven largest islands, III, 5. 17. 1; near Sardinia, 15. 1; called Corsica by Romans, 13. 3; harbour and cities of, 13. 3–4; exports from, 4–5; manner of life on, 14. 1–3; (453) Apelles of Syracuse overruns, IV, 11. 88. 5.
  • —, in Caria: founded by Cyrnus, III, 5. 60. 4–5; Rhadamanthys gives, to Enyeus, 79. 2.
  • —, in Macedon: (323) Perdiccas cancels Alexander’s plan for temple at, IX, 18. 4. 4–6.
  • Cyrus the Great, of Persia, 560–530: s. of Cambyses and Mandanê, IV, 9. 22. 1; (560) becomes king of Persians, 21.1; (549) conquers the Medes, I, 2. 32. 3, 33. 6, 34. 6, VIII, 17. 81. 1; hopes to rule whole world, IV, 10. 13. 1; (547) Croesus of Lydia, misled by oracles, attacks, 9. 31. 1–3, 33. 2; Eurybatus of Ephesus goes over to, 32. 1; releases Croesus from pyre, 2. 3–4, 33. 4–34. 1; (before 545) Greeks refuse offer of friendship by; (545) rejects Greek offer of friendship, 35. 1–3; threatens to enslave Greeks, 36. 1; (c. 530) army of, saved from thirst by Arimaspians, VIII, 17. 81. 1; (530) defeated by Scythians and crucified, II, 2. 44. 2. Character of, IV, 9. 22. 1, 24. 1, V, 13. 22. 2; deified as “Father Cyrus,” II, 4. 30. 2; ancestor of kings of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 1–2, 8; Persian kings from time of, accumulate treasure, VIII, 17. 71. 1. See Atossa aunt of, Cambyses father of.
  • — the Younger, s. of Dareius: (408) Dareius sends, to Sardis to aid Lacedaemonians, V, 13. 70. 3, VI, 14. 19. 4; (405) recalled, V, 13. 104. 3–4; (404) plots against Artaxerxes II, I, 2. 32. 4, VI, 14. 11. 1–2, 19. 2; (403) secures aid of Clearchus, 12. 6–9; (401) feigns attack on Cilicia; secures aid of Lacedaemonians, 19. 3–5; forces of, 19. 6–9; the march inland, 20. 1–21. 7; denounced to Artaxerxes by Pharnabazus, 22. 1, 11. 2–3, and by Tissaphernes, 80. 6; Artaxerxes moves against, 22. 1–4; defeated and slain by Artaxerxes at Cunaxa, 22. 4–25. 1, 35. 2; command formerly held by, given to Tissaphernes, 26. 4; mercenaries from army of, make way to the Pontus, 26. 5–31. 5, (400) then disband or make war on Thracians, 37. 1–2; former supporters of, fear punishment, 35. 2.
  • Cythera, isl. and city: seat of Cytherian Aphrodite, III. 5. 77. 5, 55. 6; (424) Athenians seize, V, 12. 65. 8; (418) 80. 5; (395) VI, 14. 84. 4–5. See Philoxenus of.
  • Cytinium: one of three cities of Doris, IV, 11. 79. 4; some Cadmeans settle in, III, 4. 67. 1.
  • Cytus, s. of Zeus and Himalia, III, 5. 55. 5.
  • Cyzicus, on Propontis: (411) goes over to Lacedaemonians; Athenians recover, V, 13. 40. 6; (410) taken by Lacedaemonians, 49. 4; recovered by Athenians, 49. 5–51. 7, 52. 2; (409) Athenians move from, 64. 2; (364) Athenians relieve, from Theban siege, VII, 15. 81. 6; (335) Persians fail to take, VIII, 17. 7. 3, 8; (319) Arrhidaeus satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia fails to take, IX, 18. 51. 1–52. 1; (85) C. Flavius Fimbria seizes property of wealthy in, XII, 38/9. 8. 3; (73) Mithridates almost captured while besieging, 37. 22b. 1 (pp. 269–271).
D
  • Dactyli, Idaean: account of the, III, 5. 64. 3–65. 1; first to
419
  • work iron, 64. 5, VIII, 17. 7. 5; second Heracles, who founded Olympic Games, one of, III, 5. 64. 6–7, II, 3. 74. 4.
  • Daedaleia, surviving works of Daedalus, II, 4. 30. 1.
  • Daedalidae, a deme in Attica, III, 4. 76. 7.
  • Daedalus s. of Metion: skill of, in working stone, III, 4. 75. 6–76. 3; flees from Athens to Crete, 76. 4–77. 1; builds labyrinth, 77. 1–4, on Egyptian model, I, 1. 61. 2–4, 97. 5; escapes to Sicily by boat, III, 4. 77. 5, 78. 1–5, or on wings, 77. 7–9; and to Sardinia, II, 4. 30. 1; Minos pursues, to Sicily, III, 4. 79. 1, 5. 78. 4, VII, 16. 9. 4; statues by, I, 1. 97. 6, III, 4. 76. 1–3; in Egypt, I, 1. 61. 2–4, 96. 2, 97. 3–6.
  • Daïmenes: (397) Dionysius crucifies, VI, 14. 53. 4.
  • Dalis, city of Panchaea, III, 5. 45. 2.
  • Damaretê (Demaratê): wife of Gelon, IV, 11. 26. 3; (396) Himilcon destroys tomb of, VI, 14. 63. 3.
  • Damareteion: (480) coin struck by Damaretê, IV, 11. 26. 3.
  • Damas of Syracuse: (before 317) Agathocles marries widow of, IX, 19. 3. 1–2.
  • Damascus, in Syria: (333) Dareius sends baggage train to, VIII, 17. 32. 3; (312) Demetrius moves from, X, 19. 100. 5; (c. 63) Pompey in, XII, 40. 2. 1.
  • Damis: (318) holds Megalopolis for Cassander, IX, 18. 71. 2–6; (315) 19. 64. 1.
  • Damon, a Pythagorean, friend of Phintias, IV, 10. 4. 2–6.
  • — of Centoripa: (396) makes treaty with Dionysius, VI, 14. 78. 7.
  • — of Thurii: (376) stadion winner, VII, 15. 36. 1; (372) 50. 1.
  • Damophilus of Rhodes: (304) leads raid, X, 20. 93. 2.
  • — of Enna: (135?) cruelty of, leads to slave war, XII, 34/5. 2. 10–14, 34–39.
  • Damoteles, prytanis of Rhodes: (304) killed defending city, X, 20. 98. 9.
  • Danaê, mother of Perseus, II, 4. 9. 1.
  • Danaüs: builds sanctuary at Ammon, VIII, 17. 50. 2; with daughters, flees from Egypt to Rhodes, then to Argos, I, 1. 28. 2, III, 5. 58. 1, XII, 40. 3. 1–2; myth of daughters of, based on Egyptian rite, I, 1. 97. 24.
  • Dandes of Argos: (472) stadion winner, IV, 11. 53. 1.
  • Danube: river of Gaul flowing into Ocean, III, 5. 25. 4. For river now called Danube, see Ister.
  • Daphnaeus of Syracuse: (406) sent to aid Acragas; defeated by Carthaginians, V, 13. 86. 4–88. 5; put to death by Dionysius as rival, 96. 3.
  • Daphnê, d. of Teiresias in service of Delphi, III, 4. 66. 5–6.
  • Daphnê, in Syria: (166) games of Antiochus IV at, XI, 31. 16. 12.
  • Daphnis, a centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 12. 7.
  • — s. of Hermes: account of, III, 4. 83. 1, 84. 1–4.
  • Dardanian promontory: (410) Mindarus sails to, V, 13. 45. 6.
  • Dardanians of the Troad: see Dardanus in the Troad.
  • — beyond Thrace: colony sent from Dardanus in Troad, III, 5. 48. 3.
  • Dardanus s. of Zeus: born in Samothrace; founds Dardanus in Troad, III, 5. 48. 2–3; marries d. of Teucer; becomes king of Troy, 4. 75. 1–2; introduces rites of Mother of the Gods, 5. 49. 2.
  • —, Scythian king: puts to death his daughter Idaea, wife of Phineus, II, 4. 43. 4, 44. 3–4.
  • Dardanus, in the Troad: Dardanus s. of Zeus, founds and
420
  • names, III, 5. 48. 3, 4. 75. 1; Assaracus king of, 75. 5; (410) Athenians pursue Dorieus to, V, 13. 45. 2–6; (279) Gauls perish about, XI, 22. 9. 3; (c. 204) Philip V massacres people of, 28. 3. 1.
  • Dareius I of Persia, 521–486: (521) Slavs the Magi, IV, 11. 57. 1; (520–519) prefers Megabyzus whole to ten Babylons, 10. 19. 2–5; (519) master of Asia, 19. 5; in Egypt, I, 1. 33. 9–10, 58. 4, 95. 4–5; (513) attacks Scythians, 2. 5. 5; (497) Aristagoras flees from, V, 12. 68. 1; (490–480) after disaster at Marathon, prepares for new invasion of Europe, IV, 11. 2. 2; (486) dies, 2. 2. See Mandanê d. of, Achaemenes s. of.
  • — s. of Xerxes: (465) Artaxerxes slays, IV, 11. 69. 2–5.
  • — II Ochus of Persia, 424–405; (424) slays King Sogdianus and reigns, V, 12. 71. 1; (412) ally of Lacedaemonians, 13. 36. 5; (408) sends son Cyrus to Sardis, 70. 3; (405) recalls him, 104. 3–4; dies, 108. 1. See Pharnabazus satrap of,
  • — III Codomannus of Persia, 336–331: (before 336) bravery of, VIII, 17. 6. 1; (336) placed on throne by Bagoas, 5. 6–6. 2; makes Bessus satrap of Bactria, 74. 1; prepares to meet Macedonians, 7. 1–3; (334) forces of, defeated by Alexander at Granicus, 19. 1–23. 1; makes Memnon supreme commander, 23. 5–6, 29. 1; (333) loses hope on Memnon’s death, 29. 1–30. 1; consults council; decides to fight in person, 30. 1–7; moves from Babylon against Alexander, 31. 1–2, 6, 32. 2–4; defeated at Issus, 33. 1–36. 1; household of, captured, 36. 2–5, 37. 3–38. 7; avoids capture; gathers survivors at Babylon, 37. 1–2, 39. 1; fails to make terms with Alexander, 39. 1–2, 54. 1, XI, 30. 21. 4; prepares new army, VIII, 17. 39. 3–4; (332) Tyrians face siege to give time to, 40. 3; friendship for, costs Straton of Tyre his throne, 47. 1; supplies funds to Agis of Sparta, 48. 1–2; Amyntas as satrap of, in Egypt, 48. 2–4; cities held for, by survivors of Issus, 48. 5–6; (331) moves to Arbela, 53. 1–4; Alexander rejects new offer by, 54. 1–6; wife of, dies in Alexander’s camp, 54. 7; defeated at Arbela (Gaugamela), 55. 1–61. 3, I, 2. 31. 2; some Greek cities still look to, for aid, VIII, 17. 62. 2; (330) moves into upper satrapies, 64. 1–2; Alexander in palace of, 65. 5, 66. 3–7; Alexander leaves mother and children of, in Susa, 67. 1; general of, willing to betray Persepolis to Alexander, 69. 1–2; murdered by Bessus of Bactria, 73. 1–4, 74. 1; death of, as end of campaign, 74. 3; wealth of, 74. 4–5; Persian leaders and Greeks who had fled with, give selves up to Alexander, 76. 1–2; Alexander imitates, 77. 6; struggle with, had prevented Alexander’s punishment of Ariarathes, IX, 18. 16. 1, and conquests beyond Cappadocia, 3. 1. See Sisyngambris mother of, Oxathres brother of, Drypetis and Stateira dd. of, Amestris niece of, Madetis cousin of.
  • —, king of Medes: (before 61) subdued by Cn. Pompey, XII, 40. 4. 1.
  • Dascon, near Syracuse: (413) Eurymedon runs ashore at, V, 13. 13. 3–4; (396) Syracusan cavalry storm, VI, 14. 72. 3, 73. 2.
  • Datames of Persia: (362) leads “satraps’ revolt”; assassinated, VII, 15. 91. 2–7.
  • —, king of Cappadocia: (c. 163) dies in battle, XI, 31. 19. 2.
  • dates: local varieties of, II, 2. 53. 5–7; (317) Macedonians
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  • eat, when wheat fails, IX, 19. 13. 6.
  • Datis of Persia: (490) claims ancestral rule over Athens, IV, 10. 27. 1–3; defeated at Marathon, 11. 2. 2.
  • Daunia, in Apulia: Apulian plain once belonged to, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 171); (317) Romans plunder, IX, 19. 10. 2.
  • Dead Sea, in Arabia: description of, X, 19. 98. 1; production of asphalt from, II, 2. 48. 6–8; X, 19. 98. 1–100. 1; (312) Demetrius camps by, 98. 1.
  • Debae: see Arabian tribes, Debae.
  • Deballus: descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
  • debts, abolition of: (317) Agathocles promises, IX, 19. 9. 5; (173) in Aetolia and Thessaly, XI, 29. 33. 1.
  • decarchy: (403) Lysander establishes, in Greek cities, VI, 14. 13. 1; (401) in power in Athens, 33. 5–6.
  • Deceleia, in Attica: (413) Lacedaemonians occupy, V, 13. 9. 2; (408) King Agis moves on Athens from, 72. 3; (406) Callixenus of Athens escapes to, 103. 2.
  • Deceleian war: (413) begins, V, 13. 9. 2.
  • Decius Mus, P.: (337=V340) cos., VIII, 16. 89. 1.
  • — —, P.: (311=V312) cos., X, 19. 105. 1; (308) 20. 37. 1; defeats Samnites; invades Etruria, 44. 8–9; (295) devotio of, at Sentinum, XI, 21. 6. 2.
  • — Vibellius: (280) tribune in Rhegium; misconduct of, XI, 22. 1. 2–3.
  • Deïaneira, an Amazon: Heracles kills, II, 4. 16. 3.
  • — d. of Oeneus: wife of Heracles, II, 4. 34. 1, 36. 2, 37. 4; their sons, 36. 3, 37. 1; receives “love charm” from Nessus, 36. 3–5; sends this to Heracles, 38. 1; kills self, 38. 3.
  • Deïdameia, d. of Bellerophon and mother of Sarpedon, III, 5. 79. 3.
  • — d. of Aeacides: (317) with Olympias, IX, 19. 35. 5.
  • deification of rulers: Dareius in Egypt, I, 1. 95. 5; (307) Demetrius and Antigonus in Athens, X, 20. 46. 2; (304) Ptolemy in Rhodes, 100. 3; (182) Philopoemen by Achaeans, XI, 29. 18. 1.
  • Deinias, general of Cassander: (317) occupies Tempê, IX, 19. 35. 3; (312) brings aid to Lyciscus, X, 19. 88. 6.
  • Deinocrates of Phocis: (347) appointed to replace Phalaecus, VII, 16. 56. 3.
  • — of Syracuse: (317) Agathocles lets, go, IX, 19. 8. 6; (312) leader of exiles; defeated, X, 19. 103. 1–104. 2; (309) officer in Hamilcar’s army, 20. 29. 5; after Hamilcar’s death, made leader by Greeks in army, 31. 1–3; (307) forces under, increase, 57. 1–3, 61. 5, 63. 7, (306) 77. 2; rejects Agathocles’ terms, 77. 3, 79. 1–5, 89. 1; (305) army of, scatters, 89. 1–4; makes terms with Agathocles and is appointed general, 90. 1–2.
  • Deinomenes: father of Gelon of Syracuse, IV, 11. 67. 2.
  • — of Laconia: (316) stadion winner, IX, 19. 17. 1.
  • Deïoces, king of Medes, III, 8. 16. 1.
  • Deïphobus s. of Hippolytus: purifies Heracles, II, 4. 31. 5.
  • Deïphontes: Temenus of Argos favours, III, 7. 13. 1.
  • Deïpylê d. of Adrastus: marries Tydeus, III, 4. 65. 3.
  • dekereis: (315) in fleet of Antigonus, IX, 19. 62. 8.
  • Delia: (426) festival on Delos, re-established, V, 12. 58. 7.
  • —: (424) festival established by Thebans after victory at Delium, V, 12. 70. 5.
  • Delian league: (477) formation of, IV, 11. 47. 1–3; (464) many allies scorn authority of, 70. 4;
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  • (459) Aegina forced to join, 78. 4; (454) funds of, transferred to Athens, 12. 38. 2, 40. 1, V, 12. 54. 3, 13. 21. 3.
  • Delium, in Boeotia: (424) Boeotians defeat Athenians at, V, 12. 69. 1–70. 6, 72. 1, 75. 5, 13. 72. 8; (192) Antiochus III begins war by violating sanctuary at, XI, 29. 1. 1.
  • Delos: Hyperboreans friendly to people of, II, 2. 47. 4–5; oracle of Apollo at, III, 5. 58. 4–5; Rhoeo washed ashore on, 62. 2; Apollo revealed himself often at, 77. 6–7; Rhadamanthys gives, to Anion, 79. 2; (c. 536) Pythagoras comes to, IV, 10. 3. 4; (479) Greek fleet moves to, 11. 34. 2–3; (477) allies of Athens deposit in, money for Persian war, 47. 1; (454) funds transferred to Athens, 12. 38. 2, 40. 1, V, 12. 54. 3, 13. 21. 3; (426) purified by Athenians; Delia reinstituted, 12. 58. 6–7; (422) Athenians take, as their own and expel inhabitants, 73. 1; (420) Athenians give, back to its people, 77. 1; (323) Perdiccas cancels Alexander’s plan for temple on, IX, 18. 4. 4–6; (c. 135) slave war on, suppressed, XII, 34/5. 2. 19.
  • Delphi, Pytho: Apollo appeared most often at, III, 5. 77. 6; goats discover shrine at, VII, 16. 26. 1; shrine at, profaned by Phylas king of the Drvopes, II, 4. 37. 1; Daphnê d. of Teiresias dedicated to service at shrine in, III, 4. 66. 5–6; Chilon engraves precepts on column at, IV, 9. 10. 1–6; (c. 590) people of Cirrha attempt to plunder, 16. 1; (547) Croesus feigns envoy to, 32. 1; (480) force sent by Xerxes to plunder, turned back by storm, 11. 14. 2–4; (403) Lysander’s effort to bribe, fails, VI, 14. 13. 3–4; (395) Agesilaüs, wounded, is taken to, 14. 84. 2; (385) Tiribazus charged with consulting, 15. 8. 4; Dionysius plans to plunder, 13. 1; (? 374) he sends offerings, which are seized at sea by Iphicrates, VII, 16. 57. 2–3; (355) Philomelus of Phocis seizes shrine at, kindling “Sacred war,” 23. 1, 24. 1–25. 3, 32. 1, VI, 14. 117. 8, VII, 16. 14. 3–5, 63. 1; he asserts Phocian right to, 27. 3–5; (354) he exacts money from people of, 28. 2, then seizes sacred treasure, 30. 1–2, 37. 1–2, 56. 3–57. 2, IV, 9. 10. 6, VII, 16. 1. 4, 64. 2, VIII, 16. 78. 3–4, XII, 38/9. 7. 1; lists of allies aiding the shrine, VII, 16. 29. 1; Phocians meet with allies at, 32. 2; (346) Phocians to be barred from, 60. 1; Thebans rebuild temple at, from Phocian spoil; (335) bloodstains on roof of this temple, VIII, 17. 10. 5; (324) Alexander hears envoys from, 113. 4; (323) Perdiccas cancels Alexander’s plan for temple at, IX, 18. 4. 4–6; (279) Brennus king of Gauls plunders shrine at, III, 5. 32. 5, IV, 9. 10. 6; he is defeated at, XI, 22. 9. 1–5; shrines of Athena Pronaia and of Artemis in precinct at, 9. 5; (172) attempt on life of Eumenes II at, 29. 34. 2l; (167) L. Aemilius Paullus at, 31. 11. 1; (87) Sulla confiscates treasure at, XII, 38/9. 7. 1. Certain customs at shrine: VI, 15. 10. 2; VII, 16. 26. 1–6.
  • Oracle directs colonization of: Lesbos, III, 5. 81. 6; Croton, III, 8. 17. 1–2; Tarentum, 21. 3; Gela and Rhegium, 23. 1–2; Cyrenê, 29. 1.
  • Dedications made at shrine by: Liparians, III, 5. 9. 5; (c. 550) Croesus, IV, 9. 10. 6; (c. 480) Gelon, 11. 26. 7; (479) Greeks, 33. 2; (440) Syracuse, 12. 29. 4; (393=V396) Home. VI, 14. 93. 3–4; (374) Dionysius, VII, 16. 57. 2–3, 15. 47. 7.
  • Responses given by the
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  • oracle to: Heracles, II, 4. 10. 7, 38. 3; Telephus, 33. 11; Corinthians, 55. 1; Laius and Oedipus, III, 4. 64. 1–2; Lycurgus of Lacedaemon, 7. 12. 1–6, VII, 16. 57. 4; (c. 725) Messenians, III, 8. 8. 1–3; Lacedaemonians, 13. 2; Myscellus of Achaïa, 17. 1–2; (c. 705) the Epeunactae, 21. 3; Chalcidians, 23. 2; Sicyonians, 24. 1; (c. 675) Lacedaemonians, 27. 1; Arcesilaüs of Cyrenê, 30. 1; (c. 640) Perdiccas I of Macedon, 7. 15. 1, 16. 1; (c. 590) Greeks, IV, 9. 16. 1; (c. 550) re award of golden tripod to wisest, 3. 1–2; Anarcharsis of Scythia, 6. 1; (547) Croesus, 33. 2; (560) Lacedaemonians, 36. 3; (477) Lacedaemonians, 11. 45. 8–9; (434) Thurians, 12. 35. 3; (385) Tiribazus, VI, 15. 8. 4; (383) men of Clazomenê and Cymê, 18. 2–4; (373) Ionians, VII, 15. 49. 1; (336) Philip II, VIII, 16. 91. 2–4, 92. 4; (335) Thebans, 17. 10. 2–6; (before 317) Carcinus father of Agathocles, IX, 19. 2. 3; (279) Delphians, XI, 22. 9. 5; (133) Attalus I of Pergamum, XII, 34/5. 13. 1. See also Apollo.
  • Delphinium, on Chios: (407) Lacedaemonians take, V, 13. 76. 3–4.
  • Delta, of Nile: described, I, 1. 33. 4–34. 2; Memphis at head of, 50. 3.
  • Demades of Athens: (338) secures release of prisoners from Philip, VIII, 16. 87. 1–3; (335) intermediary between Athens and Alexander, 17. 15. 3–5; (322) envoy to Antipater, IX, 18. 18. 1–3; (319) seeks removal of garrison from Munychia, 48. 1; Antipater executes, on discovery of his letter to Perdiccas, 48. 2–4. Condoned expedient perjury, IV, 10. 9. 1.
  • Demaratê: see Damaretê.
  • Demaratus of Lacedaemon: (480) with Xerxes, IV, 11. 6. 1–2.
  • — of Corinth; (before 329) gives horse to Alexander, VIII, 17. 76. 6.
  • Demarchus of Syracuse: (406) Dionysius executes, V, 13. 96. 3.
  • Deraeas s. of Demades of Athens: (319) Antipater executes, IX, 18. 48. 3–4.
  • Demeter: daughter of Cronus and Rhea, III, 5. 68. 1, or of Uranus and Hestia, 6. 1. 9; formerly called Gê Meter, I, 1. 12. 4, II, 3. 62. 7; called Thesmophorus for her benefactions, I, 1. 14. 3–4, III, 5. 5. 2–3, 68. 3; identified with Isis, I, 1. 13. 5, 14. 3–4, 25. 1, 96. 5, III, 5. 69. 1; by Zeus, becomes mother of Persephonê (Corê), 6. 1. 9, and of Dionysus, II, 3. 62. 6–7, 64. 1, by Iasion, of Plutus, III, 5. 49. 1, 4, 77. 1–2; mother of Eubulus, 76. 3; Sicily sacred to, and Core, 2. 3–5, 4. 5–5. 1, 69. 3, 77. 4, X, 20. 7. 2; rites of, brought from Egypt to Eleusis, I, 1. 29. 1–4, 96. 5, III, 5. 4. 4; institutes “Lesser Mysteries” for Heracles, II, 4. 14. 3; wanderings of, in search of Corê, III, 5. 4. 3–4, 5. 1; gives gift of corn to mankind, I, 1. 29. 1–3, II, 2. 36. 3, 4. 3. 5, III, 5. 4. 3–7, 68. 1–69. 3, 77. 4; other gifts, 5. 2; worshipped by all, 68. 3; did not visit Liguria, 39. 4; among Ichthyophagi Poseidon takes place of, II, 3. 16. 4; Triopas s. of Helius cuts down grove of, at Dotium in Thessaly, III, 5. 61. 1–2; (after 480) Gelon builds temples to, IV, 11. 26. 7; (413) Athenians should not worship, after sack of Sicily, V, 13. 31. 1; (396) Himilcon plunders temples of, VI, 14. 63. 1, and is punished, 70. 4; Carthage institutes rites for, and Core, 77. 4–5; (345) believed to be aiding Timoleon, VIII, 16. 66. 3–5; (335) spider’s web in Theban temple of, 17.
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  • 10. 2–6; (before 317) Agathocles takes oath at Syracusan temple of, IX, 19. 5. 4; (310) he burns fleet as offering to, X, 20. 7. 1–3; (145) priestess of, becomes a man, XI, 32. 11. 4 (p. 455).
  • Demetrias: (307) new tribe in Athens, X, 20. 46. 2.
  • —, in Thessaly: (192) Antiochus III winters at, XI, 29. 2. 1; (167) walls of, to be dismantled, 31. 8. 6.
  • —: (303) Sicyon called, X, 20. 102. 3.
  • Demetrius of Syracuse: (337) a crier, VIII, 16. 90. 1.
  • — Poliorcetes s. of Antigonus: (322) escapes from Perdiccas, flees to Antipater, IX, 18. 23. 3–4; (317) under father in battles with Eumenes, 19. 29. 4, 40. 1; (315) married to Phila, 59. 3; (314) Antigonus leaves, in Syria against Ptolemy, X, 19. 69. 1; (313) fails to save Cilician cities from Ptolemy, 80. 1–2; (312) defeated by Ptolemy and Seleucus at Gaza, 80. 2–84. 8, 90. 1, 93. 1; recovers dead, 85. 1–3; sends to father for aid; moves to Phoenicia, 85. 5; had entrusted Tyre to Andronicus, 86. 2; in upper Syria, defeats Cilles; is joined by Antigonus, 93. 1–4, who sends, against Nabataean Arabs, 96. 4; fails to take “rock”; camps by Dead Sea, 97. 1–98. 1; reports to Antigonus, 100. 1; sent by Antigonus, recovers Babylon and moves to the sea, 100. 4–7; (310) in Cilicia, defeats generals of Ptolemy and recovers cities, 20. 19. 5; (307) restores freedom of Athens, 45. 1–46. 2, and of Megara, 46. 3; calls Greek council, then moves to Caria and Cilicia; Rhodians refuse aid, 46. 4–47. 1; on Cyprus, takes cities and defeats Menelaüs, 47. 2–4, 49. 1; begins siege of Cyprian Salamis, 47. 7–48. 8; defeats fleet of Ptolemy, 49. 4–52. 6, 82. 1; takes all cities of Cyprus; assumes title “king,” 53. 1–2, 54. 1; (306) Antigonus sends, against Egypt with fleet, 73. 1–2; fleet scattered by storm; effects landing at Casium, 74. 1–5; unable to land at Nile mouths, 75. 4–76. 1.
  • (305) Antigonus sends, against Rhodes, X, 20. 82. 3; prepares attack; lands and plunders, 82. 3–83. 4; begins siege; attacks harbour, 84. 1–88. 9; constructs various engines of war, 85. 1–4; (304) continues siege; attacks city walls, 91. 1–100. 1, with new siege engines, 91. 1–8, 95. 1; mines and counter-mines, 94. 1–5; failure of peace envoys from Cnidians, 95. 4–5, and from Athenians, 98. 2–3; on orders of Antigonus, makes terms with Rhodes, 99. 1–3, 100. 5; in Greece, frees some cities; prepares for war with Polyperchon and Cassander, 100. 5–6, 102. 1; (303) drives garrison of Ptolemy from Sicyon, re-establishing city as “Demetrias,” 102. 2–4; occupies Corinth leaving garrison on Acrocorinth, 103. 1–3; frees Achaean cities, 103. 4–7; Cleonymus in Corcyra does not join, 105. 1; (302) forces Lysimachus to raise siege of Abydus, 107. 3; summoned by Antigonus, 109. 5; initiated at Eleusis, 110. 1; in Thessaly against Cassander, 107. 1, 110. 2–5; makes terms with Cassander, 111. 1–2, 112. 1; recovers Ephesus, Lampsacus, and Parium; goes into winter quarters, 111. 3; (301) after death of Antigonus sails to Cyprian Salamis, XI, 21. 1. 4b; (c. 294) murders Antipater I and Alexander, ss. of Cassander, 7. 1; arrests, then pardons, those defaming him, 9. 1; (291) takes Thebes and other Boeotian cities, 14. 1–3;
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  • when Agathocles seeks alliance, sends Oxythemis to Sicily as envoy, 15. 1, 16. 5; (287) Phila wife of, reveals character in final crisis, IX, 19. 59. C; (after 285) held under guard by Seleucus, XI, 21. 20. 1. Appearance and character of, X, 19. 81. 3–4, 20. 92. 2–5. See Phila wife of; Stratonicê d. of.
  • — the Fair, s. of Demetrius Poliorcetes: father of Antigonus Doson, XI, 25. 18. 1.
  • — s. of Philip V of Macedon: (194) held hostage by Rome, XI, 28. 15. 1; (180) murderers of, punished, 29. 25. 1.
  • — of Phalerum: (318) Cassander makes, overseer of Athens, IX, 18. 74. 3; (314) sends ships at request of Cassander, X, 19. 68. 3; (313) sends envoys to Antigonus, 78. 3–5; (309) archon, 20. 27. 1; (307) yields Athens to Demetrius Poliorcetes, 45. 2–5. In his On Fortune, forecasts fall of Macedonian power, XI, 31. 10. 1–2.
  • — the topographer: (164) Ptolemy VI lives with, in Rome, XI 31 18 2
  • — I Soter of Syria, 162–150: s. of Seleucus IV; (164) in Rome, offers aid to Ptolemy VI, XI, 31. 18. 1; (c. 161) accused before Senate by Timarchus of Miletus, 27a. 1; Ariarathes V denounces his alliance with, 28. 1; Jews revolt from, XII, 40. 2. 1; (160) seeks favour of Rome, XI, 31. 29. 1, 30. 1; (c. 158) Orophernes of Cappadocia makes gifts to, 32. 1; Eumenes sets up pretender to throne of; austerity of, 32a. 1; (c. 156) gives gifts to Rhodes, 36. 1; arrests Andriscus pretended son of Perseus, 40a. 1, 32. 15. 1; (150) at war with Egypt, XII, 33. 20. 1; misdeeds of Hierax and Diodotus against, XI, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445). Character of, XII, 33. 4. 4.
  • — II Nicator of Syria, 145–126: (146) gains support of Ptolemy VI, ceding him Coelê Syria, XI, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445); (145) after defeating Alexander Balas, secures his death, 9d. 1, 10. 1 (pp. 445–447); brutality of, XII, 33. 4. 1–4; Diodotus Tryphon revolts from, 4a. 1; self-indulgence of, 9. 1; (c. 140) taken prisoner by Arsaces of Parthia, 28. 1; (138) Diodotus makes war on generals of, 28. 1; (129) Antiochus VII demands return of, as condition of peace with Parthia, 34/5. 15. 1. See Cleopatra Thea wife of.
  • demiurgor: lowest class of Egyptian and of Athenian citizens, I, 1. 28. 5.
  • Democleides: (316) archon, IX, 19. 17. 1.
  • democracy: in Asia after fall of Assyria, I, 2. 32. 2; (472) restored in Acragas, IV, 11. 53. 2–5; (466) re-established in Sicilian cities by Syracuse, 68. 5; (441) restored in Samos by Athens, 12. 27. 2–3, 28. 4; (427) overthrown in Corcyra, V, 12. 57. 3; (424) Boeotians wish for, 69. 1; (418) restored in Argos, 80. 2–3, 81. 2–3; (415) mutilation of Hermae ascribed to enemies of, 13. 2. 3, 5. 1; (413) under, the people are responsible for acts of leaders, 31. 2–5; (412) oligarchy replaces, in Athens, 34. 1–2, 36. 1–2; (410) favoured by Athens, 48. 4; (405) overthrown with Lacedaemonian aid in Miletus, 104. 5–6, (404) in Athens, VI, 14. 3. 2–7, and elsewhere, 10. 1; (394) Argives support, in Corinth, 86. 1; (375) troubles of nascent, in the Peloponnese, VII, 15. 40. 1–5; (374) Athenian support of, leads to hostilities with Lacedaemonians, 45. 1–46. 3; (370) demagogues and, in Argos, 58. 1–4; (335) Ambraciots expel Macedonian garrison
426
  • and establish, VIII, 17. 3. 3; (323) leaders of, in Athens favour war with Antipater, IX, 18. 10. 1; (322) Antipater overthrows, in Athens, 18. 4, 66. 5; (319) Polyperchon restores, in Greek cities, 55. 2–57. 1; (318) restored in Athens, 65. 5–67. 6; (317) Agathocles feigns support of, 19. 5. 4–5; (307) restored in Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes, X, 20. 45. 5, 46. 3. Destroyed by outstanding citizens, IX, 19. 1. 1–8.
  • Democritus of Abdera: (c. 450) explains Nile floods, I, 1. 39. 1–6; studies astrology in Egypt, 96. 2, 98. 3; (404) dies, VI, 14. 11. 5.
  • Demogenes: (317) archon, IX, 19. 2. 1.
  • Demoleon: father of Iolcus, III, 5. 54. 4.
  • Demonax of Mantineia: arbitrator in Cyrenê, III, 8. 30. 2.
  • Demons, Eastern: ss. of Poseidon and Halia, III, 5. 55. 7.
  • Demophilus: (381) archon, VII, 15. 22. 1.
  • — s. of Ephorus: historian of the Sacred war, VII, 16. 14. 3.
  • —, general of Agathocles: (312) defeats Syracusan exiles, X, 19. 104. 2; (307) defeats Acragantines, 20. 56. 1–2.
  • Demophon s. of Theseus, III, 4. 62. 1.
  • — of Athens: (378) leads force to liberate Thebes, VII, 15. 26. 2–3.
  • —, a seer: (326) warns Alexander, VIII, 17. 98. 3–4.
  • Demosthenes of Athens, the general: (425) defeated by Aetolians, V, 12. 60. 1–4; defeats Ambraciotes, 60. 4–6; occupies Pylos, 61. 1, 13. 64. 7; (424) agrees to send force to Megara, 12. 66. 1–2; invades Boeotia; withdraws, 69. 1–2; (413) brings reinforcements to Athenians in Sicily, 13. 10. 1, 11. 1–5; urges return to Athens, 12. 1–6, 18. 1, 32. 2; commands group setting out for Catanê, 18. 6; captured by Syracusans, 19. 2; put to death, 33. 14.
  • — —, the orator: most eloquent of Greeks, VII, 16. 54. 2, XI, 26. 1. 1, XII, 34/5. 33. 3; (348) urges opposition to Philip, VII, 16. 54. 1–2; (338) wins Theban alliance, VIII, 16. 84. 5–85. 4; (335) rouses Athenians, 17. 3. 2; accused of receiving Persian money, 4. 7–8; urges Athenian aid for Thebes, 8. 5–6; letter of, to Attalus given to Alexander, 5. 1; Alexander demands surrender of, but yields to Demades, 15. 1–5; (326) exiled for receiving funds from Harpalus, 108. 8, IX, 18. 13. 6.
  • Demostratus of Athens: (393) archon, VI, 14. 90. 1; (390) 99. 1.
  • Demotion of Athens: (470) archon, IV, 11. 60. 1.
  • Derbici: Ninus subdues, I, 2. 2. 3.
  • Derceto (Astartê): mother of Semirarais, I, 2. 4. 2–3.
  • Dercylidas, Lacedaemonian general: (399) operations of, in Asia Minor, VI, 14. 38. 2–3, 6–7, 39. 4–6.
  • Derians, of Acarnania: (314) move to Agrinium, X, 19. 67. 4.
  • Deucalion: flood in time of: I, 1. 10. 4, II, 3. 62. 10, III, 5. 81. 3, VI, 14. 113. 2, IX, 19. 53. 4; sons of, drive Pelasgians from Thessaly, III, 5. 61. 1; father of Hellen, 4. 60. 2, 67. 3, 68. 1.
  • — s. of Minos II: king of Crete, III, 4. 60. 4, 62. 1; father of Idomeneus, 5. 79. 4.
  • devotio: (295) of P. Decius Mus, XI, 21. 6. 2.
  • Dexamenus: father of Hippolytê, II, 4. 33. 1.
  • Dexippus of Lacedaemon: (406) comes from Gela; commands at Acragas against Carthage, V, 13. 85. 3–4, 87. 3–4; charged with treason, 87. 5, 88. 7; in command at Gela, 93. 1–2;
427
  • does not support Dionysius, 93. 4; Dionysius sends, to Greece 96. 1.
  • Dexitheüs: (385) archon, VI, 15. 8. 1.
  • Dia d. of Eïoneus: mother of Peirithoüs, III, 4. 69. 3.
  • Dia: formerly called Strongylê, now called Naxos, III, 5. 51. 2–3; Dionysus finds Ariadnê on, 4. 61. 5.
  • Diadochi: some histories end with, I, 1. 3. 3.
  • Diagoras of Athens: (415) accused of impiety, flees, V, 13. 6. 7.
  • Dicaearcheia (Puteoli), in Italy: Lake Avernus near, II, 4. 22. 1; crude iron from Elba refined at, III, 5. 13. 2.
  • Dicaearchus of Aetolia: (204) engages in piracy, XI, 28. 1. 1.
  • Dicaeopolis: see Segesta.
  • Dicon of Syracuse: (384) stadion winner, VI, 15. 14. 1.
  • Dicta, in Crete: Zeus founds, III, 5. 70. 6.
  • dictators named in Rome: (425=V432) V, 12. 64. 1; (418=V426) 80. 6–8; (393=V396) VI, 14. 93. 2–3; (387=V390) 117. 2; (314=V315) X, 19. 72. 6; (313–V314) 76. 3; (217) XI, 26. 3. 1.
  • Dicton, in Crete: Zeus nurtured at, III, 4. 80. 2.
  • Dictynna (Britomartis): d. of Zeus; companion of Artemis, III, 5. 76. 3–4.
  • Didymê, one of Aeolides, III, 5. 7. 1.
  • Diêgylis, king of Thrace: (c. 145) cruelty of, XII, 33. 14. 1–15. 1; (133) fate of, 34/5. 12. 1. See Ziselmius s. of.
  • Dikê, d. of Zeus: one of Hours, III, 5. 72. 5, 73. 6.
  • Dimetor, a name of Dionysus, II, 3. 62. 5, 4. 4. 5.
  • Dimnus of Macedon: (329) a “Friend” of Alexander, plots against Alexander; kills self, VIII, 17. 79. 1–6.
  • Dindymê, mother of Cybelê, II, 3. 58. 1.
  • Diocleides: (415) charges Alcibiades with mutilation of Hermae, V, 13. 2. 41.
  • Diocles of Syracuse: (413) secures cruel treatment of Athenian prisoners, V, 13. 19. 4, 33. 1; persuades that magistrates be clected by lot, 34. 6; writes laws for Syracusans, 33. 2, 35. 1–5; (339) laws of, revised by Timoleon, VIII, 16. 82. 6–7, and long continued in use, V’. 13. 35. 3; (409) commands those sent to aid Himera, 59. 9; abandons Himera to protect Syracuse, 61. 3, 6; exiled for not burying dead, 75. 3–5; (?) kills self for disobeying own law, 33. 2–3, 35. 5, IV, 12, 19. 2; (402) Dionysius razes temple of, V, 13. 35. 2. Most historians slight, 35. 5.
  • —: (409) archon, V, 13. 54. 1.
  • — of Syracuse: (317) leader of the Six Hundred, arrested by Agathocles, IX, 19. 6. 4.
  • —, sheikh of Abae: (145) Alexander Balas takes refuge with, XI, 32. 9d. 1. 10. 1 (p. 445).
  • Diodorus of Athens: (408) commands on Hellespont, V, 13. 68. 2.
  • — of Sicily: born in Agyrium in Sicily, I, 1. 4. 4; reasons for writing universal history, 3. 1–8; general outline of work, 4. 6–5. 3, 9. 5, XII, 40. 8. 1; used materials available in Rome, I, 1. 4. 2; visited Egypt, 46. 7, 83. 9, II, 3. 11. 3, VIII, 17. 52. 6, also Asia and Europe, I, 1. 4. 1; criticizes Herodotus for inventions, 69. 7; has studied all ancient legends, II, 4. 1. 4; spent 30 years in composition, I, 1. 4. 1; unauthorized publication of part of history, XII, 40. 8. 1.
  • Diodotus (Tryphon): (before 150) misdeeds of, to Demetrius I, XI, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445); (c. 145) receives Antioch from Alexander Balas, XII, 33. 3. 1; betrays him to Ptolemy VI, XI, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445); (145) revolts from Demetrius II; sets
428
  • up Antiochus VI as king; Demetrius sends force against, XII, 33. 4a. 1; (138) assassinates Antiochus; proclaims self king, 28. 1; sends gold statue to Rome, 28a. 1.
  • Diomedes the Thracian: Heracles throws, to his own man-eating horses, II, 4. 15. 3–4.
  • — of Argos: driven from Argos by wife, III, 7. 3. 1; founds Argos Hippeion, XI, 25. 19. 1 (P. 171).
  • — of Athens: (408) Alcibiades robs, of Olympic glory, V, 13. 74. 3.
  • Diomedon of Athens: (408) general, V, 13. 74. 1; one of commanders at Arginusae; (406) condemned for leaving bodies, 102. 1–3.
  • Dion of Syracuse, s. of Hipparinus: (c. 367) flees to Peloponnesus to escape Younger Dionysius, VII, 16. 6. 1–4; (358) gathers forces in Corinth, 6. 5; (357) with scant forces overthrows Dionysius and enters city, 9. 1–10. 5, 16. 2; honoured by Syracusans, 11. 1–2; wounded repulsing attack of Dionysius, 11. 3, 12. 1–5; demands his resignation, 13. 2; (356) co-general with Heracleides, 16. 2; urges that terms be made with Dionysius, 16. 4–17. 1; as unwilling leader of mutinous mercenaries, defeats Syracusans, but frees those captured, 17. 3–5; drives Nypsius from city; becomes supreme general, 20. 1–6; (354) assassinated by agents of Callippus, 31. 7; (353) friends of, driven from city, 36. 5. Career of, treated by Athanas of Syracuse, VII, 15. 94. 4.
  • Dionysia, in Miletus: (405) oligarchs seize power during, V, 13. 104. 5.
  • —, in Rhodes: (305) sons of slain to be honoured at, X, 20. 84. 3. Dionysiac comus: (326) Alexander leads, VIII, 17. 106. 1.
  • Dionysiadae, islands formed by Dionysus, III, 5. 75. 5.
  • Dionysias, a name of Xaxos, III, 5. 52. 1.
  • —, a street in Thurium, IV, 12. 10. 7.
  • Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, 406–368: democracy in Syracuse before, IV, 11. 68. 6; Theopompus’ account of Sicily begins with, VIII, 16. 71. 3; <before 408> trained as a scribe, V, 13. 96. 4; (408) involved in conspiracy of Hermocrates, 75. 9; (406) accuses generals; elected general, 91. 3–92. 3; secures recall of exiles, 92. 4–7; wins support of soldiers in Gela, 93. 1–5; accuses fellow generals; elected sole general, 94. 1–95. 2; granted bodyguard; establishes tyranny, 95. 3–96. 4; marries daughter of Hermocrates, 96. 3; (405) fails to relieve Gela from Punic attack, 108. 5, 109. 1–110. 7; forces inhabitants of Gela and Camarina to abandon cities, 111. 1–6, VI, 14. 66. 4, 68. 2; deserted by Greeks and by Syracusan cavalry, V, 13. 112. 1–6; regains control, 113. 1–4, VI, 14. 14. 1; wife killed during mutiny, 44. 5, V, 13. 112. 4; makes peace with Carthage, 1. 3, 114. 1–3, VI, 14. 7. 1, 14. 1, 16. 4; (404) strengthens position, 7. 1–5; begins campaign against Siceli; returns when citizens in army mutiny, 7. 5–8. 1; advice of friends to, 8. 4–5, X, 20. 78. 2–3; employs Campanian mercenaries, VI, 14. 8. 6, 9. 3; defeats mutinous Syracusans at Neapolis, 9. 5–8; strengthens hold on city, 10. 1–4; (403) sacks Xaxos, Catane, and Leontini, and transports their people, 14. 1–4, 15. 2–4, 40. 1, 59. 2, 66. 4, 68. 3, VII, 16. 7. 1; takes Aetnê, VI, 14. 14. 2; frees Enna from tyrant, 14. 6–8; makes peace with Herbitê, 15. 1, 16. 1; (401) postpones
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  • war with Carthage, 18. 1; fortifies Epipolae, 18. 2–8, destroying temple of Diocles, V, 13. 35. 2; enrols Messenians driven from Greece, VI, 14. 34. 3; (400) founds Adranum on Mt. Aetne, 37. 5.
  • (399) Makes peace with Ithegium and Messene, VI, 14. 40. 1–7; prepares for war with Carthage, 41. 1–43. 4; (398) hires mercenaries, 44. 1–2; seeks goodwill of Sicilian cities, 44. 3–4; vainly seeks marriage alliance with Rhegium, 44. 4–5, 106. 1, 107. 3–4; makes such alliance with Epizephyrian Locri, 44. 6–45. 1, 107. 3; wins approval for war with Carthage, 45. 1–46. 3; demands that Carthage free Greek cities, 46. 5; (397) 47. 1–2; takes Motyê, 47. 4–53. 5, XI, 22. 10. 4; (396) enters Punic territory, VI, 14. 54. 2–4; Carthage prepares against, 54. 4–55. 1; sinks some Punic transports, 55. 2–3; withdraws to Syracuse when Himilcon recovers Motyê, 55. 4–7, 66. 2, 68. 5; permits capture of Messene by Himilcon, 56. 1–57. 6, 58. 3–59. 1, 66. 4, and interception of fleets from Italy and Greece, 68. 5; most of Siceli abandon, 58. 1; in Syracuse, frees slaves, hires mercenaries; moves Campanians to Aetnê; with army, goes to Taurus, 58. 1–2, then to Catanê; fleet of, defeated, 59. 4–60. 7; refuses to face Himilcon; most Greeks desert, 61. 1–3; Campanians in Aetne faithful to, 61. 4–6; seeks aid from Italy and Greece, 62. 1, 63. 4; begins to win skirmishes, 63. 1; Syracusans win naval victory in absence of, and begin to think of liberty, 64. 1–5, 69. 2–5; in Syracusan assembly Theodorus assails, 64, 5–69. 5, and Pharacidas defends, 70. 1–3; wins land and sea victory, 72. 1–75. 1; for a price, permits Carthaginians to escape, 75. 1–6; attacks Punic allies and mercenaries, 75. 6–9; settles mercenaries in Leontini, Messenê, and Tyndaris, 78. 1–6, 87. 1–2; depends on mercenaries and freedmen, 78. 3; wages war on Siceli, 78. 7; (394) many exiled by, are in Rhegium, 87. 1; defeated by Siceli, 87. 4–88. 4; Acragas and Messene assert independence, 88. 5; (393) defeats Carthaginians under Magnon at Abacaenê; withdraws to Syracuse, 90. 2–4; fails to take Rhegium, 90. 4–7; Italian Greeks allied against, 91. 1; (392) cities of Siceli desert, 95. 2; moves against Magon; is deserted by Syracusans and makes peace, 95. 3–96. 4; drives Siceli from Tauromenium and settles mercenaries, 96. 4; (390) after naval battle with Rhegium, returns to Syracuse, 100. 1–5; planning attack on Italy, seeks to embroil Greeks and Italians, 102. 2–3; (389) lays siege to Caulonia, 103. 1–3; defeats Italian Greeks under Heloris, 103. 5–104. 4; frees prisoners and makes peace, 105. 1–4; Rhegium surrenders to, 106. 1–3; destroys Caulonia, 106. 3, (388) and Hipponium, 107. 2; favours Locrians and seeks revenge on Rhegians, 107. 2–5; lays siege to Rhegium, 108. 1–6; is severely wounded, 108. 6; sends chariots and reciters of his own poems to Olympia with ill success, 109. 1–6, 15. 7. 2; (387) enslaves Rhegians, 14. 111. 1–113. 1, 15. 1. 6.
  • (386) Passion of, for writing poetry, VI, 15. 6. 1–5; welcomes Plato, then sells him as slave, 7. 1; driven mad by ill-success of poetry, exiles friends and recalls them, 7. 3–4; (385) plans control of Adriatic and attack on Delphi, 13. 1–2, 4; constructs great works in
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  • Syracuse, 13. 5; (384) governor of Lissus, appointee of, defeats Illyrians, 14. 2; uses booty from Tyrrhenian towns to prepare new war with Carthage, 14. 3–4; (383) seeks grounds for war; defeats Magon; demands Punic withdrawal from Sicily, 15. 1–4; defeated at Cronium; pays indemnity, 16. 1–17. 5; (380) seeks Spartan alliance, VII, 15. 23. 5; (374) ships sent by, to aid Lacedaemonians at Corcyra are taken by Athenians, 47. 7, 16. 57. 2–3; (369) sends mercenaries to aid Lacedaemonians at Corinth, 15. 70. 1; (368) invades Punic territory in Sicily; fleet of, defeated at Eryx, 73. 1–4; makes armistice; returns to Carthage; dies, 4–5; fulfilment of prophecy re death of, 74.1–4.
  • Longest known tyranny, V, 13. 96. 4; greatest realm in Europe, VII, 16. 5. 4, X, 20. 78. 1–3; most fortunate of tyrants, VI, 14. 2. 2; size of army and navy of, I, 2. 5. 6. Character and appearance of, V, 13. 92. 1, VII, 15. 81. 5, 16. 5. 4, X, 20. 63. 3, 78. 1–3. Marriages and children of, V, 13. 96. 3, 112. 4, VI, 14. 44. 5–45. 1, 106. 1, 107. 3, VII, 16. 6. 2. Wished to be third in friendship of Damon and Phintias, IV, 10. 4. 2–6. History of, by Theopompus, VIII, 16. 71. 3. See Hipparinus s. of.
  • — II, of Syracuse, 368–343; s. of Dionysius I and his Locrian wife, VII, 16. G. 2; (368) succeeds his father, 15. 73. 5, 74. 5, 16. 5. 1; ends war with Carthage; founds cities in Apulia, 5. 1–4; (367) Dion s. of Hipparinus escapes, to Peloponnesus, 6. 4–5; (357) Dion returns, 9. 1–3, while, is in Italy, 10. 1–2; Dion provides arms for citizens disarmed by, 10. 1, 3; arrives in Syracuse; makes truce; attacks with mercenaries from Island, II. 3–5; defeated by Dion, 12. 1–5; refuses to resign tyranny; supports troops by pillage, 13. 1–3; (356) Philistus, general of, is defeated; leaves mercenaries in citadel and returns to Italy, 16. 1–17. 2; sends Nypsius to relieve garrison, 18. 1–3; (351) driven from Rhegium by Syracusans, 45. 9; (345) Hicetas the Syracusan defeats, and seizes all Syracuse but Island, VIII, 16. 68. 1–3; (344) holds Island, 69. 3; (343) forced by Timoleon to retire to Peloponnesus; spends rest of life as pauper in Corinth, 70.1–4, 71. 3. Character of, VII, 16. 5. 1. Histories of, by Philistus, 15. 89. 3, and by Theopompus, VIII, 16. 71. 3.
  • — of Heracleia Pontica: (338) succeeds brother as tyrant, VIII, 16. 88. 5; (306) dies, X, 20. 77. 1.
  • —, general of Cassander, commander of Munychia: (314) sends ships to Lemnos, X, 19. 68. 3; (307) forced to yield Peiraeus and Munychia to Demetrius s. of Antigonus, 20. 45. 2–7.
  • — Petosarapis: (c. 109–164) tries to win control of Egypt, XI, 31. 15a. 1–4.
  • — the Mede, general of Demetrius II Nicator: (138) in Mesopotamia, XII, 33. 28. 1.
  • — Skytobrachion, mythographer: cited: II, 3. 52. 3, 66. 5, 68. 1, III, 7. 1. 1.
  • Dionysodorus of Tarentum: (380) stadion winner, VII, 15. 23. 1.
  • —, historian: (361) end of history by, VII, 15. 95. 4.
  • Dionysus: a “terrestrial” god, a mortal who has won immortality, III, 6. 1. 2; difficulties in giving an account of, II, 3. 62. 1–2; claimed by Greeks, Egyptians, and Indians, 4. 1. 6–7; many gods of same name, III, 5. 75. 4; explained in natural terms as “gift of wine,” II, 3. 62. 2–10, or as
431
  • three persons, 63. 2, an Indian who discovered wine, 63. 3–5, the son of Zeus and Persephone or Demeter, first to yoke cattle, 62. 6–7, 64. 1–2, 4. 4. 1–2, or the son of Zeus and Semelê, 3. 62. 9–10, 64. 3–65. 8; birth of, claimed by many cities, 66. 1–6,
  • Egyptian account of: identified with Osiris, I, 1. 11. 3, 13. 5, 15. 6, 17. 4–5, 25. 2, 27. 3; not born of Semele and Zeus, 23. 2; Greek rites of, taken from Egypt, 22. 7–23. 8, 96. 5, 97. 4.
  • Indian account of: came from the west; crossed all India, II, 2. 38. 3–4; taught storing of fruits and making of wine; founded cities; king of all India, 38. 5–39. 1.
  • Libyan account of, according to Dionysius Skytobrachion, II, 3. 52. 3, 66. 4–6, first composed by Linus, 67. 4; s. of Ammon king of Libya, and Amaltheia, 68. 1–2; reared in Libyan Nysa, 67. 5, 68. 4, 70. 1–2, 7; discovers use of vine and wishes to share with all, 70. 7–8; defeats Titans, 70. 6, 71. 1–6; Aristaeus first to sacrifice to, as a god, 72. 1; sets out against Cronus; slays Campê; captures Cronus and Rhea, 72. 2–5; honours Zeus, newborn son of Cronus, 72. 6; rebuilds city of Ammon and establishes oracle, 73. 1–2; promised immortality if he aids man, 73. 3; makes Zeus king of Egypt; teaches use of wine or of the drink from barley to all world, 73. 4–6; alone of the gods is accepted by all men, 73. 6; slays Titans when they attack Ammon in Crete, 73. 7–8; becomes immortal, 73. 8; a second Dionysus, s. of Zeus and Io, becomes king of Egypt, 74. 1; a third, s. of Zeus and Semele, takes over fame and worship of the first, 74. 1–6.
  • Greek account of: the first, from India; taught care and use of grapes and other fruits; called Lenaeus, II, 3. 63. 3–5; the second (first Greek), s. of Zeus and Persephone (or Demeter); called Sabazius; taught use of plow, 64. 1–2, 4. 4. 1–2, III, 5. 75. 4; the third (second Greek), s. of Zeus and Semelê, untimely born; reared at Nysa (hence his name), II, 3. 64. 3–7, 4. 2. 1–5, III, 5. 72. 5; Cybelê and Marsyas come to, at Nysa, II, 3. 59. 2; teaches the use of wine and of the drink made from barley, 4. 2. 5, 3. 5, III, 5. 75. 4–5; leads army of men and women; frees cities; founds Eleutherae, II, 4. 2. 6; makes journey to India, 3. 65. 7, 4. 3. 1–2; leads Bacchantes, 3. 64. 6, 65. 2, 4. 3. 3; punishes the impious, Pentheus and Lycurgus, 3. 65. 1–6, 4. 3. 4; drives Butes mad for violence to a Bacchant, III, 5. 50. 4–5; teaches men justice, II, 3. 64. 7; why called “Dimetor,” 62. 5, 4. 4. 5; with Demeter, approved by all, 3. 5; inberits deeds of the earlier Dionysus s. of Zeus and Persephone, 4. 1–5; narthex (thyrsus) associated with, 4. 6–7, 3. 3; called by many names, 5. 1–2, 4. 4; explanations of his two forms, 5. 2–3; accompanied by Satyrs and Muses; favours musicians, 5. 4, 7. 1; Apollo hangs lyre and flute in cave of, 3. 59. 6; excels all in beauty, 4. 4. 2; visited all the world, 3. 3. 1, except Ethiopia, 3. 1, Britain, III, 5. 21. 2, and Liguria, 39. 4; Priapus s. of, II, 4. 6. 1, honoured in rites of, 6. 4; leaves wine with Centaurs, 12. 3; granted name “Olympian” by Zeus, 15. 1; brings Semelê from Hades, 25. 4; takes Ariadnê as wife, III, 4. 61. 5, 5. 51. 4, 6. 4. 1; wrath of, maddens Argive
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  • women, 4. 68. 4; honoured for benefactions, 81. 3; Aristaeus visits, in Thrace, 82. 6; grants prosperity to Naxos, 5. 52. 1–3. Father of Oenopion, 79. 1.
  • (375) Returning exiles attack Phialeia during festival of, VII, 15. 40. 2; (353) Clearchus tyrant of Heracleia slain during festival of, 16. 36. 3; (328) Alexander’s sin against, VIII, 17, p. 111; (327) he benefits Nysia because of connection with, p. 113; (330) he holds procession in honour of, 72. 4; (316) temple of, in Rhodes, IX, 19. 45. 4; (304) Demetrius emulates conduct of, X, 20. 92. 4.
  • Dionysus, the New: name given to Ptolemy XI, I, 1. 44. 1.
  • Dionysus, Artists of: associations of musicians, II, 4. 5. 4.
  • Diophantus: (395) archon, VI, 14. 82. 1.
  • — of Athens: (344) leader in Egyptian army, VII, 16. 48. 2.
  • — a Macedonian: (145) father of Herïas, “the two-formed one,” XI, 32. 10. 2 (p. 447).
  • — — (145) Herais takes the name, XI, 32. 10. 8–9 (pp. 451–453).
  • Dioscori (Dioscuri): ss. of Tyndareüs, II, 4. 33. 5, 48. 6; two stars (Gemini) appear over heads of, 43. 1–2; Celtic veneration of, 56. 4; free Helen, III, 4. 63. 5; initiated into Samothracian mysteries, 5. 49. 6; offered to Bpizephyrian Locrians as allies, 8. 32. 1–2. See Castor, Polydeuces; Tyndareüs father of.
  • Dioscurias, Cape, in land of Brutii: (415) Athenians round, V, 13. 3. 4.
  • Dioscurides, nephew of Antigonus: (315) commands fleet, IX, 19. 62. 7–9; (314) drives Cassander’s fleet from sea, X, 19. 68. 4.
  • Diospolis (Thebes), in Egypt: see Thebes in Egypt.
  • Diotimus: (428) archon, V, 12. 49. 1.
  • —: (354) archon, VII, 16. 28. 1.
  • Diotrephes: (384) archon, VI, 15. 14. 1.
  • Dioxippus of Athens: (326) defeats Coragus winning enmity of Alexander; driven to suicide, VIII, 17. 100. 2–101. 6.
  • Diphilas of Lacedaemon: (391) sent to aid faction in Rhodes, VI, 14. 97. 3.
  • Diphilus: (442) archon, IV, 12. 26. 1.
  • —, officer of Antigonus: (312) dislodged from citadel of Babylon, X, 19. 91. 3–4.
  • Dircê, Spring of, near Thebes: (335) blood in, VIII, 17. 10. 4.
  • Ditalces of Orso: (139) assassinates Viriathus, XII, 33. 21. 1.
  • dithyrambs: (398) distinguished writers of, flourish, VI, 14. 46. 6.
  • Dium, in Macedon: (424) Brasidas moves to, V, 12. 67. 1; (335) Alexander sacrifices at, VIII, 17. 16. 3; (323) his plan for temple at, cancelled, IX, 18. 4. 4–6; (169) Perseus at, XI, 30. 10. 1–2, 11. 2.
  • —, in Phthiotis: (302) Demetrius prevents deportation of people of, X, 20. 110. 3.
  • divination: introduced by Themis, III, 5. 67. 4; developed by Tyrrhenians, 40. 2.
  • divorce: law of Charondas on, IV, 12. 18. 1–2.
  • Diyllus of Athens: (c. 295) writes universal history, XI, 21. 5. 1, VII, 16. 14. 5, VIII, 16. 76. 6.
  • Docimus, officer of Alcetas: (319) captured by Antigonus, IX, 18. 45. 3; (317) escapes; recaptured, 19. 16. 1–5.
  • —, general of Antigonus: (313) frees Miletus, X, 19. 75. 3–4; (302) joins Lysimachus in taking Synnada, 20. 107. 4.
  • Dodonê, oracle at: (403) Lysander fails to corrupt, VI, 14. 13. 4–7; (368) foretells Lacedaemonian victory over Arcadians, VII, 15. 72. 3; (323) Alexander’s plan for temple at, cancelled,
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  • IX, 18. 4. 4–6; (219) plundered by Aetolians, XI, 26. 7. 1.
  • Dog Star: Iris rises as the, I, 1. 27. 4. Rising of, as date: (335) VIII, 17. 7. 5–7; (317) IX, 19. 17. 3; 18. 1–2; (311) X, 19. 109. 5.
  • dogs: held in honour by the Egyptians, I, 1. 18. 1, 83. 1, 84. 2, 87. 2–3; X, 20. 58. 4; kill the wild cattle of the Cynamolgi, II, 3. 31. 1, 3.
  • Doians, tribe on Panchaea: Amnion expels, III, 5. 44. 6–7.
  • Dolopians: (480) submit to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 1–2; (470) Athenians take Scyros, inhabited by, 60. 2; (420) defeat Heracleia in Trachis, V, 12. 77. 4; (354) join allies against Phocians, VII, 16. 29. 1; (323) join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1.
  • Domitius, Cn.: (91) persuades Pompaedius Silo to withdraw, XII, 37. 13. 1–2.
  • — Calvinus, Cn.: (330=V332) cos., VIII, 17. 62. 1.
  • Don riv.: see Tanaïs riv.
  • Dorians: live near Olympus; the third people to come to Crete, III, 5. 80, 2; live in Hestiaeotis, II, 4. 37. 3; give third of land to Heracles, 37. 3–4; Heracleidae make homes among, 58. 6; Cadmeans settle in Doris, III, 4. 67. 1; Dorians return and live in three cities of Doris, 67. 1, IV, 11. 79. 4; original stock of the Lacedaemonians, 79. 4; settle about Corinth and Sicyon, III, 7. 9. 1; (480) those of Asia Minor supply ships to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 8; he does not plunder Doris (in Greece), 14. 2; (476) Theron enrols, in Himera, 49. 3; (458) at war with Phocis, 79. 4–6; (431) those of Asia allied to Athens, V, 12. 42. 5; (354) join alliance against Phocians, VII, 16. 29. 1; (353) Phocians pillage, 33. 4; (323) join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1.
  • —, (446) a tribe in Thurium, IV, 12. 11. 3.
  • Doric dialect: (212) used in Syracuse, XI, 26. 18. 1.
  • Doricus, officer of Dionysius: (404) slain by Syracusans, VI, 14. 7. 6–7.
  • Dorieus, the Lacedaemonian: founds Heracleia in Sicily, II, 4. 23. 3.
  • — of Rhodes: (411) commands ships sent from Italy to aid Lacedaemonians; quells tumult in Rhodes; goes to Dardanus to escape Athenians, V, 13. 38. 5–6, 45. 1–6.
  • Dorimachus of Aetolia: (219) plunders Dodona, XI, 26. 7. 1.
  • Doris d. of Xenetus of Locris: (398) Dionysius marries, VI, 14. 44. 6–7, 45. 1.
  • Doris: see Dorians.
  • Doriscus, in Thrace: (480) Xerxes musters forces at, IV, 11. 3. 7–9, 5. 1.
  • Doristhus, early Agiad king of Lacedaemonians, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • Dorus: bases expedition to Crete near Cape Malea, III, 5. 80. 2. See Aegimius, and Tectamus, ss. of.
  • Dorylaeum, in Phrygia, (302) Antigonus attacks camp of Lysimachus at, X, 20. 108. 6–109.2.
  • Dosiades, historian of Crete, III, 5. 80. 4.
  • Dotium, in Thessaly: given to Triopus s. of Helius, III, 5. 61. 1–2.
  • Doupon, a Centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 12. 7.
  • doves: Serniramis nurtured by, I, 2. 4. 4–6; she changes into a, 20. 2; Syrians honour, as divine, 4. 6, 20. 2.
  • dowry: (160) in Rome usually paid in instalments, XI, 31. 27. 5; a charge on estate of deceased husband, 26. 1.
  • Drabiscus: see Amphipolis, in Thrace.
  • Dracanum: claims to be birthplace of Dionysus, II, 3. 66. 3.
  • Draco of Athens, IV, 9. 17. 1.
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  • Dracon: guardian of Golden Fleece, II, 4. 26. 3, 47. 3.
  • Dranginê, Drangi: Ninus subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; (329) Alexander enters, VIII, 17. 78. 4, and settles affairs of, 81. 1; (326) he orders supplies brought from, to Carmania, 105. 7; (323) assigned to Stasanor by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) to Stasander by Antipater, 39. 6, 19. 14. 7.
  • Drepana (Drepanum), in Sicily: (260) Hamilcar (not Barca) fortifies, XI, 23. 9. 4; (254) Carthalo saves, from Romans, 18. 3; (250) Carthaginian cavalry sent to, 24. 1. 3; (249) Punic fleet defeats Roman off, 1. 5–6; (244) Hamilcar Barca brings survivors of Eryx to, 8. 1.
  • Drius, in Achaïa Phthiotis: Thracians seize Bacchantes at, III, 5. 50. 4–5.
  • —, Mt., on Naxus: Dionysus takes Ariadne to, III, 5. 51. 4.
  • dromedaries: speed and endurance of, II, 2. 54. 6–7, IX, 19. 37. 6.
  • Dromichaetes, king of Thrace: (292) saves Lysimachus from punishment, XI, 21. 12. 2–3; convinces him of folly of war on Thrace, 12. 4–6.
  • Dromocleides: (475) archon, IV, 11. 50. 1.
  • Druids: position and functions of, among Gauls, III, 5. 31. 2–5.
  • dry, the: one of the Egyptian elements (= the earth), I, 1. 11. 6, 12. 4, 9.
  • Dryopes: defeated by Heracles, II, 4. 37. 1–3.
  • Drypetis d. of Dareius: (326) Hephaestion marries, VIII, 17. 107. 6.
  • Ducetius, leader of Siceli: (461) with Syracusans, attacks Catana, IV, 11. 76. 3; (459) founds Menaenum; reduces Morgantina, 78. 5; (453) forms federation of Siceli; founds Palicê, 88. 6, 90. 1; distributes land, 90. 1; (451) seizes Aetna; lays siege to Motyum defeats Acragantini and Syracusans, 91. 1–2; (after 451) defeated at Nomae; deserted by his men, 91. 2–4; comes to Syracuse as suppliant, 92. 1; is sent to Corinth, 92. 1–4, 12. 8. 1, 3; (446) founds Calê Actê in Sicily, 8. 2; (440) dies of illness 29. 1.
  • Duillius, M.: (466=V471) elected plebeian tribune in Rome, IV, 11. 68. 8.
  • —, K.: (333=V336) cos., VIII, 17. 29. 11.
  • — Longus, C.: (396=V399) trib. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 54. 1.
  • Duris, of Samos, historian: cited: (370) VII, 15. 60. 6; (295) XI, 21. 6. 1–2.
  • duties, export; (after 227) Hiero exempts Rhodian grain ships from, XI, 26. 8. 1.
  • Dymê, in Achaïa: (402) Pausanias winters in, VI, 14. 17. 12; (367) Epameinondas frees, VII, 15. 75. 2; (314) people of, capture Cassander’s garrison in citadel, X, 19. 66. 4–6.
  • Dysnicetus: (370) archon, VII, 15. 57. 1.
E
  • eagle: bird of Zeus, I, 1. 87. 9.
  • earth: theories re formation of, I, 1. 6. 3–7. 7, 2. 31. 7; Egyptians call, “Mother,” 1. 12. 4; Delphi, the shrine of, VII, 16. 26. 3; Giants, the sons of, II, 4. 15. 1, 21. 7. See Gê.
  • earth and water: (480) Xerxes demands, IV, 11. 2. 3, 6, 3. 5.
  • earth, styptic: on Lipara, III, 5. 10. 2.
  • earthquakes: causes of, VII, 15. 48. 4; under authority of Poseidon, 49. 4; destroy marsh Tritonis, II, 3. 55. 3; shake island Msyros, III, 5. 54. 3; (469) in Sparta, IV, 11. 63. 1–6, 65. 4; (426) halt Peloponnesian raids on Attica, V, 12. 59. 1–2; (373) shake Peloponnese,
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  • VII, 15. 48. 1–3, 49. 3–6; (before 317) destroy cities of Rhagae in Media, IX, 19. 44. 4–5; (227) Hiero aids Rhodes after, XI, 26. 8. 1.
  • Eastern Ocean (i.e., Bay of Bengal): Cilician Taurus ends at, IX, 18. 5. 2.
  • ebony: produced in Egypt, I, 1. 33. 3.
  • Ecbatana, in Media: works of Semiramis at, I, 2. 13. 5–8; Arbaces goes to, 28. 7; Aspandas (Astyages) succeeds Astibaras at, 34. 6; (479) Xerxes returns to, IV, 11. 36. 7; (401) Artaxerxes gathers forces in, VI, 14. 22. 1; (330) after Arbela, Dareius retires to, VIII, 17. 64. 1–2; (329) royal treasure in, 80. 3, 110. 7, IX, 19. 46. 6; (325) Hephaestion dies in, VIII, 17. 110. 6–8; (317/6) Antigonus winters in, IX, 19. 19. 2–8, 44. 4; (316) he seizes treasure in, 46. 6.
  • Echecrates of Thessaly: violates Pythia, VII, 16. 26. 6.
  • Echemus, king of Tegea: overcomes Hyllus s. of Heracles, II, 4. 58. 3–4.
  • Echestratus: early Agiad king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • Echetla, in Sicily: (309) Agathocles seizes; Acragantines recover, X. 20. 32. 1–2; (264) Romans besiege, XI, 23. 3. 1.
  • Echinades isls.: islands in Red Sea very like, II, 3. 44. 6; named in Delphic response, III, 8. 17. 1; (322) Macedonians defeat Athenians near, IX, 18. 15. 8–9.
  • eclipses: observed and recorded by Egyptians, I, 1. 50. 2; explanations of, 2. 31. 5–6; (413) Athenian departure from Syracuse delayed by, of moon, V, 13. 12. 6; (364) Pelopidas killed after disregarding, of sun, VII, 15. 80. 2–5; (310) of sun after Agathocles leaves for Libya, X, 20. 5. 5.
  • Ecnomus: stronghold of Phalaris, X, 19. 108. 1; (312) Carthaginians occupy, 104. 3; (311) 108. 1.
  • Ecregma, in Egypt: (315) Ptolemy and Antigonus confer at, IX, 19. 64. 8.
  • Edessa, in Macedon, XI, 31. 8. 8.
  • Edones, of Thrace: destroy Milesian and Athenian colonies at Amphipolis, IV, 11. 70. 5, V, 12. 68. 1–2; (424) Brasidas secures city of, 68. 4.
  • education: in Egypt, I, 1. 81. 1–7; law of Charondas on, IV, 12. 12. 4–13. 4.
  • Egesta, in Sicily: see Aegesta.
  • Egypt: Diodorus visits, I, 1. 44. 1, 83. 9, II, 3. 11. 3, VIII, 17. 52. 6; account of, to reign of Amasis in Book One, I, 1. 9. 6, 41. 10, 42. 1, 98. 10, 2. 1. 1–2, II, 3. 1. 1; origin of man placed in, I, 1. 10. 1–7, but Aethiopians call, their colony, II, 3. 3. 1–7.
  • Geography and climate of, I, 1. 29. 6–41. 10; frontiers of, 30. 1–31. 6; Ethiopians live above (south of), II, 3. 3. 1, 23. 1; Libyans border on, 49. 1; population of, I, 1. 31. 6–9; said to be lower than Red Sea, 33. 9–10; the Nile riv., 32. 1–41. 10, called Oceanus, 96. 7; agriculture of Nile valley, 34. 2–11, 36. 2–6, 12, III, 5. 37. 3; animals of the Nile and its valley, I, 1. 35. 1–36. 1, II, 2. 51. 3–52. 1; a plague of snakes invades, from Libya, 3. 50. 3; Nile overflows most of, I, 1. 36. 7–12, 19. 1, 5; reasons for summer floods of the Nile, 37. 1–41. 10; formed by silt carried by Nile, II, 3. 3. 2–3; gold mines in, 12. 1–14. 6; lack of rain in, I, 1. 10. 4, 41. 2; intense heat of, 10. 5, II, 2. 51. 4–52. 1, 3. 34. 3–4; regions about, not mentioned by Xenophon or Thucydides, I, 1. 37. 4; no Greek reaches upper boundaries of, before reign of Ptolemy II, 37. 5; upper part of, still infested by wild beasts,
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  • 24. 6; Ephorus wrote about, but never visited, 39. 7–8.
  • Religion and mythology of, I, 1. 11. 1–29. 6: sun and moon revered as Osiris and Isis, 11. 1–6; Osiris called Dionysus by Greeks, 15. 6, II, 4. 1. 6–7; record of his birth preserved in, 3. 62. 1; Isis (Demeter) brings corn to, III, 5. 69.1, 77. 4; the five elements or celestial gods, I, 1. 11. 5–12. 10; terrestrial gods who once were mortals, 13. 1–5; Helius or Hephaestus first king of, 13. 2; Osiris founds Thebes in, 15. 2; Zeus as former king of, called Ammon, 15. 3; Libyan Dionysus makes Zeus king of, and teaches cultivation of vine to people of, II, 3. 73. 4–6; Zeus goes from, to Crete, 73. 7; Dionysus s. of Zeus and Io becomes king of, 74. 1; Osiris born near, I, 1. 15. 6–7; campaigns of Osiris, 17. 1–20. 5; he leaves Isis as ruler of, 17. 3; ascribe discovery of ivy to Osiris, 17. 4–5; honour Pan, 18. 2; Osiris returns to; is deified, 20. 5–6; death of Osiris, 21. 1–2, II, 4. 6. 3; Isis succeeds Osiris as ruler of, I, 1. 21. 2–3; consecrate bulls to Osiris, 21. 10–11; burial of Osiris and Isis, 21. 5–22. 6; origin of phallic worship in, 22. 6–7, 88. 3; account of Priapus by, II, 4. 6. 3; the Aegis (a monster) crosses, 3. 70. 4; borrowings from, in Greek religion and myth, I, 1. 22. 7–24. 8, 97. 1–9; Orpheus visits, 23. 2–8. 69. 4, 92. 3, II, 4. 25. 3; Actis s. of Helius founds Heliopolis in, III, 5. 57, 2; claim as own both Heracles and Perseus, I, 1. 24. 1–8, II, 3. 74. 4; Heracles slays Busiris in, 4. 27. 2–3, 18. 1; deeds of the first Heracles in, I, 1. 24. 1–3, 5–6, III, 5. 76. 2; chronological system, I, 1. 24. 2, 26. 1–5; claim to have sent out many colonies, including the Chaldaeans of Babylon, 28. 1 81. 6, the Colchi, 28. 2, 55. 4–5 the Jews, 28. 2, 55. 5 (but see XII, 34/5 1. 1–2, 40. 3. 1–4), the Argives, I, 1. 28. 2, the Athenians, 28. 4–29. 6 (but see III, 5. 57. 5); escaped universal drought, I, 1. 29. 1; Eleusinian mysteries brought from, by Erechtheus, 29. 1–4; Babylonian “Chaldaeans,” and Athenian “Eumolpidae” similar to priests of, 28. 1, 29. 2–4, 2. 29. 2; Ethiopian priests have same garb as those of, II, 3. 3. 6; royal sacrificial rites, I, 1. 70. 5–9. Consecration of animals among, 83. 1–90. 4, 18. 1, 35. 6, 49. 5, X, 20. 58. 4; punishment for slaying sacred animal, I, 1. 83. 5–84. 3; the sacred bulls of Memphis and Heliopolis, the goat of Mendes, the crocodile of Lake Moeris, the lion of Leontopolis, 84. 4–8; various explanations of worship of animals, 86. 1–90. 4. Customs re the dead, 91. 1–93. 4, 51. 2; embalming, 91. 2–7, X, 19. 99. 3; trial of body, I, 1. 92. 1–4; funeral orations, 92. 5; burial, 92. 6; largest tombs of, near Lake Acherousia, 96. 7; name “Charon” given to boatman in burial rite, 92. 2, 96. 8; duty of honouring deceased parents, 93. 1–4; many things in Greek myth actually preserved in, 97. 1.
  • Customs and culture of, I, 1. 69. 1–82. 3; customs of, admired and imitated by many nations, 69. 1–4; claim discovery of writing, astronomy, geometry, most arts, 50. 1–2, 69. 5–6; Khodians claim astrology brought to, from Rhodes, III, 5. 57. 2–4; Chaldaeans have learned astrology from, I, 1. 81. 6; priests observe the stars, 28. 1; solar calendar used in, 50. 2; tales of wonders unworthy of record, 69. 6–7; daily life of kings of, 70. 1–4,
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  • 70. 10–71. 5; 62. 3–4; royal sacrificial rites, 70. 5–9; royal administration of justice, 71. 1–5; ceremonies following death of king, 72. 1–6; queen has authority over king as wife over husband; marriage of brother and sister permitted, 27. 1–2; those who journey abroad let hair grow, 18. 3; threefold hereditary division of people—priests, land-holding warriors, free landless labourers, 28. 5; land of, divided into nomes, 73. 1; all land divided into thirds for king, priests and warriors, 73. 2–9; king receives gold and silver from mines of all, 49. 2; threefold hereditary division of landless freemen—herdsmen, husbandmen, artisans; their skill, 74. 1–8; merchants of, on Red sea, II, 3. 18. 3; trade with Arabians, III, 5. 42. 2; food of, in early period, I, 1. 43. 1–5. Administration of justice in, 71. 1–5, 75. 1–80. 2: appointment of judges, 75. 1–5; written law used, 75. 6; procedure, 75. 6–76. 1; use of advocates forbidden, 76. 1–3; penalties, 77. 1–6; penal slavery, II, 3. 12. 2; laws on murder, I, 1. 77. 6–11; pregnant women not executed, 77. 9–10; laws on traitors and on sex offenders, 78. 1–5; laws of contract and of debt, debtor slavery forbidden, 79. 1–5; return of stolen goods, 80. 1–2; lawgivers of, 94. 1–95. 6; Solon brings laws to Athens from, 69. 4, 77. 5, 79. 4, 98. 1. Marriage and rearing of children, 80. 3–81. 7: polygamy permitted, 80. 3; marriage of brother and sister permitted; wife has authority over husband, 27. 1–2; education of children, 81. 1–7; two forms of writing, 81. 1, II, 3. 3. 5, 4. 1–4, III, 5. 46. 7; circumcision, I, 1. 28. 3, 55. 5, II, 3. 32. 4; children remain in status of fathers, I, 1. 81. 7. Medicine in, 82. 1–3.
  • Influence of, on Greeks, I, 1. 96. 1–98. 9; Orpheus in, 23. 2–8, 69. 4, 92, 3, 96. 4–5, II, 4. 25. 3; Melampus in, I, 1. 97. 4; Daedalus in, 61. 3, 97. 5–6; Homer in, 12. 10, 69. 4, 97. 7–9; influence of, on Lycurgus, Solon, and Plato, 98. 1, on Pythagoras, 69. 4, 98. 2, IV, 10. 6. 4, on Oenopides, Democritus, and Eudoxus, 98. 3–4; myths of Cronus and of the Titans brought to Greece from, 97. 4; influence of, on Greek sculpture, 97. 6, 98. 5–9.
  • Early kings of, benefactors of mankind, I, 1. 43. 6; at first ruled by gods and heroes, 44. 1; Horus last king of, to become a god, 25. 6–7, 44. 1; he makes treaty with Amazons, II, 3. 55. 4; kings rule, for 4700 years, I, 1. 44. 1–4, 69. 6; history of kings of, preserved by native priests, 44. 4–5, 46. 7–8, 69. 7, and by Greeks including Hecataeus, 46. 8, II, 3. 11. 1–3; Menas, first mortal king of, I, 1. 45. 1–3, 43. 5; reigns of Busiris and his descendants; foundation of Diospolis (Thebes), 45. 4–46. 6; the monument of Osymandyas (Ramses II), king of, 47. 1–49. 6; reigns of Uchoreus, 50. 3–51. 2, of Egyptus, 51. 3–4; Danaüs and Cadmus escape from, III, 5. 58. 1–2, together with the Jews, XII, 40. 3. 2, 4; reign of Moeris, I, 1. 51. 5–52. 6, of Sesoösis (Sesostris), 53. 1–58. 5; he distributes land, reorganizes army, 54. 4–6, 94. 4; he divides, into nomes, 54. 3, 73. 1; under him, invade Ethiopia, Arabia, Libya, Asia, and Europe, 53. 5–6, 55. 1–9; wealth brought back to, 55. 10–12; captives settled in, 56. 3–6; temples and public works, 56. 1–2, 57. 1–5, 58. 3; foreign potentates visit, 58. 1–3;
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  • s. of Sesoösis succeeds as king of, 59. 1–4; ruled by series of kings of small account, 60. 1; conquered by Actisanes of Ethiopia during reign of Amasis, 60. 1–3, 44. 2; reign of Actisanes; thieves settled in Rhinocolura between Syria and, 60. 3–10; Mendes (Marrus), an Egyptian, king of; he constructs Labyrinth in, 61. 1–4; Daedalus visits, 61. 3; period of anarchy in, followed by reigns of Cetes or Proteus, 62. 1–4, of Eemphis, 62. 5–6, of Nileus, 63. 1, of Chemmis (Cheops, Khufu), builder of largest pyramid, 63. 2–9, of Cephren or Chabryes (Chephren, Khafre), 64. 1–6, and of Mycerinus or Mencherinus (Menkaure), 64. 6–10; (c. 726–710) reigns of Bocchoris (Bokenranef) of Ethiopia, 65. 1, 44. 2, a lawgiver, 79. 1, 94. 5–95. 1, (c. 712–700) of Sabaco, 65. 2–8; (c. 700–663) period of anarchy, followed by rule of twelve, 66. 1–6; (663–609) reign of Psammetichus of Saïs, one of the twelve, 66. 7–67. 11; he opens, to foreigners, 66. 8, 67. 9–11, 69. 4; his use of mercenaries causes revolt, 67. 2–7; (588–566) reign of Apries, overthrown by rebels under Amasis, 68. 1–5; (569–526) reign of Amasis (Ahmose II), 68. 4–6; he gives laws and reforms administration, 95. 1, and is overthrown by Cambyses of Persia, 68. 6.
  • Ninus of Assyria subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; Semiramis visits, 14. 3, and puts affairs of, in order, 16. 1; Scythians enslave people as far as, II, 2. 43. 4–5; Arabia between Syria and, 48. 1; 8th in list of thalassocracies, III, 7. 11. 1; (before 525) allied to Libya and Cyrenê, IV, 10. 15. 1; (525–522) Cambyses of Persia occupies, 14. 1–15, 1, I, 1. 44. 2–3, 46. 4, 49. 5, 58. 4, 68. 6, 95. 4; wealth of, 46. 5; (521–486) Dareius honoured by; he gives laws to, 95. 4–5; (before 480) ships built for Xerxes in, IV, 11. 2. 1, (480) 3. 7, 17. 2; (463) revolts from Persia with Athenian aid, 71. 3–6; (462) Athenians in, besiege Persians in White Tower, 74. 1–6; (461) 75. 4; (460) new Persian force in, raises siege, 75. 1, 77. 1–2; Persia and, come to terms, 77. 3; Athenians withdraw from, 77. 2, 4–5, 12. 3. 1, V, 13. 25. 2; (410) Pharnabazus charges, about to attack Phoenicia, 46. 6; (400) Tamôs flees to, VI, 14. 35. 4–5; (396) sends supplies to Lacedaemonians, 79. 4, 7; (386) Acoris of, makes alliance with Evagoras of Cyprus against Persia, 15. 2. 3, 3. 3–4, 4, 2–3, (385) 8. 1; (383) Glôs calls on, to make war on Persia, 18. 1; (377) Athens recalls Chabrias from, VII, 15. 29. 1–4; (375) Persia plans war on, 38. 1; (374) failure of Persian expedition against, 41. 1–43. 6, 44. 4; (362) Tachôs king of, begins war with Persia, 90. 1–3; Nectanebôs s. of Tachôs seizes throne of, 92. 1-5; Agesilaüs restores Tachôs, 93. 2–6; (351) Artaxerxes III defeated in, 16. 40. 3–5, 48. 1; (344) he seeks to recover, 40. 3, 44. 1; allied with Phoenicia against Persia, 41. 3; Greek mercenaries from, acquired by Phoenicia, 42. 2, 45. 1–3; Tennes of Sidon offers to betray, to Artaxerxes, 43. 1–4; Artaxerxes seeks Greek aid against, 44. 1–4; he recovers, 46. 4–52. 1, with Cappadocian aid, XI, 31. 19. 3.
  • (332) Alexander moves toward, VIII, 17. 40. 2, 45. 7; Amyntas of Macedon tries to seize, 48. 3–5; (331) Alexander secures all, then moves to Amnion, 49. 1–2; he returns to, 51. 4; he founds Alexandria, 52. 1–6, I, 1. 23. 1, 50. 6; he settles
439
  • all affairs of, 44. 2–4, 95. 6, VIII, 17. 52. 7; (323) assigned as satrapy to Ptolemy s. of Lagus, IX, 18. 3. 1, I, 1. 84. 8; best and wealthiest satrapy, IX, 18. 6. 3; population of, I, 1. 31. 7–8; Ptolemy takes over, 44. 2, 4, 95. 6, IX, 18. 14. 1; (322) ships of Thibron driven to, 20. 7; rich flee from Cyrenê to, 21. 6; Perdiccas moves against, 25. 6, 14. 2; (321) 29. 1; body of Alexander brought to, 28. 2–5; unsuccessful campaign of Perdiccas against, 33. 1–36. 7, X, 19. 93. 5; Ptolemy retains, IX, 18. 39. 5; (320) he strengthens hold on, 43. 1–2; (316) Seleucus flees to Ptolemy in, 19. 55. 5, 56. 1, X, 19. 91. 4; (315) Ptolemy holds Phoenician ships in, IX, 19. 58. 2; Seleucus commands fleet from, 58. 5–6; (314) Antigonus expects advance of Ptolemy from, X, 19. 69. 1; (313) Agis returns to, 79. 3; Ptolemy crosses from, to Cyprus and returns, 79. 4–80. 3; (312) Ptolemy leads army of, against Demetrius, 80. 4; he sends captives to, 85. 4; he returns to, to carry on war, 93. 5–7; (311) Ptolemy retains, 105. 1; (308) he returns to, 20. 37. 2; (307) Demetrius of Phalerum flees to, 45. 4; mercenaries refuse to serve Demetrius s. of Antigonus because baggage is in, 47. 4; Antigonus founds Antigoneia to watch, 47. 5; Ptolemy in, 47. 8, 49. 1, 53. 1; (306) Ptolemy holds, against Antigonus, 73. 1–76. 7; Antigonus seizes Rhodian ships trading with, 81. 4–82. 2; (304) Rhodians send apparel of Demetrius to, 93. 4; ships from, bring supplies to Rhodes, 96. 1–2; (303) garrison driven from Sicvon returns to, 102. 2; (302) Ptolemy sails from, to Syria and returns, 113. 1–2; (c. 194) hate Ptolemy V for brutality, XI, 28. 14. 1; (169) Antiochus IV in, 30. 14. 1, 31. 1. 1; Rome forces his withdrawal from, 2. 1–2, 17. 1; (169–164?) Dionysius Petosarapis plots to seize, 15a. 1–4; (165) revolt in Thebaid crushed, 17b. 1; (164) Ptolemy VI driven from, by brother, 18. 1–2; (145) royal power of, shattered, XII, 33. 4. 1; rule of Ptolemy VIII (Physcon), 6. l–6a. 1, 12. 1–13. 1; (144) ready to revolt from Physcon, 12. 1; (139) exiles from, in Greece; Galaeses sets up pretender against Physcon, 20. 1, 22. 1–23. 1; (139) Roman envoys study resources of, 28b. 1–3; (131) brutality of Physcon, 34/5. 14. 1; (127) he tries to win people by kindness, 20, 1; (59) seeks recognition from Rome, I, 1. 83. 8. Population of, I, 1. 31. 6–8; revenue of, VIII, 17. 52. 6. See Acoris, Danaüs, the Ptolemies, Tasiaces of; the pyramids of; Nysa in.
  • Egyptian bean, grown in Nile valley, I, 1. 34. 6.
  • — screw: an invention of Archimedes; used in Egypt, I, 1. 34. 2, and in Spain, III, 5. 37. 3–4.
  • — sea, north of Egypt, I, 1. 31. 2.
  • Egyptus s. of Nile, king of Egypt, I, 1. 51. 3–4.
  • Eileithyia: one of the first (Egyptian) gods, I, 1. 12. 6; d. of Zeus and Hera, II, 4. 9. 4, III, 5. 72. 5; aids in childbirth, 73. 4; delays birth of Heracles, II, 4. 9. 4.
  • Eïon, in Peloponnese, II, 4. 37. 2.
  • —, in Thrace: (470) Cimon takes, from Persia, IV, 11. 60. 2; (422) Cleon assaults, V, 12. 73. 3.
  • Eïoneus: father of Dia; murdered by Ixion, III, 4. 69. 3–4.
  • Eiraphiotes, a name of Dionysus, II, 3. 66. 3.
  • Eirenê d. of Zeus: one of the Hours, III, 5. 72, 5, 73. 6.
440
  • Elateia, in Phocis: (338) Philip II seizes, VIII, 16. 84. 2–3.
  • elders, council of: see Gerusia.
  • Elea, Eleia: see Elis.
  • Electra: d. of Atlas, II, 3. 60. 4; mother of Dardanus, Iasion, and Harmonia by Zeus, III, 5. 48. 2; gives rites of Mother of Gods to Iasion, 49. 1.
  • Electryon s. of Perseus: father of Alcmenê, II, 4. 9. 1, and of Licymnius, 58. 7.
  • —: s. of Itonus and father of Leïtus, III, 4. 67. 7.
  • Electryonê: d. of Helius; honoured in Rhodes, III, 5. 56. 5.
  • Eleians: (446) a tribe in Thurii, IV, 12. 11. 3.
  • elements: the five, identified by Egyptians with the five celestial gods, I, 1. 11. 5–12. 10.
  • Elephant Fighters (Elephantomachi), an Ethiopian tribe, II, 3. 26. 1–27. 4.
  • elephant ships: wrecked in Red sea, II, 3. 40. 4–9.
  • Elephantine, in Egypt: wolves drive Ethiopians beyond, I, 1. 88. 7.
  • elephants: Osiris hunts, in India, I, 1. 20. 1; of India surpass those of Africa, 2. 16. 4, II, 2. 35. 4, 51. 4; their way of life, 42. 1–2; of Arabia, 54. 5; from marshes of the Nile, 3. 10. 2–6; in the land of the Ichthyophagi, 18. 4; method of hunting, by the Elephantomachi, 26. 1–27. 4; dummy, constructed by Scmiramis before battle in India, I, 2. 16. 8–17. 3, 18. 6–8; vast number of, used against her by Stabrobates, 16. 2, 17. 6–8, 19. 1–6; (326) in army of Porus, VIII, 17. 87. 4–89. 1, (324) of the Gandaridae, II, 2. 37. 3, VIII, 17. 93. 2, IX, 18. 6. 1, (321) of Perdiccas, 35. 1–2; (318) Megalopolitans check, of Polyperchon by spike-studded frames, 71. 2–6; (317) in army of Eumenes, 19. 14. 8, 27. 5, 28. 2, 4, 30. 2, 4, 39. 2–6, 40. 4, 42. 1, 6, of Antigonus, 29. 6, 40. 1; (316) during siege of Pydna, are fed sawdust, 49. 2–3; in army of Cassander, 54. 3, (313) of Demetrius, X, 19. 80. 1, (312) 82. 3–4, 84. 1; Ptolemy disables, by caltrops, 83. 2, 84. 1–4; (307) in army of Antigonus, 20. 73. 2, (302) of Seleucus, 113. 4, (301) of Antigonus and of Lysimachus, XI, 21. 1. 2, (278) of Pyrrhus, 22. 8. 2, 10. 2, (262) of Hanno, 23. 8. 1; (251) captured, cause wonder in Rome, 23. 21. 1; (c. 240) Ptolemy III fond of hunting, II, 3. 18. 3–4; (241–237) Carthaginians toss mutinous mercenaries to, 25. 3. 1; (188) in army of Antiochus III, 29. 11. 1, (171–167) of Rome against Perseus; Perseus builds dummy, I, 2. 17. 3.
  • Eleporus riv., in Eruttium: (389) Italian Greeks advancing against Dionysius come to, VI, 14. 104. 1.
  • Eleüs, on Hellespont: (411) Athenian fleet puts in at, V, 13. 39. 2; (410) 49. 5.
  • Eleusinian mysteries: brought from Egypt by Erechtheus, I, 1. 29. 1–4; established by Athenians, III, 5. 4. 4; borrowed from open rites at Cnossos; the most famous of all mysteries, 77. 3; Heracles takes part in, presided over by son of Orpheus, II, 4. 25. 1; (413) Syracusans initiated at, V, 13. 27. 1; Athenians after wasting Sicily should not celebrate, 31. 1; Alcibiades cursed for violating, 69. 2; (302) celebrated early for Demetrius, X, 20. 110. 1.
  • Eleusis, in Attica: home of Cercyon, III, 4. 59. 5; corn discovered at, 5. 69. 2; (401) Thirty Tyrants accuse, of supporting exiles, VI, 14. 32. 4; Athenian fugitives at, 33. 6.
  • —, in Egypt: (c. 165) Dionysius Petosarapis gathers force at, XI, 31. 15a. 3.
441
  • Eleutherae, in Boeotia: birthplace of Dionysus, II, 3. 66. 1; founded by Dionysus, 4. 2. 6.
  • Elimiotis, in Macedon: (331) men from, at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 2.
  • Elis (Eleia, Elea): birthplace of Dionysus, II, 3. 66. 1, 3; Salmoneus founds Salmonia in, III, 4. 68. 1; Heracles makes war on, II, 4. 33. 1–4; he picks, as site for Olympic games, 53. 5; people of, seek advice of Amasis of Egypt on conduct of games, I, 1. 95. 2; Alector king of, gives part of, to Phorbas, III, 4. 69. 2–3; made sacred to Zeus by Greeks, 8. 1. 1–3; (776) Curibus of, wins stadion at first Olympiad, 7. 8. 2; (471) people of, form a single state, IV, 11. 54. 1; (430) repulse Athenians, V, 12. 43. 4–5; (421) confer re alliance against Athens and Lacedaemon, 75. 3; (419) join Argos against Lacedaemonians, 78. 4–5; Alcibiades a friend of, 79. 1; (402) Lacedaemonians seek ground for war against, VI, 14. 17. 4–6; withstand Pausanias, 17. 7–12; (401) end war, 34. 1; (377) a division of Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; (369) join Arcadians against Lacedaemonians, 62. 3, 5, 64. 6, 68. 1; (365) Arcadian exiles set out from, for Triphylia, 77. 1; dispute possession of Triphylia with Arcadians, 77. 2; Arcadians defeat, 77. 3–4; (364) prevented from holding Olympic festival, 78. 2–3, 82. 1; (363) Mantineians wish to continue war with, 82. 1; in Lacedaemonian-Athenian line at Mantineia, 84. 4, 85. 2, 7–8; (362) settlers in Megalopolis seek aid of, 94. 2; (c. 343) defeat exiles and mercenaries, VII, 16. 63. 4–5; (335) seek to recover independence, VIII, 17. 3. 5; troops sent by, to aid Thebes halt at Isthmus, 8. 5–6; (324) Alexander gives first hearing to envoys from, 113. 4; (323) join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 2; (314) forced to raise siege of Cyllenê, X, 19. 66. 2; (312) Telesphorus occupies; Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus frees, 87. 2–3. See Augeas, Eupolis, Sosylus of; Olympic games.
  • Elorium, in Sicily: (413) retreating Athenians cross plain of, V, 13. 19. 2.
  • Elpines: (356) archon, VII, 16. 15. 1.
  • Elpinicê, sister and wife of Cimon, IV, 10. 31. 1.
  • Elymaïs: site of rich temples of Zeus (Bel), XI, 28. 3. 1, 29. 15. 1, and of Artemis, 31. 18a. 1.
  • Elymi, in Sicily: (405) belong to Carthage, V, 13. 114. 1.
  • Elysian Fields: Orpheus brings idea of, from Egypt, I,1. 96. 5.
  • Emathion: king of Ethiopia, attacks Heracles, II, 4. 27. 3.
  • embalming: in Egypt, I, 1. 91. 2–7, X, 19. 99. 3; in Ethiopia, I, 2. 15. 1–3; (362) body of Agesilaüs packed in honey, VII, 15. 93. 6; (322) Alexander’s body packed in spices, IX, 18. 26, 3.
  • Embisarus (Sasibisares): (326) ally of Porus, VIII, 17. 87. 2–3; yields to Alexander, 90. 44.
  • Emodus mts., north of India, II, 2. 35. 1.
  • Empedion of Selinus: (409) envoy to Hannibal, V, 13. 59. 3.
  • Empedocles, cited, V, 13. 83. 1.
  • Enattaros, in Sicily: (255) expels Punic garrison, XI, 23. 18. 5.
  • Encheleans: drive Spartoi from Thebes, IX, 19. 53. 5.
  • Endius of Lacedaemon: (410) peace envoy to Athens, V, 13. 52. 2–53. 1.
  • Engyum, in Sicily: founded by followers of Minos, III, 4. 79. 5–6; worship of Cretan “Mothers” at, 79. 7–80. 3; (342) Timoleon frees, from tyrant, VIII, 16. 72. 3–5.
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  • Enius, of Parthia: (129) general of Arsaces VII, XII, 34/5. 19. 1.
  • Enna, in Sicily: rape of Corê at, III, 5. 3. 2–4. 1; (403) Dionysius sets up, then overthrows tyrant at, VI, 14. 14. 6–15. 1; (396) he takes, by treachery, 78. 7; (309) Acragas frees, X, 20. 31. 5; (278) expels Carthaginians; seeks alliance with Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 10. 1; (260) Hamilcar (not Barca) takes, 23. 9. 4; (258) delivered to Rome, 9. 3; (135?) slaves under Eunus attack, XII, 34/5. 2. 11; he puts people of, to death, 2. 15; cos. P. Rupilius takes, from slaves, 2. 21; Eunus occupies, 2. 24b (p. 81–83); (104) 600 from garrison at, move against slaves, 36. 4. 3. See Antigenes, Damophilus.
  • ennereis, ships with nine orders of oarsmen: (315) in fleet of Antiochus, IX, 19. 62. 8; (278) in fleet of Syracuse, XI, 22. 8. 5.
  • Entella, in Sicily: (404) Campanian mercenaries occupy, VI, 14. 9. 8–9; (397) Campanians in, support Carthage; Dionysius attacks, 48. 4–5, 53. 5, (396) 61. 5; (368) he takes, VII, 15. 73. 2; (345) Carthage attacks, which Campanians still occupy, VIII, 16. 67. 3–4; (342) Timoleon frees, 73. 2; (262) “Entella too was a city”, XI, 23. 8. 2.
  • Entimus of Crete: founds Gela, III, 8. 23. 1.
  • envoys: Roman tradition of respect for, XII, 36. 15. 1–2.
  • Enyeus, general of Rhadamanthys, III, 5. 79. 2.
  • Eordaei: Orestae seek aid against, III, 7. 15. 1.
  • Eos, mother of Memnon, III, 4. 75. 4.
  • Epaenetus: (313) admiral of Ptolemy, X, 19. 79. 2.
  • Epameinon: (429) archon, V, 12. 46. 1.
  • Epameinondas of Thebes: educated by a Pythagorean, IV, 10. 11. 2, VII, 15. 39. 2, 52. 7, with Philip s. of Amyntas, 16. 2. 2–3; (375) asserts Theban right to sign treaty for all Boeotia, 15. 38. 3; (372) a leader in Thebes, 50. 6; (371) elected general; scorns evil portents; occupies Coroneia against Lacedaemonians, 52. 1–53. 1; defeats them at Leuctra, 53. 3–56. 4; (370) advocates friendship with Orchomenus, 57. 1; (369) leads Boeotians into Peloponnese, 62. 4–5, 63. 4; defeats Lacedaemonians at Eurotas riv., 65. 2–3; devastates Laconia; withdraws to Arcadia, 65. 4–5; urges restoration of Messenê, 66. 1, 6; appointed general; forces passage of Isthmus, 68. 1–5, but spares Lacedaemonians, 72. 1; ravages country; defeated by Chabrias of Athens, 69. 1–4; (368) has settled affairs to advantage of Boeotians, 71. 2; accused of treason for sparing Lacedaemonians; a private soldier in force sent against Alexander of Pherae, 72. 2; assumes command and saves army; restored to favour, 71. 6–72. 2; (367) enters Peloponnese with army, 75. 2; (364) urges Thebans to seek sea power, 78. 4–79. 2; Laches retires before, 79. 1; (363) enters Peloponnese; makes unsuccessful attack on Sparta, 82. 3–83. 5; Athenians prevent, from taking Mantineia, 84. 1–2; killed in battle at Mantineia, 86. 4–87. 6, 79. 2. Praises of, 88, 1–4. 39. 1–3, 15. 71. 2, 16. 2. 3, XI, 31. 26. 2; historians Anaximenes, Philistus, and Xenophon end works with, VII, 15. 89. 3, 76. 4.
  • Epaphroditus: (82) name assumed by dict. L. Cornelius Sulla, XII, 38/9. 15. 1.
  • Epeunactae (helots): agreement of, to revolt is revealed, III,
443
  • 8. 21. 1–2; Delphi bids, colonize Tarentum, 21. 3.
  • Ephesus: Artemis revealed self in, III, 5. 77. 6–7; archaic sculpture in, I, 1. 98. 5–6; (409) repulses Athenian attack, V, 13. 64. 1; (408) Lacedaemonian fleet under Lysander refits at, 70. 2–71. 1; (407) Callicratidas succeeds Lysander at, 76. 2–3; (406) Lacedaemonian allies gather at, 100. 7; (405) Lysander refits at, 104. 3–4; (401) Lacedaemonian fleet joins that of Cyrus at, VI, 14. 19. 5; Cyrus sends fleet back to, 21. 5; Lacedaemonians operate from, 36. 2–3; (399) 39. 4–6; (396) 79. 1–3; (395) Conon induces, to change sides, 84. 3; (390) Lacedaemonians seize mountain near, 99. 1; (before 373) Panionia transferred from Mycalêto, VII, 15. 49. 1; (319) Antigonus takes, IX, 18. 52. 6–8; (307) Demetrius sails from, X, 20. 45. 1; (302) surrenders to Prepelaüs, 107. 4; Demetrius recovers, 111. 3. See Artemidorus, Eurybatus of.
  • Ephialtes s. of Aloëus: becomes ruler of Strongylê (Dia); honoured as hero, III, 5. 51. 1–2.
  • — of Athens: (460) persuades Assembly to curtail powers of Aeropagus, IV, 11. 77. 6.
  • — of Athens: (334) killed defending Halicarnassus against Alexander, VIII, 17. 25. 6–27. 4.
  • Ephorus of Cymê, historian: pupil of Isocrates, II, 4. 1. 3; cited, I, 1. 9. 5, 37. 4, 39. 7–13, II, 4. 1. 3, III, 5. 1. 4, 64. 4, V, 12. 41. 1, 13. 41. 3, 54. 5, 60. 5, 80. 5, VI, 14. 11. 1–4, 22. 2, 54. 5, VII, 15. 60. 5, 16. 14. 3. History by, ends with siege of Perinthus, VIII, 16. 76. 5. See Demophilus s. of.
  • Ephyra, city of Thesprotians: Heracles captures, II, 4. 36. 1.
  • Epiclerus: see Paches s. of.
  • Epicles of Sparta: (411) fleet commanded by, is wrecked, V, 13. 41. 1–2.
  • Epicurus, the philosopher: cited, XI, 25. 1. 1.
  • Epidamnus, in Illyricum: a colony of Cercyra and of Corinth, IV, 12. 30. 2; forswears civil quarrels, 9. 10. 3; (439) appeals to Cercyra for aid against Illyrians, then to Corinth, 12. 30. 2–4; fighting of Cercyraeans and Corinthians about, 30. 5, 31. 2, V, 12. 57. 1; (314) Cassander secures, X, 19. 67. 7; (313) Cercyraeans free, from him, 78. 1.
  • Epidaurus, in Peloponnese: (459) Athenians defeat, IV, 11. 78. 1–2; (369) Boeotians ravage land about, VII, 15. 69. 1; (324) Alexander hears envoys from, VIII, 17. 113. 4; (316) Cassander at, IX, 19. 54. 3; (115) change of sex at, XI, 32. 11. 1–4 (pp. 453–455); (87) L. Cornelius Sulla confiscates treasure at, XII, 38/9. 7. 1. See Callo.
  • Epigoni, ss. of the “Seven”: take Thebes, III, 4. 66. 1–67. 1, IX, 19. 53. 6–7.
  • —, rulers following the immediate successors of Alexander: some historians end works with, I, 1. 3. 3.
  • Epimenides, writer on Cretan gods, III, 5. 80. 4.
  • Epiphanes: see Antiochus VI Epiphanes.
  • Epipolae (Epipolê), in Sicily: part of Syracuse faces, IV, 11. 73. 2; (414) Athenians briefly occupy, V, 13. 7. 3, 8. 2; (413) Athenians occupy; are expelled, 11. 3–5; (404) mutinous Syracusans occupy, VI, 14. 8. 1; (401) commands Syracuse, 18. 2; Dionysius occupies, 18. 2–8.
  • Epirus: Heracles in, II, 4. 25. 1; (385) Dionysius plans to control route to, VI, 15. 13. 1; Illyrians invade, are curbed by Lacedaemonians, 13. 3; (319) Olympias in, IX, 18. 49. 4, 57. 2, 58. 3–4; (317) effort of, to aid Olympias leads
444
  • to mutiny, 19. 36. 2–4; unbroken royal line from Neoptolemus to Aeacides, 36. 4; rebels in, make alliance with Cassander, 36. 4–5; (313) Aeacides returns to, X, 19. 74. 3; generals of Cassander defeat, 74. 3–5; (312) 88. 2–4; Cassander enters, 89. 1; Alcetas of, murdered by subjects, 89. 3, 88. 1; (295) Agathocles feigns taking daughter to, XI, 21. 4. 1; (280) Pyrrhus loses many, in Italy, 22. 6. 2; (198) embassy of, to Philip V and T. Quinctius Flamininus, 28. 11. 1; (170) offer to deliver Epirus to Pyrrhus, 30. 5. 1; A. Hostilius Mancinus escapes plot in, 5a. 1; (167) in third Macedonian canton, 31. 8. 8; (160) Charops controls, 31. 1. Traditional bravery of, 22. 1. 1, 10. 1. See Aeacides, Alexander, Charops, Neoptolemus, Pyrrhus of; Eurymenae in.
  • Epistrophus, Homeric king of Phocis, VII, 16. 23. 5.
  • Epitalium, in Elis: (402) Pausanias wins, VI, 14. 17. 8.
  • Epitelidas of Sparta: (580) stadion winner, III, 5. 9. 2.
  • Epithersides: (580–576) leader of colonists leaving Sicily, III, 5. 9. 3.
  • Epitimaeus: Timaeus called, III, 5. 1. 3.
  • Epitus Silva, king of Alba Longa, III, 7. 5. 10.
  • Epopeus, sacrilegious king of Sicyon, III, 6. 6. 2.
  • equestrian order in Rome: (309) censor inspects, X, 20. 36. 5; large provincial property owners; judges of provincial governors, XII, 34/5. 2. 31; (123) C. Sempronius Gracchus sets, against Senate, 25. 1; (88) Sulla rouses rabble against, pp. 301–303. See P. Clonius, T. Vettius.
  • Erasinides of Athens: (408) general, V, 13. 74. 1.
  • Erato, a Muse, II, 4. 7. 2, 4.
  • Erbessus, in Sicily: (309) Acragantines overcome Punic garrison in, X, 20. 31. 5.
  • Erbita: (317) Agathocles feigns war on, IX, 19. 6. 2.
  • Erechtheïds, a tribe in Athens, III, 4. 76. 1.
  • Erechtheus of Athens: an Egyptian; becomes king of Athens; institutes rites of Demeter at Eleusis, I, 1. 29. 1–4; father of Thespius, II, 4. 29. 2, Oreithyïa, 43. 3, and Eupalamus, III, 4. 76. 1.
  • Erenucius, C.: (371=V379) trib. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 51. 1.
  • Eresus, on Pityussa: a Punic colony, III, 5. 16. 2.
  • — (Eressus), on Lesbos: (392) yields to Athenians, VI, 14. 94. 3–4, (333) to Persians, VIII, 17. 29. 2.
  • Eretria: 16th in list of thalassocracies, III, 7. 11. 1; (490) Persians sack, before Marathon, IV, 10. 27. 2; (412) defeated Athenians escape to, V, 13. 36. 4; (341) Athenians expel from, tyrant installed by Philip II, VIII, 16. 74. l; (313) allied to Antigonus, X, 19. 78. 3. See Gongylus, Themison of.
  • Ergamenes, king of Ethiopia, II, 3. 6. 3–4.
  • Erginus, king of Minyans: Heracles slays, II, 4. 10. 2–5.
  • Eriboea, an Amazon: Heracles slays, II, 4. 16. 2.
  • — d. of Alcathus: mother of Ajax by Telamon, III, 4. 72. 7.
  • Erichthonius s. of Dardanus: father of Tros, III, 4. 75. 2–3.
  • Encodes isl., one of Aeolides, III, 5. 7. 1.
  • Eridanus riv.: old name for Po; Phaethon falls to earth at mouth of, III, 5. 23. 3; Titans cast Helius into, II, 3. 57. 5. See Po riv.
  • Erigyius of Mitylenê: (334) cavalry commander of Alexander, VIII, 17. 17. 4; (331) 57. 3; (329) sent against Satibarzanes of Areia, 81. 3; overcomes him in single combat, 83. 4–6.
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  • Erineüs, in Doris: one of the three cities of Doris, IV, 11. 79. 4; some Cadmeans return to, III, 4. 67. 1.
  • Erinyes: (406) vows made to, before battle, V, 13. 102. 2.
  • Eriphylê, wife of Amphiaraüs: bribed by necklace, causes death of husband; slain by son, III, 4. 65. 5–66. 3; (346) necklace of, stolen from Delphi by Phocians, VII, 16. 64. 2.
  • Erruca, Volscian city: (404=V407) slays Roman garrison, VI, 14. 11. 6.
  • Erymanthian boar: Heracles slays, II, 4. 12. 1–2.
  • Erymnon of Aetolia: (310) co-ruler of Syracuse while Agathocles is in Libya, X, 20. 16. 1.
  • Erythrae, in Asia Minor: founded by Erythrus, III, 5. 79. 1, 84. 3; (395) Conon of Athens wins, over, VI, 14. 84. 3; (315) Seleucus besieges; general of Antigonus relieves, IX, 19. 60. 4; (302) Prepelaüs, general of Cassander, fails to take, X, 20. 107. 5.
  • —, in Boeotia: (479) Greeks camp near, IV, 11. 29. 4.
  • Erythrus s. of Rhadamanthys: founds Erythrae, III, 5. 79. 1, 84. 3.
  • Eryx s. of Aphroditê and Butas: founds city and builds temple of Aphroditê on Mt, Eryx, III, 4. 83. 1–4, 7; Heracles defeats, in wrestling, II, 4. 23. 2–3.
  • Eryx, city in Sicily: Eryx s. of Aphroditê founds, III, 4. 83. 1; (406) Syracusan fleet defeats Punic near, V, 13. 80. 6; (397) comes over to Dionysius, VI, 14. 48. 1; (396) taken by Himilcon, 55. 4, (368) by Dionysius, VII, 15. 73. 2–4, (278–276) by Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 10. 3, (260) by Hamilcar (not Barca), 23. 9. 4, (249) by cos. L. Junius Pullus, 24. 1. 10–11, (244) by Hamilcar Barca, 8. 1; (243) he arranges for burial of dead in, 9. 2; (241) Hanno sails toward; procos. C. Lutatius Catulus enters port of; defeats Hanno off, 11. 1.
  • Eryx, Mt., in Sicily: Eryx s. of Aphroditê founds temple of Aphroditê on, III, 4. 83. 1, 5. 77. 5; Heracles defeats Eryx near, II, 4. 23. 1–2; temple of Aphroditê on, embellished by Aeneas, III, 4. 83. 4, by Daedalus, 78. 4–5; worship at temple continues to present, 83. 3–7; (397) Dionysius moves toward, VI, 14. 47. 4; (244) Hamilcar Barca ascends, XI, 24. 8. 1.
  • Esioneus s. of Alcetas king of Epirus: (after 312) killed by Epirotes, X, 19. 89. 3.
  • Eteocles s. of Oedipus: quarrels with brother, who flees, III, 4. 64. 4–65. 3; Adrastus prepares war on, 65. 4–5; Polyneices and, kill each other, 65. 8, VI, 14. 23. 5; prayer of, IV, 10. 9. 8.
  • Eteocretans: autochthonous inhabitants of Crete, III, 5. 64. 1, 80. 1.
  • Eteonicus of Lacedaemon: (406) Callicratides leaves, to conduct siege of Mitylenê, V, 13. 97. 3; on news of Arginusae, returns to Pyrrha, 100. 5; (405) under Lysander at Aegospotami, 106. 4.
  • etesian winds: various winds called, I, 1. 39. 6; a cause of Nile floods, 38. 2–3, 39. 1–6, VII, 15. 43. 4; (426) failure of, causes Athenian plague, V, 12. 58. 4.
  • Ethae, in land of Brutii: (c. 298) Agathocles fails to take, XI, 21. 3. 1.
  • Ethiopia, Asiatic: Tithonus s. of Laomedon campaigns as far as, III, 4. 75. 4; Memnon s. of Tithonus comes from, to aid Troy, 75. 4, I, 2. 22. 2–5; Iambulus, kidnapped by, and sent to sea as scapegoat, II, 2. 55. 2–6.
  • —, Libyan: account of, II, 3. 1. 2–41. 4; Diodorus’ sources for, 11. 1–3; bounded by Egypt,
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  • I, 1. 17. 3, 19. 5, 22. 3, II, 3. 12. 1; south and west of Amnion, VIII, 17. 50. 2; extends inland from Meroê, II, 3. 9. 1; along Nile, 10. 1, and Red sea, 14. 6–15. 1; largest Nile cataract on border between Egypt and, I, 1. 32. 11; separated from Egypt by difficult journey, 30. 3; distance of, from Alexandria, II, 3. 34. 7; near Hesperia, 53. 4; Nile rises in, I, 1. 32. 1–2, 37. 11, 39. 9, forming many islands in, 33. 1, 4; world’s highest mountains in, 39. 3, 6; causes of the floods of the Nile and, 38. 4–7, 39. 1–6, 41. 4–9; lake in, causes confessions, 2. 14. 4; great part of, uninhabited, II, 3. 30. 1–4; climate of, 34. 1–8; south wind does not blow in, 48. 5; flora and fauna of, 10. 2–6, 35. 1–38. 1, 2. 51. 4–53. 5.
  • Account of the, who live, near Egypt, II, 3. 2. 1–7. 3, 11. 4; autochthonous, oldest of all peoples, 2. 1; first to worship gods, 2. 2–4; visited by Zeus and Hera, I, 1. 97. 9, II, 3. 2. 3; never ruled by an invader, 2. 4–3. 1; Egypt colonized from, 3. 1–7; Egypt formed by silt from, 3. 2–3; Egyptian writing and cult borrowed from, 3. 3–4. 4; customs relating to the kings of, 5. 1–7. 3. Account of the, who live to the south, 8. 1–10. 6, 11. 4–31. 4, 34. 1–38. 1: religion of, 9. 1–2; customs of, relating to burial, 9. 3, I, 2. 15. 1–5, to their kings, II, 3. 9. 4; contend with Libyans for fertile Nile marshes, 10. 1–4; gold mines in, near Egypt, 12. 1–14. 6. Various tribes of, in the south: 14. 6–31. 4: Ichthyophagi, 15. 1–21. 6, 53. 6; the “insensible,” 18. 4; Chelonophagi, 21. 1–5; Rhizophagi, 23. 1–3; Hylophagi, Spermatophagi, 24. 1–4; Cynegi, 25. 1–4; elephant hunters, 26. 1–27. 4; Simi, Struthophagi, 28. 1–6; Acridophagi, 29. 1–7; Cynamolgi or Agrii, 31. 1–4.
  • Heracles kills king of, II, 4. 27. 3, but does not conquer, 3. 3. 1; Dionysus in, 3. 1; Osiris visits; founds cities, instructs people, I, 1. 18, 3–6, 19. 5; claim as Libyan the Memnon who fought at Troy, 2. 22. 4; repelled from Egypt by wolves, I, 1. 88. 7; Semiramis subdues, 2. 14. 4, 16. 1; Sesoösis of Egypt conquers, 1. 55. 1; King Actisanes of, becomes king of Egypt, 60. 2–3, 44. 2; Sabaco of, becomes king of Egypt; retires, 65. 2–8; Egyptians deserting Psammetichus settle in, 67. 3–7; (529–522) Cambyses’ campaign against, IV, 10. 14. 3, II, 3. 3. 1, I, 1. 34. 7; (350) Nectanebôs of Egypt flees to, VII, 16. 51. 1; (307) Asphodelodes similar to, in colour, X, 20. 57. 5; (after 285) Greeks first enter, in army of Ptolemy II, I, 1. 37. 5. See Ergamenes of.
  • Etna: see Aetna.
  • Etrurians: see Tyrrhenians.
  • Euaephnus (Evaephnus) of Sparta: quarrel of, and Polychares of Messenê, III, 8. 7. 1–6.
  • Euanthes (Evanthes), general of Rhadamanthys, III, 5. 79. 2.
  • Eubatus of Cyrenê: (408) stadion winner, V, 13. 68. 1.
  • Euboea: one of the seven largest islands, III, 5. 17. 1; Heracles in, II, 4. 37. 5; Orion makes home in, III, 4. 85. 5; Thracians repulsed, 5. 50. 4; Dryopes found Carystus in, II, 4. 37. 2; (480) Persians move on Greek fleet off, IV, 11. 12. 3–4; Greeks fight at Artemisium to preserve allies in, 13. 2; Persian fleet moves on, 13. 5, 14. 5; (453) Tolmides distributes land on, 88. 3; (446) cities of, revolt from Athens, 12. 7. 1; (445) Athens recovers, 22. 2; (430) Athenians guard,
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  • V, 12. 44. 1; (411) Lacedaemonian fleet leaves, 13. 41. 1–3; (410) most cities of, revolt from Athens, 47. 3; Boeotians build causeway to, 47. 3–6; (406) in Lacedaemonian fleet, 99. 6; (395) join Athenians and others against Lacedaemon (Council in Corinth), VI, 14. 82. 3; (377) most cities of, allied to Athens, VII, 15. 30. 1–5; (368) Athenian fleet rounds, 71. 4; (363) with Thebans at Mantineia, 85. 2, 6, 87. 3; (358) opposing parties in, summon aid from Athens and Boeotia, 16. 7. 2; (333) Memnon about to sail to, VIII, 17. 29. 3; (317) Cassander secures boats from, IX, 19. 35. 2; (313) hostile forces of Cassander and of Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus in, X, 19. 77. 4–6; (302) Demetrius gathers forces in, X, 20. 110. 2; (190) Antiochus III captures son of P. Scipio in, XI, 29. 8. 1. See Carystus, Chalcis, Hestiaea, Artemisium in; Locris (Opuntian).
  • Euboean talents: III, 5. 36. 2, XI, 29. 10. 1.
  • Euboeans: tribe in Thurium, IV, 12. 11. 3.
  • Eubulides: (394) archon, VI, 14. 85. 1.
  • Eubulus s. of Demeter, III, 5. 76. 3.
  • —: (345) archon, VIII, 16. 66. 1.
  • Eucharistus: (359) archon, VII, 16. 4. 1.
  • Eucleides: (427) archon, V, 12. 53. 1.
  • —: (403) archon, VI, 14. 12. 1.
  • Euctemon: (408) archon, V, 13. 68. 1.
  • Eudamidas of Sparta: (382) defeated by Olynthians, VII, 15. 20. 3–21. 3.
  • Eudamus brother of Pithon: (317) Pithon makes, satrap of Parthia, IX, 19. 14. 1.
  • —: (after 324) slays Porus, IX, 19. 14. 8; (317) brings elephants to Eumenes, 14. 8, 15. 5, 27. 2; on Eumenes’ left in battle with Antigonus, 27. 2–3, 30. 1–4, 9–10; Antigonus slays, 44. 1.
  • Eudemus, early king of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 4.
  • Eudocimus of Lacedaemon: (391) sent to aid Rhodes, VI, 14. 97. 3.
  • Eudoxus: brings knowledge of astronomy from Egypt to Greece, I, 1. 96. 2, 98. 4.
  • Euenus (Evenus) riv.: Nessus, ferryman at, II, 4. 36. 3.
  • Euhemerus of Messenê, historian: explains gods as deified persons, III, 6. 1. 1–11; (301–297) sailed to Panchaea, 6. 1. 4.
  • — of Hyrcania, king of Parthia: (127) cruelty of, to Babylonians, XII, 34/5. 21. 1.
  • Euhesperides: see Hesperis.
  • Euia (Evia), in Macedon: (317) Eurydicê Adeia deserted by army at, IX, 19. 11. 2.
  • Eulaeus the eunuch: (169) minister of Ptolemy VI, XI, 30.15.1; sets out for Syria, 16. 1; responsible for Ptolemy’s flight, 17. 1.
  • Eulaeus riv.: (317) Antigonus moves to Badacê on, IX, 19. 19. 1.
  • Eumachus, general of Archagathus: (307) successful campaigns of, in Libya, X, 20. 57. 4–58. 6; defeated by Himilco, 60. 4–8.
  • Eumelus, king of Pontus: (c. 310) disputes succession with brothers, killing both, X, 20. 22. 1–24. 3; reign of, 24. 425. 3; (304) death of, 25. 4–26. 3, 100. 7.
  • Eumenes of Cardia: (323) Perdiccas assigns Paphlagonia and Cappadocia to, IX, 18. 3. 1, 16. 3, 53. 2; (322) Perdiccas delivers Cappadocia to, 22. 1, XI, 31. 19. 4; Perdiccas sends, to Hellespont against Antipater and Craterus, IX, 18. 25. 6, 29. 1–3; (321) uncovers plot of Neoptolemus, 29. 4–6; defeats Craterus and Neoptolemus,
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  • both falling, 29. 6–33. 1, 53. 1–3; entrusts bones of Craterus to Ariston, 19. 59. 3; accepts oath of defeated Macedonians, but they desert him, 18. 32. 2–33. 1; victory of, reported to Perdiccas, 33. 1, reported to Perdiccas’ army after Perdiccas’ death, 37. 1–2; Macedonians (formerly of Perdiccas) sentence, to death, 37. 2, 59. 4, 62. 1; Antipater makes Antigonus general against, 39. 7, 40. 1; (320) puts Perdiccas, a general, to death for desertion, 40. 2–4; defeated by Antigonus, 40. 5–8, 44. 1, 50. 1; occupies Nora, 41. 1–3, 53. 4–5; Antigonus takes over army and satrapies of, 41. 4, 57. 3; on Nora, remains confident; sends envoys to Antipater; maintains moral of men, 41. 6–42. 5; (319) Antipater tries to win, by promises, 50. 4; Arrhidaeus seeks support of, 52. 4; Antigonus releases, from Nora; gathers forces in Cappadocia, 53. 5–7, 19. 44. 2; (318) Polyperchon invites alliance of; orders Silver Shields to obey, 18. 57. 3–58. 1; Olympias seeks support of, for “kings,” 58. 2–3; the “kings,” Polyperchon, and Olympias order those at Cyinda to heed, 62. 2; decides to aid the “kings,” bids Olympias remain in Epirus, 58. 3–4; moves to Cilicia, escaping Antigonus, 59. 1–3; leaders of Silver Shields promise co-operation to, 59. 3, 61. 3; at suggestion of, council meets before insignia of Alexander, 60. 1–61. 2; enrols troops, 61. 4–5; Ptolemy and Antigonus see, as a danger, 62. 1–3; Antigonus’ plot against, fails, 62. 4–7; after wavering the Silver Shields support, and the “kings,” 63. 1–6; moves to Phoenicia, 63. 6; fails to recover Phoenicia for the “kings”; moves toward upper satrapies, 73. 1–2; attacked by inhabitants near Tigris, 73. 3–4; asks satraps of upper satrapies for aid, 73. 4, 19. 13. 5.
  • (318/7) Winters in Babylonia, IX, 19. 12. 1; (317) vainly seeks support of Seleucus and Pithon for the “kings,” 12. 1; they try to turn Silver Shields against, 12. 2, 13. 1; crosses the Tigris riv., 12. 3–13. 6; imperilled when Seleucus opens old canal, 13. 2–4, 18. 73. 3–4; gathers forces from upper satrapies, 19. 13. 6–15. 1; proposes that rule be left to council of generals, 15. 3–4; in Susa, receives funds from Cyinda, 15. 5; remains in Susianê, 15. 6; commanders of Alcetas seek aid from, 16. 2; sets out for Tigris (i.e. Pasitigris) riv., 17. 3; receives Persian bowmen from Peucestes, 17. 4–6, 18. 1; crosses river; routs foragers of Antigonus, 18. 3–7; moves to Persepolis, 21. 1–22. 1; counters Peucestes’ bid for popularity; wins his support, 23. 1–24. 1; binds satraps to himself, 24. 2–4; sets out against Antigonus; ill and carried on litter, 24. 4–6; Antigonus fails to subvert satraps and Macedonians, 25. 1–7, 41. 1–3; checks Antigonus before Gabenê, 26, 1–10; battle of, and Antigonus among Paraetaceni, 27. 1–31. 5; takes up dead after Antigonus withdraws, 32. 3, 34. 7; winters in Gabenê, 34. 7–8; (317/6) by false fire, foils Antigonus’ winter attack, 37. 1–39. 1; saves elephants, 39. 1–6; defeated when Antigonus captures baggage train and Peucestes withdraws, 40. 1–44. 1; delivered to Antigonus by own Macedonians in exchange for wives and children, 43. 7–44. 1, 48. 3–4; put to death, 44. 2, XI, 31. 19. 5; Hieronymus of Cardia passes from court of, to that of
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  • Antigonus, IX, 19. 44. 3; ignorant of death of, Aristonoüs resists Cassander, 50. 8; some comrades of, harry the country, 47. 1–4; Silver Shields who had betrayed, sent to Arachosia, 48. 3–4; (315) other generals demand that Antigonus share gains from war with, 57. 1, X, 19. 85. 3. Character of, IX, 18. 42. 1–2, 60. 1–61. 3, 62. 7. Career of, as example of changing fortune, 53. 1–7, 59. 4–60. 1.
  • — II of Perganmm, 197–159: (188) receives territory and cities, XI, 29. 11. 1; (185) Achaean league refuses gift from, 17. 1; (181) Senate promises to settle conflict of, and Pharnaces, 22. 1; (172) Senate honours, 34. 1; Attalus woos wife of, 34. 2; (170) enters Abdera, 30. 6. 1; (164) Attains defends, when charged with aiding Perseus, 31. 7. 2 (p. 357); (168–166) misfortunes of, 12. 1; generosity of, 14. 1; (158) sets up claimant for Syrian throne, 32a. 1; (156) at death, had not completed gift of corn and marble, 36. 1.
  • Eumolpidae of Athens: derived from Egyptian priests, I, 1. 29. 4; (408) assembly orders, to revoke curse on Alcibiades, V, 13. 69. 2.
  • Eumolpus: Bacchic Hymn of, quoted, I, 1. 11. 3.
  • Eunes, in Sicily: (264) Hanno camps at, XI, 23. 1. 3.
  • Eunomia d. of Zeus, one of the Hours, III, 5. 72. 5, 73. 6.
  • Eunomius, early Eurypontid king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • Eunus, slave leader of Enna: (? 135) gains reputation as magician and prophet, XII, 34/5. 2. 5–7; displayed by master as buffoon, 2. 7–9; appealed to by slaves of Damophilus; rouses them to rebel, 2. 10–14, 37, 24b (pp. 81–83); chosen king, 2. 14, 41; calls self Antiochus, 2. 24; puts citizens of Enna to death 2. 15, 24b (p. 83), 2. 41, 8. 1; spares those who had shown him kindness, 2. 8–9, 13, 39, 41; proclaims wife queen; overcomes Roman generals, 2. 16, 18; makes Achaeus his counsellor, 2. 16, 42; is joined by Cleon, 2.17, 43; taunts Romans, 2. 46; spares farm equipment, 2. 48; (132) captured; dies, 2. 22–23.
  • Euonymus isl., one of Aeolides, III, 5. 7. 1.
  • Eupalamus s. of Erechtheus: grandfather of Daedalus, III, 4. 76. 1.
  • eupatridae of Athens, compared to priests of Egypt, I, 1. 28. 5.
  • Euphaës, king of Messenë: protected by Cleonnis; proposes trial for meed of valour, III, 8. 12. 1–2, 5.
  • Euphemus: (417) archon, V, 12. 81. 1.
  • Euphenes s. of Execestus: (c. 91) proposes Macedonian revolt; restrained by Cotys of Thrace, XII, 37. 5a. 1 (pp. 205–207).
  • Euphorbus s. of Panthus: slain by Menelaüs, IV, 10. 6. 1; Pythagoras claims to be, 6. 1–4.
  • Euphrates riv.: bounds Mesopotamia, IX, 18. 6. 3; elus of Egypt establishes Babylon on, I, 1. 28. 1; Ninus founds Nineveh on, 2. 3. 2, 7. 2; Semiramis brings, into her new city (Babylon), 7. 3, 8. 4; she establishes other cities to trade on, 11. 1–3; runs red after Arbaces defeats Assyrians, 26. 6–7; breaks down wall of Nineveh, fulfilling prophecy, 26. 8–27. 3; Belesys proposes mound visible to all sailing on, 28. 2; (401) Younger Cyrus crosses, VI, 14. 21. 5–7; battle of Cunaxa fought near, 22. 3, 5; (396) Conon travels on, 81. 4; (331) Dareius moves beside, VIII, 17. 53. 3; he offers all west of, to Alexander, 54. 2; (326) Alexander bids Nearchus sail to mouth of,
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  • 104. 3, 107. 1; (318) Seleucus tries to destroy Eumenes near, IX, 18. 73. 3; (312) civilians evacuated from Babylon cross, X, 19. 100. 5.
  • Euphron of Sicyon: (369) becomes tyrant, VII, 15. 70. 3.
  • Eupolemus, officer of Cassander; (314) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus captures, X, 19. 68. 5–7.
  • — general of Cassander: (313) left in command of Greece, X, 19. 77. 6.
  • Eupolis of Elis: (396) stadion winner, VI, 14. 54. 1.
  • — of Athens, poet: quoted, IV, 12. 40. 6.
  • Euripides of Athens, dramatist: a pupil of Anaxagoras, I, 1. 7. 7, 38. 4; (406) dies at Macedonian court, V, 13. 103. 5; plays of, in dream of Thrasyllus, 97. 6. Quoted, I, 1. 7. 7, 38. 4, 39. 1, IV, 9. 10. 4, 10. 9. 8, 12. 14. 1, X, 20. 14. 6, 41. 6, XII, 37. 30. 2.
  • Euripus: (480) Persians plan to force, IV, 11. 13. 2; (410) currents in, V, 13. 47. 5; spanned by causeway and bridges, 47. 3–6.
  • Europê d. of Agenor: Zeus brings, from Phoenicia to Crete; mother of Minos, Rhadamanthys, and Sarpedon, III, 4. 60. 2, 5. 78. 1, 84. 1; marries King Asterius of Crete, 4. 60. 3; Cadmus sent to seek, II, 4. 2. 1, III, 5. 48. 5, 58. 2.
  • Europe (often including Carthage and the Greeks of Asia): Account of, before the Trojan war, I, 1. 4. 6, II–III, 4. 1. 1–6. 9. 1; winds of, I, 1. 41. 9; divided from Asia by Tanaïs riv., 55. 4; Osiris enters, 20. 1; Amazons subdue much of, II, 2. 44. 2, 4. 28. 2; Dionysus leads forces into, 3. 65. 4–5; Heracles sets pillar at farthest point of, 74. 5; Sesoösis of Egypt invades, I, 1. 55. 6–7; Greek gods and heroes, II–III, 4. 2. 1–85. 7, 6. 1. 1–9. 1; Sicily and the western islands, 5. 2. 1–23. 1; Gaul. Iberia, and Italy, 24. 1–40. 5; islands of eastern Mediterranean, 47. 1–84. 4.
  • (? 1194–481) Affairs of, III–IV, 7. 1. 1–10. 34. 13 passim; (480–335) IV–VIII, 11. 1. 1–16. 95. 5 passim. See Asia Minor, Greeks of; Carthage; Greece; Italy; Italy, Greeks of; Macedonia; Rome; Sicily.
  • (519) Dareius wishes to subdue, IV, 10. 19. 5; (480) Xerxes crosses to, on bridge, IV, 10. 33. 1, 11. 1. 1, 3. 6; he collects forces in, 5. 2; he leaves, 19. 6–20. 1, 26, 5; (479) after Mycalê, Ionians and Aeolians are urged to move to, 37. 1–2; (413) Athenians retain supremacy over coasts of, V, 13. 25. 1; (411) they draw up fleet on European side of Hellespont, 39. 3; (399) Carthage the most powerful nation of, VI, 14. 41. 2; (397) Carthage recruits mercenaries in, 47. 3; (395) Agesilaüs returns from, 83. 3; (367) Dionysius left to his son the greatest realm in, VII, 16. 5. 4, 9. 1, X, 20. 78. 3; (359–336) Macedon, which had been the least realm in, XI, 30. 9. 2, was made the greatest by Philip II, VII, 16. 1. 3, 64. 3, VIII, 16. 95. 1, IX, 19. 51. 6, XI, 32. 4. 1.
  • (335) Alexander conquers no small part of, VIII, 17. 1. 4; (334) he crosses from, to Asia, 17. 1, leaving Antipater to rule, 17. 5, 118. 1, IX, 18. 12. 1; Memnon urges Dareius to attack, VIII, 17. 18. 2–3, 30. 1; (332) affairs of, 48. 1–6; (330) 62. 1–63. 5, 73. 5–6; (325) 111. 1–4; (324) envoys from, come to Alexander, 113. 2; supreme power in, held by Antipater, 118. 2; (323) Perdiccas assigns satrapies in, IX, 18. 3. 2; he cancels Alexander’s plan to exchange peoples of, and Asia, 4. 4, 6; affairs of, 8. 1–13. 6; (322) 15. 1–9, 16. 4–19. 1,
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  • 23. 4–25. 5; Antigonus flees to, 23. 4; command of, assigned to Antipater, 25. 4; (321) Antipater and Craterus cross from, 29. 4; affairs of, 38. 1–6; Demades of Athens invites Perdiccas to, 48. 2; (319) affairs of, 54. 1–57. 4; (318) 64. 1–72. 1, 74. 1–75. 3; Polyperchon sends Cleitus to keep Asian forces out of, 72. 2; (317) affairs of, 19. 1. 5–11. 9, 35. 1–36. 6; (316) 49. 1–54. 4; Seleucus sends envoys to, 56. 3–4; (315) Antigonus sends army to prevent Cassander from crossing from, 57. 4; affairs of, 63. 1–65. 7; (314) X, 19. 66. 1–68. 4, 70. 1–72. 9; Cassander sends army to prevent Antigonus crossing to, 68. 2; (313) affairs of, 73. 1–78. 5; (312) 87. 1–89. 3, 101. 1–104. 4; (311) Cassander to be general of, 105. 1; affairs of, 105. 1–110. 5; (310) 20. 3. 1–20. 4, 26. 3–4; (309) 28. 1–36. 6; (308) 37. 1–2, 38. 1–44. 9; (307) 45. 1–46. 5, 53. 4–72. 5; (306) 77. 1–80. 4; (305) 89. 1–90. 4; (304) 100. 5–6, 101. 1–5; (303) 102. 1–105. 3; (302) 106.1–107. 2,110.1–112.1; Lysimachus moves from, 107. 2; Antigonus summons Demetrius from, 109. 5.
  • (301–61) Affairs of, XI–XII, 21. 2. 1–40. 8. 1, pp. 297–301, passim; (299) past victories of Macedon in, XI, 21. 2. 2; (196–194) Rome warns Antiochus III away from, 28. 12. 1, 15. 2–4; (190) he abandons, 29. 5. 1, 10. 1; (88) past achievements of C. Marius in, XII, 37. 29. 2. Much of, visited by Diodorus, I, 1. 4. 1.
  • Eurotas riv., in Lacedaemon: (369) Epameinondas attacked at crossing of, VII, 15. 65. 2–3.
  • Eurybatus of Ephesus: (547) agent of Croesus; a by-word for knavery, IV, 9. 32. 1.
  • Eurybia, an Amazon: Heracles slays, II, 4. 16. 3.
  • Eurybiades: descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
  • — of Lacedaemon: (480) commands forces sent to Thermopylae and Artemisium, IV, 11. 4. 2; commands fleet at Artemisium, 12. 4, at Salamis, 16. I, 17. 1, 17. 4–18. 2, 59. 1.
  • Eurydicê wife of Orpheus: Orpheus brings, from Hades, II, 4. 25. 4.
  • — d. of Pelops, mother of Alcmenê, II, 4. 9. 1.
  • — Adeia wife of Philip Arrhidaeus: (321) opposes guardians of Philip, IX, 18. 39. 2–4; (317) assumes regency; seeks aid of Cassander against Olympias, 19. 11. 1; captured when army goes over to Olympias, 11. 2–3; Olympias forces, to kill herself, 11. 4–8, 35. 1; buried at Aegae, 52. 5.
  • Euryelus, near Syracuse: (309) Syracusans occupying, scatter force of Hamilcar, X, 20. 29. 4–11.
  • Eurymedon of Athens: (427) sent with fleet to aid Leontini, V, 12. 54. 6; (414) brings ships and supplies to Athenians at Syracuse, 13. 8. 7, (413) 11.1–2; killed, 13. 2–4.
  • Eurymedon riv., in Pisidia: (470) Athenians defeat Persians near, IV, 11. 61. 1–7; (390) Athenian fleet at, VI, 14. 99. 4.
  • Eurymenae, in Epirus: (312) Lyciscus defeats Alcetas at, X, 19. 88. 4–6.
  • Eurynomus s. of Architeles: Heracles kills, II, 4. 36. 2.
  • —: father of Orsinomê, III, 4. 69. 2.
  • Eurypontid kings of Lacedaemon: list of, to first Olympiad, III, 7. 8. 2.
  • Eurystheus, king of Tiryns: Hera secures for, kingship designed for Heracles, II, 4. 9. 4; requires Heracles to perform twelve labours, 9. 5, 10. 6–7, 13. 3, 17. 1–2, 25. 1, 48. 4, 55. 4, 2. 46. 3; Heracles at court of, 4.
452
  • 11. 2; he brings to, the Erymanthian boar, 12. 2, the horses of Diomedes, 15. 4, the apples of the Hesperides 26. 4; banishes Heracles, 33. 2; aids Dryopes in founding colonies, 37. 2; banishes the Heracleidae, 57. 2–4; they return and overcome, 57. 5–58. 3, V, 12. 45. 1; arrogance and injustice of, II, 4. 17. 5; served by the third Heracles, 3. 74. 4–5. See Iphitus, Alcyonê.
  • — of Lacedaemon: ancestor of Agiad kings, III, 7. 8. 1–2.
  • Eurytion, a Centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 33. 1.
  • Eurytus, king of Oechalia: rejects Heracles as son-in-law; Heracles slays sons of, II, 4. 31. 1–3, 37. 5.
  • — s. of Augeas: Heracles slays, II, 4. 33. 3.
  • Euteles, governor of Susianê: (312) civilians evacuated from Babylon go to, X, 19. 100. 5.
  • Euterpe, a Muse, II, 4. 7. 2–4.
  • Euthippus: (461) archon, IV, 11. 75. 1.
  • Euthycrates of Olynthus: (348) bribed; surrenders Olynthus to Philip II, VII, 16. 53. 2.
  • Euthycritus: (328) archon, VIII, 17. 82. 1.
  • Euthydemus: (450) archon, IV, 12. 3. 1.
  • —: (431) archon, IV, 12. 38. 1.
  • — of Athens: (413) a commander in battle at Great Harbour, V, 13. 13 2
  • Euthydicê (308) wife of Ophelias of Cyrenê, X, 20. 40. 5.
  • Euthymenes: (437) archon, IV, 12. 32. 1.
  • Euthynes: (426) archon, V, 12. 58. 1.
  • Euxeinus: the Pontus called, II, 4. 16. 1.
  • Euxenippus: (305) archon, X, 20. 81. 1.
  • Evadnê d. of Pelias: marries Canes, king of Phocians, II, 4. 53. 2.
  • Evaenetus: (335) archon, VIII, 17. 2. 1.
  • Evaephnus: see Euaephnus.
  • Evager: (312) commands Persians in Nicanor’s army; killed, X, 19. 92. 4.
  • Evagoras I of Salamis: (405) Conon flees to, V, 13. 106. 6, VI, 14. 39. 1; (391) recovers throne of Salamis, 98. 1–2; Artaxerxes plans war on, 98. 3; (387) gains most of Cyprus, 98. 2, 110. 5; (386) defeated by Persians under Glôs, 15. 1. 6–3. 6; goes to Egypt, 4. 2–3; (385) returns, 8. 1; after negotiations, comes to terms, 8. 1–9. 2, 10. 2; killed, VII, 15. 47. 8.
  • — II of Salamis: (344) returns to Cyprus as mercenary leader for Persians, VII, 16. 42. 7–9; with Phocion continues siege of Cyprian Salamis, 46. 1–2; (after 344) misgoverns province in Asia, 46. 3.
  • —: (316) Antigonus makes, satrap of Areia, IX, 19. 48. 2.
  • Evander (Euandros): (382) archon, VII, 15. 20. 1.
  • —, king of Lycia: father of Sarpedon, III, 5. 79. 3.
  • Evanthes: see Euanthes.
  • Evenus: see Euenus.
  • Evetion of Athens: (322) Macedonians defeat fleet under, IX, 18. 15. 8–9.
  • Evia: see Euia.
  • Evitus: (316) Antigonus makes, satrap of Areia, IX, 19. 48. 2.
  • Exaenetus of Acragas: (416) stadion winner, V, 12. 82. 1; (412) 13. 34. 1, 82. 7.
  • —: (401) archon, VI, 14. 19. 1.
  • Execestides, father of Solon of Athens, IV, 9. 1. 1.
  • Execestus of Rhodes: (305) attacks tower-bearing ships of Demetrius, X, 20. 88. 6.
  • —: (c. 91) checks folly of son, Euphenes, XII, 37. 5a. 1 (p. 207).
  • exiles: (406) recalled by Dionysius, V, 13. 92. 4–7, (326) by Alexander, VIII, 17. 109. 1, IX, 18. 8. 2–5, (319) by Polyperchon and the “kings,” 56. 4–5.
453
F
  • Fabii: (472=V477) slaughter of the, at Cremera, IV, 11. 53. 6.
  • Fabius, Aenus Caeso: see K. Fabius Ambustus, tr. mil. c. p., 387=V390.
  • —, C: see K. Fabius Ambustus, tr. mil. c. p., 382=V390.
  • — Ambustus, C. (or M.): (355=V358) cos., VII, 16. 23. 1.
  • — —, K.: (401=V404) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 19. 1; (398=V401) 44. 1; (392=V395) 94. 1; (387=V390) 110. 1; (382=V390) VII, 15. 20. 1.
  • — —, M.: (373=V381) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 48. 1; (365=V369) 77. 1.
  • — —, M.: (357=V360) cos., VII, 16. 9. 1; (353=V356) 32. 1; (351=V354) 40. 1.
  • — —, N.: (403=V406) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 12. 1.
  • — —, Q.: (409=V412) cos., V, 13. 54. 1.
  • — —, Q.: (387=V390) envoy to Clusium; kills a Celt, VI, 14. 113. 4–52.
  • — Dorso, M.: (345) cos., VIII, 16. 66. 1.
  • — Hadrianus, C: (82) propr. in Utica; burned alive, XII, 38/9. 11. 1.
  • — Maximus Aemilianus, Q., cos. 145: (after 160) generosity of Scipio Aemilianus to, XI, 31. 27. 5–6; (145) cos., checks Viriathus, XII, 33. 1. 3–4.
  • — —Rullianus, Q.: (314=V315) diet.; Samnites defeat, X, 19. 72. 6–8; (312=V313) diet.; takes Fregellae and Nola, 101. 3; (309=V310) cos., 20. 27. 1; wages successful war in Etruria, 35. 1–5; calls Senate by old album, 36. 5; (308) cos., 37. 1; with P. Decius Mus defeats Samnites and makes peace with Etruscans, 44. 8–9; (295) cos.; defeats Etruscans, Gauls, and Samnites, XI, 21. 6. 1.
  • — — Servillianus, Q., cos. 142: (140) Lusitanians defeat; makes disgraceful treaty, XII, 33. 1. 4.
  • — —Verrucosus (Cunctator), Q.: (217) diet.; unmoved by Hannibal’s challenges or by popular discontent, XI, 26. 3. 1–3.
  • — Pictor, Q., historian: cited, III, 7. 5. 4–5.
  • — Vibulanus, K.: (478=V484) cos., IV, 11. 38. 1; (476=V481) 48, 1; (474=V479) 51. 1.
  • — —, M.: (477=V483) cos., IV, 11. 41. 1; (475=V480) 50. 1.
  • — —, M.: (450=V457b) cos., IV, 12. 3. 1.
  • –, M.: (435=V442) cos., IV, 12. 34. 1; (426=V433) trib. mil. c. p., V, 12. 58. 1.
  • — —, N. (or C. or M.): (412=V415) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 34. 1; (404=V407) VI, 14. 3. 1.
  • — — (or Silvanus), Q.: (479=V485) cos., IV, 11. 27. 1.
  • — —, Q.: (462=V467) cos., IV, 11. 74. 1; (460=V465) 77. 1; (454=V459) 86. 1.
  • — —, Q. (or K.): (413=V 416) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 9. 1; (411=V414) 38. 1.
  • Falernian tribe: (317) formed in Rome, IX, 19. 10. 2.
  • Falernian wine: (91) consumption of, in Rome, XII, 37. 3. 3.
  • Falernitis: (305) Samnites plunder, X, 20. 90. 3.
  • Falinius, M.: see M. Folius Flaccinator, tr. mil. c. p., 426=V423.
  • Falisci: (392=V395) Romans pillage city of, VI, 14. 96. 5; (391=V394) Rome makes peace with, 98. 5; (354=V357) Romans raid territory of, VII, 16. 31. 7.
  • farmers: form caste in India, II, 2. 40. 4–5.
  • Fate (τὸ χρεών): (364) Pelopidas starts campaign drawn on by, VII, 15. 80. 3.
  • —(ἡ πεπρωμένη): (324) cuts off life of Alexander, VIII, 17. 116. 1, 4; (103) decrees that Enna be land of the slaves, XII, 34/5. 2. 24b (p. 83). See Fortune.
  • 454
  • Fates (αἱ Μοῖραι): appear to Althaea before birth of Meleager, II, 4. 34. 6.
  • Father: Zeus called, III, 5. 72. 2.
  • Faunus s. of Picus: also called Hermes, III, 6. 5. 2.
  • Fayum: see Lake of Moeris. Ferentum, in Apulia: (315=V316) Rome takes, IX, 19. 65. 7.
  • Fidenae: (418=V426) slays Roman envoys; fights drawn battle, V, 12. 80. 6–8.
  • finance, public: (409) in Athens, V, 13. 64. 2, 4, 66. 3–5; (310) in Syracuse, X, 20. 4. 5–8.
  • fire: one of Egyptian elements, I, 1. 11. 6, 12. 3; called Hephaestus, 12. 3, III, 5. 74. 3; first use of, I, 1. 8. 5–9; III, 5. 64. 5; 67. 2; 74. 2–3; (413) used as weapon by Syracuse, V, 13. 13. 6, (307) by Cyprian Salamis, X, 20. 48. 6–7, (305–304) by Rhodes, 86. 3–4, 96. 3–97. 2, by Demetrius, 88. 2–3.
  • fish: Syrians hold, as sacred, I, 2. 4. 3; caught in weirs, II, 3. 22. 1–4; (133) followers of Emms eat sacred, XII, 34/5. 9. 1.
  • Fish-eaters: see Ichthyophagi.
  • Five Thousand: (411) government of the, in Athens, V, 13. 38. 1–21.
  • Flacci: (121) supporters of C. Gracchus; killed, XII, 34/5. 29. 1, 30. 1.
  • Flamininus: see T. Quinctius Flamininus.
  • Flaminius: XI, 28. 11. 11.
  • Flatnosed: see Simi.
  • Fiavius, Cn.: (309=V310) first freedman to become aedile, X, 20. 36. 6.
  • — Fimbria, C.: (86–85) leg. of L. Valerius Flaccus; pillages on way to Byzantium, XII, 38/9. 8. 1–4.
  • Fleece, Golden: myth of the, II, 4. 47. 1–6.
  • flood: tradition of, according to the Samothracians, III, 5. 47. 3–5, the Rhodians, 56. 1–3, 57. 2–4; (373) Poseidon sends, to destroy Helicê, VII, 15. 49. 3–6; (316) third, in Rhodes, IX, 19. 45.1–8. See Deucalion.
  • flute: Marsyas invents, II, 3. 58. 3.
  • Folius Flaccinator, M.: (426=V433): tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 58. 1.
  • — —, M. (317=V318) cos., IX, 19. 2. 1; (313=V314) mag. eq., X, 19. 76. 3.
  • Fortunate Villages, in Hyrcania: (329) Alexander comes to the so-called, VIII, 17. 75. 4–7.
  • Fortune (ἡ τύχη): (471) gives Lacedaemonians opportunity to attack Themistocles, IV, 11. 55. 4; (451) Syracusans show regard for, and spare Ducetius, 92. 3; (425) perversity of, at Pylos, V, 12. 62. 6–7; (413) Xicolaüs bids Syracusans humble selves before, 13. 21. 4–5; Athenians should not hold, responsible, 29. 4–30. 3; (410) brings second disaster to Corcyraeans, 48. 3; (406) prevents generals, victorious at Arginusae, from paying vows, 102. 2; (405) Carthaginians without mercy for victims of, 111. 4; (401) brings Cyrus and Artaxerxes together at Cunaxa, VI, 14. 23. 5; (398) Syracusans hope for liberty if, gives opportunity, 45. 5; (363) worked against Epameinondas, VII, 15. 82. 6, 84. 2; (360–333) accomplishments of Philip II not due to, 16. 1. 6; (338) cast Philip in role of Agamemnon, VIII, 16. 87. 2; (336) may overturn king of Persia, 92. 3; (334) brings Alexander and Spithrobates together at the Granicus, 17. 20. 1; (333) ends career of Memnon of Rhodes, 29. 4; restores Alexander to health, 31. 6; generosity of, to Macedonians after Issus, 35. 7; most victories in war due to, or valour, 38. 5; (332) Alexander at Tyre not concerned for envy of, 46. 2; (330) mutilated Greeks called “abused by” 69. 6; (326) Indian philosopher Caranus
  • 455
  • received utmost happiness from nature and, 107. 2; (323) gives Athenians opportunity to resist Macedonians, IX, 18. 8. 7; aids Macedonians besieged in Lamia, 13. 4; humbles Thibron, 20. 1; (319) Eumenes recovers power by aid of, 53. 7, 59. 4–60. 1; (304) snatches capture of Rhodes from hands of Demetrius, X, 20. 99. 1; (301) Antigonus not content with gifts of, XI, 21. 1. 1; (256) Regulus ignores vicissitudes of, 23. 12. 1; (211) imposes grevious calamity on Syracusans, 26. 20. 2; (207) saves Rome from union of Hannibal and Hasdrubal, 24. 2; (169) Perseus fails to take opportunity offered by, 30. 10. 1; reveals real intentions of Antiochus IV, 31. 1. 1; (167) turn of, brings evil to Aemilius rather than to Rome, 11. 3; (146) refutes disbelief of Timaeus in the Bull of Phalaris, V, 13. 90. 5; (145) acted in real life as in drama, 32. 10. 5 (p. 451); (c. 115) stronger than Understanding, XII, 34/5. 30c. 1; (105) causes slave leaders to agree, 36. 7. 2; (91) brings buffoon on stage to quell riot, 37. 12. 1–2; (90) is wont to veer toward what is morally fitting, 17. 1; (86) Marius does not venture to tempt, 29. 3.
  • Rapid changes of, IV, 9. 2. 2, 11. 71. 5, 12. 15. 3, V, 12. 79. 6, 13. 22. 5–6, 24. 5–6, 27. 6, 53. 2, 89. 1, VI, 14. 1. 1–2, 20. 3, 46. 4. 76. 1–4, VII, 15. 54. 5, 16. 11. 1, VIII, 16. 75. 1, 17. 47. 6, 59. 7, 66. 2, 4, 101. 2, IX, 18. 41. 6, 42. 1, 59. 4–60. 1, 67. 4–5, X, 20. 13. 3, 30. 1, 33. 3, 70. 2, 93. 7, XI, 21. 11. 1, 24. 13. 1, 25. 5. 2, 9. 1, 26. 6. 2, 16. 1, 27. 15. 3, 29. 18. 1, 30. 23. 1, 31. 3. 1, 4. 1, 10. 1–2, 12. 1, 32. 17. 2, 23. 1, 24. 1, XII, 33/4. 18. 1, 27. 1.
  • Fortune, On, by Demetrius of Phalerum, quoted, XI, 31. 10. 1–2.
  • Forum, Roman: (351=V354) prisoners of war killed in, VII, 16. 45. 8; (312=V313) X, 19. 101. 3; (98) son of Metellus Numidicus pleads in, for father’s return, XII, 36. 16. 1; (91) young men in soft garments in, 37. 3. 4; (82) Sulla posts proscription lists in, 38/9. 19. 1.
  • Four Hundred, The: (412) replaces democracy in Athens, V, 13. 34. 2–3, 36. 1–4; (411) end of, 38. 1–2.
  • frankincense: description of the plant, III, 5. 41. 5; produced in Arabia Felix, II, 2. 49. 2, 3. 42. 5, 46. 3, X, 19. 94. 5; on Hiera isl. (Panchaea), III, 5. 41. 4, 42. 2–3.
  • freedmen: (404) Dionysius gives citizenship to, in Syracuse, VI, 14. 7. 4; (396) he places trust in his, 78. 3; (309) cens. Ap. Claudius places sons of, in Senate; son of a, elected aedile, X, 20. 36. 3, 6.
  • Fregellae, in Latium: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9; (312=V313) diet. Q. Fabius captures, X, 19. 101. 3.
  • “Friends”: (333) of Dareius, VIII, 17. 30. 1, 4, 31. 1, 35. 2–3; (335) of Alexander, 16. 1–2, 4, (333) 31. 6, 32. 1, 37. 3, 5, 39. 2, (332) 45. 7, 47. 6, (331) 52. 7, 54. 3, 55. 1, 56. 2–3, 57. 1, (330) 65. 1, (329) 79. 1, 80. 1, (326) 96. 1, 97, 1, 2, 100. 1, 104. 1, 3, 107. 6, (325) 112. 3, 4, (324)114. 1, 115.1, 6, 117.1,2,4, 118. 1, (323) IX, 18. 2. 2, 4, 36. 5; (327) of Mophis, an Indian king, VIII, 17. 86. 5; (278) of Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 10. 3, 6; (169–164) of Ptolemy VI, 31. 15a. 1; (145) of Demetrius II, XII, 33. 4a. 1.
  • frogs: rain of, II, 3. 30. 3.
  • fruits: Libyan Dionysus teaches men to dry and store, II, 3. 70. 8, 73. 5.
  • Frurius: see Furius.
  • 456
  • Frusino: (306) Romans distribute lands of, X, 20. 80. 4.
  • Fulvius, C.: see L. Furius Medullinus, tr. mil. c. p., 404=V407.
  • — M’.: see M. Folius Flaccinator, cos., 317=V318.
  • —, M.: see M. Furius Crassipes, pr., 187.
  • — Flaccus, M., cos. 125: (121) C. Gracchus consults, XII, 34/5. 28a. 1.
  • — —, Q., cos. 179: (182) pr., in Spain, XI, 29. 28. 1 (pp. 269–271).
  • — Nobilior, Q.: (153) cos., demands surrender of Celtiberians, XI, 31. 41. 12.
  • Fundanius Fundulus, C: (243) cos.; Hamilcar defeats, XI, 24. 9. 2–3.
  • funeral orations: (479) legally established in Athens, IV, 11. 33. 3.
  • funeral, Roman: (160) described, XI, 31. 25. 2.
  • Furius, L.: (370=V378) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 57. 1.
  • — Camillus, L.: (335=V338) cos., VIII, 17. 2. 1; (323=V325) IX, 18. 2. 1.
  • — —, M.: (398=V401) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 44. 1; (395=V398) 82. 1; (393=V396) dict., takes Veii, 93. 2–3; (391=V394) tr. mil. c. p., 97. 1; (387=V390) dict.; in separate battles defeats Volsci, Aequi, Etruscans, and Gauls, 117. 2–5; tribb. pi. hinder triumph of, 117. 6; (386=V394) tr. mil. c. p., 15. 2. 1; (378=V386) VII, 15. 25. 1; (373=V381) 48. 1.
  • — Crassipes, M.: (187) pr.; violates rights of Ligurian allies; fined, XI, 29. 14.1.
  • — Fusus, Agr.: (439=V446) cos., IV, 12. 30. 1.
  • — —, M.: (400=V403) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 35. 1; (381=V389) VII, 15. 22. 1.
  • —Medullinus, L.: (469=V474) cos., IV, 11. 63. 1.
  • — —, L.: (425=V432) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 60. 1; (417=V425) 81. 1.
  • — —, L.: (410=V413) cos., V, 13. 43. 1; (406=V409) 80. 1; (404=V407) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 3. 1; (392=V395) 94. 1; (388=V391) 107. 1 (?); (383=V391) 15. 15. 1.
  • — —, L.: (373=V381) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 48. 1; (366=V370) 76. 1.
  • — —, Sp.: (476=V481) cos., IV, 11. 48. 1.
  • — —, Sp.: (397=V400) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 47. 1.
  • — — Fusus, P.: (467=V472) cos., IV, 11. 66. 1.
  • — —, Sp.: (459=V464) cos., IV, 11. 78. 1.
  • — Pacilus, C: (409=V412) cos., V, 13. 54. 1.
  • — — Fusus, C: (434=V441) cos., IV, 12. 35. 1; (418=V426) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 80. 1.
  • G
    • Gabenê, in Persis: (317) Eumenes bars Antigonus from, IX, 19. 26. 1–10; he winters in, 34. 7–8.
    • Gabii, in Latium: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
    • Gadamala, in Media: (317) Antigonus winters in, IX, 19 37. 1.
    • Gadeira (Gades), in Spain: visited by Heracles, II, 4. 18. 2, by Argonauts, 56. 3–6; city founded by Phoenicians, III, 5. 20. 2, XI, 25. 10. 1; (237–228) Hamilcar Barca extends Punic power to, 10. 1.
    • Gaia, sons of: see Titans.
    • Gaius and Aemilius: see C. Aemilius Mamercinus, tr. mil. c. p., 386=V394.
    • Galaemenes: general of Sardanapallus, defeated and slain, I, 2. 26. 6–7.
    • Galaestes of Athamania: (145–139) friend and general of Ptolemy VI; accused of treason by Ptolemy VIII, XII, 33. 20. 1; (139) sets up pretender, 20. 1; unpaid soldiers of Ptolemy incline toward, 22. 1.
    • Galates s. of Heracles: gives name
    457
    • to Galatians (Gauls), III, 5. 24. 3.
    • Galatia, in Europe: see Gaul.
    • Galatia, in Asia: Scythia lies above, III, 5. 23. 1; (188) procos. Cn. Manlius Vulso and envoys of, XI, 29. 12. 1; (168–166) sacrifice or kill prisoners, 31. 13. 1; Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats, 14. 1; (164) send Senate charges against Eumenes, 7. 2 (p. 357); (before 61) delivered by Cn. Pompey, XII, 40. 4. 1.
    • Galepsus, on coast of Thrace: (424) Brasidas wins, over, V, 12. 68. 4; (168) Perseus reaches, in flight, XI, 30. 21. 1.
    • Galeria, in Sicily: (345) aids Entella against Carthage, VIII, 16. 67. 3–4; (312) invites Syracusan exiles, X, 19. 104. 1–2.
    • Gallus s. of Pharnaces: ancestor of Cappadocian kings, XI, 31. 19. 1.
    • Galucias, king of Illyria: (313) Corcyraeans give Epidamnus to, X, 19. 78. 1.
    • Gamarga, in Media: (317) Antigonus winters in, IX, 19. 32. 2, 34. 8, 37. 13.
    • Gandaridae: strongest people of India, IX, 18. 6. 1; never conquered, II, 2. 37. 2–3; live beyond the Ganges, VIII, 17. 93. 2–3, IX, 18. 6. 2; (326) King Porus flees to, VIII, 17. 91. 1; Alexander gives up attack on, 93. 2–94, 5, IX, 18. 6. 1, II, 2. 37. 3; King Xandrames rules, VIII, 17. 93. 2–3.
    • Ganges riv., in India: one of the greatest rivers, I, 2. 11. 1, II, 2. 37. 4, VIII, 17. 93. 2; bounds the Gandaridae, II, 2. 37. 1–2, IX, 18. 6. 2; Sesoösis of Egypt crosses, I, 1, 55. 4; (326) Alexander learns of peoples beyond, VIII, 17. 93. 2–3, but does not cross, 108. 3, II, 2. 37. 3.
    • Ganymedes s. of Tros: cupbearer of Zeus, III, 4. 75. 3, 5.
    • Gardens, the, in Cimmerian Bosporus: (310) Prytanis slain in, X, 20. 24. 2.
    • Gargaza, in Cimmerian Bosporus: (c. 310) Prytanis takes over army at, X, 20. 23. 8–24. 1; Eumelus captures, 24. 1.
    • Garindanes: live by Bed Sea; destroy the Maranitae, II, 3. 43. 1–3.
    • Gasandi: see Arabian tribes.
    • Gaugamela: see Arbela.
    • Gaul, in Asia: see Galatia.
    • Gaul (Galatia), in Europe: account of, III, 5. 24. 1–33. 1; Britain lies off coast of, 21. 1; Pyrenees separate, from Iberia, 35. 2; distinction between Celts and, 32. 1; Heracles passes through, II, 4. 19. 4; name derived from Galates s. of Heracles, III, 5. 24. 3; many tribes of, 25. 1, 32. 1; rivers of, 25. 3–5; climate of, 25. 2, 26. 1–2; agriculture of, 26. 2–3; metals of, 27. 1–4; daily life of, 28. 1–6, 30. 1, 31. 1–32. 7; military affairs of, 29. 2–5, 30. 2–4, 33. 3, 39. 6–7; trade of, in tin, 22. 4, 38. 5; literature and music of, 31. 1–2; religion of, 28. 6, 31. 3–5; (387=V390) attack Italy and Borne, see Celts; (324) send envoys to Alexander, VIII, 17. 113. 2; (295) Romans defeat, at Sentinum, XI, 21. 6. 1–2; (279) defeat Macedonians, 22. 3. 2, 4. 1; are turned back at Delphi; defeated by the Dardani, 9. 1–5, IV, 9. 10. 6; Cichorius succeeds Brennus as king of, XI, 21. 9. 2–3; (225) defeat Romans; Romans under L. Aemilius Paullus defeat, 25. 13. 1; (c. 166) inhumanity of, to captives, 31. 13. 1; (124) sold as slaves, XII, 34/5. 23. 1; (110) Roman influence makes Contoniatus a chieftain in, 36. 1; (105) Cimbri defeat Romans in, 37. 1 (p. 141), 36. 1. 1; (58–50) Caesar’s wars in, I, 1. 4. 7, III, 5. 25. 4. Gauls as mercenaries: (before 480) in Punic army, IV, 11.
    458
    • 1. 5; (278) in army of Apollodorus of Cassandreia, XI, 22. 5. 2, of Antigonus Gonatus, 11. 1, of Pyrrhus, 11. 2–12. 1, (168) of Perseus, 30. 19. 1, 31. 14. 1.
    • Gaulus isl., south of Sicily: Phoenicians colonize, III, 5. 12. 4.
    • Gaurium, on Andros: (408) Alcibiades takes, V, 13. 69. 4–5.
    • Gaza, in Syria: (322) Alexander takes, VIII, 17. 48. 7, 49. 1; (315) Antigonus takes, IX, 19. 59. 2; (312) Ptolemy defeats Demetrius near, X, 19. 80. 4–84. 8, 90. 1, 93. 1; Ptolemy destroys, 84. 8, 93. 7; (306) Antigonus and Demetrius move from, against Egypt, 20. 73. 3–74. 2.
    • Gê, Gê Meter: Titaea wife of Uranus deified as, II, 3. 57. 2; Demeter identified with earth and called, I, 1. 12. 4, II, 3. 62. 7; mother of the Aegis, 70. 6, of the Muses, 4. 7. 1, of the Titans, 3. 62. 6, III, 5. 66. 2; Zeus sacrifices to, 71. 3.
    • Gedrosia: see Cedrosia.
    • geese of Hera: (387=V390) wake guard on Roman Capitol, VI, 14. 116. 5–6.
    • Geganius Macerinus, M.: (440=V447) cos., IV, 12. 29. 1; (436=V443) 33. 1; (430=V437) V, 12. 43. 1.
    • — —, Proculus: (433=V440) cos., IV, 12. 36. 1.
    • Gela, Geloans, in Sicily: Rhodians found, as directed by Delphi, III. 8. 23. 1; (c. 491) Hippocrates tyrant of, defeats Syracusans, IV, 10. 28. 1; (466) aid Syracuse against Thrasybulus, 11. 68. 1–2; (461) exiles return to, 76. 4–5; (415) aid Syracuse against Athens, V, 13. 4. 2; (414) 7. 7; (413) 12. 4; (409) delay aid to Selinuntians, 56. 1–2; (408):Hermocrates of Syracuse in, 75. 6; (406) cavalry from, once reached Acragas in storm, 83. 2; Dexippus of Lacedaemon called from, by Acragas, 85. 3; sends troops to aid Acragas against Carthage, 86. 5; Acragantini come to, in flight, 89. 3–4; Syracusans place Dexippus over, 93. 1; seek aid from Syracuse and Dionysius, 93. 1–5; Dionysius leaves, 93. 5; he calls mercenaries from, to Syracuse, 96. 2; Carthaginians prepare attack on, 96. 5; (405) Carthaginians advance on, and seize colossal bronze Apollo outside, 108. 2–4; make raids on Punic camp, 108. 6–9; Dionysius’ attack on Carthaginians fails; he retires into, 109. 1–110. 7; Carthaginians occupy, as Dionysius withdraws, 111. 1–2, 112. 4, 6, VI, 14. 66. 4, 68. 2; people of, go to Leontini, V, 13. 113. 4; by terms of peace, retain city, 114. 1; (397) levy from, joins Dionysius against Motyê, VI, 14. 47. 6; (357) join Dion against Dionysius II, VII, 16. 9. 5; (332) Alexander recovers colossal Apollo on capture of Tyre, V, 13. 108. 4–5; (before 317) exploit of Agathocles near, IX, 19. 4. 4–7; (314) joins Acragas against Agathocles, X, 19. 70. 2; ends war on Agathocles, 71. 6–7; (312) Carthaginians in territory of, 104. 3; (311) Agathocles occupies, and puts many to death, 107. 1–5; he remains at, 110. 1–2; Hamilcar abandons siege of, 110. 3; (309) Acragas frees, from Syracuse, 20. 31. 4–5; (307) Xenodocus goes from Acragas to, 62. 5; (305) Deinocrates slays Pasiphilus in, 90. 2; (280) Phintias of Acragas destroys, XI, 22. 2. 2; (264) Mamertines charged with destroying, 23. 1. 4; (249) Punic fleet intercepts Roman near, 24. 1. 7.
    • Gela riv., in Sicily: Gela founded beside, III, 8, 23. 1; (405) Himilcon camps by, V, 13. 108. 3.
    • Gellius Gaius, a Samnite: (305)
    459
    • Romans defeat and capture, X, 20. 90. 4.
    • Geloans: see Gela.
    • Gelon: (485–478) tyrant of Syracuse for 7 years, IV, 11. 38. 7; s. of Deinomcnes, VII, 15. 88. 2; (before 480) various tales of, IV, 10. 29. 1; Greeks vainly seek alliance with, against Xerxes, 33. 1, 11. 1. 1; (480) at request of Theron, 20. 5, goes to aid of Himera against Hamilcar, 21. 1–3; by ruse, kills Hamilcar and fires his ships, 21. 3–22. 1; defeats Carthaginians, 22. 1–6, 38. 1, 67. 2, V, 13. 43. 5, 59. 4–5, 62. 4, 94. 5, XII, 37. 1. 3, on same day as battle at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 24. 1; Selinuntians alone support Carthage against, V, 13. 55. 1; comparison of, with Themistocles, IV, 11. 23. 1–3; Carthage sends envoys to, 24. 3–4; rewards soldiers; distributes captives to cities, 25. 1–5; grants citizenship to mercenaries, 72. 3; treats justly those who had opposed him, 26. 1; grants peace to Carthage, 26. 1–2, 12. 26. 3; hears of Greek victory at Salamis, 11. 26. 4–5; Syracusans hail, as Benefactor, 26. 5–6; builds temples; sends tripod to Delphi, 26. 7; (478) hands over power to Hieron, 38. 3, 48. 3; orders simple funeral for himself, 38. 2–3; costly tomb erected for, later destroyed by Carthaginians and by Agathocles, 38. 5, VI, 14. 63. 3; (467) Hieron reminds Anaxilas’ sons of benefactions of, to Anaxilas, IV, 11. 66. 1; (466) successors of, overthrown, VI, 14. 67. 1. Lasting glory of, IV, 11. 38. 5–6, VI, 14. 66. 1–5, VII, 15. 88. 2–3, VIII, 16. 79. 2. Character of, IV, 11. 23. 3, 67. 2–4, V. 13. 22. 4, VI, 14. 66. 2–3. See Damaretê wife of.
    • Gelon s. of Hieron II of Syracuse: (215) dies, XI, 26. 15. 1.
    • Gemini: the two stars as epiphany of the Dioscuri, II, 4. 43. 2.
    • Gentius (Getion) of Illyria: (170) Perseus fails to secure aid of. XI, 30. 9. 1–2; (167) Romans capture, along with Perseus, 31. 8. 52.
    • Genucius Augurinus, Cn.: (396=V399) tr. mil. c. p.. VI, 14. 54. 1; (393=V396) 90. 1.
    • — —, M.: (438=V445) cos., IV, 12. 31. 1.
    • — —, T.: (444=V451) on first decemvirate in Rome, IV, 12. 23. 1.
    • — Aventinensis, Cn.: (360=V363) cos., VII, 16. 2. 1.
    • — —, L.: (362=V365) cos., VII, 15. 90. 1: (359=V362) 16. 4. 1.
    • — —, L.: (303) cos., X, 20. 102. 1.
    • geometry: Egyptians claim invention of, I, 1. 69. 5; importance of, in Egypt, 81. 1–3; Pythagoras learned, in Egypt, 98. 2.
    • geomoroi, in Athens: Egyptian caste of warriors and husbandmen equated with, I, 1. 28. 5.
    • —, in Syracuse: order confiscation of property, III, 8. 11. 2.
    • Geraneia, Mt., in Megaris: (458) Athenians occupy passes of, IV, 11. 80. 1; (316) Cassander leaves troops at, IX, 19. 54. 4.
    • Germans: (55, 53) Caesar subdues the, III, 5. 25. 4.
    • Gerousia, at Carthage: (410) receives envoys from Aegesta, V, 13. 43. 4; (310) prepares to meet invasion of Agathocles, X, 20. 9. 3, 10. 1–2; (149) receives Roman demands, XI, 32. 6. 2, 4.
    • —, at Sparta: Egyptian judges compared with, I, 1. 75. 3; (475) dissuaded from war with Athens, IV, 11. 50. 2–8.
    • Gerrhaeans: trade of, in spices, II, 3. 42. 5.
    • Geryones: Heracles steals cattle of, II, 4. 17. 1–25. 1, III, 5. 4. 2, 17. 4, 24. 2; he dedicates shrine to, II, 4. 24. 3; shown in theatre with three bodies, 8. 4.
    460
    • Gescon s. of Hamilcar: (after 480) exiled after father’s defeat; ends life at Selinus, V, 13. 43. 5, 59. 5.
    • —: (241) brings Roman envoys to Hamilcar Barca, XI, 24, 13. 1.
    • Getae, in Dacia: claim to be immortal; Zalmoxis receives laws for, from Hestia, I, 1. 94. 2; (292) episodes in Lysimachus’ war with, XI, 21. 12. 1–6.
    • Getion of Illyria: see Gentius.
    • geysers: description of craters near Mt. Aetna, IV, 11. 89. 1–8.
    • Giants, war of the Olympian gods and the: according to the Egyptians, I, 1. 24. 2, 26. 6–8; according to Dionysius Skytobrachion, II, 3. 70. 6; according to the Rhodians, III, 5. 55. 5; according to the Cretans, 71. 2–6; fought on the Phlegraean (Cumaean) plain, II, 4. 21. 5–7, III, 5. 71. 4, or near Mt. Pallenê, 71. 4, II, 4. 15. 1, with Heracles aiding the gods, I, 1. 24. 2, II, 4. 15. 1, 21. 5–7; depicted on temple of Zeus at Acragas, V, 13. 82. 4.
    • giraffe: in Arabia, II, 2. 51. 1.
    • Gisco s. of Hanno, of Carthage: recalled from exile and made general, VIII, 16. 81. 3.
    • glass: dead bodies enclosed in, in Ethiopia, I, 2. 15. 1–3.
    • Glaucê d. of Creon: Jason marries; Medea kills, II, 4. 54. 2–6.
    • — d. of Cychreus: Telamon marries, III, 4. 72. 7.
    • Glaucias: (316) agent of Cassander, placed in charge of Roxanê and Alexander, IX, 19. 52. 4; (311) murders both, X, 19. 105. 2–4.
    • —, king of Illyria: (314) Cassander defeats, X, 19. 67. 6–7; besieges Apollonia, 70. 7; (313) Corcyraeans deliver Epidamnus to, 78. 1.
    • Glaucides: (439) archon, IV, 12. 30. 1.
    • Glaucippus: (410) archon, V, 13. 43. 1.
    • Glaucopis, an Egyptian name for Athena, I, 1. 12. 8.
    • Glaucus, sea god: warns the Argonauts, II, 4. 48. 6–49. 1.
    • Gleneus s. of Heracles, II, 4. 37. 1.
    • Glôs s. of Tamôs: (400) does not follow father to Egypt, VI, 14. 35. 3; (386) commands Persian fleet; defeats Evagoras of Cyprus, 15. 3. 2–6; son-in-law of Tiribazus; revolts from Artaxerxes, 9. 3–5, 18. 1; assassinated, 18. 1, 19. 1.
    • Glycera: (326) Harpalus takes, from Athens to Babylon, VIII, 17. 108. 6.
    • Glychatas, a Sicanian: Heracles slays, II, 4. 23. 5.
    • Gnaeus Publius, M.: see C. Poetelius Libo Visolus, cos., 342=V346.
    • gnomic passages: II, 3. 20. 3, 47. 3, III, 8. 15. 1–5, IV, 9. 5. 1, 10. 1–5, 12. 1, 3, 14. 1, 33. 1, 3, 36. 4, 10. 16. 2–3, 19. 1, 24. 2, 34. 1–13, X, 19. 95. 6–7, XI, 21. 1. 4a, 2. 3, 9. 1, 14. 3, 21. 1–15, 23. 13. 1, 15. 10–11, 24. 7. 1–2, 9. 1, 25. 1. 1, 5. 3, 26. 6. 1–2, 11. 1, 12. 2–4, 22. 1, 27. 1. 2, 4. 8, 5. 1, 11. 1, 13. 1–18. 3, 28. 4. 1, 8. 2, 29. 6. 2, 31. 1, 30. 23. 1, 31. 3. 1–4. 1, 12. 1, 18. 3, 44. 1, 32. 2. 1, XII, 33. 8. 1, 37. 17. 1, 30. 1–3, 38/9. 18. 1, 22. 1, 3, 40. 5a. 2.
    • goats: held sacred in Egypt, I, 1. 88. 1–3; the goat of Mendes, 84. 4–8.
    • God, of the Jews, XII, 40. 3. 4–7.
    • gods: most myths of the, omitted, I, 1. 6. 1; origin of the, in Egypt, 9. 6, among the Atlantians, II, 3, 54. 1; Egyptians divide gods into celestial, I, 1. 12. 1–13. 1, and terrestrial, 13. 1–25. 7; similar division by Euhemerus, III, 6. 1. 2–2. 1; battle of, and Giants, see Giants; fear of the, benefits society, XII, 34/5. 2. 47.
    • gold: found in Egypt, I, 1. 15. 5, 33. 3, in India, 2. 16. 4, II, 2. 36. 2, in Gaul, III, 5. 27. 1–4, in Iberia, 36. 2–4, 37. 2,
    461
    • about Philippi, VII, 16. 8. 6–7; “unfired” gold found in Arabia, II, 2. 50. 1, 3. 45. 5–8, 47. 6; Hephaestus the first to work, III, 5. 74. 2; description of mining of, in Egypt, Arabia, and Ethiopia, II, 3. 12. 1–14. 6; why the Baliares use no, or silver money, III, 5. 17. 4.
    • Golden Age of Cronus, III, 5. 66. 4–6.
    • Gomon: (104) commander of Mauritanians, XII, 36. 5. 4.
    • Gongylus of Eretria: (477) Pausanias bids, free Persian captives, IV, 11. 44. 3.
    • Good Counsellor, a name of Zeus, III, 5. 72. 2.
    • Good Spirit, source of Zathraustes’ laws, I, 1. 94. 2.
    • Gordyenê: (65) Pompey protects, XII, 40. 4. 1.
    • Gorgias of Leontini: (427) sent as envoy to Athens, V, 12. 53. 2–54. 1; first sophist in Athens, 53. 2–4.
    • Gorgidas: (372) successful Theban leader, VII, 15. 39. 2, 50. 6.
    • Gorgons: live in Libya, II, 3. 52. 4; defeated by Libyan Amazons, 54. 6–55. 2; subdued by Perseus, destroyed by Heracles, 52. 4, 55. 3
    • Gorgus: (580–576) leads men of Cnidus and Rhodes to Lipara, III, 5. 9. 3.
    • — Cambalus of Morgantina: (133) slave bandits kill, and his father, XII, 34/5. 11. 1.
    • Gracchus: see Sempronius.
    • Graces, the: daughters of Zeus, III, 5. 72. 5; their function, 73. 3.
    • grain: see corn.
    • Granicus riv.: (334) Alexander defeats Persians at the, VIII, 17. 18. 4–21. 6, 23. 1–2.
    • graphê paranomōn: (322) Demades loses citizenship for introducing illegal decrees, IX, 18. 18. 2.
    • Great Bear: rising of, in Arabia Felix, II, 3. 48. 1.
    • Great Harbour of Syracuse: (415) Athenians occupy position on, V, 13. 6. 2–4; (413) they are defeated in, 10. 4–6; (399) Dionysius builds shipyards about, VI, 14. 42. 5; (396) Himilcon enters, 62. 2; (344) Carthaginians occupy, VIII, 16. 69. 3; (278) Carthaginians blockade, XI, 22. 8. 1.
    • Great Mother: see Mother of the Gods.
    • Great sea (Indian ocean); bounds India, II, 2. 35. 1.
    • Greco-Gauls: Cimbrians mingled with conquered Greeks form the, III, 5. 32. 5.
    • Greece, Hellas, Greeks, Hellenes: account of, before Trojan war in Books Four to Six, I, 1. 4. 5–6; both barbarians and, claim priority in time, 9. 3–6; superior to barbarians by power of speech, 2. 6; taught to expound thoughts by Hermes, and to grow olives by Athena, 16. 2; gods of the, and of the Egyptians, 11. 6–26. 8, 88. 1; how poets of, developed myths of Prometheus and Heracles, 19. 1–3; by some, the years are called seasons, 26. 5; Argos, oldest city of, 28. 2; rise and fall of rivers of, 38. 9, 12; intercalate months or subtract days in calendar, 50. 2; varying accounts of Sesoösis of Egypt given by writers of, 53. 1; impiety of Busiris a by-word among, 67. 11; origin of legend of Busiris among, 88. 5; priests of Egypt compared with those of, 73. 5; laws of Egypt and of, re execution of pregnant women, 77. 9, and re debtor slavery, 79. 5; use of funerary laudations by, 92. 5; beliefs of, re the dead overlaid with legends, 93. 3, partly borrowed from Egypt, 96. 6–9; lawgivers of, received laws from gods, 94. 1; admire King Bocchoris of Egypt, 95. 3; visitors from, to Egypt and what they learned, 69. 2–4, 96. 1–98. 10, 2. 1. 2; borrow Dionysiac rites
    462
    • from Egypt, 1. 97. 4; ancient sculpture of, and that of Egypt, 97. 6, 98. 5–9; funeral dirge of Sardanapalus translated by a, 2. 23. 3; education of Chaldaeans compared with that of, 29. 3–31. 9; Ctesias publishes history of Persia for the, 32. 4; earliest people of, used fruits and skins of wild beasts, II, 2. 38. 2; say that Dionysus was nourished in a thigh, 38. 4; assign lion’s skin and a club to Heracles, 39. 1; certain, visit Hyperboreans, 47. 4–5; use 19–year cycle of Me ton, 47. 6; Iambulus returns to, from India, 60. 3; Homer most venerated of poets among, 3. 2. 3; voluntary exile in lieu of punishment among, 5. 2; Trogodytes do not fight for same causes as do the, 33. 3; harbour of Soteria on Trogodyte coast named by sailors from, 40. 1; temples on this coast for gods unknown in, 45. 2; legends of, re birth of gods agree in part with those of the Atlantians, 54. 1, 56. 1–2; heroes among the, descendants of the Atlantides, 60. 5; stories of Dionysus current among the, 62. 1–74. 6; festival of Dionysus held by, in alternate years, 65. 8; several cities of, claim birth of Dionysus, 66. 1; many writers of, place Dionysus’ birth in Libya, 66. 4–5; Linus first of the, to discover rhythms and song, 67, 1; all, share in gifts of Dionysus, 73. 6; the third Dionysus rivals the earlier two among the, 74. 1; alphabet brought to the, by the Phoenicians, 67. 1, III, 5. 58. 3, 74. 1.
    • Mythical period of, II, 4. 1. 1–85. 7. Account of Dionysus, Priapus, Hermaphroditus, and the Muses, 2. 1–7. 4: call Osiris, Dionysus, 1. 6–2. 1; establish biennial festivals for Dionysus, 3. 2. Account of Heracles, 8. 1–39. 4: Heracles’ sack of Orchomenus wins fame through all, 10. 6; he drains flooded lands in, 18. 6–7; Orpheus the greatest of the, in knowledge of ritual and poetry, 25. 3; Heracles brings doctrine of the sphere to, 27. 5; Amazons seek revenge on, for acts of Heracles, 28. 1; Iolaüs returns to, 30. 3; Athenians persuade, to honour Heracles as a god, 39. 1. Account of the Argonauts, 40. 1–56. 8: news of construction of the Argo fills, 41. 1; Phrixus and Hellê flee from, 47. 1; invent myths about Taurians, 47. 2; Aeëtes pursues the, 48. 4–5; Olympic games instituted at most excellent place in, 53. 4–5; Heracles the most renowned of all the, 53. 6. Account of the Heracleidae, 57. 1–58. 8: Eurystheus orders Heracleidae to leave, 57. 2; Triopas settles colony of, on Rhodes, 58. 7. Account of Theseus, III, 4. 59. 1–63. 5: Minos the first of the, to create a naval power, 60. 3; drought in all, after murder of Androgens, 61. 1–2; Athenians aspire to leadership of, from time of Theseus, 61. 9. Accounts of the Seven Against Thebes and of the Epigoni, 64. 1–67. 7; of Neleus, 68. 1–6; of the Lapiths and the Centaurs, 69. 1–70. 4. Account of Asclepius and his descendants, 71. 1–4; ss. of Asclepius of service to the, at Troy, 71. 4. Accounts of the dd. of Asopus and the ss. of Aeacus, 72. 1–7; of Pelops, Tantalus, Oenomaüs, and Niobê. 73. 1–74. 4; of Dardanus and his descendants, 75. 1–6; of Daedalus, the Minotaur, and the campaigns of Minos, 76. 1–79. 7; of the Cretan Mothers, 80. 1–6; of Eryx, 83. 1–7; of Daphnis, 84. 1–4; of Orion, 85. 1–7. Account of Aristaeus, 81. 1–82. 6: Aristaeus
    463
    • offers sacrifice for all, then suffering from plague, 82. 2; he receives immortal honours from barbarians and, 82. 6.
    • Mythical period of Greek lands outside Greece, 5. 1. 1–18. 4, 47. 1–84. 4. Accounts of Sicily, 2. 1–6. 5; of Lipara and the Aeolides, 7. 1–11. 4. Account of other islands of western Mediterranean, 12. 1–18. 7: Heracles sends, to colonize Sardinia, 15. 1–6. Accounts of Samothrace, 47. 1–49. 6; of Naxos, Symê, and Calydna, 50. 1–54. 4. Account of Rhodes and the Carian Cherronesus, 55. 1–63. 3: knowledge of writing lost by, at time of flood, 57. 3–4; letters brought to, by Cadmus, 57. 5. Account of Crete, 64. 1–80. 4: Orpheus first to introduce mysteries to, 64. 4; both barbarians and, honour Demeter with festivals, 68. 3; Minos first of the, to rule the sea, 4. 60. 3, 5. 54. 4, 78. 3; barbarians coming to Crete adopt, language, 80. 2. Account of other Aegean islands, 81. 1–84. 4: sack Tenedos during Trojan war, 83. 5; occupy most of the Cyclades, 84. 4.
    • Euhemerus’ account of the gods of, III, 6. 1. 1–2. 1; account of the heroes of, in period preceding Trojan war, 3. 1–9. 1; the war of the, against Troy, see Troy.
    • (1184–506) Affairs of, III, 7. 1. 1–4. 4 (Troy); 8. 1–2 (kings of Lacedaemon); 9. 1–6 (kings of Corinth); 10. 1; 11. 1 (list of thalassocracies); 12. 1–14. 1 (Lycurgus); 15. 1–17. 1 (kings of Macedon); 8. 1. 1–2; 7. 1–13. 2 (Messenian war); 17. 1–24. 1, 27. 1–30. 2; 32. 1–3, 5. 6. 5 (oracles; colonization); IV, 9. 1. 1–37. 3 (the Seven Wise Men; sundry ambiguous oracles; Croesus); 10. 3. 1–12. 3 (Pythagoras); 16. 1–18. 6 (tyrants); I, 1. 66. 8–9, 67. 8–11, 77. 5, 79. 4, 96. 1–98. 9 (early contacts with Egypt); (506–490) IV, 10. 24. 1–27. 3 (Ionian revolt; Marathon); (489–481) 30. 1–34. 13.
    • (480) Affairs of, IV, 11. 1. 1–19. 6, I, 2. 5. 5, III, 5. 63. 1, XII, 37. 1. 2 (Thermopylae; Salamis); (479) IV, 11. 27. 1–37. 6 (Plataea; Mycalê); pledge eternal enmity to Persia, 9. 10. 5; (478) affairs of, 11. 39. 1–40. 4; (477) 41. 1–47. 3; justice of Aristeides a marvel for, XI, 31. 26. 2; (476) affairs of, IV, 11. 48. 2; (475) 50. 1–8; (471) 54. 1–59. 4; (470) 60. 1–62. 3 (Eurymedon); (469) 63. 1–64. 4 (Messenian war begins); (468) 65. 1–5; (464) 70. 1–5; (460) 77. 6 (law of Ephialtes); (459) 78. 1–4; (458) 79. 1–80. 6 (battle of Tanagra); (457) 81. 1–83. 4; (456) 84. 1–8 (end of Messenian war); (455) 85. 1–2; (454) 86. 1; (453) 88. 1–3; (450) 12. 1. 1–3. 4; (449) 4. 1–6 (Persia frees Greeks of Asia); (448) 5. 2; (447) 6. 1–2; (446) 7. 1, 10. 3–4, 11. 2; (445) 22. 2; (442) 26. 2; (441) 27. 1–28. 4; (439) 30. 2–5 (war of Corinth and Corcyra begins); (438) 31. 2–3; (437) 32. 1–3; (436) 33. 1–4; (435) 34. 1–5; (434) 35. 4; (433) 36. 2–3; (432) 37. 1–2.
    • (431) Affairs of, IV, 12. 38. 1–40. 6 (causes of Peloponnesian war), V, 12. 41. 1–42. 8 (the war begins); (430) 43. 1–45. 5; (429) 46, 1–48. 3; (428) 49. 1–52. 2; (427) 53. 1–57. 4 (fall of Mitylenê and of Plataea); (426) 58. 1–59. 5; (425) 60. 1–63. 5 (Sphacteria surrenders); (424) 65. 1–70. 6; (423) 72. 1–10; (422) 73. 1–74. 6 (Fifty-year truce); (421) 75. 1–76. 3; (420) 77. 1–5; (419) 78. 1–79. 7; (418) 80. 1–6; (417) 81. 1–5; (416) 82. 1–84. 4; (415) 13. 2. 1–6. 7 (Athenians sail to Sicily); (414) 7. 1–8. 8; (413) 9. 2–33. 1 (Athenian disaster in Sicily);
    464
    • (412) 34. 1–4, 36. 1–37. 6; (411) 38. 1–42. 6; (410) 45. 1–53. 4 (Athenians reject peace offer); (409) 64. 1–67. 7; (408) 68. 1–75. 1; (407) 76. 1–79. 7; (406) 96. 1, 97. 1–103. 5 (Arginusae); (405) 104. 1–107. 4, 114. 3 (Aegospotami; end of Peloponnesian war).
    • (404) Affairs of, VI, 14. 2. 1–6. 3, 10. 1–11. 5 (the Thirty Tyrants); (403) 12. 2–13. 8; (402) 17. 1–12; (401) 32. 1–34. 6 (democracy restored); (400) 35. 6–37. 4, 37. 7; (399) 38. 2–5; (397) 53. 4–6; (396) 69. 5, 79. 1–81. 6; Carthage assigns a Greek to cult of Demeter, 77. 5; (395) affairs of, 82. 1–84. 7 (Corinthian war begins); (394) 85. 2–86. 6, 89. 1–2; (393) 91. 2–92. 2; (392) 94. 2–4; (391) 97. 1–5; (390) 99. 1–5; (387) 110. 2–5, 117. 8–9 (Peace of Antalcidas); (386) 15. 1. 1–5, 5. 1–5 (Lacedaemonian aggression); (385) 9. 4–5, 12. 1–2; (383) 19. 1–4; (382) VII, 15. 20. 1–21. 3; (381) 22. 2; (380) 23. 1–5 (Lacedaemonian power reaches highest point); (378) 25. 1–27. 4; (377) 28. 1–35. 2; (376) 36. 1–37. 2 (Lacedaemonians defeated at Orchomenus); (375) 38. 1–40. 5 (Thebans prevent peace; discord in Peloponnesian cities); (374) 43. 5–47. 8; (373) 48. 1–49. 6; (372) 50. 1–6; (371) 51. 1–56. 3 (Leuctra); (370) 57. 1–60. 6; (369) 61. 1–70. 3; (368) 71. 2–72. 4; (367) 75. 1–3; (366) 76. 1–4 (Sparto-Boeotian war ends); (365) 77. 1–4; (364) 78. 2–81. 6 (Pelopidas killed while defeating Thessalians); (363) 82. 1–89. 3, XI, 31. 26. 2 (Epameinondas killed at Mantineia); (362) VII, 15. 94. 1–4; (361) 95. 1–4; (360) 16. 2. 1–3. 7; (358) 7. 2–8. 7 (Philip II gives Potidaea to Olynthus); (357) Syracuse the greatest city of, 5. 4, 9. 1–2; various histories of, 14. 3–5, VIII, 16. 76, 5–6; affairs of, VII, 16. 14. 1–2; (356) 21. 1–22. 2; (355) 23. 1–27. 5 (Phocians seize Delphi); (354) 28, 1–31. 5 (Sacred war begins); (353) 32. 1–36. 1; (352) 37. 1–39. 8; (351) 40. 1–2; (349) 52. 9; (348) 53. 2–55. 4 (Philip takes Olynthus); (347) 56. 1–58. 6; (346) 59. 1–64. 3 (Sacred war ends; Philip admitted to Amphictyonic council); (344) VIII, 16. 69. 8; (341) 74. 1; (340) 77. 2–3; (339) 82. 5; (338) 84. 1–88. 2, XI, 32. 4. 1–2 (Chaeroneia); (337) VIII, 16. 89. 1–3; under Timoleon Syracuse is mightiest city of the, 90. 1; (336) install Philip as leader, 91. 2; Philip confident in good will of, 91. 5–6, 93. 1; his empire the mightiest of the, 95. 2.
    • (335) Affairs of, VIII, 17. 2. 1–5. 2, 7. 2, 8. 1–16. 4 (Alexander sacks Thebes); (333) 29. 3–4, 31. 3; (332) 48. 1–2, 6–7; (330) 62. 1–63. 5; 73. 5–6 (Antipater quells Greek revolt); children of Dareius to learn language of the, 67. 1; Alexander finds, beyond Araxes riv., who had been conquered by earlier Persian kings, 69. 2–9; (326) reinforcements come to Alexander from, 94. 2, 95. 4; he restores exiles to cities of, 109. 1, IX, 18. 8. 2–6; (325) disturbances in, VIII, 17. 111. 1–4; in Sittacenê he finds Boeotians still preserving practices of the, 110. 4–5; (324) envoys come to Alexander from, 113. 2; Lamian war in, begins, IX, 18. 8. 1–7; (323) 9. 1–13. 6; revolt of, in upper satrapies suppressed, 7. 1–9; (322) Lamian war in, ends, 15. 1–9, 16. 4–19. 1; (319) affairs of, 55. 1–57. 4, 64. 3 (Polyperchon frees Greek cities); (318) 64. 1–72. 1, 74. 1–75. 3 (Cassander places Demetrius of Phalerum over
    465
    • Athens); (317) 19. 11. 1–7, 35. 1–36. 6; (316) 49. 1–54. 4 (Cassander rebuilds Thebes); (315) 60. 1–65. 1 (Greeks freed by Antigonus, and by Ptolemy); (314) X, 19. 66. 1–68. 4; (313) 74. 1–6, 75. 6–8, 77. 1–78. 5 (operations of Cassander and of Antigonus’ generals in); (312) 87. 1–89. 3; (311) 105. 1–4 (treaty of the kings; Greeks autonomous); (310) 20. 19. 1–20. 4; (309) 28. 1–4; (308) 37. 1–2; (307) 45. 1–46. 5, 93. 7 (Demetrius Poliorcetes frees Athens); (305) Rhodes, best governed city of, suppresses pirates in behalf of, 81. 2–3; (304) envoys from, seek to bring Demetrius and Rhodes to terms, 98. 2–3; Demetrius frees cities of, 100. 5–6; (303) affairs of, 102. 1–103. 7; Cleonymus occupies Corcyra as base against, 104. 4; (302) affairs of, 106. 1–107. 5, 109. 5–111. 3 (Cassander and Lysimachus against Antigonus and Demetrius); (about 300) Syrian Antioch colonized from, 47. 6, XI, 21. 1. 6; historians from, visit Egypt and compose histories, I, 1. 46. 8.
    • (291) Affairs of, XI, 21. 14. 1–2 (Demetrius takes Thebes); (279) 22. 8. 6–9. 5 (Gauls invade); (c. 270) Ethiopia first entered by, I, 1. 37. 5; Ptolemy II brings strange animals to knowledge of the, II, 3. 36. 3; Ergamenes king of Ethiopia receives, education, 6. 3; (264) Romans have learned siegecraft from, XI, 23. 2. 1; (241) Greek slaves in Punic army revolt (Truceless war), 25. 2. 2; (219) affairs of, 26. 7. 1; (217) 9. 1; (207) 27. 1. 1–2 (Nabis); (200) 28. 7. 1 (Philip V); (198) 11. 1; (195) 13. 1, 15. 1–4 (Antiochus III); (192–190) 29. 1. 1–4. 1; (189) 9. 1 (p. 257); (185) 16. 1–18. 1 (Achaean league); (c. 175) Ariarathes V of Cappadocia educated in, 31. 19. 7; (173) affairs of, 29. 33. 1 (Perseus); (170) 30. 5. 1, 5a. 1; (169) 8. 1–9. 2; (163) Ariarathes welcomes, to Cappadocia, 31. 19. 8; (160) influence of, on Romans including Scipio Aemilianus, 31. 26. 5–7; (156) Rhodians maintain best government in, 36. 1; (153) wars in, decided by single battle, 40. 1; (146) affairs of, 32. 26. 1–27. 3 (pp. 437–445); (144) XII, 33. 14. 2–4 (Thracian invasion); (139) 20. 1; (123) 34/5. 28. 1; (87) 38/9. 6. 1–7. 1 (Sulla). Et passim.
    • Greeks of Asia, of Italy, of Sicily: see under Asia Minor, Italy, Sicily.
    • Greek language: the Greeks call Osiris, “Dionysus,” I, 1. 11. 3, II, 4. 1. 6; Osiris, “many eyed,” I, 1. 11. 2; Demeter, “Thesmophorus,” 14. 4; Oceanê, “Oceanus,” 19. 4; Astapus, “Water from Darkness,” 37. 9; Diospolis, “Thebes,” 45. 4; King Cetes of Egypt, “Proteus,” 62. 1–4; divisions of Egypt, “nomes,” 73. 1; King Aspandus of the Medes, “Astyages,” 2. 34. 6; Trogodytes, “Nomades,” II, 3. 32. 1; Agrii, “Cynamolgi,” 31. 1; warrior women, “Amazons,” 53. 3; a mountain, “Atlas,” 53. 4; Corsica, “Cyrnus,” III, 5. 13. 3; islands opposite Iberia, “Gymnesiae,” 17. 1; agreement to marry, “a pledge,” IV, 9. 10. 4; a city of apes, “Pithecusae,” X, 20. 58. 2.
    • Greek mercenaries: (401) in army of Cyrus the Younger, VI, 14. 19. 7–24. 7; under their own leaders, 25. 1–31. 5, 37. 1; (398) Dionysius of Syracuse hires, 44. 2; (374) under Iphicrates in Persian army, VII, 15. 41. 1, 3; (362) Tachos of Egypt enlists, 90. 2, 92. 2, 93. 5; (344) in army of Nectanebôs
    466
    • of Egypt, 16. 42. 2, 47. 6, 48. 3, 49. 1–51. 1, and in opposing Persian army, 44. 1–4, 46. 6–51. 3; (340) used by Carthage, VIII, 16. 81. 4; (333) in army of Dareius, 17. 30. 3, (330) 73. 2; (329) in army of Alexander, 74. 3–4, 76. 2; (326) veteran, who have been settled by Alexander in upper satrapies, revolt, 99. 5–6, (323) and are defeated and slaughtered, IX, 18. 4. 8, 7. 1–9, 36. 5; (318) in armies of Eumenes, 61. 5, (317) of Peucestes, 19. 14. 5, (302) and of Demetrius, X, 20. 110. 4; (310) in army of Cimmerian Bosporus, 22. 4; in armies of Agathocles, 11. 1, (308) of Carthage, 38. 6, 39. 4–6, and of Ophelias, 40. 6; conditions in Greece make service as, attractive, 40. 6; (241–237) Greek slaves serve as, in Punic army, XI, 25. 2. 2.
    • Grylus of Chalcis: (332) stadion winner, VIII, 17. 40. 1.
    • Grynium, in Aeolis: (335) Parmenion takes, VIII, 17. 7. 9.
    • Gulussa s. of Masinissa: (147) offers asylum to Hasdrubal, XI, 32. 22. 1.
    • Gurasium: (388=V391) Romans defeat Volsci at, VI, 14. 109. 7.
    • Gylippus s. of Clearchus, of Lacedaemon: (414) Lacedaemonians send, to Syracuse with troops, V, 13. 7. 2, 34. 4, 106. 8; gathers soldiers in Sicily; reaches Syracuse, 7. 6–7, 8. 4; recovers Epipolae from Athenians, 8. 1–2; (413) demands death for captured Athenians, 28. 1–33. 1; (405) condemned at Sparta for misappropriating booty, 106. 8–10.
    • Gymnasia, in Paphlagonia: (401) Greek mercenaries (the Ten Thousand) reach, VI, 14. 29. 2.
    • Gymnesiae, Greek name for Baliaric isls., III, 5. 17. 1.
    • Gytheium, in Laconia: (456) Athenians burn, IV, 11. 84. 6.
    Η
    • Hacori: see Acoris, king of Egypt.
    • Hades: s. of Cronus and Rhea, III, 5. 68. 1; institutes funeral customs in Crete; regarded as lord of the dead, 69. 5; accuses Asclepius, 4. 71. 2.
    • Hades: myths of, encourage piety, I, 1. 2. 2; Egyptian beliefs re, 51. 2, 92. 5; Osiris in, 88. 6; Orpheus’ account of, based on Egyptian burial customs, 92. 3, 96. 4–9; visited by Heracles, II, 4. 25. 1, 26. 1, VI, 14. 31. 3, by Orpheus, by Dionysus, II, 4. 25. 4, by Theseus and Peirithoüs, III, 4. 63. 4; Tantalus condemned to, 74. 2; Pluto carries Core to, 5. 4. 2; Minos and Rhadamanthys become judges in, 79. 2; (480) Leonidas tells his men they will dine in, IV, 11. 9. 4.
    • Hadranon, village in Sicily: (263) Romans fail to take, XI, 23. 4. 2.
    • Hadranum, city in Sicily: (263) Romans take, XI, 23. 4. 1.
    • Hadrumetum, in Libya: (310) Agathocles takes, X, 20. 17. 1–5.
    • Haemus mts., in Thrace: Aristaeus dwells near, III, 4. 82. 6; (313) Lysimachus defeats Seuthes of Thrace at pass of, X, 19. 73. 3, 8–9.
    • Hagnon s. of Nicias: (c. 437) recovers Amphipolis for Athens, V, 12. 68. 1; (429) unsuccessful leader against Potidaea, 46. 1–6.
    • hail: (340) aids Timoleon in defeat of Carthaginians, VIII, 16. 80. 1.
    • Halaesa Archonidion, in Sicily: (403) founded, VI, 14. 16. 1–4; (269) surrenders to Hiero, XI, 22. 13. 2; (263) goes over to Romans, 23. 4. 1.
    • Halcyonê, d. of Atlas, II, 3. 60. 4.
    • Halia, d. of Thalatta: bears children to Poseidon; deified as Leucothea, III, 5. 55. 4–7.
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    • Haliartus, in Boeotia: (396) Lysander besieges, VI, 14. 81. 1–3.
    • Halicarnassus: chief city of Caria, VII, 15. 90. 3; (411) Alcibiades exacts money from, V, 13. 42. 2; (334) Persians under Memnon gather at, VIII, 17. 23. 4, 6; Alexander takes, 21. 1–27. 6. See Hegesippus. alicyae, in Sicily: (397) loyal to Carthage; Dionysius raids, VI, 14. 48. 4–5; (396) makes alliance with Dionysius, 54. 2; ordered by him to abandon city; goes over to Carthage, 55. 7; (278–276) yields to Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 10. 2; (c. 263) turns to Home, 23. 5. 1; (104) slaves in region of, revolt, XII, 36. 3. 4.
    • Halieis, in Peloponnese: (459) Athenians defeat Corinthians at, IV, 11. 78. 1–2.
    • Halium, in Elis: (402) supports Pausanias, VI, 14. 17. 8.
    • Halycus riv., in Sicily: (383) limits Dionysius’ grant to Carthage, VI, 15. 17. 5; (339) separates Greeks and Carthaginians, VIII, 16. 82. 3; (258) XI, 23. 9. 5; (249) Punic fleet in, 24. 1. 8.
    • Halys riv., in Asia Minor: (547) deceptive oracle re, IV, 9. 31. 1; (333) Dareius offers all west of, to Alexander, VIII, 17. 39. 1, 54. 1.
    • Hamaxitus, in Troad: (399) Lacedaemonians take, VI, 14. 38. 3.
    • Hamilcar s. of Mago: (480) leads Punic force in Sicily; defeated and killed by Gelon, IV, 11. 20. 1–23. 2, 24. 2, 25. 1, V, 13. 43. 5, 59. 4–5, 62. 4.
    • —: (314) negotiates peace between Agathocles and Greek cities, X, 19. 71. 6–7; censured, 72. 2.
    • — s. of Gisco: (311) Punic force under, reaches Sicily after losses at sea, X, 19. 106. 1–5; defeats Agathocles at Himeras riv., 108. 1–109. 5, 20. 30. 1; wins over many cities, 19. 110. 3–5; (310) falsely reports Agathocles defeated in Libya, 20. 15. 1–2; abandons attack on Syracuse when true report reaches city, 15. 6–16. 9; (309) misled by ambiguous oracle, attacks Syracuse, 29. 2–7; captured and put to death, 29. 8–30. 2, 31. 1–2; head of, sent to Agathocles, 30. 3, 33. 1–2.
    • — (not Barca): (262) Punic commander in Sicily, XI, 23. 9. 2; (260) captures cities, defeats Romans at Thermae, 9. 4.
    • —: father of Hanno, XI, 23. 12. 1.
    • — Barca: (247–241) commander in First Punic War, XI, 25. 6. 1, 8. 1, 26. 24. 1; (c. 246) attacks Italium in Sicily, 24. 6. 1; (244) ascends Mt. Eryx; captures city of Eryx, 8. 1; forbids plundering, 9. 1; (243) permits Roman burial of dead, 9. 2–3; (241) rejects Roman terms, 13. 1; (241–237) commands against mercenaries (Truceless war), 25. 8. 1; lenient policy toward mercenaries negated by their commander Spondius, 3. 1; crucifies Spondius, 5. 2; slaughters mutinous mercenaries, 6. 1; ends Truceless war, 26. 24. 1; (237–228) commands in Iberia, 25. 8. 1, 9. 1, 26. 24. 1; extends Punic power to Gades, 25. 10. 1; wins much of Spain by diplomacy and arms, 10. 1–2; captures Indortes, 10. 2; founds Acra Leucê, 10. 3, 12. 1; sends son-in-law Hasdrubal to Carthage for Numidian war, 10. 3; (229) defeated by Orissi; saves sons; drowned during flight, 10. 3–4, 12. 1, 19. 1 (pp. 165–167); Hasdrubal succeeds, in Spain, 12. 1; (221) Hannibal s. of, succeeds Hasdrubal, 15. 1. Character of, 23. 22. 1, 24. 5. 1–2, 7. 1, 25. 8. 1, 10. 5.
    • — (after 247) Atilii mistreat, a captive, XI, 24. 12. 1–3.
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    • Hanging gardens (of Babylon): described, I, 2. 10. 1–6.
    • Hannibal s. of Gesco: (410) foremost citizen of Carthage, V, 13. 43. 5; fails to alienate Selinuntians and Syracusans, 43. 6; raises forces to protect A.egesta, 44. 4–6; (409) crosses to Sicily, 54. 1–5; takes and razes Selinus, 54. 6–57. 6, 80. 1; permits survivors to reoccupy territory on payment of tribute, 59. 1–3; bitter against Himera because of defeat of grandfather, Hamilcar, 59. 4–5; takes and razes Himera, 59. 6–62. 4, 80. 1; leaves Campanian mercenaries behind in Sicily, 62. 5, 85. 4; honoured on return home, 62. 6; (406) general for conquest of Sicily, 80. 1–2; raises troops; sets out, 80. 2–81. 1; lays siege to Acragas, 85. 1–5; desecrates tombs; dies of plague, 86. 1–3.
    • —, father of Hanno the Elder, XI, 23. 1. 2.
    • —: (c. 269) introduces troops into Messana, XI, 22. 13. 6–8; (263) moves to aid Hiero, 23. 4. 1; (260) defeated at Mylae, 10. 1.
    • —, the trierach: (249) plunders Panorama, XI, 24. 1. 6.
    • —: (241–237) taken prisoner in Truceless war; crucified, XI, 25. 5. 2.
    • — s. of Hamilcar: (229) escapes when Hamilcar drowns, XI, 25. 10. 4, 19. 1 (p. 167); training in war, 26. 2. 1; (221) commands in Spain after Hasdrubal’s death, 25. 15. 1, 19. 1 (p. 165); starts from Pillars of Heracles, 26. 13. 1; (219) takes Zacantha (Saguntum); Carthage refuses Roman demand for surrender of, 25. 15. 1; crosses Alps, 19. 1 (pp. 167–169), leaving brother Hasdrubal in Spain, 26. 24. 1; number of Roman soldiers available against, I, 2. 5. 7; (217) vainly challenges dict. Q. Fabius Maximus, XI, 26. 3. 1; defeats M. Minucius Rufus, 3. 3; (216) defeats Romans at Cannae; fails to attack Rome, 25. 19. 1 (pp. 169–173); Pancylus Paucus of Capua driven mad by fear of, 26. 10. 1; army of, corrupted by Campanian luxury, 11. 1; subdues most of Italy, 13. 1; treats prisoners with extreme cruelty, 14. 1–2; (212) honours body of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, 16. 1; Campanians hope for aid from, too long, 17. 1; prevented by Fortune from joining Hasdrubal, 24. 2, 25. 19. 1 (p. 169); (201) Carthage fails to support, 19. 1 (pp. 173–175); (203) returns to Libya; kills allies who refuse to follow, 27. 9. 1; kills cavalry who had joined Masinissa, 10. 1; (202) defeated by P. Cornelius Scipio, 25. 19. 1 (p. 175), 29. 20. 1, 30. 22. 1, 31. 26. 4, XII, 34/5. 5. 1, 37. 1. 4: (195) with Antiochus III, XI, 28. 10. 1 (p. 239), (191) 29. 3. 1; (189) Rome demands surrender of, by Antiochus, 10. 1; (183) dies in Bithynia, 25. 19. 1 (p. 175). Character and reputation of, 23. 22. 1, 26. 2. 1, 24. 1, 29. 19. 1.
    • Hannibalic war: Rome begins, when Carthage refuses to surrender Hannibal, XI, 25. 15. 1, XII, 37. 1. 4; after, M. Porcius Cato demands destruction of Carthage, 34/5. 33. 3; history of, by Sosylus of Elis, XI, 26. 4. 1.
    • Hanno: (406) Himilcon s. of, appointed general, V, 13. 80. 2.
    • —: (340) father of Gisco, VIII, 16. 81. 3.
    • —: (345) sent to Sicily with army, VIII, 16. 67. 2.
    • —: (310) with Bormilcar, commands against Agathocles, X, 20. 10. 1–6; killed, 12. 3–7.
    • —: (307) defeats general of Agathocles, X, 20 60. 3.
    • — the Elder, s. of Hannibal: (264) in Sicily; makes alliance
    469
    • with Acragas, XI, 23. 1. 2; with Hiero, besieges Messana, 1. 3; (262) at Lilybaeum and Heracleia, 8. 1; destroys malcontents, 8. 3; recalled (after Romans take Acragas), stripped of civic rights, and fined, 9. 2.
    • — s. of Hamilcar: (256) rejects demands of cos. M. Atilius Regulus, XI, 23. 12. 1.
    • — the Great: (after 247) takes Hecatompylus, XI, 24. 10. 1–2.
    • —: (241) procos. C. Lutatius Catulus defeats, XI, 24. 11. 1.
    • Harmatelia, in India: city of the Brahmins; (326) Alexander takes, VIII, 17. 103. 1–8.
    • Harmodius of Athens: (514) Aristogeiton and, try to destroy the Peisistratidae, IV, 9. 1. 4, 10 17. 2–3. Statue of, in Athens, X, 20. 46. 2.
    • Harmonia: d. of Aphroditê and Ares, or of Zeus and Electra; wife of Cadmus, II, 4. 2. 1, III, 5. 48. 2, 48. 5–49. 1; gods give presents to, 4. 65. 5, 66. 3, 5. 49. 1, 4.
    • Harpagus, admiral of Cyrus the Great: (545) rejects offer of friendship by Greeks of Asia, IV, 9. 35. 1–3.
    • Harpagus riv., in Chaldaea: (401) the Ten Thousand reach, VI, 14. 29. 2.
    • Harpalus: (335) father of Callas, VIII, 17. 17. 4.
    • —, treasurer of Alexander: (326) misuses funds, VIII, 17. 108. 4–6; flees to Athens, then to Taenarum, 108. 6–7; murdered by Thibron in Crete, 108. 8, IX, 18. 19. 2; (323) Athenians use money left by, in Lamian war, 9. 1, 4; Demosthenes in exile for taking funds of, VIII, 17. 108. 8, IX, 18. 13. 6.
    • —: (172) envoy of Perseus to Rome, XI, 29. 34. 1. Harpina, in Latium: see Arpinum.
    • Harping d. of Asopus: mother of Oenomaüs by Ares, III, 4. 73. 1.
    • Hasdrubal s. of Hanno the Elder: (251) moves against Panormus but does nothing, XI, 23. 21. 1.
    • — son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca: (237) Hamilcar sends, from Iberia against Numidians, XI, 25. 10. 3; (229) in Iberia; acclaimed general on death of Hamilcar; (229–221) campaigns of, in Iberia; founds New Carthage; killed by a slave, 12. 1, 15. 1. Preferred peace to war, 11. 1.
    • — s. of Hamilcar Barca: (229) escapes when father is slain, XI, 25. 10. 4, 19. 1 (p. 165); (208) leads army into Italy; defeated and slain, 19. 1 (p. 169); praise of, as worthy of father and brother, 26. 24. 1. Fortune saved Rome from united forces of, and Hannibal, 24. 2.
    • —, leader in Third Punic war: (150) punished as responsible for war with Masinissa, XI, 32. 3. 1; (149) at war with Carthage, 6. 2; grants burial to three Romans, 8. 1; (147) during siege of Carthage, refuses asylum with Gulussa; lives in luxury as citizens starve, 22. 1; (146) conduct of, after fall of city, 23. 1.
    • hawk: held sacred in Egypt, I, 1. 83. 1, 3, 84. 3, 87. 6–8.
    • healing, art of: Apollo discovers, and teaches, to Asclepius, III, 5. 74. 5–6.
    • heaven: theories on formation of, I, 1. 6. 3–7. 7; Jews regard, as divine, XII, 40. 3. 4.
    • Hemithea: worshipped in Castabus, III, 5. 62. 4–63. 3.
    • Hebê: Heracles after apotheosis marries, II, 4. 39. 3.
    • Hebrus riv., in Illyria: (314) Cassander crosses, X, 19. 67. 6.
    • Hecabê see Hecuba.
    • Hecataeus of Miletus, historian: cited, I, 1. 37. 3; (?) II, 2. 47.1; (494) envoy from Ionians to Artaphernes, IV, 10, 25. 4.
    470
    • — of Abdera, historian: cited, I, 1. 46. 8–49. 5; (?) II, 2. 47. 1; XII, 40. 3. 1–8.
    • —, agent of Alexander: (335) assassinates Attalus, VIII, 17. 2. 5–6, 5. 2; (323) Antipater sends, to Leonnatus for aid, IX, 18. 14. 4.
    • Hecatê d. of Perses: wife of Aeëtes, and mother of Circê, Medea, and Aegialeus, II, 4. 45. 1–3, 46. 1; teaches use of drugs to Circê 45. 3, and to Medea, 46. 1, 50. 6; temple of, near Memphis, 1, 1. 96. 9.
    • Hecatomnus of Caria: (391) Artaxerxes sends, against Evagoras, VI, 14. 98. 3–4; (386) supports Evagoras against Artaxerxes, 15. 2. 3.
    • Hecatompylus, in Africa: Heracles founds, II, 4. 18. 1; (after 247) Carthaginians capture, 18. 1, XI, 24. 10. 2.
    • Hecatontapylus (Hecatompylus), in Parthia: (329) Alexander camps at, VIII, 17. 75. 1.
    • Hecetorus of Thrace: Sicelus and, kill each other, III, 5. 50. 7.
    • Hector: s. of Priam, wins distinction, III, 4. 75. 4; Ajax defeats, 5. 28. 4; dying, foretells Achilles’ death, IX, 18. 1. 2; Amazons aid Troy after death of, II, 2. 46. 5.
    • Hecuba: wife of Priam, III, 4. 75. 4; (411) monument of, V, 13. 40. 6.
    • Hegelochus, Egyptian general: (127) defeats Alexandrians, XII, 34/5. 20. 1.
    • Hegesileôs of Athens: (363) brings reinforcements to Mantineia, VII, 15. 84. 2.
    • Hegesippus of Halicarnassus: (307) officer of Demetrius, X, 20. 50. 4.
    • Hegetoria, a nymph: Ochimus marries, III, 5. 57. 7.
    • heiresses: law of Charondas on, IV, 12. 18. 3–4.
    • Helen of Troy: Peirithoüs and Theseus carry, to Athens; Dioscuri rescue, III, 4. 63. 1–3, 5; drink given by, shows Homer’s knowledge of Egypt, I, 1. 97. 7; a contemporary of Homer, III, 7. 1. 1; (346) necklace of, stolen from Delphi, VII, 16. 64. 2.
    • Helenus: Orpheus and Homer live just after, III, 7. 1. 1.
    • helepolis: (307) Demetrius constructs, for siege of Cyprian Salamis, X, 20. 48. 2–3, (304) and for siege of Rhodes, 91. 2–8, 95. 1–2, 96. 4–7; (307) Agathocles of Utica hangs living prisoners on, 54. 2–6.
    • Heliadae of Rhodes: spring from soil of Rhodes as flood recedes, III, 5. 56. 3; are first to sacrifice to Athena, 56. 5–7; skill of, in astrology, 57. 1; some of, leave Rhodes after murder of Tenages, 57. 2–6.
    • Heliades: (145) kills Alexander Balas, XI, 32. 9d. 1–10. 1 (p. 447).
    • Helicê, in Achaïa: (373) earthquake destroys, VII, 15. 48. 1–3, possibly as punishment for sacrilege, 49. 1–3.
    • —, in Iberia: (229) Hamilcar camps before, XI, 25. 10. 3.
    • Heliopolis, in Egypt: Actis s. of Helius founds, III, 5. 57. 2; Sesoösis builds wall from Pelusium to, I, 1. 57. 4; god of, honoured with obelisks, 59. 3–4; ten judges chosen from, 75. 3; called Heliopylai by Homer, 96. 7. See Mnevis of.
    • Heliopylai, Homeric name for Heliopolis, I, 1. 96. 7.
    • Helis, in Thrace: (292) Lysimachus at, XI, 21. 12. 2.
    • Helissus, in Arcadia: (352) Lacedaemonians plunder, VII, 16. 39. 5.
    • Helius: first king of Egypt, becoming a terrestrial god, I, 1. 13. 1–2; founds cities in Egypt, 12. 6; 23,000 years from, to Alexander, 26. 1.2 1
    • — s. of Hyperion, II, 3. 57. 3–4; permits son Phaëthon to drive chariot of sun, III, 5. 23. 2; honoured by Rhodians as
    471
    • ancestor and founder, 56. 3–4; foretells favour of Athena for those first sacrificing to her, 56. 5; slain by Titans and name transferred to sun, II, 3. 57. 4–8; before battle with Giants, Zeus sacrifices to, III, 5. 71. 3; Medea flees to precinct of, II, 4. 46. 2–3; (326) Alexander sacrifices to, VIII, 17. 89. 3. See Aeëtes, Perses ss. of; Pasiphaë d. of; Heliadae of Rhodes.
    • Helius, star of: Chaldaean name for planet Saturn, I, 2. 30. 3.
    • Hellanicus, historian: cited, I, 1. 37. 3.
    • Hellas: see Greece.
    • Hellê d. of Athamas: drowns in Hellespont, II, 4. 47. 1, 4–6.
    • Hellen s. of Deucalion: father of Dorus, III, 4. 60. 2, and of Aeolus; ancestor of Nestor, 67. 3, 68. 1.
    • Hellenic League, General Council of: (479) shows hostility for Athens in awards for valour, IV, 11. 27. 2, 55. 6; (471) Lacedaemonians control, 55. 6; they demand trial of Themistocles before, 55. 4–5.
    • Hellenic League (Council at Corinth); (395) Boeotians, Athenians, and others establish Council at Corinth against Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 82. 1–4; send force to aid Medius of Larissa, 82. 5; gather forces at Corinth, 82. 10; Conon admiral of Persian fleet confers with, 84. 5; (337) Philip summons a congress at Corinth which elects him general for war on Persia, VIII, 16. 89. 1–3; (335) elects Alexander in his place, 17. 4. 9; (332) sends wreath to Alexander, 48. 6; (330) refers to him matter of the Lacedaemonians, 73. 5–6.
    • Hellenica of Callisthenes: (387) begins, VI, 14. 117. 8; (357) ends, VII, 16. 14. 4.
    • — of Xenophon: (411) begins, V, 13. 42. 5; (363) ends, VII, 15. 89. 3.
    • — of Theopompus: (411) begins; (394) ends, V, 13. 42. 5.
    • Hellespont: opened by flood, III, 5. 47. 3–4; named for Hellê, II, 4. 47. 1; currents in, V, 13. 39. 5, 40. 3; Mt. Ida near, VIII, 17. 7. 4; crossed by Osiris, I, 1. 20. 1, by Dionysus, II, 3. 65. 4–5; Argonauts sail through, 4. 49. 3; (before 480) people of, build ships for Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 1, 3. 8; (480) he crosses, on bridge of boats, 2. 4, 3. 6, I, 2. 5. 5; fearing destruction of bridge, he returns over, IV, 11. 19. 5–6, 59. 2; (477) Pausanias goes to, 44. 3; (431) peoples of, allied to Athens, V, 12. 42. 5; (411) Mindarus of Lacedaemon sets out for, 13. 38. 6–7; Athenian naval victory in, 39. 1–40. 5; (410) fleet sails from Italy for, to aid Mindarus, 45. 1; Alcibiades comes to, with fleet, 46. 2; (409) 66. 3; Athenian fleet in, 64. 5; (408) 68. 1–2; (405) 104. 2; (392) VI, 14. 94. 3; (356) VII, 16. 21. 3; (353) 34. 3; (348) Philip wishes to subdue cities of, 53. 2; (343) Thracians plunder cities of, VIII, 16. 71. 1–2; (334) Alexander crosses, 17. 17. 1; (322) Perdiccas sends Eumenes to hold, IX, 18. 25. 6; (321) 29. 1–3; (319) Cassander asks Ptolemy to send fleet to, 49, 3; he sends friends to, and crosses, 54. 2–3; (318) Polyperchon sends Cleitus to hold, 72. 2–3; (315) Antigonus sends nephew Ptolemy to hold, 19. 57. 4; ships brought to Antigonus from, 62. 7; (313) negotiations of Antigonus and Cassander re, fail, X, 19. 75. 6; Cassander moves to, 77. 5; (310) Antigonus sends son Philip to, against Phoenix, 20. 19. 2, 5; (302) Demetrius moves to, 111. 3; (86) C. Flavius Fimbria crosses, XII, 38/9. 8. 2. See Phrygia on the.
    • helmets: Curetes invent, III, 5. 65. 4.
    472
    • Heloris: (404) advises Dionysius, VI, 14. 8. 5, X, 20. 78. 2; (?) Dionysius exiles, VI, 14. 103. 5; (394) general at Rhegium defeated by Dionysius, 87. 1–2; (393) saves Rhegium, 90. 5–6; (389) chosen general at Croton; defeated and slain by Dionysius, 103. 5–104. 4.
    • Helorum, in Sicily: (263) Hiero retains, XI, 23. 4. 1.
    • Helorus riv., in Sicily: (c. 491) Hippocrates of Gela defeats Syracusans at, IV, 10. 28. 13.
    • helots: (464) join Messenians against Lacedaemonians (Third Messenian war), IV, 11. 63. 4, 64. 4, VII, 15. 66. 4; overrun Laconia, IV, 11. 64. 1, 4; (456) punished or enslaved, 84. 8; (424) Spartans wish to destroy, by killing or sending to Thrace under Brasidas, V, 12. 67. 3–5; (421) those having served under Brasidas are freed, 76. 1; (369) some, freed, serve in army, VII, 15. 65. 6.
    • Hemithea: Molpadia d. of Staphylus deified as, III, 5. 62. 3–5; temple of, in Castabus in Caria, 62. 1; aids women in labour, 63. 1–3.
    • Heniochians, Pontic pirates: (310) driven from sea by Eumelus, X, 20. 25. 2; (before 61) subdued by Cn. Pompey, XII, 40. 4. 1.
    • Hephaestion: (333) Sisyngambris takes, for Alexander, VIII, 17. 37. 5–6, 38. 2, 114. 2; (332) nominates king for Tyre, 47. 1–6; (331) commands bodyguards at Arbela; wounded, 61. 3; first commander of the cavalry of the Companions, IX, 18. 3. 4; (326) sent into India, VIII, 17. 91. 2, 93. 1; with Craterus, commands part of army following route down the Indus, 96. 1; Alexander gives, Dareius’ daughter as wife, 107. 6; boldly answers Olympias, 114. 3; (325) dies; body sent to Babylon, 110. 8; (324) funeral of, 114. 1–115. 6; Alexander’s love for, 114. 1–3; he decrees worship of, 115. 6; (323) Perdiccas cancels Alexander’s plans for pyre of, IX, 18. 4. 2, 6.
    • Hephaestus: s. of Zeus, III, 5. 72. 5; first king of Egypt, becoming a terrestrial god, I, 1. 13. 2–3; discovers fire and metal-working, 13. 3, III, 5. 74. 2–3; identified with fire, I, 1. 12. 3, III, 5. 74. 3; gives Heracles club and mail, II, 4. 14. 3; wears Ariadnê’s wreath, III, 6. 4. 1; foretells birth of Sesoösis, I, 1. 53. 9; saves him from death, 57. 8; tripod worked by, as prize for wisest, IV, 9. 3. 2; (304) Agathocles dies after removing dedications to, X, 20. 101. 2–3.

      Temple of, in Memphis: Isis buried at, I, 1. 22. 2; Sesoösis dedicates statues in, 57. 5; Daedalus builds pro-pylon of, 97. 6; bull that is to be Apis taken to, 85. 2.

    • hepteres: (307) largest ships in fleet of Dionysius, X, 20. 50. 2.
    • Hera d. of Cronus and Rhea, I, 1. 13. 4, III, 5. 68. 1, 6. 1. 9; calls Oceanus and Tethys parents of all gods, II, 3. 56. 2; a terrestrial god, I, 1. 13. 2; Isis also called, 25. 1; marries brother Zeus, 13. 4, III, 5. 72. 4, 6. 1. 9, IV, 10. 31. 1; myth of dalliance of Zeus and, brought from Egypt, I, 1. 97. 9; mother of Osiris (Dionysus), Isis (Demeter), Typhon, Apollo, Aphroditê, 13. 4–5, and the Curetes, III, 6. 1. 9; Osiris builds temple to, I, 1. 15. 3; destroys Semelê, II, 3. 64. 3–4, 4. 2. 2; birth of Dionysus concealed from, 3. 66. 3, III, 5. 52. 2; Alcaeus s. of Alcmenê did not win name Heracles by gaining glory from, I, 1. 24. 4; delays birth of Heracles, II, 4. 9. 4–6; in spite of Athena, casts Heracles
    473
    • aside, 9. 6–7; sends serpents to destroy him; he wins name by gaining glory from, 10. 1; drives him mad, 11. 1; adopts him after apotheosis and gives him Hebê as wife, 39. 2–3; Eurystheus consecrates horses of Diomedes to, 15. 4; Ixion makes advances to, III, 4. 69. 4–5; all pray to, as the Perfectress, 5. 73. 2; statues of, in monuments of Ramses II, I, 1. 49. 4, and of Zeus Belus in Babylon, 2. 9. 5–6.

      Temples of: children of Medea buried in, in Corinth, 11, 4. 55. 1; (468) Argives and Mycenaeans dispute over, in Argolis, IV, 11. 65. 2; (410) Conon anchors at, after leaving Corcyra, V, 13. 48. 6; (387 = V390) geese of, on Capitol waken guards, VI, 14. 116. 6; (309) Carthaginians drive Syracusans ashore at, in Sicily, X, 20. 32. 4–5.

    • — Lacinia: (415) Athenians sail past shrine of, V, 13. 3. 4.
    • —, the Perfectress: all make first sacrifice to, III, 5. 73. 2.
    • — Telchinia, name of statue made by early folk of Rhodes, III, 5. 55. 2.
    • Heracleia, in Sicily near Mt. Eryx: foundation and destruction of, II, 4. 23. 3.
    • —, in Lucania: (433) Tarantini found, IV, 12. 36. 4; (415) Athenians sail past, V, 13. 3. 4.
    • — Lyncestis: (167) in 4th Macedonian canton, XT, 31. 8. 81.
    • — Minoa, in Sicily: (314) remains subject to Carthage, X, 19. 71. 7; (307) again submits to Agathocles, 20. 56. 3; (278–276) Pyrrhus takes, from Punic garrison, XI, 22. 10. 2; (262) Hanno 8. of Hannibal at, 23. 8. 1; (104) pr. P. Licinius Nerva at, XII, 36. 4. 2–3.
    • — Pontica, in Bithynia: a Megarian colony, VI, 14. 31. 3; (423) Athenian fleet lost near, V, 12. 72. 4; (401) receives the Ten Thousand mercenaries, VI, 14. 31. 1–3; (364) Clearchus becomes tyrant of, VII, 15. 81. 5; (353) Timotheüs s. of Clearchus succeeds, 16. 36. 3; (338) Dionysius brother of Timotheüs succeeds, VIII, 16. 88. 5; (306) Oxathras and Clearchus ss. of Dionysius succeed, X, 20. 77. 1; (302) Amestris regent of, sends supplies to her husband, Lysimachus, 109. 6–7; part of army of Pleistarchus reaches; Lysimachus at. 112. 2–4; false report that he has been driven to, in defeat, 113. 1–2.
    • — Sintica: (167) in 1st Macedonian canton, XI, 31. 8. 8.
    • — Tracheia, in Malis: (426) Lacedaemonians found, exiling Trachinians, V, 12. 59. 3–5, VI, 14. 82. 7; (420) with Theban aid, checks attack of Aenianians and others, V, 12. 77. 4; (399) Herippidas quells civil discord in, VI, 14. 38. 4; (395) Boeotians and Argives seize, and restore exiles, 82. 7; (370) Jason of Pherae takes, VII, 15. 57. 2; (323) Oetaeans except those from, join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1; (319) exiles of, not to be restored, 56. 5.
    • Heracleia, a street in Thurium, IV, 12. 10. 7.
    • Heracleian gate, at Agyrium, II, 4. 24. 6.
    • Heracleidae, the: Heracles bids Tyndareüs keep Sparta for, II, 4. 33. 5; Aegimius holds Doris for, 37. 3–4, 58. 6; Eurystheus bids Ceyx banish, 57. 2–3; in Attica, 57. 4, V, 12. 45. 12; with aid of Theseus, defeat Eurystheus, II, 4. 57. 5–58. 1; return to Peloponnese, 58. 1–59. 1; displace all but Arcadians, III, 7. 9. 1; give Corinth to Aletes, 9. 2; Ixion first of, to rule Corinth, 9. 3; after Bacchis the kings of Corinth not called, 9. 4; Lacedaemonians regard, as ancestors, V, 12. 45. 1; (403) Lysander plots
    474
    • to end reign of, in Sparta, VI, 14. 13. 2, 8.

      Return of, as date: I, 1. 5,1, II, 4. 1. 3, III, 5. 80. 3, 7. 2. 1, 8. 1, 2, 9. 3, V, 12. 75. 6, VII, 15. 66. 2, VIII, 16. 76. 5.

    • —, Indian: long, quiet reign of, II, 2. 39. 4.
    • Heracleides, of Syracuse: (415) general against Athens, V, 13. 4. 1.
    • — of Syracuse: (358) escapes from Sicily with Dion, VII, 16. 6. 4–5; (356) returns to Syracuse; elected general against Younger Dionysius, 16. 2; a faction supports, as supreme ruler, 17. 3.
    • — of Syracuse: (before 317) rears his nephew Agathocles, IX, 19. 2. 5–6. (Perhaps same as the following.)
    • — of Syracuse: (before 317) with Sostratus, commands expedition to aid Croton, IX, 19. 3. 3; heads aristocratic faction in Croton, 10. 3; attacks Rhegium, 4. 2.
    • — s. of Agathocles: (307) Agathocles vainly tries to take, from Libya, X, 20. 68. 3–4; killed by soldiers after Agathocles leaves, 69. 3, 72. 1, 77. 2.
    • —, ruler of Leontini: (278) promises Pyrrhus aid, XI, 22. 8. 5.
    • — of Tarentum: (c. 204) corrupts Philip V, XI, 28. 2. 1. 9. 1; (199) Philip arrests, 9.1.
    • — of Byzantium: (190) envoy of Antiochus III, XI, 29. 7. 1, (after 175) and of Antiochus IV, corrupts Senators, 31. 27a. 1.
    • Heracleium: (480) Greek fleet drawn up between, and Salamis, IV, 11. 18. 2.
    • —, citadel of Caunus in Caria: (309) Ptolemy storms, X, 20. 27. 2.
    • Heracleotic mouth of Nile: Canopic mouth sometimes called, I, 1. 33. 7.
    • Heracles, Egyptian: s. of Zeus and unknown mother, 10,000 years earlier than s. of Alcmenê, I, 1. 24. 1–7; contemporary of Osiris, 17. 3, 21. 4; deeds of, chiefly concern Egypt, III, 5. 76. 2; ends Nile flood, I, 1. 19. 1–3; clears earth of wild beasts, 24. 5–7, III, 5. 76. 1–2; sets up pillar in Libya, I, 1. 24. 1, II, 3. 74. 4; later confused with the s. of Alcmene, I, 1. 24. 4, III, 5. 76. 1–2.
    • —, Cretan: s. of Zeus (but not of Alcmenê), one of Idaean Dactyls; establishes Olympic games, II, 3. 74. 4, III, 5. 64. 6–7, 72. 5; institutes rites for women, 64. 7; deeds of, ascribed to s. of Alcmenê, 64. 6, 76. 1–2.
    • —, Greek: s. of Zeus and Alcmene, II, 3. 74. 4–5, 4. 9. 1; account of, 7. 4–39. 4; a contemporary of Orpheus, III, 7. 1. 1; lived a generation before Trojan war, I, 1. 24. 2; difficulty of relating story of, II, 4. 8. 1–5; poets have assigned to, the deeds of the Egyptian and the Cretan Heracles, I, 1. 24. 4, III, 5. 64, 6–7, 76. 1–2; deprived of kingship by earlier birth of Eurystheus, II, 4. 9. 4; called Alcaeus, a name changed to Heracles after he had gained “glory from Hera,” 10. 1 (but see I, 1. 24. 4); exposed by Alcmenê II, 4. 9. 6–7; strangles Hera’s snakes, 10. 1; pupil of music of Linus, whom he kills, 3. 67. 2; restores freedom to Thebes and punishes the Minyans, 4. 10. 2–5, 18. 7, VII, 15. 79. 5; drains marshes along the Peneius riv., II, 4. 18. 6–7; marries Megara d. of Creon, 10. 6; Eurystheus summons, to perform labours; Zeus promises immortality, 9. 5, 10. 6–7, 26. 4, 48. 4; becomes mad; slays children by Megara; cured by Medea; goes to Eurystheus, 11. 1–2, 55. 4; first three Labours, the Nemean lion,
    475
    • the Lernaean hydra, the Erymanthian boar, 11. 3–12. 2; slays Centaurs including, by mischance, Cheiron, 12. 3–8; Fourth to Sixth Labours, hart with gilded horns, the Stymphalian birds, the stable of Augeas, 13. 1–3, 3. 30. 4; Seventh Labour, the bull of Pasiphae” (Marathonian bull), 4. 13. 4, III, 4. 59. 6; establishes Olympian games, II, 4. 14.1–2, 53. 4–6 (but see 3. 74. 4, III, 5. 64. 6); honoured by the gods, II, 4. 14. 3; aids gods against Giants of Pallenê, 15. 1; reconciles Zeus and Prometheus, 15. 2; Eighth Labour, the horses of Thracian Diomedes, 15. 3–4; sails with Argonauts, 15. 4, 32. 1, 40. 1; chosen general, 41. 2–3; frees Hesionê d. of Laomedon; leaves promised reward (mares) and Hesionê with Laomedon, 42. 5–7; kills Phineus and frees Cleopatra, 43. 4–44. 3; witnesses agreements of Medea and Jason, 54. 7; according to some, left in Asia by Argonauts, 44. 5: Glaucus foretells labours and immortality of, 48. 6; when Laomedon refuses to give mares and Hesionê, kills him; makes Priam king, 49. 3–6; according to some, took Troy on separate campaign, 49. 7, 32. 1–5; with Argonauts, institutes Olympic games, 53. 4–6; Medea flees to, in Thebes, 54. 7, and restores his sanity, 55. 4; Ninth Labour, defeats Amazons and brings back girdle of Queen Hippolytê, 2. 46. 3–5, 4. 16. 1–4; frees Melanippê; gives Antiopê to Theseus, 16. 3–4; Tenth Labour, secures cattle of Geryones, 17. 1–25. 1, III, 5. 17. 4; gathers forces in Crete, II, 4.17. 1–4; frees Crete of wild beasts, kills Antaeus; subdues and brings civilization to Libya, 17. 4–18. 1, 3. 9. 1–2, except Ethiopia above Egypt, 3. 1; kills Busiris of Egypt; founds Hecatompylos, 4. 18. 1; destroys Gorgons and Amazons, 3. 55. 3; sets up pillars at Gadeira, 55. 3, 74. 5, 4. 18. 2, 4–5; subdues Iberia; drives away cattle of Geryones, 18. 2–3; enters Celtica, 19. 1, III, 5. 35. 2; founds cities; crosses Alps into Galatia (Cis-Alpine Gaul) and Liguria, II, 4. 19. 1–4, III, 5. 24. 2–3; crosses Liguria and Tyrrhenia, II, 4. 19. 4, 21. 1; Cacius welcomes, at Rome and foretells future tithes to Heracles, 21. 1–4; slays Giants of Phlegraean plain, 21. 5–7; founds Naples, IV, p. 109, frag. 2; at Lake Avernus, Paestum, and Locris, II, 4. 22. 1–5; swims strait to Sicily with cattle, 22, 6–23. 1; nymphs form warm springs for, at Himera and Aegesta, 23. 1, III, 5. 3. 4; defeats Eryx, II, 4. 23. 2–3; in Syracuse, institutes sacrifice at fountain Cyanê, 23. 4, III, 5. 4. 2; defeats Sicani, II, 4. 23. 5; at Agyrium, honoured as Olympian god, 24.1–6; in Italy, slays Lacinius and Croton, 24. 7; returns by land to Peloponnese, 25. 1; takes part in Eleusinian mysteries, 25. 1; Eleventh Labour, brings Cerberus from Hades, also Theseus and Perithoüs, 25. 1–26. 1, III, 4. 63. 4, VI, 14. 31. 3; Twelfth Labour, brings golden apples from Garden of the Hesperides, II, 4. 26. 2–28. 1; slays Antaeus, punishes Busiris, 27. 3; releases Atlantides (Hesperides) securing aid of Atlas; is taught astronomy by Atlas, 27. 4–5.

      Awaits promised immortality, II, 4. 26. 4; Amazons seek revenge for acts of, 28. 1, 4; sends colony to Sardinia led by Iolaüs and his sons by daughters of Thespius, 29. 1–6, III, 5. 15. 1; gives wife Megara to Iolaüs, II, 4. 30. 6–31. 1; seeks hand of Iolê d. of Eurytus;

    476
    • is rejected, 31. 1–3, 37. 5; plague-stricken after murder of Iphitus s. of Eurytus, sells self to Omphalê, 31. 4–6, who frees him and bears him sons, 31. 6–8; makes war on Troy; gives city to Priam, 32. 1–5, 49. 3–7; kills Centaur Eurytion; in Peloponnese, makes vain attack on Augeas, 33. 1; in Tiryns, exiled for plotting to seize kingdom; makes Arcadia his home, 33. 2, 7; Arcadians accompany him henceforth, 34. 1, 36. 5, 37. 3, 5, 57. 3; kills Augeas and Hippocoön, 33. 3–6; moves to Calydon, 34. 1; marries Deïaneira d. of Oeneus, 34. 1; diverts river Acheloüs, 35. 3–4; with Calydonians defeats Thesprotians, 36. 1; exiles self from Calydon for homicide, 36. 2–3; kills Centaur Nessus, who gives pretended love charm to Deïaneira, 36. 3–5; makes home at Trachis, 36. 5, 37. 4, V, 12. 59. 4; gives land of Dryopes to people of Melis, II, 4. 37. 1–2; slays Coronus, Cycnus, and Ormenius; gives third of Doris to Aegimius in trust for Heracleidae, 37. 3–4; at Oechalia, captures Iolê; comes to Cenaeum, 37. 5; dons cloak of Nessus; in anguish slays Lichas; returns to Trachis, 38. 1–2; as ordered by Apollo, mounts funeral pyre; passes to the gods, 38. 3–5; honoured as hero, 39. 1; adopted by Hera and given Hebê as wife, 39.2–4; visited all inhabited world, 3. 3. 1, except Britain, III, 5. 21. 2; failed to take “rock” Aornus, VIII, 17. 85. 2, 96. 2; initiated in Samothracian mysteries, III, 5. 49. 6; un-conquered by others but conquered by love, 8. 9. 1; a terrestrial god, deified for his unsurpassed works, I, 1. 2. 4, II, 4. 8. 1, 5, 53. 7, 57. 2, III, 6. 1. 2, performed single-handed, II, 4. 53. 7; Theseus emulates labours of, III, 4. 59. 1.

      (511) Milo of Croton wears gear of, IV, 12. 9. 6; (401) Greek mercenaries (the Ten Thousand) sacrifice to, at Trapezus, VI, 14. 30. 3; (371) rumour that arms of, have left temple in Thebes, VII, 15. 53. 4; (351) Nicostratus of Argos imitates, by lion’s skin, 16. 44. 3; (335) Alexander reminds Thessalians of common kinship with, VIII, 17. 4. 1; (326) Dioxippus resembles, in strength and garb, 100. 5; (324) Alexander commemorates death of, 117. 1; (278) Pyrrhus vies with, XI, 22. 10. 3. Cattle sacred to, still maintained in Iberia, II, 4. 18. 3. Temple of, in Cleonae, 33. 3.

      Father of: fifty sons by fifty daughters of Thespius, II, 4. 29. 3, III, 5. 15. 1; two sons by Omphalê, and Cleodaeus by a slave, II, 4. 31. 6–8; Telephus by Augê, 33. 7–12; Tlepolemus by d. of Phyleus, 36. 1; Ctesippus by Astydameia, 37. 4; Hyllus, Gleneus, and Hodites by Deïaneira, 36. 3, 37. 1; Antiochus by d. of Phylas, 37. 1. Ancestor of: Pentathlus of Cnidus, III, 5. 9. 2; Galates by a woman of Celtica, 24. 2–3; the Bacchidae who ruled Corinth, 7. 9. 6; the Lacedaemonians, IV, 11. 50. 0, V, 12. 59. 4, and their kings, VI, 14. 13. 8, VII, 15. 55. 1; the kings of Macedon, III, 7. 15. 3, 17. 1, VIII, 17. 1. 5. Ancestral friend of the Debae (Arabs), II, 3. 45. 5. See Hyllus, TIepolemus, Thettalus ss. of.

    • —, Indian: born in India; rids land of beasts; founds cities, II, 2. 39. 1–3; descendants of, rule India, 39. 4.
    • —, Tyrian (i.e., Melkart): temple of, at Gadeira, III, 5. 20. 2, and at Tyre, VIII, 17. 41. 8; (322) here Alexander wishes to sacrifice, 40. 2, and does so
    477
    • after fall of city, 40. 6; (310) Carthaginians make offerings to, in Tyre, X, 20. 14. 1–3.
    • — s. of Alexander and Barsinê: (310) Polyperchon summons, from Pergamon, X, 20. 20.1–4; 28. 1; (309) Cassander fears Macedonians will support, 28. 1; Polyperchon kills, 28. 2–3.
    • —, Field of: Heracles exposed in what is now called, II, 4. 9. 6.
    • —, Pillars of: set up by Egyptian or Greek Heracles, II, 3. 74. 4–5, 4. 18. 2–5; account of islands beyond, III, 5. 16. 1, 19. 1–20. 4; (324) envoys from as far as, come to Alexander, VIII, 17. 113. 2; (323) Perdiccas cancels Alexander’s plan for road to, IX, 18. 4. 4, 6; (237–228) Hamilcar Barca extends Punic power to, XI, 25. 10. 1; (216) Hannibal said to have come from, 26. 13. 1.
    • —, Strait of: Phoenicians pass through, and establish Gadeira at, III, 5. 20. 1–3.
    • Heraea, in Arcadia: (375) exiles from Phialeia recover, VII, 15. 40. 2.
    • Heraean mts., in Sicily, III, 4. 84. 1–2.
    • Heraeum, Argive: (468) Argives and Mycenaeans dispute over, IV, 11. 65. 2.
    • Heraïs of Abae, d. of Diophantus: becomes a man, XI, 32. 10. 2–9 (pp. 447–453).
    • Herbessus, in Sicily: (404) Dionysius besieges, VI, 14. 7. 6; (396) he makes peace with, 78. 7; (262) betrayed to Hanno s. of Hannibal, XI, 23. 8. 1; (258) abandoned, 9. 5.
    • Herbitê, in Sicily: (403) Dionysius makes peace with, VI, 14. 15. 1, 16. 1; joins in founding Halaesa Archonidion, 16.1–3; (396) Dionysius makes treaty with, 78. 7. See Archonides, ruler of.
    • Herctae (Herctê), in Sicily: (278–276) Pyrrhus takes, XI, 22. 10. 4; (252) withstands Roman siege, 23. 20. 1.
    • Hercynian forest, largest in Europe, III, 5. 21. 1.
    • — mts.: peoples of, properly called Gauls, III, 5. 32. 1.
    • herdsmen, form third caste in India, II, 2. 40. 6.
    • Herippidas of Lacedaemon: (399) quells disorder in Heracleia Tracheia, VI, 14. 38. 4–5.
    • Hermae: (415) mutilation of, in Athens, V, 13. 2. 3, 5. 1.
    • hermaphrodites: as prodigies, II, 4. 6. 5; discussion of, XI, 32. 10. 2–12. 3 (pp. 447–457).
    • Hermaphroditus: child of Hermes and Aphroditê, II, 4. 6. 5.
    • Hermeias of Methymnê: (376) history of Sicily by, ends, VII, 15. 37. 3.
    • —, a slave: (135) kills his master Damophilus, XII, 34/5. 2. 14, but saves master’s daughter, 2. 39.
    • Hermes, Egyptian: a terrestrial god, I, 1, 13. 2; founds cities, 12. 6; inventions of, 15. 9–16. 2, 43. 6; olive discovered by, not by Athena, 16. 2; scribe of Osiris, 16. 2; counsellor and instructor of Isis, 17. 3, 27. 4; sacrifices to Osiris, 20. 6; gives laws to Mneves (Menes), 94. 1; conduct souls as does Greek Hermes, 96. 6.
    • —, Greek: s. of Zeus and Maia, II, 3. 60. 4, III, 5. 72. 5; inventor of lyre, II, 3. 59. 2, III, 5. 49. 1, 4, 75. 3, of names, 67. 3, and of all belonging to embassies and trade, 75. 1–2; conductor of souls, I, 1. 96. 6; carries infant Dionysus to Nysa, II, 4. 2. 3; presents sword to Heracles, 14. 3; adds deeds of Artemis and Apollo to inscription on Panchaea, III, 5. 46. 7. Father of Hermaphroditus, II, 4. 6. 5, of Daphnis, III, 4. 84. 2, and of Saon, 5. 48. 1. (415) Statues of, in Athens mutilated, V, 13. 2. 3, 5. 1. See Faunus s. of Picus, who is called Hermes.
    • Hermes, the planet Mercury:
    478
    • Greeks and Chaldaeans agree in naming, I, 2. 30. 3.
    • Hermias, tyrant of Atarneus: (349) Mentor deceives, VII, 16. 52. 5–7.
    • Herminius Coritinesanus, Lars: (441=V448) consul, IV, 12. 27. 1.
    • Hermionê (Hermionis), in Argolis: Dryopes found, II, 4. 37. 2; (316) Cassander gains, IX, 19. 54. 4.
    • Hermocrates of Syracuse: (415) general against Athenians, V, 13. 4.1; (413) drives them from Epipolae, 11. 4; urges seizure of roads to forestall their retreat, 18. 3–4; vainly urges moderation for captives, 19. 5–6; (412) commands fleet sent to aid Lacedaemonians, 34. 4, (411) 39. 4; (409) after exile by political enemies, returns to Sicily and begins war with Carthage, 63. 1–6; (408) sends bones of those slain at Himera to Syracuse; is not recalled, 75. 2–5; killed trying to enter city, 75. 6–8; (406) Dionysius marries d. of, 96. 3; (405) she is slain by mutinous cavalry, 112. 4, VI, 14. 44. 5.
    • —, father of Dionysius, V, 13. 91. 3.
    • —, the sophist: (336) encourages plot against Philip, VIII, 16. 94. 1–2.
    • Hermon of Lemnos: (c. 520) gives Lemnos to Miltiades, IV, 10. 19. 6.
    • Hermus riv., in Lydia, IV, 9. 31. 2.
    • Heroa: (446) street in Thurium, IV, 12. 10. 7.
    • Herodes: (60) archon, I, 1. 4. 7.
    • Herodotus, the historian: contemporary with Xerxes, I, 2. 32. 2; wrote history of world, IV, 11. 37. 6; criticism of, I, 1. 37. 4, 69. 7, IV, 10. 24. 1; cited, I, 1. 37. 4, 11, 38. 8–12; 2. 15. 1–2; 32. 1–3.
    • Hesiod: invented tales of the gods, III, 6. 1. 3, 11; cited, 4. 85. 5; 5. 81. 4; quoted, II, 4. 7. 2; III, 5. 66. 6.
    • Hesionê d. of Laomedon: offered as food for monster; freed by Heracles, II, 4. 42. 3–7; Laomedon refuses to give, to Heracles, 49. 3; Heracles gives, to Telamon, 32. 5.
    • Hespera, in Lake Tritonis: home of the Libyan Amazons, II, 3. 53. 4–6.
    • Hesperides (Atlantides): dd. of Atlas and Hesperis, II, 4. 27. 1–2; Heracles gets golden apples from garden of the, 26. 2–28. 1; ancestresses of gods and heroes, 3. 60. 4–5. See Atlantides.
    • Hesperides, in Cyrenê: see Hesperis.
    • Hesperis d. of Hesperus: mother of the Hesperides or Atlantides, II, 4. 27. 2.
    • Hesperis (Hesperides, Euhesperis) in Cyrene: Argonauts set up tripod in, II, 4. 56. 6; (322) allied to Thibron, IX, 18. 20. 3.
    • Hesperitis, home of Atlas, II, 4. 27. 1–2.
    • Hesperoukeras: Ammon finds Amaltheia in, II, 3. 68. 2.
    • Hesperus, brother of Atlas, II, 4. 27. 1–2.
    • — s. of Atlas: deified; name given to brightest star, II, 3. 60. 2–3.
    • Hestia: a terrestrial goddess according to Egyptians, I, 1. 13. 2; gives laws to Zalmoxis, 94. 2; d. of Cronus and Rhea according to Cretans, III, 5. 68. 1; by Uranus, becomes mother of Cronus, Titan, Demeter, and Rhea according to Euhemerus, 6. 1. 9; (404) Theramenes dragged from altar of, VI, 14. 4. 7.
    • Hestiaea (Histiaea, Hestiaeotis), in Euboea: (480) Persians sack, IV, 11. 13. 5; (446) revolts from Athens; reduced and depopulated, 12. 7. 1, (445) 22. 2, VII, 15. 30. 1; (before 377) Neogenes tyrant of, expelled by Lacedaemonans,
    479
    • 30. 3; (377) loyal to Sparta, 30. 1, 4; laid waste by Athens, 30. 5.
    • Hestiaeotis, in Thessaly: inhabited by Dorieis, II, 4. 37. 3.
    • Hetoemaridas of Lacedaemon: (475) a descendant of Heracles; opposes war with Athens, IV, 11. 50. 5–8.
    • Hexapyla, gate of Syracuse: (356) Dion with mercenaries comes to, VII, 16. 20. 2.
    • hexeres: (302) in fleet of Cassander, lost with 500 men, X, 20. 112. 4.
    • Hicetas, tyrant of Leontini: (345) allied with Carthage, VIII, 16. 67. 1; attacks Syracuse; defeats Dionysius II; seizes city except Island, 68. 1–4; Timoleon takes camp of, and moves on Syracuse, 68. 9–11; (344) holds Achradina and Neopolis in Syracuse, 69. 3; Carthaginians abandon, 69. 5–6; (342) takes refuge in Leontini, 72. 2–4; (340) Timoleon makes peace with, 77. 5; (339) Timoleon kills, 82. 4.
    • —, tyrant of Syracuse; (289) Syracuse sends, against Menon, XI, 21. 18. 1; (c. 287) becomes tyrant, 22. 7. 2; defeats Phintias; defeated by Carthage, 2. 1; (279) Thoenon s. of Maine us displaces, 7. 2–3.
    • Hiempsal s. of Micipsa: see Iampsamus.
    • Hiera (Sacred) isl., off coast of Arabia Felix: see Panchaea isl.
    • — Hephaestu (Hephaestou) isl., one of Aeolides: subject to volcanic activity, III, 5. 7. 1, 3; (241) Hanno sails to, on way to Eryx, XI, 24. 11. 1.
    • Hierax: (before 175) misdeeds of, against Seleucus IV, XI, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445); (c. 146) holds Antioch for Alexander Balas, XII, 33. 3. 1; offers crown to Ptolemy VI, XI, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445); (139) holds Egypt for Ptolemy VIII, XII, 33. 22. 1.
    • hieroglyphic writing, of Egyptians and Ethiopians, II, 3. 3. 5, 4. 1–4, III, 5. 46. 7.
    • Hieromnemon: (310) archon, X, 20. 3. 1.
    • Hieron I, tyrant of Syracuse, 478–467: (478) succeeds brother Gelon, IV, 11. 38. 3, 7, 48. 3; (476) suspects brother Polyzelus; prepares war on Theron of Acragas, 48. 3–5; makes peace with Theron, betraying Himeraeans, 48. 6–8; removes people of Naxos and Catana, bringing in colonists, 49. 1–2, 67. 7, 76. 3–4; (474) aids Cumae against Tyrrhenians, 51. 1–2; (472) defeats Thrasydaeus of Acragas; makes peace with Acragantini, 53. 3–5; (467) rouses sons of Anaxilas against Micythus, 66. 1; dies in Catana; honoured as founder, 66. 4; Thrasybulus brother of, succeeds to throne, 67. 5; (461) those expelled from cities by, return, 76. 4. Character of, 67. 3–5.
    • — II, tyrant of Syracuse, 265–215: (c. 270) takes Mylae and Ameselum, XI, 22. 13. 1; (c. 269) defeats Mamertines, 13. 2–5; abandons siege of Messana, 13. 6–8; (c. 264) allied with Carthage against Messana, 13. 9, and against Rome, 23. 1. 2; with Hanno s. of Hannibal, besieges Messana, 1. 2–3; rebukes Rome for coveting Sicily, 1. 4; flees to Syracuse; (263) makes peace with Rome, 3. 1–4. 1; (258) aids Rome against Camarina, 9. 5; (255) welcomes survivors of wrecked Roman fleet, 18. 1; (250) supplies grain to Romans, 24. 1, 4; (249) cos. L. Junius Pullus seeks refuge with, 1. 9; (225) sends Rome grain during Celtic war, 25. 14. 1; (226?) aids Rhodes after earthquake, 26. 8. 1; (215) on death of, Hieronymus succeeds, 15. 1. Built Olympieium, VIII, 16. 83. 2; interpreted laws of Diodes, V, 13. 35. 3.
    480
    • Hieron, in Thrace: (313) Pausanias general of Antigonus camps at, X, 19. 73. 6.
    • Hieronymus of Athens: (396) commands Persian fleet under Conon, VI, 14. 81. 4.
    • — of Cardla: (320) historian and friend of Eumenes; envoy of Eumenes to Antipater, IX, 18. 42. 1; (319) sent by Antigonus to win support of Eumenes, 50. 4; (317) enjoys favour of Antigonus after Eumenes’ death, 19. 44. 3; (312) Antigonus places, in charge of asphalt industry, X, 19. 100. 1–3.
    • —, tyrant of Syracuse, 215: (215) succeeds Hieron; overthrown because of crimes, XI, 26. 15. 1–2.
    • high priest: Jews ruled by a, XII, 40. 2. 1; powers of, 3. 5–6.
    • Himalia, a nymph: mother of Spartaeus, Cronius, and Cytus by Zeus, III, 5. 55. 5.
    • Himera, in Sicily: given to Athena; springs gush forth at visit of Heracles, III, 5. 3. 4; (480) Hamilcar camps before, and defeats people of, IV, 11. 20. 3–5; Gelon of Syracuse comes to aid of, 21. 1–2; and defeats Carthaginians before, 22. 1–23. 1. 24. 2, V, 13. 43. 5, 59. 4–5, 94. 5, VI, 14. 67. 1, on same day as battle at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 24. 1; Gelon embellishes temples in, with spoil, 25. 1; (476) people of, offer to give city to Hieron of Syracuse; he betrays them to Theron, 48. 6–8; Theron enrols new citizens for, 49. 3; (472) Thrasydemus enrols citizens of, for war on Syracuse, 53. 3; (466) helps Syracuse expel Thrasybulus, 68. 1; (461) exiles return to, and expel new citizens, 76. 4; (415) aids Syracuse against Athens, V, 13. 4. 2; (414) 7. 6–7, 8. 4; (413) 12. 4; (409) Hannibal s. of Gesco bitter against, for defeat of grandfather Hamilcar, 59. 4–5; he attacks, 59. 6–60. 7, 87. 2; triremes from Sicilian Greeks return to, 61, 1; Diocles abandons defence of; most people of, leave, 61. 2–6; Hannibal takes, by storm, 62. 1–4, 80. 1, 86. 4, 111. 4, IV, 11. 49. 4; Campanian mercenaries claim credit for capture of, V, 13. 62. 5; Hermocrates enlists survivors of, and continues war with Carthage, 63. 3; (408) he carries to Syracuse bones of Syracusans slain at, 75. 2–4; (405) Sicilians terrified at fate of, 111. 4; by terms of peace, unfortified and tributary to Carthage, 114. 1; (397) Dionysius calls levy from, against Motyê, VI, 14. 47. 6; (396) Himilcon establishes friendship with, 56. 2; (314) remains subject to Carthage, X, 19. 71. 7. See Crison of.
    • Himera riv., in Sicily: (446) Syracusans defeat Acragantini at the, IV, 12. 8. 4, 26. 3; (406) Syracusans defeat Carthaginians at the, V, 13. 87. 1–2; (311) Hamilcar s. of Gesco defeats Agathocles at, X, 19. 108. 1–109. 5, IX, 19. 1. 10, X, 20. 3. 1, 13. 4, 30. 1.
    • Himeraea, warm bath formed for Heracles, II, 4. 23. 1.
    • Himerus, tyrant of Babylon: see Euhemerus, king of Parthians.
    • Himilcar (perhaps identical with the following): (406) with Hannibal, moves to Sicily; lays siege to Acragas, V, 13. 85. 1–5; offers human sacrifice, 86. 3; fails to retrieve defeat at Himera riv., 87. 1–2; captures Syracusan supply ships, 88. 1–5; takes Acragas; sends booty to Carthage, 90. 1–5, 91. 1; winters in Acragas, 91. 1; (405) makes peace with Dionysius; returns to Libya, 114. 1–3.
    • Himilcon s. of Hanno (perhaps identical with preceding): (406) with Hannibal, general against
    481
    • Sicily, V, 13. 80. 1–2; raises citizen and mercenary forces, 80. 2–5; sends force that is defeated by Syracusans at Himera riv., 87. 1–3; Dionysius states that, has bribed Syracusans, 94. 2–3; (405) razes Acragas; plunders territory of Gela and Camarina, 108. 2–3; makes peace with Dionysius, VI, 14. 16. 4; departing, leaves Campanian mercenaries, 8. 5; (397) fleet of, destroys ships in Syracusan harbour, 49. 1–2; fails to destroy ships at Motyê; returns to Libya, 50. 1–4; (396) given supreme command against Syracuse, 54. 5; fleet of, takes Eryx and Motyê, 55. 1–5; occupies Messenê, 56. 1–3, 57. 1–6; destroys Messenê, 58. 3–59. 1; moves to Taurus (Tauromenium), 59. 1–5; Dionysius refuses battle, 61. 1–3; fails to win Campanians of Aetnê, 61. 4–6; before Syracuse, vainly challenges Dionysius, 62. 2–5; fortune changes after, plunders temples and tombs, 63. 1–4, 76. 3; Dionysius permits, to sail with citizen soldiers only, 75. 1–4, 7; disgrace and death of, 76. 3–4.
    • — of Carthage: (307) defeats army of Agathocles, X, 20. 60. 4–8, 61. 2–3.
    • Hindu Kush: see Caucasus (Hindu Kush).
    • Hippalcimus s. of Itonus, father of Peneleos, III, 4. 67. 7.
    • Hipparchus s. of Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens, 527–514: with brother Hippias maintains the tyranny; commits lawless acts, IV, 10. 17. 1.
    • Hipparinus of Syracuse: father of Dion and of Aristomachê wife of Dionysius I, VII, 16. 6. 1–2.
    • — s. of Dionysius I, half-brother of Dionysius II, VII, 16. 6. 2; (353) defeats Callippus; recovers father’s realm; rules two years, 36. 5.
    • Hippias s. of Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens, 527–510; with brother Hipparchus maintains tyranny, IV, 10. 17. 1.
    • Hippius, name of Poseidon, III, 5. 69. 4.
    • Hippo, in Libya: (241–237) Utica and, revolt from Carthage, XI, 25. 3. 2, 5. 3.
    • Hippocentaurs, offspring of Centaurs and mares, III, 4. 70. 1.
    • Hippocoön, king of Sparta: Heracles kills, II, 4. 33. 5–6. See Zeuxippê.
    • Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, 498–491: (491) piety of, after defeating Syracusans, IV, 10. 28. 1–2.
    • — of Athens: (424) accepts invitation to send force into Megara, V, 12. 66. 1–2; certain Boeotians agree to deliver Boeotia to, 69. 1–2; moves against Delium; Boeotians defeat, 69. 3–70. 5.
    • — of Lacedaemon: (409) harmost at Chalcedon, defeated and killed, V, 13. 66. 1–2.
    • Hippodamas: (375) archon, VII, 15. 38. 1.
    • Hippodameia wife of Peirithoüs: violence at marriage of, leads to war of Centaurs and Lapiths, III, 4. 70. 3–4; dies, 63. 1.
    • — d. of Oenomaüs: Pelops wins hand of, III, 4. 73. 1–6.
    • Hippolytê, queen of Amazons: Heracles defeats, securing her girdle, II, 2. 46. 3–4, 4. 16. 1; enslaved by Theseus, 28. 1.
    • — d. of Dexamenus: Heracles kills Centaur Eurytion at marriage of, II, 4. 33. 1.
    • Hippolytus: s. of Theseus and Antiopê (or Hippolytê), II, 4. 28. 3; rejects love of stepmother Phaedra; death of, III, 4. 62. 1–4.
    • —: father of Deïphobus, II, 4. 31, 5.
    • Hippomedon: joins Adrastus against Thebes, III, 4. 65. 4.
    • Hippomenes of Athens: savage punishment of daughter by, III, 8. 22. 1.
    482
    • Hipponicus, father of Callias, IV, 12. 4. 5.
    • — s. of Callias: (424) with Nicias, defeats Thebans, V, 12. 65. 3, 5.
    • Hipponium, in Bruttium: (388) Dionysius razes, and transports people, VI, 14. 107. 2, (379) who are restored by Carthage, VII, 15. 24. 1; (356) slaves occupy, 16. 15. 1–2; (c. 294) Agathocles takes, XI, 21. 8. 1.
    • Hipponoüs of Olenus: orders death of daughter Periboea, II, 4. 35. 1.
    • hippopotamus, described, I, 1. 35. 8–11, II, 2. 51. 4.
    • Hippostratus: (316) Antigonus makes, general of Media, IX, 19. 46. 5; former followers of Eumenes and Pithon attack, 47. 1–4.
    • Hippotes s. of Creon: demands return of Medea from Athens, II, 4. 55. 5.
    • — s. of Mimas: father of Aeolus, III, 4. 67. 3, 5. 7. 6, 81. 6.
    • —, descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Pentathlus, III, 5. 9. 2. See Nausus, companion of.
    • Hippotion, a Centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 12. 7.
    • Hippu Acra, in Libya: (307) Agathocles takes, X, 20. 55. 3, 57. 6.
    • — —, in Libya: (307) Eumachus, general of Archagathus, takes, X, 20. 57. 6.
    • Histiaea: see Hestiaea in Euboea. history: value of, I, 1. 1. 1–3. 8, XI, 30. 15. 1, 31. 15. 1, XII, 37. 4. 1; recent appearance of writers of, I, 1. 9. 2; need of care in ordering materials of, III, 5. 1. 1–4; on prefaces to books of, V, 13. 1. 1–2; art of writing, VII, 16. 1.1–2; X, 20. 1. 1–2. 2; XI, 26. 1. 1–3; cannot simultaneously describe simultaneous events, X, 20. 43. 7; denunciation of errors a proper function of, XI, 23. 15. 1.
    • Hodites s. of Heracles and Deïaneira, II, 4. 37. 1.
    • Holophernes (Orophernes) s. of Ariamnes (Ariaramnes): brother of Ariarathes I, of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 2–3.
    • —, supposititious s. of Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 7.
    • Holy Mount: (310=V311) Rome defeats Samnitesat, X, 20. 26. 3.
    • Homadus, a Centaur: escapes Heracles; killed in Arcadia, II, 4. 12. 7.
    • Homer: date of, III, 7. 1. 1–2; visit of, to Egypt, I, 1. 12. 10, 69. 4, 96. 2, 6, 97. 7–9; taught by Pronapides, II, 3. 67. 5; appropriated verses of Daphnê d. of Teiresias, III, 4. 66. 6; invented tales of the gods, 6. 1. 3, 11; believed that the dying foretell the future, IX, 18. 1. 2; Zoïlus’ book against, XII, pp. 297–299; most illustrious of poets, I, 1. 12. 2, II, 3. 2. 3, 56. 2, III, 5. 2. 4, VII, 16. 23. 5, 56. 7, XI, 26. 1. 1, XII, 37. 1. 1. Quoted: I, 1. I. 2; 11. 2; 12. 2, 5, 10; 19. 4. 45. 6; 96. 6–7; II, 2. 56. 7; 3. 2. 3; 56. 2; 67. 3; 4. 7. 2; 32. 2; 39. 3; 49. 7; III, 4. 75. 2; 85. 6, 7; 5. 2. 4; 69. 3. VII, 15. 52. 4; 16. 23. 5; 56. 7; XI, 24. 5. 2; 32. 24. 1; XII, 34/5. 7. 3.
    • Homeric Hymns, quoted: I, 1. 15. 7; II, 3. 66. 3; 4. 2. 4.
    • honey: Curetes discover, III, 5. 65. 2; exported from Corsica, 13. 4, 14. 1, 3, from Iberia, 34. 2; (401) ill effects from Colchian, VI, 14. 30. 1–2; (362) Agesilaüs’ body packed in, VII, 15. 93. 6.
    • Horae: see Hours.
    • Horatius Barbatus, M.: (442=V449) cos., IV, 12. 26. 1.
    • — Pulvilus, C: (472=V477) cos., IV, 11. 53. 1.
    • — —M.: (451=V457) cos., IV, 11. 91. 1.
    • Horn of Hesperus: see Hesperoukeras.
    • horse: Poseidon first to tame the, III. 5. 69. 4; death of Achilles foretold by his, 6. 3. 1; d. of Hippomenes eaten by a, 8.
    483
    • 22. 1; (325) Alexander in land rich in, VIII, 17. 110. 6; (320) Eumenes exercises, on Nora, IX, 18. 42. 3–4. See Bucephalus.
    • Horus: s. of Isis and Osiris, I, 1. 27. 4; aids mother in avenging father, 21. 3; last of gods to be king in Egypt, 25. 7, 44. 1; Titans kill; Isis restores, 25. 6; Osiris restored to earth aids, against Typhon, 88. 6; makes treaty with Libyan Amazons, II, 3. 55. 4; identified with Apollo, I, 1. 25. 7.
    • hospitality: laws of, not respected by Egyptians, I, 1. 67. 11.
    • Hostilius, Tullus: king of Rome; sends envoys who make formal demands on Alba and declare war, III, 8. 25. 1–4.
    • — Mancinus, A.: (170) cos., escapes Perseus’ plots, XI, 30. 5a. 1.
    • — —, A.: (149) envoy to Bithynia; Cato’s jibes at head of, XI, 32. 20. 1.
    • hours: Heliadae divide day into, III, 5. 57. 1.
    • Hours: daughters of Zeus, III, 5. 72. 5; Zeus gives to each the ordering of part of life, 73. 6.
    • houses; Hestia d. of Cronus first to build, III, 5. 68. 1.
    • Hundred Isles, near Lesbos: (407) Conon camps on one of, V, 13. 77. 2.
    • Hya (Hyampolis), in Phocis: (347) Boeotians plunder lands about, VII, 16. 56. 1.
    • Hyacinthus of Athens: daughters of, to be remembered, VIII, 17. 15. 2.
    • Hyampolis: see Hya.
    • Hyapates s. of Onnes and Semiramis, I, 2. 5. 1.
    • Hybla, in Sicily: (453) does not join federation of Ducetius, IV, 11. 88. 6.
    • Hyblaeus riv., in Sicily: (280) Hicetas of Syracuse defeats Phintias of Acragas near, XI, 22. 2. 1.
    • Hyccara, in Sicily: (415) Athenians capture, V, 13. 6. 1.
    • Hydaspes s. of Onnes and Semiramis, I, 2. 5. 1.
    • Hydaspes riv., in India: summer rains about the, I, 1. 41. 7; tributary of Indus, II, 2. 37. 4; (326) Alexander at, VIII, 17. 96.1; (321) Antipater continues Taxiles as king along, IX, 18. 39. 6.
    • hydra: see Lernaean hydra.
    • Hyllus s. of Heracles and Deïaneira: eldest of three sons, II, 4. 37. 1; with father in exile, 36. 3; feared by Eurystheus; a leader of the Heracleidae; slays Eurystheus, 57. 2, 6; defeated and slain by Echemus, 58. 1–4; ancestor of the Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
    • Hylophagi (wood-eaters) of Ethiopia: II, 3. 24. 1–4.
    • Hymettus, Mt., in Attica: Peisistratus sees farmer on slope of, IV, 9. 37. 2.
    • Hypanis riv., in India, II, 2. 37. 4.
    • Hyperbius of Syracuse: (420) stadion winner, V, 12. 77. 1.
    • Hyperboreans: account of, II, 2. 47. 1–6, 3. 1. 2; Apollo accompanies Cybelê as far as, 59. 6; Medea proclaims that Artemis has come from, 4. 51. 2, 6.
    • Hypereides of Athens: (323) delivers funeral oration for Leosthenes, IX, 18. 13. 5.
    • Hyperion s. of Uranus: a Titan, III, 5. 66. 3; first to understand movements of celestial bodies, 67. 1; father of Helius and Selene; slain by his brothers, II, 3. 57. 3–5, who divide kingdom, 60. 1.
    • Hypermnestra d. of Thespius, III, 4. 68. 5.
    • Hyphasis riv., in India: (326) Alexander reaches, VIII, 17. 93. 1, 21.
    • Hypseus s. of Peneius, III, 4. 69. 1, 3, 81. 1.
    • Hyracia, in Panchaea, III, 5. 45. 2.
    • Hyrcania: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; Ninus masters, I, 2. 2. 3; (334) cavalry from, in Persian army, VIII, 17. 19. 4; (329)
    484
    • Alexander in, 75. 1–78. 4; (323) Perdiccas assigns, to Phrataphernes, IX, 18. 3. 3. See Artabanus, Euhemerus of.
    • Hyrcanian sea: see Caspian sea.
    • Hyrcanus: (63) rebuked by Pompey for treatment of the Jews, XII, 40. 2. 1.
    • Hysiae, in Argolis: (417) Lacedaemonians take, V, 12. 81. 1.
    • Hystaspes s. of Xerxes: (465) absent when father is killed, IV, 11. 69. 2.
    I
    • Iaetia, in Sicily: (278–276) yields to Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 10. 4; (254) goes over from Carthage to Rome, 23. 18. 5.
    • Ialysia, in Rhodes: Heliadae found Achaia in, III, 5. 57. 6.
    • Ialysus s. of Cercaphus: founds Ialysus in Rhodes, III, 5. 57. 8.
    • Ialysus, in Rhodes: founded by Tlepolemus, II, 4. 58. 8, or by Ialysus, III, 5. 57. 8; statues called Telchinian in, 55. 2; Phoenicians in, 58. 2; with Lindus and Cameirus forms Rhodes, V, 13. 75. 1.
    • Iamblichus of Arabia: (145) guardian of Antiochus VI; becomes ally of Diodotus Tryphon, XII, 33. 4a. 1.
    • Iambulus: discovers island utopia (Ceylon?), which he describes, II, 2. 55. 1–60. 3.
    • Iampsamus (Hiempsal) s. of Micipsa of Numidia, XII, 34/5. 35.1.
    • Iao (Yahu, Yahweh): Moses receives law from, I, 1. 94. 2.
    • Iapetus, a Titan, father of Prometheus, III, 5. 66. 3, 67. 2.
    • Iapygia, in Italy: Tarentum to be a bane to, III, 8. 21. 3; (473) defeats Tarentum and Rhegium, IV, 11. 52. 1–5; (415) Athenians land at, V, 13. 3. 3; (387=V390) Celts pass through, VI, 14. 117. 7; (309=V310) Samnites plunder, X, 20. 35. 2; (306) Romans invade, 80. 1; (c. 295) Agathocles makes alliance with, XI, 21. 4. 1; Apulia once held by, 25. 19. 1; (p. 171); (89) C. Cosconius defeats Italians in, XII, 37. 2. 8–9.
    • Iardanus: father of Omphalê, II, 4. 31. 5.
    • Ias, old name of Achaïa, III, 5. 81. 4.
    • Iasion s. of Zeus: Zeus instructs, in Samothracian mysteries, III, 5. 48. 2, 4; at wedding of Harmonia and Cadmus, receives gifts from the gods, 48. 5–49. 1, 4; marries Cybelê; received among the gods, 49. 2; father of Plutus, 49. 4, 77. 1–2.
    • Iasus, in Caria: (405) Lysander razes, V, 13. 104. 7; (313) forced to support Antigonus, X, 19. 75. 5.
    • Iber riv., in Iberia: (229) Hamilcar drowned in, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 167).
    • Iberia, Iberians: account of Celtiberia and, III, 5. 33. 1–39. 1; Chrysaor king of, II, 4. 17. 2; Heracles subdues; he drives cattle of Geryones through, 17. 1, 18. 2–3; he delivers, to best of natives and departs, 19. 1; Sicani came to Sicily from, according to some, III, 5. 6. 1; account of the islands near, 16. 1–18. 4, 38. 4; Celts and, mixing form Celtiberians, 33. 1; Lusitanians the most warlike of, 34. 4, 6; Phoenicians and Italians in, 35. 5, 36. 3; mines of, produce silver, gold, copper, and tin, 35. 1–38. 5; (442) peace in, IV, 12. 26. 4; (323) Perdiccas cancels campaign against, planned by Alexander, IX, 18. 4. 4, 6; (241–237) mercenaries from, in Punic army mutiny, XI, 25. 2. 1–2; (241–229) campaigns’of Hamilcar Barca in; his death, 8. 1–11. 1, 19. 1 (pp. 165–167), 26. 24. 1; (229–221) Hasdrubal in, 25. 12. 1, 15. 1, 19. 1 (p. 167); (221–219) Hannibal s. of Hamilcar commands in; he takes
    485
    • Zacantha (Saguntum) in, 15. 1, 19. 1 (p. 167); (210–206) Scipio Africanus in, 29. 20. 1, 21. 1; (194–193) Scipio Nasica wins victories in, XII, 34/5. 33. 1; (191–189) L. Aemilius Paullus brings gold from, XI, 31. 26. 1; (153) affairs of, 39. 1–40. 1, 41. 1–42. 1; (c. 147–139) career of Viriathus in, XII, 33. 1. 1–2. 1; (145) 7. 1–7; (c. 143) Numantia and Termessus refuse Roman terms, 16. 1–2; (140) war in, continues, 17.1–3; (139) assassination of Viriathus, 19. 1, 21. 1–21a. 1; (? 139–136) war in, continues, 24. 1–27. 1, (? 133) 34/5. 4. 1–2; (73) Q. Sertorius plays the tyrant in, and is slain, 37. 22a. 1 (pp. 267–269); (77–71) Pompey subdues and protects, 40. 4. 1, III, 5. 36. 3. Mercenaries from, serve in Punic armies, IV, 11. I. 5, V, 13. 44. 6, 54. 1, 56. 6, 62. 2, 80. 2, 85. 1, 87. 1, 110. 5–6, VI, 14. 54. 4–5, 75. 8, VIII, 16. 73. 3, and in Syracusan army, VI, 14. 75. 8–9, VII, 15. 70. 1.
    • ibis, held sacred by Egyptians, I, 1. 83. 1, 6, 87. 6.
    • Icaria isl.: see Icarus isl.
    • Icarian sea, named for Icarus, III, 4. 77. 6.
    • Icarus s. of Daedalus: drowned after escaping from Crete with father by sea, III, 4. 77. 6, or through the air, 77. 9.
    • Icarus, Icaria: island named for Icarus, III, 4. 77. 6; according to some, Dionysus born on, II, 3. 66. 3.
    • ichneumon: destroys crocodile eggs; worshipped in Egypt, I, 1. 35. 7, 83. 1, 3, 87. 4–5.
    • Ichthyophagi (Fish-eaters): account of the, who live within the straits, II, 3. 15. 1–17. 5, of those who live beyond the straits, 18. 1–20. 3; the Chelonophagi (Turtle-eaters) a tribe of the, 21. 1–6; many nations of, on west coast of Arabian Gulf, 40. 1; report that waters once receded and then returned, 40. 9; hold city Menê against Amazons, 53. 6.
    • Ictis, isl. off Britain: tin trade of, III, 5. 22. 2–4.
    • Ida d. of Melisseus: Mt. Ida in Troad named for, VIII, 17. 7. 4.
    • Ida (Idê), Mt., in Crete: Idaean Dactyli, the first gods, make home about, III, 5. 64. 3; Zeus nurtured on, 4. 80. 2, 5. 60. 2, 70. 2, 4.
    • — —, in Troad: according to some, Idaean Dactyli born on, III, 5. 64. 4; a nymph of, becomes mother of Teucer, 4. 75. 1; named for Ida d. of Melisseus, VIII, 17. 7. 4; strange phenomena visible from, 7. 4–7; (335) Memnon crosses, 7. 3, 8.
    • Idaea, mother of Curetes by Zeus, II, 3. 61. 2.
    • —, d. of Dardanus and wife of Phineus, II, 4. 43. 4, 44. 3–4.
    • Idaea, name of Crete, II, 3. 71. 2.
    • Idaean Dactyli: see Dactyli.
    • Idê, d. of Corybus and mother of second Minos, III, 4. 60. 3.
    • Idomeneus s. of Deucalion: fought against Troy, III, 5. 79. 4.
    • —: (315) envoy of Antigonus to Rhodes, IX, 19. 57. 4.
    • Idrieus of Caria: (351) succeeds sister as ruler, VII, 16. 45. 7; sends mercenaries to Cyprus, 42. 6–9; (344) Ada succeeds, VIII, 16. 69. 2.
    • Idumaca: (312) Athenaeus attacks Arabs in, X, 19. 95. 2; Dead sea on border of, 98. 1.
    • Ielysus: see Ialysus.
    • Ilarus, in Sicily: (c. 263) Romans take, XI, 23. 5. 1.
    • “Iliad of woes,” XII, 36. 6. 1.
    • Iliadae: Heracles gives kingdom of the, to Priam, II, 4. 32. 4.
    • Ilium, in Troad: Ilus founds, III, 4. 75. 3; (399) Lacedaemonians take, VI, 14. 38. 3; (323) Perdiccas cancels Alexander’s plan for temple at, IX, 18. 4. 4–6; (146) Scipio Aemilianus
    486
    • foresees Home falling like, XI, 32. 24. 1. See Troy.
    • Illyrians: Cadmus driven from Thebes to, IX, 19. 53. 5; (439) attack Epidamnus, IV, 12. 30. 2–3; (393) cause fall of Amyntas II, VI, 14. 92. 3; (385) Dionysius makes alliance with, 15. 13. 2; invade Epeirus; defeated by Lacedaemonians, 13. 3; (384) slaughter Parian colonists at Pharos; Syracusans defeat, 14. 2; (383) defeat Amyntas II, 19. 2, who gives Philip as hostage, VII, 16. 2. 1–2; (360) Macedon a slave to, 1. 3; defeat Perdiccas III of Macedon, 2. 4–6; (359) Philip II defeats, 4. 3–5.1, VII, 16. 8. 1; (356) 22. 3; (344) 1. 5, XI, 32. 4. 1, VIII, 16. 69. 7, 93. 6; (335) Alexander controls many tribes of, 17. 8. 1; (334) in army of Alexander, 17. 4; (324) send envoys to Alexander, 113. 2; (323) a few, join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1; (314) Cassander defeats, X, 19. 67. 6–7; besiege Apollonia; make terms, 70. 7; (313) Corcyraeans deliver Epidamnus to, 78. 1; (312) Apollonia goes over to, 89. 1: (170) Perseus loses aid of, XI, 30. 9. 1–2; (167) left free after Perseus’ defeat; Rome sends legates to, 31. 8. 2–6; bounds fourth Macedonian canton, 8. 8.
    • Ilus s. of Tros: ancestry of, III, 4. 74. 4–75. 3; drives Tantalus from Paphlagonia, 74.4; founds Ilium, 75. 3; descendants of, 75. 4–5.
    • Imbros: (356) Chians ravage, VII, 16. 21. 2; (307) Antigonus gives, to Athens, X, 20. 46. 4.
    • “Immortals” in Xerxes’ army: (480) repulsed at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 7. 4.
    • imperator: title conferred by Roman troops on general, XII, 36. 14.1.
    • Inachus, king of Argives: father of Io, II, 3. 74. 1, III, 5. 60. 4.
    • Inarôs of Egypt: built third pyramid, I, 1. 64.13.
    • — —: (463) Egyptians make, king; seeks Athenian alliance, IV, 11. 71. 3–4.
    • incubation: in healing rites of Isis, I, 1. 25. 4–5, of Apollo, III, 5. 74. 5; in prophecy, I, 1. 53. 8.
    • India: account of, II, 2. 34. 7–42. 4; geography of, 35. 1–37. 7; boundaries of, 35. 1, 37. 4, 43. 1, IX, 18. 6. 1–3; size of, II, 2. 35. 2; mountains of, 35. 3; rivers of, 37. 1–7, VIII, 17. 85. 3, 93. 2, IX, 18. 5. 3; climate of, II, 2. 51. 4–53. 4, I, 1. 41. 7; agriculture of, 2. 16. 3, II, 2. 35. 3–36. 7, 37. 5–6; cattle from, come to Ethiopia, 3. 31. 2; poisons from, IX, 19. 33. 2; mineral wealth of, II, 2. 36. 2, I, 2. 16. 2–4; precious stones from, III, 6. 4. 1; elephants of, I, 2. 16. 4, II, 2. 35. 3–4, 37. 2–3, 42. 1–2, 51. 4, VIII, 17. 87. 4–88. 3, IX, 19. 14. 8, 15. 5, 27. 2, 44. 1; other animals of, II, 2. 52. 1–53. 3, VIII, 17. 90. 1–3; early peoples of, II, 2. 36. 1, 38. 1–2; Dionysus, coming from west, brings civilization to; he dies of old age in, 38. 3–39. 1; claim Heracles as benefactor and ruler, 39. 1–4; Osiris in, I, 1. 19. 6–8, 27. 5; the Aegis burns forests as far as, II, 3. 70. 4; first Dionysus born in, and gave his gifts from, 63. 3–5, 4. 1. 7; Libyan Dionysus marches from, to the sea, 3. 73. 7; third (Theban) Dionysus makes three-year campaign in, and returns home, 3. 65. 7–8, 4. 3. 1, celebrating triumph, 3. 1, 5. 2; Sesoösis of Egypt visits, I, 1. 55. 2–4; turns back attacks by Ninus, 2. 2. 1, and by Semiramis, 16. 2–20. 2, II, 3. 1. 2; lambulus wrecked on shore of, after leaving Ceylon (?), II, 2. 60. 1–3; Panchaea lies near, III, 5. 42. 3–4; no slaves among, II, 2. 39. 5;
    487
    • caste system of, 40. 1–41. 5; marriage customs of, VIII, 17. 91. 2–3, IX, 19. 33. 2–4.

      (401) Artaxerxes II does not wait for forces of, VI, 14. 22. 2; (331) soldiers from, in Persian army, VIII, 17. 59. 4; (328) Alexander founds city in pass leading into, 83. 14; (327) affairs of, p. 113, 84. 1–86. 7; Alexander’s early victories in, p. 113, 84. 1–6; he takes the “rock,” Aornos, 85. 1–86. 1; Aphrices a king of, killed by own men, 86. 2–3; Mophis a king of, supports Alexander, 86. 4–7; (326) affairs of, 87. 1–104. 2; Alexander defeats Poms, 87. 1–89. 3, then makes him king again, 89. 6; he plans conquest of all, 89. 5; Alexander and Hephaestion conquer most of, on this side of Ganges, 89. 6–103. 8, II, 2. 37. 3, IX, 18. 6. 1–2; Harpalus alarmed when Alexander returns from, VIII, 17. 108. 4–6; (323) divisions of, IX, 18. 6. 1–2; (322) mahouts pictured on funeral car of Alexander, 27.1; (321) in army of Perdiccas, 34. 2–3; Antipater assigns satrapies in, to Pithon s. of Agenor, 39. 6, 19. 56. 4, and others, 18. 39. 6; (318) in army of Polyperchon, 71. 4–5, (317) of Eumenes, 19. 33. 1; Eudamus brings Eumenes elephants from, 14. 8, 15. 5, 27. 2, 44. 1; (312) in Demetrius’ army, X, 19. 84. 1; (140) Arsaces VI of Parthia extends power to, XII, 33. 18. 1. See Caranus, Myrrhanus of; Gandaridae, a tribe of.

    • Indian ocean: Arabian gulf (i.e., Red sea) extends to, II, 3. 38. 42. See Red Sea.
    • Indibelis, a Celtiberian: (206) renews revolt, XI, 26. 22. 1.
    • Indortes, an Iberian chief: (after 237) Hamilcar captures and kills, XI, 25. 10. 2.
    • Indus riv.: largest river of India, and a boundary, I, 2. 16. 7, II, 2. 35. 1, 37. 4, VIII, 17. 85. 3; India named from, IX, 18. 6. 2; no trees near, I, 2. 16. 7; Semiramis brings boats to, 16. 6–7, and crosses, on pontoon bridge, 18. 2–6; (327) Alexander crosses, VIII, 17. 86. 3; he seeks information about country beyond, 93. 2; he goes down the, conquering, 96. 1, 102. 1–4, 104. 1, almost losing life in cataract of, 97. 1–3; he establishes cities on, II, 3. 47. 9, VIII, 17. 102. 4; (321) Antipater retains Porus as king of country along, IX, 18. 39. 6.
    • Inessa, old name of Aetna, IV, 11. 76. 3.
    • Ino d. of Cadmus, II, 4. 2.1.
    • inspectors, the 6th caste in India, II, 2. 41. 3.
    • Interamna Larinas, in Latium: (311=V312) founded, X, 19. 105. 5.
    • Interpreters, the five planets, I, 2. 30. 3–4.
    • lo d. of Inachus: Cyrnus fails to find, III, 5. 60. 4–5; by Zeus, becomes mother of the second Dionysus, king of Egypt, II, 3. 74. 1; changed into heifer; equated with Isis, I, 1. 24. 8.
    • Iobates, king of Lycia: sends Bellerophon against Chimaera, III, 6. 9. 1.
    • Iolaeium (Iolaeis, Iolaës), in Sardinia: Iolaüs and Thespiadae settle in, II, 4. 29. 5, 30. 2, III, 5. 15. 1–2; people of, unconquered by Carthage, or by Rome, 15. 3–5.
    • Iolaüs: nephew of Heracles, II, 4. 24. 4, 57. 6, III, 5. 15. 2; Heracles tries to slay, II, 4. 11. 1; sears necks of hydra, 11. 6; at Agyrium Heracles dedicates precinct to, 24. 4; Heracles sends, to colonize Sardinia, 29. 1–6, 30. 6, III, 5.15.1–6; with aid of Daedalus, builds great works, II, 4. 30. 1–2; returns to Greece, then sails to Sicily, 30. 3; Heracles gives wife Megara to,
    488
    • 31. 1; exiled from Tiryns with Heracles, 33. 2; Heracles sends, to Delphi, 38. 3; builds Heracles’ funeral pyre; makes offerings; returns to Trachis, 38. 3–39. 1; banished with Heracleidae, 57. 3; becomes their leader, 57. 6.
    • Iolcus s. of Demoleon, of Argos: leads colony to Carpathos, III, 5. 54. 4.
    • Iolcus, in Thessaly: Argonauts sail from, II, 4. 42. 1; they return to, 50. 3; Pelias s. of Poseidon king of, III, 4. 68. 3, 6. 7. 4; Thessalus king of, II, 4. 55. 2.
    • Iolê d. of Eurytus: Eurytus rejects Heracles’ suit for, II, 4. 31. 1–2; Heracles takes, by force, 37. 5; Deïaneira learns of his love for, 38. 1.
    • Iollas s. of Antipater: (317) tomb of, overturned, IX, 19. 11. 8, 35. 1.
    • Ionda (Isinda), in Asia Minor: (390) Lacedaemonians seize, VI, 14. 99. 1.
    • Ionia: some from, follow Macareus to Lesbos, III, 5. 81. 3–4; Rhadamanthys comes to islands off, 84. 3; luxury of, 8. 18. 1, IV, 9. 1. 4; (after 663) mercenaries from, in Egyptian army, I, 1. 66. 12; (c. 575) war between Meropes and, IV, 9. 3. 2; (494) favourable treatment of, after Ladê, 10. 25. 4; (480) supply ships to Xerxes, 11. 3. 8; in Persian fleet, promise to desert, 17. 3–4; (479) Persian fleet watches, 27. 1; some from, join Greek fleet in defeat of Persians at Mycalê, 34. 1–37. 1; Athens promises future aid to, 37. 1–3; with Athenians, take Sestus, 37. 4–5; (477) Themistocles expects naval aid from, 41. 4; (470) Cimon gets more ships from, 60. 3; (431) allied to Athens, V, 12. 42. 5; (409) Lacedaemonian fleet off, 13. 65. 3; Athenians before Byzantium feign return to, 67. 1; (406) Lacedaemonian allies in, ask for Lysander as admiral, 100. 7; (403) Clearchus moves to, after defeat, VI, 14. 12. 7; (401) Cyrus makes Tamôs governor of, 19. 6; Tissaphernes sets out for, 27. 4; (400) Tamôs satrap of, flees to Egypt, 35. 3; (392) Athenian fleet sails to, 94. 2; (373) shift Panionia from Mycalê to Ephesus, VII, 15. 49. 1; sacrifice at Helicê, 49. 2–3; (362) revolt from Persia, 90. 3; (344) Rhosaces, satrap of, 16. 47. 2; (315) Ptolemy general of Antigonus moves to, IX, 19. 60. 3–4; (302) Lysimachus seeks to win cities of, X, 20. 107. 2, 4; (c. 172) Holophernes, supposititious son of Ariarathes IV, sent to, XI, 31. 19. 7. See Spithrobates satrap of; Tralles in; Asia Minor.
    • —, old name of Achaïa in Peloponnese, VII, 15. 49. 1.
    • —: (446) one of the tribes in Thurii, IV, 12. 11. 3.
    • Ionian sea (gulf): (385) Dionysius plans to gain control of, VI, 15. 13. 1; (367–359) Dionysius II acts to secure passage across, VII, 16. 5. 3; (345) Timoleon crosses, VIII, 16. 66. 2.
    • —strait: (415) Athenian fleet crosses, V, 13. 3. 3.
    • Ionic capitals: (322) on Alexander’s funeral car, IX, 18.26. 6.
    • Iontora, Gaulish city, XII, 34/5. 36. 1.
    • Ioppê (lopê): see Joppa.
    • Iozygi, Scythians: (before 61) Cn. Pompey subdues, XII, 40. 4. 1.
    • Iphianeira d. of Megapenthes, III, 4. 68. 5.
    • —d. of Oecles, III, 4. 68. 5.
    • Iphicles (Iphiclus) s. of Amphitryon: exiled from Tiryns with Heracles, II, 4. 33. 2; slain in battle with Hippocoön, 33. 6, 34. 1; envoy of Heracles to Laomedon, 49. 3–4.
    • Iphicrates of Athens: (394) Lacedaemonians defeat, VI, 14. 86. 3; (393) drives exiles from
    489
    • Corinth; defeats Lacedaemonians, 91. 2; defeats men of Phlius and Sicyon, 91. 3; resigns command when not permitted to seize Corinth, 92. 1; (377) goes to Pharnabazus as general, VII, 15. 29. 3–4; (374) commands Greeks in Persian army in Egypt, 41. 1–3, 42. 4–5; returns to Athens after dispute with Pharnabazus; made commander of fleet, 43. 1–6; makes improvements in equipment, 44. 1–4; with fleet, reaches Corcyra after Lacedaemonian defeat; captures Sicilian ships, 47. 7; seizes offerings being sent to Delphi by Dionysius, 16. 57. 2–3; (369) Athens makes alliance with Lacedaemon and sends, with army, 15. 63. 2; (356) with fleet in Hellespont; fined and removed from office for avoiding battle, 16. 21. 1–4; dead before battle of Chaeroneia, VIII, 16. 85. 7. Military innovations of, VII, 15. 44.1–4; among famous men of his day, 88. 2–3.
    • Iphigeneia d. of Agamemnon: priestess of Artemis Tauropolus, II, 4. 44. 7; words of, and Orestes, X, 20. 14. 6.
    • Iphimedeia, wife of Aloëus: carried by Thracians to Strongylê, III, 5. 50. 6–7.
    • Iphitus s. of Eurytus: slain by Heracles, II, 4. 31. 3–6.
    • —, brother of Eurystheus: an Argonaut, slain by Aeëtes, II, 4. 48. 4.
    • Irenê: (144) concubine of Ptolemy VIII Physcon, XII, 33. 13. 1.
    • Iris (Ireland): cannibalism in, III, 5. 32. 3.
    • iron: use of, discovered by Idaean Dactyli, III, 5. 64. 5, or by Hephaestus, 74. 2; found in Egypt, I, 1. 33. 3, in India, 2. 16. 4, II, 2. 36. 2; description of mines and refining on Elba, III, 5. 13. 1; iron works at Dicaearcheia (Puteoli), 13. 2; Celtiberians improve, by burying in ground, 33. 4.
    • irrigation, of Nile delta, I, 1. 34. 2.
    • Isarchus: (424) archon, V, 12. 65. 1.
    • Isaurians: (322) destroy city and selves rather than yield to Perdiccas, IX, 18. 22. 1–7; wealth of, 22. 8.
    • Ischolas of Sparta: (369) dies defending pass against Arcadians, VII, 15. 64. 3–5.
    • Isiae, in Bruttium: (88) Italians besiege, XII, 37. 2. 13.
    • Isidorus: (before 145) agent of Alexander Balas, XII, 33. 5. 1.
    • Isinda: see Ionda.
    • Isis: moon worshipped as, I, 1. 11. 1; attributes of, 11. 4; with Osiris, rules universe, 11. 5; as a terrestrial god, daughter of Cronus and Rhea or of Zeus and Hera, 13. 4; marries brother Osiris, who succeeds to father’s kingdom, 13. 5, 27. 1; with Osiris, destroys Giants, 26. 6–7; Osiris gives rule of Egypt to, 17. 3; aided in search for Osiris by dog, 87. 3; with Hermes, institutes rites for deified Osiris, 20. 6, 21. 7–8, 22. 6, III, 4. 6. 3; reigns after death of Osiris, I, 1. 21. 3–4, 22. 1–2; takes vengeance on his murderer, Typhon, 21. 3, 27. 1, 88. 4, 6, II, 4. 6. 3; various accounts of burial of Osiris by, I, 1. 21. 5–11, 22. 2–4, 85. 5, II, 4. 6. 3; establishes laws, I, 1. 14. 3–4; honours inventors, 15. 4; discovers wheat and barley, 14. 1–2, 43. 5, III, 5. 69. 1, and health-giving drugs, I, 1. 25. 2–7; raises son Horus from the dead, 25. 6; deified after death, 22. 1–2, II, 3. 9. 1–2; various accounts of burial of, I, 1. 22. 2–4, 27. 3–6; tomb inscription of, 27. 4; island in Red sea sacred to, II, 3. 44. 3; dog and cow sacred to, I, 1. 11. 4, 87. 2–3; attributes
    490
    • of; meaning of name of, 11. 4; most similar to Demeter, 13. 5, 25. 1; rites of Demeter borrowed from those of, 96. 5; Athenians swear by, 29. 4; transferred to Argos in myth of Io, 24. 8; 10,000 (or 23,000) years from, to Alexander, 23. 1. See Horus s. of.
    • Isis, Festival of: wheat and barley carried in, I, 1. 14. 2; dog leads procession at, 87. 3.
    • Island, in harbour of Syracuse: see Ortygia.
    • Islanders, tribe in Thurium, IV, 12. 11. 3.
    • “Islands, On the,” title of Book Five, III, 5. 2. 1.
    • Ismenê, d. of Oedipus, III, 4. 64. 4.
    • Ismenias, a Boeotian: (395) defeats Phocians, VI, 14. 82. 7–10; (368) with Pelopidas in Thessaly; arrested, VII, 15. 71. 2.
    • Ismenus s. of Asopus; settles in Boeotia, III, 4. 72. 1–2.
    • Ismenus riv., in Boeotia: named for Ismenus, III, 4. 72. 2.
    • Isocrates of Athens: (450) Athens honours, and pupils, IV, 12. 1. 5, VII, 15. 76. 4; Ephorus the historian a pupil of, II, 4. 1. 3.
    • —: (160) responsible for the murder of Cn. Octavius, XI, 31.29. 1.
    • Isodicê of Athens: wife of Cimon and mother of Callias, IV, 10. 31. 1.
    • Isoples, a Centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 12. 7.
    • isopoliteia: (374) Athenians grant, to Plataeans, VII, 15. 46. 6.
    • Issa, old name of Lesbos, III, 5. 81 2.
    • Issus, in Cilicia: (401) Cyrus receives Lacedaemonians at, VI, 14. 21. 1; (333) Alexander defeats Persians at, VIII, 17. 32. 4–36. 6, 39. 1, 4, 40. 1, 48. 1–6.
    • Ister (Danube) riv.: Osiris campaigns to source of, I, 1. 27. 5; confusion between, and Ister flowing into Adriatic; return of Argonauts by, II, 4. 56. 7–8; (428) realm of Sitalces of Thrace extends to, V, 12. 50. 2; (168) Gauls seeking service with Perseus cross, XI, 30. 19. 1.
    • Isthmian games: crown of celery at, VIII, 16. 79. 3; (394) Corinthian exiles preside at, VI, 14. 86. 5.
    • Isthmus: see Corinth, Isthmus of.
    • Istolatius, an Iberian: (237–228) Hamilcar Barca defeats, XI, 25. 10. 1.
    • Istrians: (313) join alliance against Lysimachus, X, 19. 73. 2; yield to him, 73. 4; (c. 178) Romans subdue, II, 4. 56. 8.
    • Italia: (91) state formed by Italians in Social war, XII, 37. 2. 7; oath of, to M. Livius Drusus, 11. 1; valour of both Romans and, 1. 6, 22. 1; Marsi lead revolt of, 1, 6, 2. 1, caused by Roman failure to grant citizenship, 2. 2; organization, 2. 4–7; (91–87) episodes of war between, and Rome, 12. 1–25. 1; (90) try to force people of Pinna to join revolt, 19. 4–5; Romans and, contest for harvest, 24. 1; (89) after initial successes, defeated by Romans, 2. 8; abandon capital Corfinium; Q. Pompaedius Silo builds up army of, 2. 9–10; (88) fail to secure aid of Mithridates, 2. 11; confined to Bruttium; vainly besiege cities, 2. 13; some support Sulla, others, Marius the Younger, 2. 14; Sulla arms rabble, p. 301, frag. 15.
    • Italium, in Sicily: (c. 246) Hamilcar Barca attacks, XI, 24. 6. 1.
    • Italy (except Rome, and Italiote Greeks): sundered from Sicily by an earthquake, III, 4. 85. 2–4; Aeolides isls. between Sicily and, 5. 7. 2; Pithecusan isls. off coast of, X, 20. 44. 7; Cronus lord of, II, 3. 61. 3;
    491
    • Zeus battles Giants in, III, 5. 71. 4; Picus (Zeus) king of, 6. 5. 1; Heracles in, II, 4. 19. 3–22. 6, 24. 7–25. 1; Circe settles in, 45. 5; Argonauts visit, 56. 5–6; Siceli cross from, to Sicily, III, 5. 2. 1, 6. 3; Liparus flees from; he returns to, 7. 5–6; Jocastus s. of Aeolus holds coast of, 8. 1; Aeneas and his successors in, 4. 83. 4, 7. 5. 2–7. 1; Tyrrhenians once controlled sea along, 5. 40. 1; (before 480) Carthage enlists mercenaries in, IV, 11. 1. 5; (438) the Campanian nation formed, 12. 31. 1; (421) Campanians plunder Cymê, V, 12. 76. 4; (406) Carthage hires Campanian mercenaries in, 13. 80. 4; (399) Dionysius brings timber from, VI, 14. 42. 4; (396) mercenaries from, in army of Dionysius, 68. 3, (392) in Punic army, 95. 1; (390) ambush Thurians; Leptines of Syracuse brings peace between Greeks and, 101. 1–102. 3; (356) outlaws from, gather in Lucania; they earn name, “Bruttians,” VII, 16. 15. 1–2; (339) Bruttians kill those driven from Syracuse by Timoleon, VIII, 16. 82. 1–2; (338) battle between Lucanians and Tarantines, 88. 3; (c. 330) Alexander of Epirus in, IX, 19. 51. 6, X, 20. 37. 3; (317) Bruttians make peace with Croton, IX, 19. 10. 3; (307) Agathocles sells captives in, X, 20. 71. 5; (280) Campanians in Roman garrison in Rhegium emulate Mamertines, XI, 22. 1. 2–3; Pyrrhus in, 6. 1–3, (278) S. 1–2; (218) Hannibal enters, 25. 19. 1 (p. 169); (203) he leaves, 27. 9. 1, 29. 20. 1; Italians share in defeat of Hannibal, XII, 37. 1. 4; (196) Antiochus has not meddled in, XI, 28. 12. 1; (194) Flamininus asks freedom for Italian slaves in Greece, 13. 1; (171) Roman Senate orders Macedonians to leave, 30. 1. 1; (167) L. Aemilius Paullus brings army back to, 31. 11. 1–2; (161) envoys of Ptolemy VI ordered to leave, 23. 1; (c. 149) Andriscus confined in, 32. 15. 1; (145) hermaphrodites in, 12. 1–2 (pp. 455–457); (135) financiers from, in Sicily, XII, 34/5. 2. 27–28, 32, 34; (112) Jugurtha kills many, 31. 1; (105) desolate after victory of the Cimbri, 37. 1 (p. 141), 37. 1. 5; (before 104) slave wars in, 36. 2. 1–2a. 1; (91) buffoon Saunio plays throughout, 37. 12. 3; (91–88) Social war in, see Italia, Italians; (87) by plundering Greece Sulla prepares for war in, 38/9. 7. 1; Marius by his greed for wealth brings woes on, 37. 29. 4–5; (83) Sulla returns to, 38/9. 6. 1; (82) cities of, align selves with Younger Marius or Sulla, 13. 1. Traders from, in Iberia, III, 5. 36. 3–4, 38. 3, and in Gaul, 26. 3; plague of mice in, II, 3. 30. 3. See Italia; Italy, Greeks of; Rome; Tyrrhenians.
    • Italy, Greeks of; Italiotae: Thespiadae settle at Cymê (Cumae), III, 5. 15. 6; home of Pythagoras and his school, IV, 10. 3. 1–11. 1; (before 480) Xerxes persuades Carthage to attack, 11. 1. 4–5; (474) Hieron of Syracuse aids Cumae, 51. 1–2; (471) Pyxus founded, 59. 4; (453) Sybaris re-established, 90. 3–4; (446) Thurii founded, 12. 9. 1–11. 4; the laws of Charondas, 11. 4–19. 3; the laws of Zaleucas of Locri, 20. 1–21. 2; (445) Brettii kill fugitives from Sybaris, 22. 1; (444) war of Thurians and Tarantini, 23. 2; Clearchus, condemned in Sparta, spends rest of life in, V, 13. 106. 10; (442) peace in, IV, 12. 26. 4; (434) civil war in Thurii, 35. 1–3; (433) Tarantini found Heracleia, 36. 4; (431) Lacedaemonians receive triremes
    492
    • from, V, 12. 41. 1; (421) Campanians plunder Cymê, 76. 4; (415) Athenian fleet skirts coast of, 13. 3. 3–5; Alcibiades returns from, 5. 4; (411) Lacedaemonians receive ships from, 38. 6, 45. 1; (406) Syracuse makes alliances with, 81. 2; troops come to Syracuse from, 86. 4–5, 92. 5; generals of, abandon Acragas, 88. 7–8; many Sicilian Greeks move to, 91. 1; (405) Dionysius enrols, against Carthaginians, 109. 1; in his army in battle before Gela, 109. 5–110. 5; they desert him when he retreats, 112. 3; (399) Dionysius hires workmen in, VI, 14. 41. 3; (396) Himilcon hopes to bar aid from, 56. 1; Messenians swim straits to, 57. 5; Dionysius receives ships from, 62. 1, 63. 4; Carthaginians intercept reinforcements from, 68. 5; (393) form alliance, 91. 1; (390) Dionysius moves against, 100. 1–5, 102. 2–3; have agreement for mutual aid against Lucanians, 101. 1; ambushed while aiding Thurii; saved by Syracusans under Leptines, 101. 1–102. 3; (389) Dionysius moves against, 103. 1–3; give chief command to Croton, 103. 4; Dionysius defeats, but grants generous terms to, 103. 4–106. 3; (388) he lays siege to Rhegium, 107. 2–108. 6; ship of Dionysius wrecked on shore of, 109. 4; (387) he takes Rhegium, 111. 1–112. 5; (386) welcome those exiled by Dionysius, 15. 7. 3–4; (383) make alliance with Carthage against Dionysius, 15. 2–3; (379) Carthaginians invade, VII, 15. 24. 1; (357) support Dion, 16. 9. 6; Dionysius II in, 11. 3; (356) outlaws gather in Lucania and plunder; they are called Bruttians, 15. 1–2; Dionysius II withdraws to, 17. 1–2; (346) Phalaecus fails to bring his mercenaries to, 61. 4–62. 2; Archidamus comes to aid Tarentum, 62. 4, 63. 1; (345) Timoleon stops in, VIII, 16. 66. 3–5; (338) battle between Tarantines and Lucanians on day of Chaeroneia, 88. 3; (c. 330) Alexander of Epirus in, IX, 19. 51. 6, X, 20. 37. 3; (before 317) Agathocles leads exiles from, to aid of Rhegium, IX, 19. 4. 1–2; (317) Croton makes peace with the Brutii; war with own exiles continues, 10. 3–4; (316) share in rebuilding of Thebes, 54. 2; (310) a possible field for Agathocles, X, 20. 5. 1; (308) 40. 3; (303) Cleonymus of Sparta in, 104. 1–105. 3; (295) Agathocles in, XI, 21. 2. 2, 4. 1, 8. 1, 17. 2, IX, 19. 1. 7; (205) temple of Persephonê at Locri the most renowned in, XI, 27. 4. 2; (104–103) serve in Roman army in Sicily, XII, 36. 4. 6, 8.
    • Ithaca: Odysseus returns to, III, 4. 72. 4.
    • Ithomê, in Messenia: (469) Messenians and Helots occupy, IV, 11. 64. 1, VII, 15. 66. 4; Lacedaemonians besiege, IV, 11. 64. 4; (456) Messenians depart from, 84. 8; (316) does not join Cassander, IX, 19. 54. 4.
    • Ithycles: (398) archon, VI, 14. 44. 1.
    • Ithyphallus, name of Priapus, II, 4. 6. 4.
    • Itonê d. of Lyctius, III, 4. 60. 3.
    • Itoni: Heracles drives, from lands of Omphalê, II, 4. 31. 7.
    • Itonus s. of Boeotus: grandsons of, lead Boeotians at Troy, III, 4. 67. 7.
    • Itonus, in Thessaly: Heracles leaves, II, 4. 37. 4.
    • Iulius, Iulus: see Julius.
    • Iunius: see Junius,
    • ivy: discovered by Osiris or Dionysus, I, 1. 17. 4–5; Osiris plants, in India, 19. 7.
    • Ixion s. of Antion: father of
    493
    • Centaurs, or of Hippocentaurs; bound to wheel by Zeus, III, 4. 69. 3–70. 1. See Peirithoüs s. of.
    • —: first of the Heracleidae to reign in Corinth, III, 7. 9. 3.
    J
    • January: festival of Rhea on first of, XII, p. 301.
    • Jason s. of Aeson: of Iolcus, II, 4. 55. 2; account of Jason, Medea and the Argonauts, 40. 1–57. 1; Heracles a companion of, 15. 4, 32. 1–2; success of, followed initiation in Samothracian mysteries, III, 5. 49. 6; (401) Greek mercenaries (the Ten Thousand) hold games where, landed, VI, 14. 30. 3.
    • — of Pherae: (before 377) makes Neogenes tyrant of Histiaea, VII, 15. 30. 3; (371) comes to aid Thebes before Leuctra; persuades Thebes and Lacedaemon to make truce, 54. 5–6; (370) invades Malis and Locris; wins cities of Perrhaebia, 57. 2; Thessalians suspect, 57. 2; they make him chief commander; makes alliance with Amyntas of Macedon, 60. 1–2; assassinated, 60. 5.
    • Jaxartes riv.: see Tanaïs riv.
    • Jerusalem: Moses leads Jews from Egypt and founds, XII, 34/5. 1. 1–3, 40. 3. 3; he builds temple in, 3. 3; (134) Antiochus VII Sidetes takes, by siege and dismantles walls, 34/5. 1. 1–5.
    • Jews: colonists from Egypt living between Arabia and Syria, I, 1. 28. 2, XII, 34/5. 1. 1–2; led from Egypt by Moses, 40. 3. 1–2, who transmitted to them laws given by Iao (=Yahweh), I, 1. 94. 2, XII, 40. 3. 6; led in wars of conquest by Moses, 3. 7; under Persian and Macedonian rule, 3. 8; religion of, 3. 4–5; practise circumcision like Egyptians, I, 1. 28. 3, 55. 5; ruled by a high priest, XII, 40. 2. 1; (175–163) Antiochus IV Epiphanes, after defeating, tries to change outlandish customs of, XI, 31. 18a. 1, XII, 34/5. 1. 3–4; (161) revolt from Demetrius I; send embassy to Rome; recognized as free, 40. 2. 1; (134) Antiochus VII Sidetes defeats; he dismisses charges against, 34/5. 1. 1–5; (63) Aristobulus king of, subdued by Pompey, 40. 4. 1; complain to Pompey of misgovernment by Aristobulus, 2. 1.
    • Jocastê d. of Creon: marries Laïus, III, 4. 64.1; then marries Oedipus, 64. 3–4.
    • Jocastus s. of Aeolus: king of Italian coast, III, 5. 8. 1.
    • Joppa (Ioppê, Iopê), in Coelê Syria: harbour of, I, 1. 31. 2; (315) Antigonus takes, IX, 19. 59. 2; (312) Ptolemy destroys, X, 19. 93. 7.
    • Judaea: see Jews.
    • Judges of the Universe: Chaldaean name for certain stars, I, 2. 31. 4–5.
    • Jugurtha of Numidia: (112) defeats and assassinates Adherbal, XII, 34/5. 31. 1; marvels at Roman courage, 32. 1; (110) in Rome, assassinates claimant to Numidian throne, 35a. 1; (105) betrayed by Bocchus and captured by C. Marius, 39. 1, 36. 1. 1.
    • —(i.e., Massiva): (110) claims Numidian throne; Jugurtha assassinates, XII, 34/5. 35a. 1.
    • Jugurthine war: (109–108) C. Marius only successful leader in, XII, 34/5. 38. 1–2.
    • Julian gens, descended from Julius s. of Ascanius, III, 7. 5. 8.
    • Julius s. of Ascanius: becomes pontifex maximus on Ascanius’ death; ancestor of Julian family, III, 7. 5. 8.
    • —, C. or L.: (440=V447) cos., IV, 12. 29. 1.
    • — C: (428=V435) cos., V, 12. 49. 1.
    494
    • —, C: see C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus, cos. 310=V311.
    • —, Ti.: see L. Julius Iullus, tr. mil. c. p., 371=V379.
    • — Caesar, C, cos. 59, 48, 46–44: (58–49) wars of. in Gaul and Britain, I, 1. 4. 7, 5. 1, II, 3. 38. 2, 4. 19. 2, III, 5. 21. 2, 22. 1, 25. 4; (44) refounds Corinth, XI, 32. 27. 1–3; deified for his great deeds, I. 1. 4. 7, II, 4. 19. 2, III, 5. 21. 2, 25. 4, XI, 32. 27. 1, 3.
    • — —, L.: (90) cos., XII, 37. 18. 1.
    • — —, Sex.: (91) cos., fails to extend citizenship to Italians, XII, 37. 2. 2.
    • — — Strabo, C: (88) seeks Mithridatic command, XII, 37. 2. 12.
    • —Iullus, C.: (444=V451) decemvir, IV, 12. 23. 1.
    • — —, C: (431=V438) tr. mil. c. p., IV, 12. 38. 1.
    • — —, C: (405=V408) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 104. 1; (402=V405) VI, 14. 17. 1.
    • — —, L.: (468=V473) cos., IV, 11. 65. 1.
    • — —, L.: (425=V432) mag. eq., V, 12. 64. 1; (423 =V430) cos., 72. 1.
    • — —, L.: (400=V403) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 35. 1.
    • — —, L.: (398=V401) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 44. 1.
    • — —, L.: (380–V388) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 23. 1; (371=V379) 51. 1.
    • — —, Sex.: (416=V424) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 82. 1.
    • — Mento, C: (424=V431) cos., V, 12. 65. 1.
    • Junius, L.: see L. Julius Iullus, cos., 423 = V430.
    • — Brutus, D.: (138) cos., exhorts men, XII, 33. 26. 1.
    • — —, L.: (before 510) plays the dullard, IV, 10. 22. 1.
    • — — Damasippus, L.: (83) defeated by Pompey, XII, 38/9. 9. 1.
    • — — Scaeva, D.: (323=V325) cos., IX, 18. 2. 1.
    • — Bubulcus Brutus, C: (316 = V317) cos., IX, 19. 17. 1; (312=V313) X, 19. 77. 1; (310=V311) 20. 3. 1.
    • — Pullus, L.: (249) cos.; fleet under, wrecked near Pachynus, XI, 24. 1. 8–10, 4. 1.
    • — Silanus, M.: (109) cos., defeated by Cimbri, XII, 34/5. 37. 1 (p. 141).
    • Juno: (387=V390) geese of, save Capitol, VI, 14. 116. 6. See Hera.
    • Jupiter Capitolinus: (91) invoked in oath, XII, 37. 11. 1. See Zeus.
    • Justice: headless statue of, in Egypt, I, 1. 96. 9.
    • justice: idea of, introduced by Demeter, III, 5. 5. 2, by Zeus, 71. 1–2.
    • Juventius Thalma, M’.: (167) praetor, proposes war with Rhodes, XI, 31. 5. 3.
    • — —, P.: (148) defeated by Andriscus, XI, 32. 9a. 1 (p. 429).
    K
    • Khafre: see Cephren of Egypt,
    • Khufu: see Chemmis of Egypt,
    • king: (307) Antigonus and others assume title, X, 20. 53. 1–54. 1.
    • knights, Roman: see equestrian order.
    • “Know thyself,” precept of Chilon, IV, 9. 10. 1–2.
    • Koinos, a name of Hermes, III, 5. 75. 1.
    • kolumbethra: (480) built in Acragas, IV, 11. 25. 4–5.
    • Kourotrophos a name of Artemis, III. 5. 73. 5.
    L
    • Labdalum, in Sicily: (414) Athenians build fort at, V, 13. 7. 4.
    • Labici, a Latin city: founded by Latinus Silvius, III, 7. 5. 9; (415=V418) Romans take, from Aequi, V, 13. 6. 8.
    • Labotas, early Lacedaemonian king, III, 7. 8. 2.
    495
    • labour, organization of: (401) by Dionysius, VI, 14. 18. 2–8, (399) 41. 4–43. 4.
    • Labyrinth, in Crete: Daedalus builds, to house the Minotaur, III, 4. 77. 4, I, 1. 61. 3, 97. 5.
    • —, in Egypt: various tales of building of, I, 1. 61, 2–4, 66. 2–6, 89. 3, 97. 5; Daedalus used, as model for labyrinth in Crete, 61. 2–4, 97. 5.
    • Laccium, small harbour of Syracuse, VI, 14. 7. 3.
    • Lacedaemonians: Heracles as ancestor of, V, 12. 45. 1, 59. 4; Dorians of Doris the original stock of, IV, 11. 79. 4, V, 12. 59. 4; kings of, as chronological framework, I, 1. 5. 1, III, 7. 8. 1–2; list of kings to first Olympiad, 8. 2; 14th in list of thalassocracies, 11. 1; Lycurgus received laws for, from Apollo, I, 1. 94. 1, III, 7. 12. 1–8, VII, 16. 57. 4; Egyptian judges not inferior to those of, I, 1. 75. 3; Theseus carries Helen from, III, 4. 63. 2; Dioscuri bring her back, 63. 5; colonize Symê, 5. 53. 2–3, Crete, and other islands, 80. 3; defeat the Argives, 7. 13. 2; with others, make Eleans “sacred” to Zeus, 8. 1. 1; (c. 743–723) episodes from First Messenian war, 7. 1–8. 3, 12. 1–13. 2, VII, 15. 66. 3; abortive revolt of the Epeunactae (Partheniae); colonization of Tarentum, III, 8. 21. 1–3; (685–668) episodes of Second Messenian war; Tyrtaeus, 27. 1–2, VII, 15. 66. 3; Terpander’s songs quiet civil strife in, III, 8. 28. 1; offer the Epizephyrian Locrians aid of the Dioscuri, III, 8. 32. 1; (560) Delphi gives, ambiguous response re conquest of Arcadia, IV, 9. 36. 2–3; (545) order Cyrus not to enslave Asiatic Greeks, 36. 1.

      (480) Command against Xerxes, VII, 15. 78. 4; send force to hold Tempê; withdraw, IV, 11. 2. 5–6; hold Thermopylae, 4. 1–8. 3, with Mycenaeans but not Argives, 65. 2; Persians turn pass and destroy, 8. 4–10. 4; their fame, 11. 1–12. 1, 33. 2; on left wing at Salamis, 18. 1; (479) prevent giving award of valour to Athens, 27. 2, but honour Themistocles, 27. 3; delay aid to Athens, 28. 1–5; fail to aid Megarians, 30. 3–4; with others, defeat Persians at Plataea, 30. 5–33. 1, and at Mycalê, 34. 1–37. 1; return home after Mycalê, 37. 4, 12. 2. 1; (478) Athens rewalled in spite of, 11. 39. 2–40. 4, 43. 1; (477) do not hinder improvements at Peiraeus, 41. 5–42. 1, 43. 1–2; liberate Greek cities, 44. 1–3; treachery of Pausanias; his fate, 44. 3–46. 5; (476) King Archidamus succeeds Leotychides, 48. 1; (475) dissuaded from war with Athens, 50. 1–8; (471) demand trial of Themistocles before council of Greeks, 54. 2–55. 8, which they control, 55. 6; he eludes agents of, 56. 2–4; (464) after earthquake the Helots and Messenians rebel, 63. 1–7; (462) Athenian aid sought, then rejected, 64. 1–4; cannot protect Mycenae from Argives, 65. 3–4; refuse Artaxerxes’ request for war on Athens, 74. 5–6; (458) aid Doris against Phocis, 79. 4–6; on return, fight drawn battles with Athens; make truce, 80. 1–6; (457) allied with Thebes against Athens, 81. 1–4; (456) Athenians destroy dockyards at Gytheium, but cannot hold Methonê, 84. 6; war with Helots and Messenians ends; Athenians settle at Naupactus the Messenians expelled by, 84. 7–8, V, 12. 44. 3, VII, 15. 66. 1, 4–5; (454) Cimon negotiates peace between Athens and, IV, 11. 86. 1; (453) aid Sicyon against Athens, 88. 2.

    496
    • (448) Megarians revolt from Athens and make alliance with, IV, 12. 5. 2; (447) invade Attica, 6. 1; (446) 30–year truce with Attica negotiated, 7. 1; refuse to aid re-establishment of Sybaris, 10. 3–4; (442) truce with Athens in effect, 26. 2; (441) 28. 4; (434) King Agis succeeds Archidamus, 35. 4; (431) war with Athens begins, 37. 2, 38. 1; its causes, 38. 2–39. 5; resources of Athens and, 40. 1–6; list of allies of, V, 12. 42. 4; preparations of, for war, 41. 1–2; raid Attica; Athenians raid Laconian coast, 42. 3, 6–8; (430) raids continue, 43. 1–45. 5; settle at Thyreae the Aeginetans expelled by Athens, 44. 2–3; reject Athenian peace proposals, 45. 5; (429) raids continue, 46. 1–48. 3; fail to take Plataea, 47. 1–2; move against Acarnania, 47. 4; inferior to Athens at sea, 47. 1, 48. 1–3; (428) war continues, 49. 2–5, 52. 1–2; fail to take Peiraeus, 49. 2; (427) Athens hopes to win supremacy over all Greece by defeating, 54. 3; war continues, 55. 1–57. 4; make alliance with Lesbos, 55. 2–6; take Plataea and put all to death, 56. 1–6; (426) war continues, 58. 1–59. 2; earthquake halts raid on Athens, 59. 1–2; found Heracleia at Trachis, 59. 3–5; Agis becomes king, IV, 12. 35. 41; (425) war continues, V, 12. 60. 1–63. 5; with Aetolians, attack Naupactus, 60. 2; Ambracia asks a garrison, 60. 6; try to recover Pylos, 61. 1–63. 5; place garrison on Sphacteria, 61. 4, which Athenians capture, 63. 3, 75. 5; send peace mission to Athens, 63. 2–3; (424) war continues, 65. 1–68. 6; Melos only island loyal to, 65. 1–2; lose, then recover Megara and Nisaea, 66. 3–67.1; Brasidas in Thrace, 67. 2–68. 6; (423) war continues, 72. 1–10; truce with Athens made and broken, 72. 5–6: (422) war continues, 73.1–74. 6; under Brasidas, defeat Athenians under Cleon, both generals falling, 73. 3–74. 4; make 50–year truce with Athens with general release of prisoners, 74. 5–75. 2, 13. 24. 2–3; (421) free helots who had served under Brasidas; restore rights to those captured at Sphacteria, 12. 76. 1–2; other states confer on alliance against Athens and, 75. 2–5; (420) Athens still withholds Sphacteria from, 77. 2; alliance with Corinth, 77. 3; (419) Argives declare war, then make truce, 78. 1–4; board of ten to advise king, 78. 6; defeat Mantineians and Argives, 79. 3–7; (418) make alliance with Argives; Mantineians submit to, 80. 1–2; (417) Athenians and, compete for Argolis, 81. 1–5; (416) Athens still at war with, as she begins Sicilian campaign, 83. 6.

      (415) Alcibiades spurs, against Athens, V, 13. 5. 4; (414) aid Syracuse, 7. 1–2, 8. 3, 32. 4, 34. 4; break truce with Athens, 8. 8; (413) occupy Deceleia, 9. 2, 12. 2; (412) war continues, 34. 2–4, 36. 3–37. 6; many Athenian allies join, 34. 2, 36. 5; Alcibiades advises, 37. 2, 68. 6; Syracuse sends fleet to aid, 34. 4, 40. 5, 61. 1, 63. 1; with Persian aid defeat Athens off Oropus, 34. 2–3, 36. 3–5; Alcibiades advises Persia against, 37. 4–5; (411) war continues, 38. 3–42. 4; fleet of, moves to Hellespont, 38. 4–39. 1, where, lacking Persian aid, it is defeated, 39. 1–41. 4, 42. 4; expel Persians from Antandros, 42. 4; (410) war continues, 45. 1–53. 4; defeated on land and sea near Dardanus, 45. 5–46. 6; fleet of, refits at Abydus, 47. 2; oligarchic party in Corcyra supports, 48. 4–7;

    497
    • defeated near Cyzicus, 49. 5–52. 1, 70. 1, 37. 5–6; Athens rejects peace offer of, 52. 2–53. 4; (409) war continues, 64. 1–67. 7; recover Pylos, 64. 5–7; defeated in Megara, 65. 1–2, and at Chalcedon, 66. 1–2; send fleet under Cratesippidas to Ionia, 65. 3–4; lose Byzantium, 66. 3–67. 7; (408) war continues, 68. 1–74. 4; make Lysander admiral, 70. 1; Persians aid, 70. 3; defeat Athenians at Notium, 71. 2–4; from Deceleia, raid Athens, 72. 3–73. 2; Alcibiades charged with favouring, 73. 6; King Pausanias succeeds Pleistonax, 75. 1; (407) war continues, 76. 1–79. 7; force entrance to harbour of Mitylenê against Conon, 77. 3–79. 7; (406) allied with Syracuse against Carthage, 81. 2; war with Athens continues, 97. 1–103. 2; fleet defeated at Arginusae, 97. 3–100. 5; allies of, ask for Lysander as general; send Aracus with Lysander as adviser, 100. 7–8; (405) last year of war with Athens, 104. 1–107. 4; fleet under Lysander at Ephesus, 104. 3–4; oligarchy set up in Miletus, 104. 5–6; take Iasus and Lampsacus; fail to take Athens, 104. 7–105. 1; Athens rejects Alcibiades’ aid against, 105. 3–4; destroy Athenian fleet at Aegospotami, 105. 1–106. 10; invade Attica; blockade Athens, 107. 2–3, which surrenders on terms, agreeing to destroy walls, 107. 4, VI, 14. 3. 2, 85. 2, VII, 15. 63. 1.

      (404) Set up oligarchy in Athens, supported by garrison, VI, 14. 3. 3–4. 7; order return of Athenian exiles, 6. 1–3; send Aristus (Aretes) to support Dionysius, 10. 2, 70. 3; set up harmosts in Greek cities and levy tribute, 10. 1–2, 2. 1; Persians kill Alcibiades to please, 11. 1–2; (403) send Clearchus to Byzantium; overthrow him when he acts the tyrant, 12. 2–7; establish oligarchies, 13. 1; give heed to oracles, 13. 3; dismiss charges against Lysander, 13. 7–8; (402) move against Elis, 17. 4–12; (401) send aid to Cyrus against Artaxerxes, 11. 2, 19. 4–5, 21. 1–2; mercenaries from, in army of Cyrus, 22. 5, 23. 3–4, 24. 5, 27. 1; Athenian oligarchs ask aid of, 33, 5–6; Eleians end war with, 34. 1; drive Messenians from Cephallenia and Naupactus, 34. 2–3; (400) make Thibron general to free Greeks of Asia, 35. 6–36. 1; survivors of the Ten Thousand join, 37. 4; (399) Dercylidas replacing Thibron drives Thracians from Chersonese, 38. 2–7; he makes truce with Pharnabazus, 38. 3, 39. 1; quell discord in Heracleia Tracheia; subjugate people about Oetê, 38. 4–5, 82. 7; Conon of Athens hopes to subdue, with Persian aid, 39. 3; make truce with Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, 39. 4–6; (398) Dionysius hires mercenaries among, 44. 2; (396) 58. 1; send fleet to aid him against Carthage, 62. 1, 63. 4, 70. 2; he sends mercenary leader to, for trial, 78. 2; to avoid offending, he removes from Messenê (in Sicily) those exiled from Messenia by, 78. 5–6; plunder Phrygia; move to Ephesus; seek alliance with Egypt, 79. 1–4; fleet of, moves against Conon, returns to Rhodes, and is expelled thence, 79. 4–6; Conon captures supply ships of, 79, 7; defeat Tissaphernes, 80. 1–5, VII, 15. 31. 3; aid Phocians against Boeotians, VI, 14. 81.1–3; Conon promises Artaxerxes to destroy power of, 81. 5; (395) enemies of, set up Council in Corinth, 82. 1–7; after drawn battle with Boeotians, 83. 1–2, defeat

    498
    • them at Coroneia, 84. 1–2; defeated at sea by Conon, 83. 4–7; expelled from cities of Aegean and Asia, 84. 3–4; (394) defeat Corinthians; secure presidency of Isthmian games for exiles, 86. 2–6; banish King Pausanias; Agesipolis succeeds, 89. 1; (393) Iphicrates defeats, 91. 2; (391) recover Samos and Rhodes; gather fleet, 97. 1–4; raid Argolis, 97. 5; (390) Persians defeat, 99. 1–3; (387) Antalcidas, envoy of, makes peace with Persia, 110. 1–5, abandoning the Greeks of Asia, IV, 12. 26. 2, VI, 15. 10.2, VII, 15. 29. 5.

      (386) Folly of policy of, VI, 15. 1. 1–6; provoke war with Mantineia, 5. 1–5; friendship of, and Tiribazus, 8. 4, 10. 2; join revolt of Glôs against King, 9. 4–5, 18. 1, 19. 1; take and raze Mantineia, 12. 1–2; aid Epirus against Illyrians, 13. 3; seek foothold in Thrace, 19. 3; kings of, disagree on foreign policy, 19. 4; (382) seize Cadmeia; control Thebans, VII, 15. 20.1–3, 25. 1, 16. 29. 2; Olynthians defeat, 15. 21. 1–3; (381) send King Agesipolis against Olynthus, 22. 2; (380) King Cleombrotus succeeds Agesipolis, 23. 2; subdue Olynthians, 23. 2–3; win overlordship of Greece, 23. 3–5; (378) causes of war with Boeotia, 25. 1–3; Thebans and Athenians defeat, and recover Cadmeia, 25. 3–28. 1; (before 377) expel tyrant from Hestiaea, 30. 3–4; (377) alienate allies by harshness, 28. 2–5; attack Peiraeus, breaking truce, 29. 5–7; lose many allies; Hestiaea loyal, 30. 1–5; treat allies more humanely; reorganize army, 31. 1–4; enter Boeotia; plunder but avoid battle, 32. 1–33. 3, 52. 5; repel Thebans, 33. 5–6; Thebans defeat, 34.1–2; Athenians defeat fleet of, off Naxos, 34. 3–35. 2, (376) and off Leucas, 36. 5–6; Thebans defeat, at Orchomenus, 37. 1; (375) Athenians and, try to shake Theban confederacy, 38. 4; supporters of hegemony of, attacked, 40. 1–5; (374) aid oligarchies; send fleet to Zacynthus and Corcyra, 45. 1–46. 3, 47. 1; Athenians defeat, at Corcyra, 47. 5–7; (372) blazing torch in sky foretells decline of, 50. 2–3; prepare for Theban war, 50. 5–6; (371) move through Phocis to Leuctra, 51. 1–53. 2; Thebans deny right of, to meddle in Boeotia; allies of, confident of victory, 51. 4; Pelopidas defeats, at Tegyra, 81. 2; old prophecy of defeat of, at Leuctra, 54.1–4; make peace; return to Leuctra after receiving reinforcements, 54. 5–7; Boeotians defeat, at Leuctra, 55. 1–56. 4, 33. 2–3, 39. 1–3, 60. 1–2, 63. 1, 16. 23. 2, 29. 2, IV, 11. 82. 3; Amphictyonic Council fines, for seizing Cadmeia, VII, 16. 23. 2–3; (370) King Cleomenes succeeds Agesipolis, 15. 60. 4; (369) Arcadians defeat, 59. 3, 62. 1–2; Arcadians, Thebans, Boeotians, and others allied against, 62. 3–5; make alliance with Athens, 63. 1–2; move to meet invading Boeotians and Arcadians, 63. 3–65. 1, 81. 2; attack them at Eurotas riv., 65. 2–5; strengthen forces, 65. 6; agree with Athens on spheres of power, 67, 1; lose Pellenê, 67. 2; Arcadians, Argives, and Eleians join Boeotians against, 68. 1; Athenians and, fail to check Epameinondas at Isthmus, 68.2–5,72.1–2; hire mercenaries from Dionysius; dismiss them, 70. 1; envoy of Artaxerxes II fails to make peace, 70. 2; (368) defeat Arcadians, 72. 3–4; (366) Artaxerxes intervenes to end Boeotian war, 76. 3; (363) at request of Mantineia, enter

    499
    • Arcadia, 82. 4–5; return when Boeotians attack Sparta, 82. 5–84. 1; on side of Mantineians in battle at Mantineia, 84. 3–87. 4, IV, 11. 82. 3; after battle, send herald asking to bury dead, VII, 15. 87. 4; remain outside general peace, 89. 1–2; (362–361) join Tachôs of Egypt against Artaxerxes, 90. 2–3, 92. 2.

      (355) Support Philomelus and Phocians against Amphictyonic League, VII, 16. 23. 1–24, 2, 29. 1 2, 27. 3–5; Amphictyonic Council doubles fine of, 29. 2–4; (353) defeat Argives near Orneae, 34. 3; (352) send aid to Phocians, 37. 3; invade Arcadia; fight indecisive battles with Thebans; make armistice with Megalopolitans, 39. 1–7; (351) refuse troops to Artaxerxes III, 44. 1; (347) share with Phocians in spoil of Delphi and in guilt, 57. 1, 4, 04. 1; (346) aid Phocians, 59. 1; Tarentum claims kinship with, 62. 4; send army to aid Tarentum; it goes first to Crete, 62. 4; King Archidamus dies in service of Tarentum, Agis succeeds, 63. 1–2, VIII, 16. 88. 3–4; (335) move to recover independence on accession of Alexander, 17. 3. 5; Alexander checks revolt of, by sack of Thebes, XI, 32. 4. 3; (330) Antipater subdues new revolt of, VIII, 17. 62. 6–63. 4; send envoys to Alexander, 73. 5–6, X, 19. 70. 4–5; (314) Acragas asks, for leader against Agathocles, 70. 2; (309) King Cleomenes dies, 20. 29. 1; (303) at request of Tarentum, send Cleonymus as leader, 104. 1–2; (e. 207) Nabis kills ablest of, XI, 27. 1. 1–2; (195) he makes treaty with Rome, 28. 13. 1; (188) forced to join Achaean League, 29. 17. 1; (185) Rome protests Achaean dismantling of walls of, 17. 1; Achaean League declares war on, 32. 26. 5. See Clearchus, Dexippus, Dorieus, Pharacides of. See also Laconia, Sparta.

    • Lachares: descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
    • Laches of Athens: (427) general, sent to Leontini, V, 12. 54. 4, (419) to Argos, 79. 1.
    • — —: (400) archon, VI, 14. 35. 1.
    • — —: (364) general, overawed by Epameinondas, VII, 15. 79.1.
    • Lacinia, Cape, in Italy, III, 8. 17. 1.
    • Lacinius: Heracles slays, II, 4. 24. 7.
    • Laconia: Achaeans from, invade Crete, III, 5. 80. 2; (479) after Mycalê, Lacedaemonians return to, IV, 11. 37. 4; (477) Pausanias abhors manner of life of, 46. 3; (469) Helots and Messenians overrun, 64. 1; (456) Athenians raid, 84. 1–6; (430) V, 12. 43. 2–3; (425) Athenians at Pylos hold soil of, 62. 2, 7; Messenians raid, 63. 5; (424) Nicias takes Thyreae on frontier of, 65. 9; (413) Athenian fleet off coast of, 13. 9. 2; (410) Lacedaemonian envoy speaks in Laconian fashion, 52. 2; one Laconian to be exchanged for one Athenian, 52. 3; war has brought allies to the, 52. 4; (409) call a garrison commander a “harmost,” 66. 2; (395) Conon sends Cytherians to, under truce, VI, 14. 84. 4–5; (371) Thebans claim never to have meddled in affairs of, VII, 15. 51. 4; (369) Boeotians and others plan to waste, 62. 5; they take positions on frontier of, 63. 3; held undevastated for 500 years, 65. 1; Boeotians and others devastate, 65. 4–5; (366) war of Boeotians and, ends, 76. 3; (315) mercenaries recruited in, IX, 19. 60. 1; (314) envoys of Acragas come to, X, 19. 70. 4; Acrotatus returns to, 71. 5; Cleonymus discards dress of, 20. 104. 3. See Alcisthenes, Deinomenes, Epitelidas, Demaratus,
    500
    • Gylippus, Lysander of; Malean cape, Pellenê, Taenarum in. See also Lacedaemon, Sparta.
    • Lacrates of Thebes: (c. 344) commands mercenaries in Artaxerxes’ army, VII, 16. 44. 2, 47. 2, 49. 1–6.
    • Ladder, a pass in Persia, IX, 19. 21 2
    • Ladê, isl. off Miletus: (494) Persians defeat Ionian Greeks near, IV, 10. 25. 43.
    • Ladon: father of Metopê, III, 4. 72. 1.
    • Laeanites, Gulf of (Gulf of Akaba), II, 3. 43. 4.
    • Laelius, C., cos., 190: (203) warns Scipio Africanus against Sophonba, XI, 27. 7. 1.
    • Laërtes, an Argonaut, II, 4. 48. 5.
    • Lagni, in Spain: (140) Q. Pompeius takes, XII, 33. 17. 1–3.
    • Lagus, father of Ptolemy, IX, 18. 3. 1, XI, 21. 1. 4b.
    • Laïus, king of Thebes, father of Oedipus, III, 4. 64. 1–2.
    • Lamachus of Athens: (423) general; loses ships near Heracleia Pontica, V, 12. 72. 4; (416) one of the commanders of Sicilian expedition, 84. 3, (415) 13. 2. 1, (414) 7. 3; killed in Sicily, 8. 1, 6.
    • Lamia: myth of, X, 20. 41. 3–6.
    • Lamia, in Malis: (323) does not join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1; he takes refuge In, 12. 3–4: Leosthenes besieges, 13. 1–3, 18. 3; (322) siege of, abandoned, 1.5. 1.
    • Lamian war: (325) beginnings of. VIII, 17. 111. 1–4; (323–322) Athens and allies defeated by Antipater, IX, 18. 8. 1–13. 6, 14. 4–15. 9, 16. 4–19. 1, 24. 1, 56. 3, 66. 5, X, 20. 46. 3.
    • Lamius of Sparta: (c. 344) leader in army of Nectanebôs, defeats Artaxerxes III Ochus, VII, 16. 48. 2.
    • Lampeia, Mt., in Arcadia: home of Erymanthian boar, II, 4. 12. 1.
    • Lampon of Athens: (446) a founder of new Sybaris (Thurii), IV, 12. 10. 3–4.
    • Lamponius (L. Aponius): (88) Lucanian leader in Social war, XII, 37. 2. 11, (90) 23. 1.
    • Lampsacus, on Hellespont: (after 471) Xerxes gives, to Themistocles to supply wine, IV, 11. 57. 7; (409) Athenians fortify, V, 13. 66. 1; (405) Lysander frees, 104. 8–105.1; he executes Philocles at, 106. 7; (302) joins Lysimachus; is left free, X, 20. 107. 2; Demetrius recovers, 111. 3; (before 190) one of first cities of Asia to seek Roman aid; (190) Antiochus III offers to give up, XI, 29. 7. 1. See Anaximenes.
    • Lamus s. of Heracles, II, 4. 31. 8.
    • Lanassa d. of Agathocles: (c. 295) Agathocles hides plot behind pretended marriage of, XI, 21. 4. 1; (278) wife of Pyrrhus, 22. 8. 2.
    • Lanuvium, in Latium: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
    • Laodiceia, in Syria: (145) Demetrius II Nicator wastes time in, XII, 33. 9. 1; (128) Alexander II Zabinas recovers, 34/5. 22. 1.
    • Laomedon: father of Thymoetes, II, 3. 67. 5.
    • — s. of Ilus: defrauds Poseidon, who demands sacrifice of Hesionê d. of, II, 4. 42. 1–4; refuses Heracles pay promised for saving her; Heracles kills, 32. 1–4, 42. 6–7, 49. 3–7; Priam s. of, III, 4. 75. 4, opposes father’s refusal, II, 4. 32. 5, 49. 3.
    • —of Messana (in Sicily): (399) leader of mutiny, VI, 14. 40. 4–5.
    • —of Mitylenê: (323) Syria assigned to, by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 1, (321) by Antipater, 39. 6; (320) Nicanor takes, captive, 43. 2.
    • Laosthenidas, historian, III, 5. 80. 4.
    • Lapithae: named for Lapithes s. of Apollo, III, 4. 69. 2; defeated by Heracles and the Dorieis, II, 4. 37. 3; war of the
    501
    • Centaurs and the, III, 4. 69. 1–70. 4; driven to Cape Malea, 70. 4.
    • Lapithes s. of Apollo: people dwelling by Peneius riv. called from, III, 4. 69. 1–3. See Periphas, Phorbus, Triopas ss. of.
    • — s. of Aeolus: father of Lesbos, III, 5. 81. 6.
    • Lapithia (Lapithus), on Cyprus: (315) makes alliance with Antigonus, IX, 19. 59. 1; taken by Seleucus, 62. 6; (313) Ptolemy arrests Praxippus king of, X, 19. 79. 4.
    • Laranda, in Lycaonia: (before 323) puts to death satrap appointed by Alexander, IX, 18. 22.1; (322) razed by Perdiccas, 22. 2.
    • Larissa (Larisa), in Syria: colonized from Thessalian Larissa; (145) joins Diodotus Tryphon against Demetrius II Nicator, XII, 33. 4a. 1.
    • —, in Thessaly: mother city of Larissa in Syria, XII, 33. 4a. 1; (395) Council in Corinth aids, against Lycophron of Pherae, VI, 14. 82. 5; (369) Alexander II of Macedon holds, after expelling Alexander of Pherae, VII, 15. 61. 3–5; Macedonian garrison in, surrenders to Pelopidas, 67. 3–4. See Corcinas, Menon of.
    • — Cremastê, in Phthiotis: (302) Demetrius takes, X, 20. 110. 2.
    • Lasion, in Elis: (402) Lacedaemonians take, VI, 14. 17. 8; (865) Arcadian exiles in, VII, 15. 77. 1; Eleians and Arcadians dispute control of, 77. 1–4.
    • Lasthenes of Thebes: (404) an Olympic victor; defeats a race horse, VI, 14. 11. 5.
    • — of Olynthus: (348) bribed by Philip, VII, 16. 53. 2.
    • —: (145) minister of Demetrius II Nicator, XII, 33. 4. 11.
    • —: (69?) Rome bids Cretans surrender, XII, 40. 1. 3.
    • Latin (language): meaning in, of Alba, III, 7. 5. 6, of Mt. Silva, 5. 8, 6. 1; both Greek and, spoken in Sicily (in time of Diodorus), I, 1. 4. 4.
    • Latin cities: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
    • Latins, Latium: Romans, by origin are, III, 8. 26. 1; Aeneas becomes king of, 7. 5. 2; kings of, ruling from Alba Longa, 5. 3–7. 1; (337=V340) Romans defeat, VIII, 16. 90. 2; (91) Saunio, a buffoon from, XII, 37. 12. 2.
    • Latinus, king of Latium: Aeneas marries Lavinia d. of, III, 7. 5. 8.
    • — Silvius: king of Alba Longa, founds Latin cities, III, 7. 5. 9–10.
    • Latmia, in Caria: Carians move from, to Naxos, III, 5. 51. 3.
    • Latomiae, in Libya: (310) Agathocles lands at, X, 20. 6. 3.
    • laurel: Apollo discovers, I, 1. 17. 4, 5.
    • Laüs, in Lucania: (390) Thurians advance against, VI, 14. 101. 3.
    • Laustolae (Lautulae), in Latium: (314) Samnites defeat Romans at, X, 19. 72. 7–8.
    • Lavinia d. of Latinus: wife of Aeneas and mother of Silvius, III, 7. 5. 8.
    • Lavinius, L.: see M. Albinius, tr. pi. c. p., 371=V379.
    • laws: of Egypt called the best, I, 1. 69. 5; given to mankind by Themis, III, 5. 67. 4; various accounts of origin of Egyptian, I, 1. 14. 3–4, 75. 6, 94. 1–95. 5; given to various peoples by various gods and lawgivers, 94. 1–2; Egyptian influence on laws of Lycurgus, Plato, Solon, 98. 1; Macareus gives, for Lesbos, III, 5. 82. 4; (c. 600) Charondas gives, for Thurii, IV, 12. 11. 3–19. 2; his provision for revision of, 17. 1–3; Zaleucus gives, for Locri (in Italy), 20. 1–21. 1; (444–443=V451–450) Xviri give, for Rome, IV, 12. 23. 1–25. l; (412) Diodes draws up, for Syracuse, V, 13. 35.1–5; (399) laws of Diodes revised by
    502
    • Timoleon, VIII, 16. 82. 6–7, V, 13. 35. 3, (c. 250) and by Polydorus, 35. 3.
    • Leandrias of Sparta: (371) exiled; with Epameinondas, VII, 15. 54. 1.
    • Lebadeia, in Boeotia: festival of Zeus at, VII, 15. 53. 4.
    • Lebanon, Mt., in Syria: location of, IX, 19. 58. 3; Aegis burns forests of, II, 3. 70. 4; Antigonus gets ship timber from, IX, 19. 58. 2–3.
    • Lechaeum: port of Corinth, XI, 22. 8. 6; on one side of Isthmus, IV, 11. 16. 3, VII, 15. 68. 3; (394) Corinthians and Lacedaemonians hold, in turn, VI, 14. 86. 3–6; (393) Corinthian exiles in, 91. 2.
    • Leda, mother of Helen by Zeus, III, 4. 63. 2.
    • Leïtus s. of Electryon: Boeotian leader in Trojan war, III, 4. 67. 7.
    • Lemnos: Rhadamanthys gives, to Thoas, III, 5. 79. 2; (c. 520) Tyrrhenians give, to Miltiades, IV, 10. 19. 6; (441) Pericles places Samian hostages on; Samians recover them, 12. 27. 2–3; (356) Chians and others ravage, VII, 16. 21. 2; (314) attacked by Seleucus for loyalty to Antigonus; relieved by Dioscurides, X, 19. 68. 3–4.
    • Lenaea, Athenian festival: (368) Dionysius wins victory with tragedy at, VII, 15. 74. 1.
    • Lenaeus, name of Dionysus, II, 3. 63. 4, 4. 5. 1.
    • — the Syrian: (169) minister of Ptolemy VI Philometor, undertakes war with Antiochus IV Epiphanes, XI, 30. 15. 1–16. 1.
    • Leocrates: (459) Athenian general, defeats Aegina, IV, 11. 78. 3–4.
    • Leocritus: (c. 180) general of Pharnaces, forces mercenaries in Tius to surrender, XI, 29. 23. 1.
    • Leonidas, king of Sparta: (480) commands forces sent to Thermopylae, IV, 11. 4. 2–7; rejects Xerxes’ offer, 5. 4–5, VI, 14. 25. 2–3; checks Persian attacks, IV, 11. 6. 3–8. 3; remains after Persians turn his position, 8. 4–9. 2; Lacedaemonians and Thespians under, perish in night attack on Persian camp, 9. 3–10. 4, VII, 15. 64. 4, on same day as battle at Himera, IV, 11. 24. 1; praised by Simonides, 11. 6; (479) Pausanias commands as guardian for son of, 29. 4.
    • Leonides, officer of Ptolemy: (310) subdues cities of Cilicia; Demetrius defeats, X, 20. 19. 4–5.
    • Leonnatus, a Macedonian: (336) kills murderer of Philip, VIII, 16. 94. 4; (333) a “Friend” of Alexander; sent to reassure captured wife of Dareius, 17. 37. 3; (326) Alexander sends, to lay waste interior (on return from India), 104. 5–6; Oreitae attack, 105. 8; (323) Perdiccas assigns Hellespontine Phrygia to, IX, 18. 3. 1; brings aid to Antipater, 12. l2, 14. 4–5; (322) defeated and killed by Greeks, 15. 1–4, 16. 5.
    • Leonteus, brother of Andraemon, II, 4. 53. 2.
    • Leontini, Leontines, in Sicily: Heracles leaves memorials at, II, 4. 24. 1; wild wheat still grows in, III, 5. 2. 4; colonized by Chalcis and Athens, V, 12. 53. 1, 83. 1, 3; land near, called Xuthia, III, 5. 8. 2; (476) Hieron moves people of Catana and Naxos to, IV, 11. 49. 2; (427) Gorgias as envoy from, secures alliance with Athens against Syracuse, V, 12. 53. 1–54. 4; make peace with Syracuse securing Syracusan citizenship, 54. 7; (before 416) Syracusans force people to leave, 83. 1; (416) seek Athenian aid, 83. 1–3; (413) Syracusans pretending to be from, trick Athenians, 13. 18. 5; (406) Syracuse settles fugitives from Acragas in, 89. 4; by
    503
    • ruse in, Dionysius wins a bodyguard, 95. 3–6; (405) Geloans and Camarinaeans leave Dionysius and go to, 113. 4; left free by terms of peace, 114. 1; (403) Dionysius seeks control of; he fails to take, VI, 14. 14. 1–4; abandon city and move to Syracuse, 15. 4; (396) Dionysius fortifies, 58. 1; he gives, to his mercenaries, 78. 2–3; (356) general of Dionysius II briefly holds, VII, 16. 16. 1; Dion and his mercenaries in, 17. 4, 20. 1; (353) supporters of Dion flee to, 36. 5; (345) Hicetas, tyrant of Syracuse, makes, his base, VIII, 16. 68. 1–2, (342) 72. 2, 4; Timoleon fails to take, 72. 2; (339) Timoleon transports, to Syracuse, 82. 7; (311) goes over to Carthage, X, 19. 110. 3; (309) soldiers of Agathocles plunder, 20. 32. 1–2; (278) Pyrrhus in, XI, 22. 8. 5, 10. 1; (263) subject to Hiero, 23. 4. 1; (104) Salvius, slave leader, assembles army near, XII, 36. 7. 1.
    • Leontopolis, in Egypt: lion ceremonies at, I, 1. 84. 4–8.
    • Leôs of Athens: sacrifices daughters for good of city, VIII, 17. 15. 2.
    • Leosthenes of Athens: (361) loses ships; condemned as traitor, VII, 15. 95. 1–3.
    • — —: (325) mercenaries at Taenarum choose, as leader, VIII, 17. 111. 3–4; (323) Athens sends, to Taenarum to enrol men against Antipater, IX, 18. 9. 1–3; goes to Aetolia, 9. 4–5; occupies Thermopylae, 11. 3–5; Thessalians join, 12. 3; forces Antipater to retire to Lamia, 12. 3–4; killed while besieging Lamia, 13. 1–6.
    • Leostratus: (303) archon, X, 20. 102. 1.
    • Leotrophides of Athens: (409) defeats Megarians, V, 13. 65. 1–2.
    • Leotychides, king of Sparta: (479) collects fleet after Salamis, IV, 11. 34. 2–3; moves to Mycalê; proclaims liberation of Greeks of Asia, 34. 4–35. 1; Greeks under, defeat Persians at Mycalê, 35. 1–36. 7; tries to persuade Greeks of Asia to move to Europe, 37. 1–2; (476) dies, 48. 2.
    • Leptines of Syracuse, brother of Dionysius: (397) in command of siege of Motyê, VI, 14. 48. 4, and of fleet, 53. 5, (396) 54. 4, 55. 2–3; Punic fleet defeats, 59. 7–60. 7; escorts provisions, 64. 1; defeats Punic fleet, 72. 1, 4–6; (390) reconciles Italian Greeks and Lucanians; is removed from command, 102. 1–3; (386) exiled; recalled, 15. 7. 3–4; (383) killed at Cronium, 17. 1–2.
    • — —: (351) takes Rhegium from Dionysius II, VII, 16. 45. 9; (342) tyrant of Engyum and Apollonia, submits to Timoleon, VIII, 16. 72. 3–5.
    • — —, general of Agathocles: (307) defeats Acragantines; governor of Cephaloedium, X, 20. 56. 1–3; in command of Sicily, 61. 5; defeats Acragantines, 62. 2–5.
    • —: (163) murders Cn. Octavius, XI, 31. 29. 1.
    • Lerna, hydra of: Heracles slays, and dips arrows in blood of, II, 4. 11. 5–6, 38. 2.
    • Lesbos s. of Lapithes: gives name to island, III, 5. 81. 6.
    • Lesbos: one of seven largest islands, III, 5. 17. 1; Macar s. of Helius comes to, 57. 2; Queen Myrina of Libyan Amazons seizes, and founds Mitylenê, II, 3. 55. 7; account of, III, 5. 81. 1–83. 1; called Issa, then Pelasgia, 81. 1–2; Macareus s. of Deucalion settles in, 81. 3–5; named Lesbos, 81. 6; fortunes of, superior to those of mainland, 82. 1–2; Macareus issues law called “Lion,” 82. 4; Tenedos founded after, 83. 1; 11th in
    504
    • list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1; (480) sends ships to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 8; (431) ally of Athens, V, 12. 42. 5; (427) Athens suppresses revolt of, 55. 1–10; (423) exiles from, driven from Antandrus, 72. 2–3; (411) Athenians sail to, 13. 38. 7; (410) they summon Alcibiades from, 49. 3; (409) they withdraw to, 64. 1; (407) Lacedaemonians sail to, 76. 5; (392) Athenian fleet sails to, which had revolted, VI, 14. 94. 3, 99. 4; (333) Memnon takes cities on, VIII, 17. 29. 2, 31. 3; (88) supports Mithridates and arrests M’. Aquillius, XII, 37. 27. 1. See Mitylenê, Methymnê.
    • Lesser Mysteries, at Agrae: instituted in honour of Heracles by Demeter, II, 4. 14. 3.
    • Lethê, portal of, in Egypt, I, 1. 96. 9.
    • Leto: d. of Coeus and Phoebê, III, 5. 67. 2; Hyperboreans claim birth of, II, 2. 47. 2; bids Apollo and Artemis slay Niobê’s children, III, 4. 74. 3.
    • Letodorus: (323) leader of Greeks of upper satrapies, corrupted by Pithon, IX, 18. 7. 5–7.
    • Leucae (Leucê), in Ionia: (c. 383) Tachôs founds: later Cymae and Clazomenae contend for, VI, 15. 18. 1–4; (362) Rheomithres betrays leaders of satraps’ revolt at, VII, 15. 92. 1.
    • Leucanians: see Lucanians.
    • Leucas, Leucadians: (431) ally of Lacedaemon, V, 12. 42. 4; (425) Athenians plunder, 60. 1; (411) they capture ship of, 13. 40. 5; (395) join alliance against Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 82. 3; (376) Athenians under Timotheüs defeat Lacedaemonian fleet off, VII, 15. 36. 5; (345) ships of, with Timoleon, VIII, 16. 66. 2; (323) join Athenians against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1; (314) Cassander secures, X, 19. 67. 5; (312) his garrison expelled from, 88. 5, 89. 3.
    • Leucaspis, a Sicanian: Heracles slays, II, 4. 23. 5.
    • Leucippus s. of Naxos: father of Smerdius, III, 5. 51. 3.
    • —: leads colonists from Lesbos to Rhodes, III, 5. 81. 8.
    • Leucon, king of Bosporus: (393) succeeds Satyrus, VI, 14. 93. 1; (354) dies, VII, 16. 31. 6.
    • Leucophrys isl.: Tennes founds Tenedos on, III, 5. 83. 2.
    • Leucothea, name of Halia, III, 5. 55. 7.
    • Leuctra, in Boeotia: named for Leuctrus, VII, 15. 54. 3; (371) Boeotians under Epameinondas defeat Lacedaemonians at, VII, 15. 53. 1–56. 4, IV, 11. 82. 3, VI, 15. 1. 2, VII, 15. 33. 2–3, 60. 2, 63. 1, 72. 3, 76. 3, 81. 2, 16. 23. 2, 29. 2, 58. 3, VIII, 17. 10. 6, 11. 5; (363) Epameinondas dying calls Mantineia and, his “daughters,” VII, 15. 87. 6.
    • Leuctrus: plain of Leuctra named for; curse by daughters of, portends Lacedaemonian defeat, VII, 15. 54. 2–3.
    • Liber: see Dionysus.
    • Liberation, Festival of: (463) established in Syracuse, IV, 11. 72. 2.
    • Liberty, Festival of: (479) Greeks vow, before Plataea, IV, 11. 29. 1.
    • Libya: mother of Belus by Poseidon, I, 1. 28. 1.
    • Libya: mentioned as west of Egypt or west of Nile: I, 1. 17. 3, 30. 1–2, 32. 2–4, 33. 3, 37. 11, 45. 7, 63. 3, 97. 2, 9, II, 3. 10. 1; Egypt protected by desert of, I, 1. 30. 1–2; explain Nile floods, 37. 11; rivers of, unlike the Nile, 38. 8–12, 41. 3; elephants of, inferior to those of India, 2. 16. 4, II, 2. 35. 4; beasts of, less fierce than those of Arabia, 50. 2; climate, flora, and fauna of, 51. 4–53. 5,3. 10. 1–6, 50. 1–3, 54. 3, 4. 17. 4, V, 13. 81. 5; sun over, in winter, I, 1. 38. 8–12; some Ethiopian
    505
    • tribes live in interior of, II, 3. 8. 1; Ethiopians and, contend for marshes west of Nile, 10. 1–4; some cities of, depopulated by lions, 30. 4; account of, 1. 3, 49. 1–55. 11; the four tribes of, and their occupations, 49. 1–5; mirages and their causes, 50. 4–51. 5; Amazons of, 52. 1–55. 11; Cronus lord of, 61. 3; account of Dionysus according to, 66. 4–74. 6; Thymoetes visits, 67. 5; Ammon king of part of, 68. 1; the Aegis passes over, 70. 4; pillar in, set up by Egyptian Heracles, 74. 4, I, 1. 24. 1, by Greek Heracles, II, 3. 55. 3, 4. 18. 2, 4; he passes through, subdues, and brings under cultivation, 17. 4–5, 18. 1; he returns to, for apples of Hesperides, 26. 2; he slays Antaeus in, 27. 3; Apollo carries Cyrenê to, III, 4. 81. 1; Aristaeus returns to, 82. 4; Lamia born in, X, 20. 41. 6; Sesoösis of Egypt conquers, I, 1. 53. 6; Semiramis subdues, 2. 14. 3; Phoenicians discover island off coast of, III, 5. 19. 1–21. 1; they plant colonies in, 20. 1, 35. 5, 38. 3; natives of, hate Phoenicians, X, 20. 55. 4; Ligurians coast along, III, 5. 39. 8; infested by robbers, I, 1. 89. 2; inhabited by Phoenicians, Libyphoenicians, Libyans, and Nomads, X, 20. 55. 4; nomadic Libyans live north of Ammon, VIII, 17. 50. 2.

      (c. 650) Psammetichus drives other kings into, I. 1. 66. 12; (c. 630) Battus founds Cyrenê in, III, 8. 29. 1; (c. 522) subject to Cambyses, IV, 10. 15. 1; (before 480) Carthage gathers forces in, against Sicily, 11. 1. 5; (480) Hamilcar sends to, for supplies, 20. 4; Carthaginians fear that Gelon will cross to, 24. 4; Gelon holds many captives from, 25. 5; (460) Athenians leave Egypt by way of Cyrenê and, 77. 4–5; (409) Hannibal s. of Gescon sails from, V, 13. 54. 1–2; he sends captured Greeks to, 58. 2; (407) Carthage gathers forces in, against Sicily, 79. 8, 80. 3–4; (406) fruit trees not yet planted in, 81. 5; (405) Punic army brings plague to, from Sicily, 114. 2; (399) plague in, VI, 14. 41. 1, (398) 45. 3; (397) Dionysius sends herald to, 47. 1–2; Himilcon returns to, 50. 4; (396) he sends to, for supplies, 63. 4; Dionysius permits Carthaginians to return to, 75. 1–4; Punic allies in, revolt, 77. 1–6; (379) VII, 15. 24. 2–3; (368) 73. 1; (340) after Crimisus the Carthaginians fear to cross to, VIII, 16. 81. 2; (324) envoys from, to Alexander, 17. 113. 2; (323) Perdiccas cancels Alexander’s plans for, IX, 18. 4. 4, 6; (before 322) Thibron begins campaign against, 19. 5, 20. 7; Cyrenê seeks aid of, against Thibron, 21. 4; (315) Punic envoys to Agathocles return to, 19. 65. 5; (311) parts of, assigned to Ptolemy, X, 19. 105. 1; (310) Agathocles’ first campaign in, 20. 2. 3–18. 3, VIII, 17. 23. 2–3, IX, 19. 1. 6–7, X, 19. 110. 5, XI, 21. 17. 2, (309) X, 20. 30. 3, 33. 1–34. 7, (308) 38. 1–44. 7; (307) 53. 4–55. 4; Agathocles leaves Agatharchus (or Archagathus) in command in, 55. 3–5, 57. 3–61. 5; disastrous second campaign of Agathocles in, 61. 5, 63. 7–71. 1, 77. 2, XI, 21. 16. 1, 3; he leaves some forces in, X, 20. 72. 1–2; (c. 289) he plans third campaign in, XI, 21. 16. 1; (278) Pyrrhus hopes to win, 22. 8. 5, 10. 7; Carthage brings forces from, to Lilybaeum, 10. 5; (262) 23. 8. 1; (256) Romans cross to, against Carthage, 15. 7; (255) 18. 1; (253) 19. 1; (c. 237) activity of

    506
    • Hamilcar Barca in, 25. 8. 1; (205) Scipio invades, 27. 2a. 1, 4. 6, 29. 21. 1, XII, 34/5. 33. 1; (203) Hannibal returns to, XI, 27. 9. 1; he thinks to die in, 25. 19. 1 (p. 175); (c. 170) elephants from, in Roman army, I, 2. 17. 3; (149) Scipio Aemilianus known for justice through all, XI, 32. 7. 1, 9a. 2 (p. 429); (148) L. Calpurnius Piso razes towns in, 18. 1; (118) Micipsa of Numidia and his sons, XII, 34/5. 35. 11; (112) Jugurtha victorious over rivals in, 31. 1–32. 1; (109) Marius in, (Jugurthine war), 38. 1–2, (105) 39. 1, 36. 1. 1, 37. 29. 2; (88) Marius driven from (i.e., from Africa Proconsularis), 29. 3. See Ammon, Lake Moeris, Numidia, Paraetonium in.

      Libyans serving as mercenaries or allies: (410) in army of Carthage, V, 13. 44. 1, 6, (406) 80. 3, 85. 1, (405) 110. 6, (396) VI, 14. 54. 5–6, 71. 1, 75. 7–8, (392) 95. 1, (342) VIII, 16. 73. 3, (311) X, 19. 106. 2, 108. 3, 109. 3–4, 110. 1, (310) 20. 3. 3, 12. 7, 18. 3, (241–237) XI, 25. 2. 2, 8. 1; (410) in army of Chalcidians, V, 13. 44. 2; (462) in army of Egypt, IV, 11. 74. 2, (c. 344) VII, 16. 47. 6, 48. 3; (310) in army of Agathocles of Syracuse, X, 20. 17. 1, (308) 38. 1, (307) 55. 5, 64. 2–5, 66. 1–68. 1.

    • Libyan sea: (480) Carthaginians cross, IV, 11. 20. 2; (409) V, 13. 54. 2; (396) VI, 14. 55. 1–3; (340) they fear, VIII, 16. 81. 2.
    • — war (Truceless war): (241–238) mercenaries rebel against Carthage, XI, 25. 2. 1–6. 1; (237) ended by Hamilcar Barca, 8. 1, 26. 23. 1, 24. 1.
    • Libyphoenicians: one of four peoples of Libya, X, 20. 55. 4; (324) send envoys to Alexander, VIII, 17. 113. 2.
    • Libys, king of Libya: (403) aids Lysander’s effort to bribe Ammon, VI, 14. 13. 5–7.
    • —, (403) brother of Lysander, VI, 14. 13. 6.
    • Libyssa, in Bithynia: (183) Hannibal takes poison at, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 175).
    • lice: intestinal, cause death of Acridophagi, II, 3. 29. 5–7; (132) flesh of Eunus changes into, XII, 34/5. 2. 23.
    • Lichas, servant of Heracles, II, 4. 38. 1–2.
    • Licinius, C.: see Menenius Lanatus, Licinus, cos. 370=V378.
    • —, M.: (149) legate to Bithynia, XI, 32. 20. 1.
    • — Calvus (or Stolo), C.: (361=V364) cos., VII, 15. 95. 1; (358=V361) 16. 6. 1.
    • — — Esquilinus, P.: (393=V396) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 90. 1.
    • — Crassus, P., cos. 97: (90) Latin leader attacks, XII, 37. 23. 1.
    • — —, P.: (c. 86) put to death without trial, XII, 37. 29. 5.
    • — — Dives, P.: (205) cos. and pontifex maximus, XI, 27. 2. 1.
    • — Lucullus, L.: (104) pr., commander in slave war in Italy, XII, 36. 2. 5–6; (103) defeats slaves in Sicily, 8. 1–4; fails to follow up advantage; punished, 8. 5–9. 2.
    • — —, L.: cos. 74: wealthiest Roman of his day; dedicates tithe to Heracles, II, 4. 21. 4.
    • — Nerva, P.: (104) pr., commander in slave war in Sicily, XII, 36. 3. 2–4. 8.
    • lictors: Tyrrhenian (Etruscan) origin of, III, 5. 40. 1.
    • Licymnius s. of Electryon: Heracles sends, to Delphi, II, 4. 38. 3; sons of, banished with Heracleidae, 57. 3, become citizens of Argos, 58. 5; slain by Tlepolemus, 58. 7, III, 5. 59. 5. See Oeonus s. of.
    • life, theories re origin of, I, 1. 7. 4–7, II, 3. 2. 1, III, 5. 56. 3.
    • Liguria: account of, III, 5. 39. 1–8; poverty and endurance of, II, 4. 20. 1–3; Heracles in,
    507
    • 19. 4, 21. 1; (480) mercenaries from, in Punic army, IV, 11. 1. 5; (342) VIII, 16. 73. 3; (241–237) 25. 2. 2; (299) in army of Agathocles, 21. 3. 1; (187) rights of, as Roman allies violated, 29. 14. 1; (c. 60) now part of Roman state, III, 5. 39. 7.
    • Lilybaeum, well, cape, and city in Sicily: distance of, from Pelorias, III, 5. 2. 2; Sicily as far as, ruled by sons of Aeolus, 8. 1; (580–576) colonists from Cnidus and Rhodes come to region of, 9. 2; (454) indecisive war between Egesta and, IV, 11. 86. 2; (409) Carthaginians cross to, V, 13. 54. 2, 6; (397) Punic fleet rounds, VI, 14. 50. 2; (396) survivors of Motyê are settled at, XI, 22. 10. 4; city takes its name from well, V, 13. 54. 4; (368) Dionysius besieges, VII, 15. 73. 2; (340) Carthaginians flee to, after Crimisus, VIII, 16. 81. 2; (278) Carthage holds, against Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 10. 4–7; (264) Hanno s. of Hannibal lands at, 23. 1. 2; (262) Carthaginians take hostages of Tyndarians to, 5. 1; Hanno the Elder marches from, 8. 1; (255) Romans and Carthaginians fight near, 16. 1 (p. 109); (250) Carthaginians transport people of Selinus to, 24. 1. 1; Romans besiege, 1. 1–4, 2. 1; (249) 1. 5–6, 10, 3. 1; (248–241) siege continues to end of war, 14. 1; (149) Roman fleet at, 32. 6. 1; (104) slaves in, rise; are defeated, XII, 36. 5. 1–4.
    • Lindus s. of Cercaphus: after flood, founds Lindus on Rhodes, III, 5. 57. 8.
    • Lindus, on Rhodes: Tlepolemus founds, II, 4. 58. 8; Lindus founds, after flood, III, 5. 57. 8; Danaüs builds temple of Athena at, 58. 1; Cadmus honours Athena of, 58. 3; statue called Apollo Telchinius in, 55. 2; (408) joins Cameirus and Ielysus to form city, Rhodes, V, 13. 75. 1.
    • linen: fine, woven in Melitê, III, 5. 12. 2.
    • Linus: adds string to lyre, II, 3. 59. 6; innovator in music, poetry, and writing; killed by his pupil, Heracles, 67. 1–4.
    • lion: Osymandyas shown with, on relief, I, 1. 48. 1; rites of the, of Leontopolis, 84. 4–8; mosquitoes save Rhizophagi from, II, 3. 23. 2–3; depopulate Libyan cities, 30. 4.
    • Lion: law of Lesbos called the, III, 5. 82. 4.
    • Lipara, isl. and city: one of Aeolides, III, 5. 7. 1; Aeolus founds city, 4. 67. 6; account of, 5. 7. 1–12. 1, and of islands beyond, 11. 1–4; 12. 4–16. 1; (c. 580) men of Cnidus and Rhodes form communistic state on, 9. 3–5; reasons for prosperity of, 10. 1–3; (396) Himilcon seizes, VI, 14. 56. 2; (393) people of, restore golden bowl to Roman envoys, 93. 3–4; (? 269) Hannibal near, XI, 22. 13. 7; (252) Romans take, from Carthage, 23. 20. 1, VI, 14. 93. 5.
    • Liparaean isls.: see Aeolides.
    • Liparus s. of Auson: founds Liparus; becomes king of Surrentum, III, 5. 7. 5–6.
    • Liparus, city on Lipara isl., III, 5. 7. 5.
    • Liphlus, city of Aequi: (390=V393) Romans take, VI, 14. 102. 4.
    • Liphoecua, city of Aequi: (389=V392) Romans take, VI, 14. 106. 4.
    • Lissus, in Illyria: Dionysius establishes colony of, VI, 15. 13. 4; (384) governor of, defeats Illyrians, 14. 2.
    • Livius Denter, M.: (302) cos., X, 20. 106. 1.
    • — Drusus, M.: (91) trib. pl.; character of; challenges power of Senate, XII, 37. 10. 1–3; oath of Italians to, 11. 1;
    508
    • Italians march on Rome at invitation of the tribunes 13. 1.
    • Locri, Epizephyrian, in Italy: Heracles drives cicadas from, II, 4. 22. 5; Zaleucus makes laws for, IV, 12. 19. 3–21. 2; Lacedaemonians offer, aid of Dioscuri, III, 8. 32. 1–2; (466) Thrasybulus spends last years at, IV, 11. 68. 4, 7; (427) Athenians capture ships of, V, 12. 54. 4; (415) Athenian fleet passes, 13. 3. 5; (398) Dionysius takes wife from, VI, 14. 44. 6–7, 107. 2–3, VII, 16. 6. 2; (396) he settles Locrians in Messana, VI, 14. 78. 5; (390) he comes to borders of, 100. 2; (389) he gives to, lands of Caulonia, 106. 3, (388) and of Hipponium, 107. 2–3; (356) general of Dionysius II sails from, VII, 16. 18. 1; (278) Pyrrhus at, XI, 22. 8. 2; terrified by storm he returns treasure to, 27. 4. 3; (204) Q. Pleminius loots temples of; restoration is made, 4. 1–8.
    • Locrians: magistrates fine man for asking if anything is happening in city, III, 8. 23. 4; (377) Phocians and, form division of Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; (370) Thebans make friends with, 57. 1; (369) join Theban invasion of Peloponnese, 62. 4; (363) in Theban army at Mantineia, 85. 2; (331) cavalry of, at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 3; (323) join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 9. 5, 11. 1. See Locri, Locris.
    • Locris, Opuntian (Epicnemidian): Ajax born in, VI, 14. 82. 8; (480) submits to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 1–2; supports Leonidas at Thermopylae, 4. 6–7; (457) Athenians defeat, 83. 2–3; (431) allied to Lacedaemon, V, 12. 42. 4; (430) Athens sends Cleopompus against, 44. 1; (426) earthquake in, 59. 2; (424) Nicias plunders coast of, 65. 5; (395) military head-quarters of Council at Corinth, VI, 14. 82. 8; (370) Jason of Pherae invades, VII, 15. 57. 2; (355) Phocians defeat, 16. 25. 2–3; (354) join war against Phocians, 29. 1; Philomelus invades, 30. 3; Thessalians arrive in, 30. 4; (352) Phocians take all cities of, 38. 3–6; (346) Philip enters, with army, 59. 2; (317) Cassander secures boats from, IX, 19. 35. 2; (313) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus enters, X, 19. 78. 5; (309) Polyperchon winters in, 20. 28. 4. See Locrians.
    • —, Ozolian (Amphissian): (431) allied to Lacedaemon, V, 12. 42. 4; (418) Phocians defeat, 80. 4; (401) Lacedaemonians give Naupactus to, VI, 14. 34. 3; (355) oppose Philomelus; defeated near Delphi, VII, 16. 24. 4; renew war, 27. 5; (354) defeated; seek Theban aid, 28. 3; (321) Aetolians overrun, IX, 18. 38. 2. See Naupactus; Locrians.
    • Locust-eaters: see Acridophagi.
    • Loitanus riv., in Sicily: (c. 269) Hiero faces Mamertines at, XI, 22. 13. 2.
    • Lombards: (216) Cannae fought on boundary of, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 171).
    • Longon, in Sicily: (c. 246) Hamilcar Barca attacks fort near, XI, 24. 6. 1.
    • Loryma, in Caria: (395) Persian fleet under Conon at, VI, 14. 83. 4; (305) Demetrius gathers forces at, X, 20. 82. 4–5.
    • lot: (411) Syracuse institutes selection of magistrates by, V, 13. 34. 6.
    • Lucanians (Leucanians): (393) Greeks of Italy allied against, VI, 14. 91. 1, 101. 1; (390) Dionysius makes alliance with, 100. 5; defeat Thurians, then make peace with Italiote Greeks, 101. 1–102. 3; (after 367) Dionysius the Younger makes peace with, VII, 16. 5. 2; (356) fugitive slaves
    509
    • occupy cities of, 15. 1–2; (338) at war with Tarentines, 61. 4, 62. 4, 63. 2; fight with Tarentines on day of Chaeroneia, VIII, 16. 88. 3; (303) make peace with Tarentines, X, 20. 104. 1, 3; (103) in Roman army, XII, 36. 8. 1; (91) join Italians in Social war, 37. 2. 4, (88) 2. 11.
    • Luceria, in Apulia: (314) Romans establish, as colony, X, 19. 72. 8–9.
    • Lucius and Postumius: see L. Postumius Albinus, tr. mil. c. p., 381=V389.
    • Lucius, Q.: see L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, tr. mil. c. p., 377=V385.
    • Lucretia: (510) attacked by Sextius Tarquin, IV, 10. 20. 1–21. 5.
    • Lucretius Flavus Tricipitinus, L.: (390=V393) cos., VI, 14. 99. 1; (388=V391) tr. pl. c. p., 107. 1; (385=V393) cos., 15. 8. 1; (383=V391) tr. mil. c. p., 15. 1; (380=V388) VII, 15. 23. 1; (375=V383) 38. 1; (373=V381) 48. 1.
    • — Tricipitinus, Opiter: (422=V429) cos., V, 12. 73. 1.
    • — —, L.: (457=V462) cos., IV, 11. 81. 1.
    • — —, P.: (414=V417) tr. pl. c. p., V, 13. 7. 1.
    • Lucullus: see L. Licinius Lucullus. lunar cycle: each, counted as year by Egyptians, I, 1. 26. 2–4.
    • Lusitanians, in Spain: most valiant of Iberians, III, 5. 34. 4–5; brigandage of, 34. 6–7; tin mines north of, 38. 4; (153) defeat L. Mummius, XI, 31. 42. 1; (147–139) under Viriathus, defeat Romans, XII, 33. 1. 1–5; he reproaches, 7. 5–6; cowed after his death, 1. 4, 21a. 1. Given to threats, 24. 1. Iberians also called, XI, 31. 42. 1.
    • Lutatius Catulus, C., cos. 242: (241) defeats Punic fleet, XI, 24. 11. 1–3.
    • — —, Q., cos. 102: (101) defeats Cimbri, XII, 38/9. 4. 2; (87) kills self, 4. 2–3.
    • — —, Q., cos. 78: (63) Cicero asks if he shall banish, XII, 40. 5a. 1.
    • luxury: (161) M. Porcius Cato attacks, XI, 31. 24. 1; (160) growth of, in Rome, 26. 6–7; (91) XII, 37. 3. 1–6.
    • Lycaonia, in Asia Minor: location and climate of, IX, 18. 5. 4; (302) Antigonus restores those of, who deserted him, X, 20. 108. 3; (188) procos. Cn. Manlius Vulso at, XI, 29. 13. 1.
    • Lycastus s. of Minos: weds Idê, begets Minos II, III, 4. 60. 3.
    • Lychnitis, Lake, in Illyria: (358) Philip subjects Illyria as far as, VII, 16. 8. 1.
    • Lycia, in Asia Minor: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; Apollo called Lycian, III, 5. 77. 6–7; Lycus dedicates temple to Apollo in, 56. 1; subdued by Sarpedon s. of Zeus, 79. 3, by Ninus, I, 2. 2. 3, by Pelasgians of Argos, III, 5. 81. 2; Proetus sends Bellerophon to, 6. 9. 1; (480) ships from, in fleet of Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 1, 3. 7, 19. 1; (470) revolts from Persia, 60. 4; (362) VII, 15. 90. 3; (334) Alexander overruns, VIII, 17. 27. 7–28. 5; (330) man of, guides Alexander, 68. 5–7; (323) assigned to Antigonus by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 1, (321) by Antipater, 39. 6; (315) Cassander demands, from Antigonus, 19. 57. 1; (309) Ptolemy takes cities of, X, 20. 27. 1; (188) given to Rhodes, XI, 29. 11. 1. Lycians serving in armies of: (318) Eumenes, IX, 18. 61. 4; (317) Antigonus, 19. 29. 3; (314) Demetrius, X, 19. 69. 1; (312) 82. 4; (302) Lysimachus, 20. 113. 3. See Iobates king of; Patara in.
    • Lyciscus: (344) archon, VIII, 16. 69. 1.
    • —, general of Cassander: (317) regent of Epirus, IX, 19. 36. 5;
    510
    • (314) aids Acarnanians, X, 19. 67. 5, 88. 2; (312) Alcetas of Epirus defeats, then is defeated by, 88. 2–89. 1.
    • —, officer of Agathocles: (309) Archagathus kills, causing mutiny, X, 20. 33. 3–8.
    • Lycius: see Apollo Lycius.
    • Lycomedes of Mantineia (or of Tegea): (370) unites Arcadians, VII, 15. 59. 1; (369) defeats Lacedaemonians, 62. 1–2; takes Pellenê, 67. 2.
    • Lycon, admiral of Antigonus: (313) aids Callantia, X, 19. 73. 6.
    • Lycopeus: Tydeus slays, III, 4. 65. 2.
    • Lycophron, tyrant of Pherae: (395) Council at Corinth aids Medius against, VI, 14. 82. 5–6.
    • — II, of Pherae: (357) assassinates Alexander of Pherae, VII, 16. 14. 1–2; (353) with Phocians, defeats Philip, 35. 1–2; then is defeated by him, 35. 3–5; (352) yields Pherae to Philip and flees to Phocians, 37. 3; aids Lacedaemonians against Megalopolitans, 39. 3.
    • Lycopolitê, in Egypt, I, 1. 88. 7.
    • Lyctius: Minos weds daughter of, III, 4. 60. 3.
    • Lyctus, in Crete: (346) Lacedaemonians drive Phalaecus from, VII, 16. 62. 3–4, 63. 2.
    • Lycurgus s. of Dryas, king of Thrace: exiles Mopsus, II, 3. 55. 10; plots against Dionysus (Osiris); crucified, 65. 4–6, 4. 3. 4, I, 1. 20. 2. Also called king of Arabia, II, 3. 65. 7.
    • — s. of Boreas: exiles brother Butes, III, 5. 50. 2.
    • — of Lacedaemon: advised by Delphi, gives laws to Lacedaemonians, III, 7. 12. 1–8, I, 1. 94. 1; borrowed much from Egypt, 96. 2–98. 1.
    • — of Athens: (338–327) conducted finances of Athens, VIII, 16. 88. 1; (338) persuades Athenians to condemn Lysicles, 88. 1–2; (335) Alexander demands surrender of, but yields to Demades, 17. 15. 1–5.
    • —, king of Lacedaemon: (c. 207) Nabis puts orphaned son of, to death, XI, 27. 1. 1.
    • Lycus, one of Telchines: dedicates temple to Apollo in Lycia, III, 5. 56. 1.
    • Lycus riv., in Sicily: (339) separates Greeks and Carthaginians, VIII, 16. 82. 3. See Halycus riv.
    • Lydia: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; people of, once called Maeonians, II, 4. 31. 5; Ninus subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; first in list of thalassocracies, III, 7. 11. 1; (c. 547) Cyrus the Great offers to leave Croesus as satrap of, IV, 9. 31. 3; (540–523) Polycrates kills fugitives from, 10. 16. 4; (401) Cyrus makes a kinsman governor of, VI, 14. 19. 6; he crosses, 20. 1; (334) Alexander crosses, VIII, 17. 21. 7; (323) assigned to Menander by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 1, (321) to Cleitus by Antipater, 39. 6; (319) Antigonus moves against Cleitus, 52. 5; (315) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus moves to coast of, 19. 60. 3–4. Men from, in armies of: (401) Cyrus at Cunaxa, VI, 14. 22. 5, (317) Antigonus, IX, 19. 29. 2. See Autophradates, Rhosaces satraps of; Croesus, Meïon kings of; Blauda in.
    • Lyncestians, in Macedon: (471) two, aid Themistocles, IV, 11. 56, 3; (331) at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 2. See Alexander of.
    • lyre: invented by Hermes, I, 1. 16. 1, II, 3. 59. 2, III, 5. 49. 4, 75. 3, or by Apollo, 5. 74. 5; strings added by Muses, Linus, Orpheus, Thamyras, II, 3. 59. 6; Corybas takes, to Lyrnessus, whence Achilles takes, III, 5. 49. 4.
    • Lyrnessus, in Mysia: Achilles sacks, and takes lyre, III, 5. 49. 4.
    • Lysander: (408) Lacedaemonian
    511
    • admiral, gathers fleet in Asia Minor, V, 13. 70. 1–4; defeats Athenians at Notium; refuses battle with Alcibiades, 71. 1–4, 100. 7; (407) Callicratidas replaces, 76. 2–3; (406) ineligible for command, advises Aracus, 100. 7–8; (405) gathers fleet with Persian aid; fails to take Athens, 104. 3–8; defeats Athenian fleet at Aegospotami, 106. 1–8, VI, 14. 13. 1; puts in at Peiraeus, V, 13. 107. 1–2; (404) establishes oligarchies in many cities, including Athens, VI, 14. 10. 1, 3. 4–7, 13. 1; (403) plots overthrow of Lacedaemonian monarchy; tries to bribe oracles; charges against, dismissed, 13. 1–8; (401) prevented from aiding the Ten in Athens, 33. 5–6; (396) sent to aid Phocians; killed in battle with Boeotians, 81. 1–2. Taught disregard of oaths, IV, 10. 9. 1.
    • — of Athens: (312) governs Leucas for Cassander; slain in defeat of Lyciscus, X, 19. 88. 5. Lysanias: (466) archon, IV, 11. 67. 1.
    • —: (443) archon, IV, 12. 24. 1.
    • —: (317) general of Antigonus, IX, 19. 29. 2.
    • Lysiades (Suniades): (397) archon, VI, 14. 47. 1.
    • Lysias of Athens: (408) general, V, 13. 74. 1; (406) at Arginusae, 99. 3; condemned to death, 101. 1–102. 5.
    • — —, the orator: (388) at Olympic games, assails Dionysius, VI, 14. 109. 3.
    • Lysicles of Athens: (338) general, VIII, 16. 85. 2; condemned for failure at Chaeroneia, 88. 1–2.
    • Lysicrates: (453) archon, IV, 11. 88. 1.
    • Lysimacheia, on Thracian Chersonese: (309) Lysimachus founds, X, 20. 29. 1; (196) Antiochus III refounds, XI, 28. 12. 1; envoys from Rome come to him at, 15. 2; (190) he orders, abandoned; Scipio occupies, 29. 5. 1; (c. 145) Thracians take, XII, 33. 14. 2–3.
    • Lysimachides: (445) archon, IV, 12. 22. 1.
    • —: (339) archon, VIII, 16. 82. 1.
    • Lysimachus: (436) archon, IV, 12. 33. 1.
    • —, general and successor of Alexander: (323) Perdiccas assigns Thrace to, IX, 18. 3. 2; claims victory over King Seuthes of Thrace, 14. 2–4; (321) vainly seeks hand of Cleopatra sister of Alexander and widow of Perdiccas, X, 20. 37. 4; (318) soldiers of, kill Cleitus, IX, 18. 72. 9; (316) Seleucus and Antigonus seek aid of, 19. 56. 3–4; with Ptolemy and Cassander, prepares for war with Antigonus, 57. 1–2; (313) Callantia expels garrison of, X, 19. 73. 1–2; campaign of, in Thrace; besieges Callantia, 73. 3–10, 20. 25. 1; sends envoys to Byzantium, 19. 77, 7; (311) comes to terms with Antigonus, receiving rule of Thrace, 105. 1; hopes to be king, 105. 3–4; (310) Ptolemy seeks co-operation of, against Antigonus, 20. 19. 4; continues siege of Callantia, 25. 2; (309) founds Lysimacheia, 29. 1; (307) assumes regal title, 53. 4; (306) Ptolemy tells, of success against Antigonus, 76. 7; (304) sends aid to Rhodes, 84. 1; 96. 3; Rhodes sets up statue of, 100. 2; (302) joins consortium against Antigonus, 106. 2–107. 1, 2. 3; sends Prepelaüs to win cities of Aeolis and Ionia, 107. 1–2, 4, 111. 3; moves into Asia, taking cities, 107. 2–3, 108. 1; retires before advance of Antigonus; winters near Heracleia Pontica, 108. 4–109. 6, whose ruler, Amestris d. of Oxyartes, he has married, 109. 7; Pleistarchus general of Cassander reaches, without army, 112. 1–4; Ptolemy leaves Syria on false news of defeat of,
    512
    • 113. 1–2; some unpaid soldiers of, desert, 113. 3; (301) Antigonus killed in war with Ptolemy, Seleucus, and, XI, 21. 1. 2, 4b; (c. 294) Thracians capture son of; release him, 11. 1; (292) refuses to abandon army when food fails, 12. 1; captured by Thracians but protected by King Dromichaetes, 12. 2–3; makes peace returning captured parts of Thrace, 12. 4–6; Xermodigestus reveals treasure to, 13. 1; (after 285) vainly urges Seleucus to do away with Demetrius, 20. 1.
    • Lysis: Pythagorean teacher of Epameinondas, IV, 10. 11. 2.
    • Lysistratus: (467) archon, IV, 11. 66. 1.
    • —: (369) archon, VII, 15. 61. 1.
    • Lysitheides: (c. 480) entertains Xerxes’ entire host, IV, 11. 56. 5; (c. 470) brings Themistocles to Xerxes, 56. 4–8.
    • Lysitheüs: (465) archon, IV, 11. 69. 1.
    M
    • Macae, a Libyan tribe, II, 3. 49. 1.
    • Macar: s. of Helius, III, 5. 56. 5; flees to Lesbos, 57. 1–2.
    • Macareus s. of Crinacus: after Deucalion’s flood, makes home in Lesbos, III, 5. 81. 3–5; issues law called “Lion,” 82. 4; sends colonies to Aegean isls., 81. 7–8; Islands of the Blessed named for, 82. 3. See Methymna, Mytilenê, dd. of.
    • Macaria, island in Red Sea, II, 3. 38. 4.
    • Macedon s. of Osiris: shares father’s campaigns, I, 1. 18. 1; becomes king of land which takes name from his, 20. 3.
    • Macedonia: Zeus battles Giants in, III, 5. 71. 4; ruled by and named for Macedon s. of Osiris, I, 1. 20. 3; (before Ol. 1) Caranus leads Peloponnesians against, III, 7. 15. 1; list of kings of, from Caranus to Alexander the Great, 15. 1–3, 17. 1; kings of, descended from Heracles and given power by Zeus, 15. 3–16. 1; (612) period of the, follows death of Sardanapallus, 15. 1; (480) Xerxes crosses, VI, 14. 83. 3; (479) Mardonius gathers soldiers in, IV, 11. 28. 4; Persians retreat through, 33. 1; (435) Athenians land in, 12. 34. 3; (428) Sitalces of Thrace tries to make Amyntas s. of Philip king of, and withdraws, V, 12. 50. 4–51. 2; (424) Brasidas in, 67. 1; (410) King Archelaüs of, reduces Pydna and moves city, 13. 49. 1–2; (406) Euripides dies in, 103. 5; (400) Aëropus slays Orestes, successor of Archelaüs, and becomes king, VI, 14. 37. 6; (395) Agesilaüs crosses, 83. 3–4; Pausanias succeeds Aëropus, 84. 6; (394) Amyntas kills Pausanias and becomes king, 89. 2; (393) Amyntas driven from throne by Illyrians, restored by Thessalians, 92. 3–4; (383) defeated by Illyrians, he gives son Philip as hostage, 15. 19. 2–3, VII, 16. 2. 2; (382) Olynthians continue war against, 15. 20. 3; (370) Jason of Pherae allied with, 60. 2; Alexander II succeeds Amyntas, 60. 3; (369) he occupies Larissa and Crannon, 61. 3–5; he makes alliance with Pelopidas, 67. 4; Ptolemy of Alorus kills Alexander and becomes king, 71. 1, 16. 2. 4.
    • (365) Perdiccas kills Ptolemy and becomes king, VII, 15. 77. 5; (360) Perdiccas defeated and slain by Illyrians, 16. 2. 4; Philip II, s. of Amyntas, becomes king, 1. 3–2. 4, XI, 32. 4. 1; he restores shaken spirit and reorganizes army, VII, 16. 2. 5–3. 6; (360–335) see Philip II of Macedon; (360) affairs of, 16. 2. 1–3. 8; (359) 4. 1–5. 1; (358) 8. 1–7; (357) 14. 2; (356) 22. 3; (354) 31. 6; (353) 34. 4–35. 6;
    513
    • (352) 38. 1–2; (349) 52. 9; (348) 53. 2–55. 4; (346) 59. 2–60. 5; (344) VIII, 16. 69. 7–8; (343) 71. 1–2; (341) 74. 2–76. 4; (340) 77. 2–3; (338) Athenians defeated, 84. 1–87. 3, XI, 32. 4. 1; (337) affairs of, VIII, 16. 89. 1–3; (336) 91. 2–95. 5; (335) 17. 2. 1–16. 4; (335–324) see Alexander III, the Great; (335) Demosthenes agitates against, 3. 2, 4. 7–8; after death of Attalus, Macedonians in Asia are quiet, 5. 2; Dareius hopes to make war on, 7. 1; in Aeolis, take Grynium but lift siege of Pitanê and withdraw in Troad, 7. 9–10; many Greek cities throw off alliance with, 8. 2–7; Thebes razed by, 8. 7–14. 4, IX, 19. 61. 2; (334) affairs of, 17. 1–28. 4; (333) 30. 1–39. 4; (332) 40. 1–48. 7; (331) 49. 1–61. 3, I, 1. 44. 2, 4, 95. 6, 2. 1. 5, II, 2. 48. 5; (330) VIII, 17. 62. 1–73. 6; Antipater suppresses rising against, in Greece and Thrace, 62. 1–63. 5; (329) affairs of, 74. 1–81. 3; Philotas and Alexander the Lyncestian condemned by court of, 79. 6–80. 2; (328) affairs of, 82. 1–83. 9, p. 111; (327) pp. 111–113, 84. 1–86. 7; (326) 87. 1–109. 3; (325) 110. 1–112. 6; (324) 113. 1–118. 4; Alexander dies without leaving a successor, 117. 1–118. 4, IX, 18. 1. 1–2. 4.
    • (323) Leaders of, seek hand of Cleopatra, X, 20. 37. 4; Macedonians in the army name Philip Arrhidaeus king, IX, 18. 2. 2–4, and cancel plans of Alexander, 4. 2–6; Perdiccas assigns, to Antipater, 3. 2; slaughter Greeks of upper satrapies who have rebelled, 7. 3–9; Rhodians expel garrison of, 8. 1; many Greeks form alliance against, 8. 1–11. 5, 56. 3; Thracians out of hatred for, support Greeks, 11. 1; under Antipater, are defeated and retire to Lamia, 12. 1–13. 6; Lamian war continues, 14, 4–5; (322) 15. 1–9; Craterus arrives in, 16. 4; defeat Greeks at Crannon, 16. 4–17. 8; Antipater returns to, 18. 7; Perdiccas seeks support of, for kingship, 23. 3; he plans to occupy, 25. 3, 6; (321) Macedonians pictured on funeral car of Alexander, 27. 1; mutiny against Perdiccas, condemn Eumenes, 36. 1–5, 37. 1–2, 19. 12. 2, then elect Pithon and Arrhidaeus regents, 18. 36. 6–7; elect Antipater regent, 39. 2–4; confer Babylonia on Seleucus, 19. 55. 3; Polyperchon commands in, 18. 38. 6; Antipater goes to, 39. 7; (320) “kings” of, have mere pretence of royalty, 42. 2; (319) Pisidians refuse to make war for sake of one, 46. 4; Athens sends Demades to, 48. 1–3; Polyperchon honoured by the, 48. 4, 54. 2; he asks Olympias to live in, 49. 4, 57. 2, 65. 1, 19. 35. 1; Cleitus satrap of Lydia goes to, for aid, 18. 52. 6; Antigonus captures treasure ships sailing for, 52. 7–8; Cassander leaves, 54. 1, 3, 64. 1; Polyperchon plans defence of, against Antigonus, 55. 1–57. 4.
    • (318) Eumenes advises Olympias not to return to, IX, 18, 58. 3–4; after condemning Eumenes the Macedonians give him supreme command, 59. 4, 62. 1; Eumenes expects envy of leaders of, 60. 1–3; he retains loyalty of, in spite of Antigonus, 62. 3–63. 6; he gathers ships for transport from, 63. 6; Cleitus killed fleeing to, 72. 9; Cassander campaigns in, 75. 1, 19. 35. 7; (317) Olympias restored to throne of, 11. 1–2, 35. 1; many, hate her for her cruelty, 11. 5–9; Eumenes retains loyalty of the, in his army, 12. 1–13. 7; he feigns that Olympias has control of,
    514
    • 23. 2; Cassander sets out for, 35. 1, 4; Olympias hopes for aid from Greeks and, 35. 6; Epirotes reluctant to aid her, 36. 3; many throughout, abandon her and join Cassander, 36. 5; (316) desire punishment of Eumenes, 44. 2; Cassander shuts up Olympias in Pydna, 49. 1; despair of Olympias’ cause; condemn her to death, 50. 2–3, 51. 1–6; Cassander aspires to be king of, 52. 1–53. 1; he returns to, 54. 4; Antigonus charged with seeking entire kingdom of, 56. 2; Olynthians bitter enemies of the, 61. 2; decree of the, with Antigonus against Cassander, 61. 1–62. 1; Cassander returns to, 64. 1, X, 19. 67. 3, 7, 68. 2; expelled from Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 5; (313) Antigonus plans to occupy, X, 19. 77. 5–6, 78. 2; (312) Cassander winters in, 89. 2; (311) word spread in, that Alexander is of age to rule, 105. 2; (310) Cassander in, 20. 19. 1; Polyperchon seeks support of, 20. 1, 4; (309) favours Heracles s. of Barsinê, 28. 1–2; Polyperchon recovers grants in, 28. 2–3; (307) Cassander assumes title king of, 53. 4, 106. 1, 21. 2. 1; (303) Demetrius plans to move to, against Cassander, 20. 102. 1; (302) 106. 1–4.
    • (299) Agathocles sets fire to fleet of, but fails to crush force of, on Corcyra, XI, 21. 2. 1–3; (292) contrast between banquets of Thracians and those of, 12. 4–5; (279) Ptolemy Keraunos king of, defeated by Gauls, 22. 3. 1–4. 1, 9. 1; many claim throne of, 4. 1; (274) Macedonian tombs at Aegeae violated, 11. 2–12. 1; (229–221) Antigonus Doson rules, as regent for Philip V, 25. 18. 1; (221–179) see Philip V; (204–198) various activities of Philip, 28. 1. 1–11. 1; (185) Romans permit him to hold no city outside, 29. 16. 1; (179–167) see Perseus; (179) aims of Perseus as king of, 30. 1; (171) Rome declares war on, 30. 7. 1 (p. 283), 1. 1; (170) episodes of the war, 4. 1–5a. 1; (169) 8. 1–13. 1, 19. 1–24. 1, 31. 2. 2; (168) L. Aemilius Paullus defeats the, 30. 20. 1, 31. 9. 1, 11. 1–3, 32. 4. 5, XII, 37. 1. 4; (167) Romans free, and divide, into four cantons, XI, 31. 8. 1–9; Aemilius triumphs over, 8. 9–13; he keeps none of treasure of, 26. 1; Demetrius of Phalerum on the fortunes of the, 10. 1–2; kings of, devoted to hunting, 27. 8; (after 167) Jews lose peculiar customs under rule of, XII, 40. 3. 8; (160) Rome curbs some supporters of, XI, 31. 31. 1; (c. 153) Andriscus claims throne of, 40a. 1; (149) 32. 15. 1–7, 9a. 1, 9b. 1; he is defeated by Macedonians, 15. 7; (c. 90) Euphenes proclaims self king of, XII, 37. 5a. 1. History of, written by Marsyas, X, 20. 50. 4. No predecessor of Diodorus continued history beyond period of, I, 1. 3. 3.
    • See Alexander I, II, III, IV, Archelaüs, Cassander, Perdiccas, Perseus, Philip II, III, V kings of; Alexander (friend of Demetrius), Amyntas s. of Antiochus, Amyntas (a general), Antigonus (official of Ptolemy), Archelaüs, Cilles, Diophantus, Tlepolemus of; Aegae, Euia, Pydna in.
    • Macedonians serving in armies of the “Successors”: (323) of Antipater, IX, 18. 12. 2–4, 15. 4–7; Leonnatus, 14. 5; (322) Perdiccas, 22. 6–7, XI, 31. 19. 4; Antipater, Craterus, IX, 18. 25. 1; (821) Neoptolemus, Eumenes, 29. 4–5; Perdiccas, 36. 2; Craterus, Neoptolemus, Eumenes, Antipater, 30. 1–33. 1, 53. 3; (320)
    515
    • Antigonus, 40. 7; (319) Arrhidaeus of Phrygia, 51. 1; (318) Polyperchon, 68. 3, 70. 4–6; (317) Eumenes, 19. 12. 1–3, 13. 1–4, 15. 2–6, 25. 2–4; Antigonus, 18. 5, 29. 3, 41. 1; (315) Antigonus, 61. 3–4, 62. 1; (312) Ptolemy, Demetrius, X, 19. 69. 1, 80. 4, 82. 4; Seleucus, Demetrius, 91. 1, 100. 4; (309) Polyperchon, 20. 28. 1–3; (302) Demetrius, 110. 4. See Silver Shields. Men of all races in Macedonian array in armies of: (317) Peucestes, IX, 19. 14. 5; Eumenes, 27. 6, 40. 3; Antigonus, 29. 3.
    • Macella, in Sicily, (263) withstands Roman siege, XI, 23. 4. 2.
    • Machaon s. of Asclepius: at Troy with Agamemnon, III, 4. 71. 4.
    • Macronians, of Pontus: (401) the Ten Thousand cross country of, VI, 14. 29. 4–5.
    • Madetes: (330) general of Dareius, VIII, 17. 67. 4–5.
    • Maea: see Maia.
    • Maeander riv., in Phrygia: alluvial plain of, I, 1. 39. 12–13; see Magnesia on the.
    • Maedicê, in Thrace: (168) Perseus recruits Gallic mercenaries at, XI, 30. 19. 1.
    • Maelius, Sp.: (432=V439) killed while seeking despotic power, IV, 12. 37. 1.
    • — Capitolinus, P.: (397=V400) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 47. 1; (393=V396) 90. 1.
    • Maemacterion, Athenian month, II, 3. 48. 1.
    • Maemilius Imperiosus, Cn.: see Cn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus, cos., 356=V359.
    • Maenads, companions of Dionysus: Lycurgus slays, II, 3. 65. 4–5; Bacchantes act part of, 4. 3. 3.
    • Maenalians, in Arcadia: (368) villages of, combined into Megalopolis, VII, 15. 72. 4.
    • Maenius, C: (335=V338) cos., VIII, 17. 2. 1; (313=V314) dictator; Samnites yield to, X, 19. 76. 3–5.
    • Maeonians, in Lydia: Omphalê rules, II, 4. 31. 5; Lydians and, first in list of thalassocracies, III, 7. 11. 1.
    • Maeotis, Lake (Sea of Azof): Egyptians left at, by Sesoösis become Colchi, I, 1. 55. 4–5; Scythians acquire territory about, II, 2. 43. 2–5, 3. 34. 7; (c. 310) Eumelus of Pontus defeats brother at, X, 20. 24. 2; (before 61) Pompey subdues tribes between Colchis and, XII, 40. 4. 1.
    • Magi of Persia: Telchines do even as do the, III, 5. 55. 3; (522) the false Smerdis, one of the, slain by seven Persians, IV, 11. 57. 1, VII, 16. 47. 2, IX, 19. 40. 2, XI, 31. 19. 1.
    • Magnesia, in Thessaly: (480) submits to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 1–2; (428) moves against Thracians, V, 12. 51. 1–2; (364) Alexander of Pherae yields, to Boeotians, VII, 15. 80. 6; (354) join war on Phocians, 16. 29. 1. See Aphetae, Sepias in.
    • — on the Maeander, in Ionia: (c. 470) Xerxes gives, to Themistocles; richest city of Asia in grain, IV, 11. 57. 7; (c. 450) funeral of Themistocles in, 58. 1; (400) Thibron takes, from Tissaphernes, VI, 14. 36. 2–3.
    • Mago (Magon), Punic admiral: (396) defeats fleet of Dionysius at Catanê, VI, 14. 59. 1–60. 7; prevents Dionysius’ attack on Himilcon, 61. 2; (393) plunders about Messenê; Dionysius defeats, near Abacaenê, 90. 2–4; (392) in Sicily, wins over Siceli but not Agyrinaeans, 95. 1–2; lacking supplies, withdraws, 96. 1–4; (383) “king” of Carthage, made general against Dionysius, 15. 15. 2; killed in battle, 15. 3–4; son of, defeats Dionysius, 16. 1–3.
    • — s. of Hamilcar: (212) sends body of Gracchus to Hannibal, XI, 26. 16. 1.
    516
    • Maia (Maea), d. of Atlas: mother of Hermes, II, 3. 60. 4.
    • Malacus, tyrant of Cymê, III, 7. 10. 1.
    • Malea, Cape, in Laconia: Lapiths flee to, III, 4. 70. 4; Dorus takes, as base, 5. 80. 2; (480) at, Corcyraean fleet awaits outcome of Salamis, IV, 11. 15. 1; (409) storms at, halt Athenian fleet for Pylos, V, 13. 64. 6; (346) mercenaries hired at, VII, 16. 62. 3.
    • Malis: see Melis, Melians.
    • Mallians, in India: (326) Alexander wounded taking city of, VIII, 17. 98. 1–99. 4.
    • Mallius, A.: see A. Manlius Capitolinus, cos., 389=V392, 384=V392.
    • —, M.: see M. Manlius Capitolinus.
    • —, Popilius: see P. Manlius Vulso, tr. mil. c. p., 397=V400.
    • — Maximus, Cn.: (105) cos., defeated by Gauls, XII, 34/5. 37. 12 (p. 141).
    • Malta: see Melitê.
    • Malus, in Cilicia: (316) Antigonus winters near, IX, 19. 56. 4–5; (313) Ptolemy takes, X, 19. 79. 6–7; Demetrius too late to save, 80. 1–2.
    • Mamercus (Marcus), tyrant of Catana: (344) supports Timoleon, VIII, 16. 69. 4.
    • Mamertines: (289) mercenaries seize Messana, XI, 21. 18. 1, 22. 1. 2, 3, 7. 4, 23. 1. 4; call city Mamertina, 21. 18. 1; (280) in Rhegium, Roman tribune Decius imitates, 22. 1. 2–3; (279) allied with Carthage against Pyrrhus, 7. 4; (c. 270) increase in power, 13. 1; defeated by Hiero but saved by Carthage, 13. 2–8; Hiero rebukes Rome for supporting, 23. 1. 4.
    • Mamertos: Oscan name for Ares, XI, 21. 18. 1.
    • Mameus: father of Thoenon, XI, 22. 7. 2.
    • Mamilus, A.: see A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus, tr. mil. c. p., 402=V405.
    • Mandanê d. of Astyages: mother of Cyrus the Great, IV, 9. 22. 1.
    • — sister of Xerxes: (480) sons of, killed at Salamis, IV, 11. 57. 1; (after 470) rouses Persians against Themistocles, 57. 2–4,
    • Manilius, M’.: (149) cos., orders Carthage abandoned, XI, 32. 6. 3.
    • — Vaso, M.: see M. Manlius Vulso, cos., 469=V474.
    • Manius, C.: see C. Maenius, cos., 335=V338.
    • —, M.: see M. Manlius Capitolinus, tr. mil. c. p., 427=V434.
    • — Aemilius, C.: see M’. Aemilius Mamercinus, cos., 407=V410.
    • Manlius, A.: (379=V387) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 24. 1.
    • —, C.: (371=V379) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 51. 1.
    • —, P.: (371=V379) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 51. 1.
    • — Capitolinus, A. (or M.): (389=V392) cos., VI, 14. 103. 1; (384=V392) 15. 14. 1.
    • — —, A. (or L.): (381=V389) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 22. 1; (375=V383) 38. 1; (366=V370) 76. 1.
    • — —, M.: (427=V434) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 53. 1.
    • — —, M.: (387=V390) drives Celts from Capitoline, VI, 14. 116. 6; (377=V385) aspires to tyranny; slain, VII, 15. 35. 3.
    • — — Imperiosus, Cn.: (356=V359) cos., VII, 16. 15. 1; (354=V357) 28. 1.
    • — Cincinnatus, Cn.: (475=V480) cos., IV, 11. 50. 1.
    • — Imperiosus Torquatus, T.: (343=V347) cos., VIII, 16. 70.1; (341=V344) 74. 1; (337=V340) 89. 1; defeats Latins and Campanians, 90. 2; colleague of P. Decius Mus, XI, 21. 6. 25.
    • — Vulso, A. (or M.): (469=V474) cos., IV, 11. 63. 1.
    • — —, Cn., cos., 189: (188) procos., refuses to treat with Galatian envoys, XI, 29. 12. 1; receives grain and money from Antiochus III, 13. 1.
    • — —, L.: (149) envoy to Bithynia XI, 32. 20, 1.
    517
    • — —, P.: (397=V400) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 47. 1.
    • — — Capitolinus, A.: (402=V405) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 17. 1; (399=V402) 38. 1; (394=V397) 85. 1.
    • — — —, Q.: (393=V396) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 90. 1.
    • Mantias of Athens: (360) commander of fleet sent to restore Argaeus to Macedonian throne, VII, 16. 2. 6, 3. 5.
    • —, officer of Demetrius: (304) killed in siege of Rhodes, X, 20. 98. 9.
    • Mantineia, in Arcadia: (419) joins Argos against Lacedaemon, V, 12. 78. 4–5; friendship of Alcibiades and, 79. 1; defeated by Lacedaemonians, 79. 3–7; abandoned by Argives; yield to Lacedaemonians, 80. 2; (386) seek aid from Athens after Lacedaemonian attack, VI, 15. 5. 1–5; (385) Lacedaemonians raze, and distribute people, 12. 1–2; (363) to avoid accounting for Olympian funds, stir up war with Tegea, VII, 15. 82. 1–2; gain Lacedaemonian and Athenian aid, 82. 4; move to protect Sparta from Epameinondas, 82. 5, 84.1; with allies, meet Tegeans, Thebans, and allies at, 84. 1–87. 6, IV, 11. 82. 3, VI, 15. 1. 1-5, VII, 15. 33. 2–3, 79. 2, in greatest battle between Greeks, 86. 1; Epameinondas, dying, calls, his “daughter,” 87. 6; general peace made after battle at, 89. 1–2, 94. 1; histories of Xenophon, Anaximenes, and Philistus end with battle at, 89. 3; (362) peoples of Megalopolis seek aid of, 94. 2; (352) Lacedaemonians camp near, 16. 39. 3; (335) Thebans remember battle at, VIII, 17. 11. 5. See Demonax, Lycomedes of.
    • Mantitheüs of Athens: (408) commands on Hellespont, V, 13. 68. 2.
    • Manto d. of Melampous, III, 4. 68. 5.
    • Maranitae, of Red sea coast: Garindanes destroy, II, 3. 43. 1–3.
    • Marathon: bull of, III, 4. 59. 6; (490) Athenians defeat Persians at, IV, 11. 2. 2, 82. 1, X, 20. 40. 5; (480) kin of Persians slain at, with Xerxes, IV, 11. 6. 4.
    • Marathus, on Phoenician acost: (before 145) Aradians 5. lian plot to destroy, XII, if 33. 1–6.
    • march, speed of forced, IX, 18. 44. 2.
    • Marcius: see Ancus Marcius.
    • Marcius Philippus, L.: (I9) cos.; Social war begins, XI, 137. 2. 2.
    • — Rutilus, C: (354=V357) cos., VII, 16. 28. 1; (349=V352) 52. 1; (341=V344) VIII, 16. 74. 1; (339=V342) 82. 1.
    • — — Censorinus, C: (309=V310) cos., X, 20. 27. 1; defeats Samnites, 35. 1–2; ignores new album of cens. Ap. Claudius, 36. 5.
    • — Tremulus, Q.: (306) cos., X, 20. 73. 1; invades Iapygia and Samnium, 80. 1–4.
    • Marcus, tyrant of Catana: see Mamercus.
    • Mardi (Amardi), a people of Media: (331) in Persian army, VIII, 17. 59. 3; (329) Alexander drives, into mountains, 76. 3–8.
    • Mardonius, cousin of Xerxes: (before 480) urges Xerxes to invade Greece, IV, 11. 1. 3, 2. 2; (480) Xerxes leaves, in command in Greece, 19. 6; (479) Athenians and Peloponnesians reject offers of, 28. 1–3; plunders Attica and Athens, 28. 3–29. 1; slain as Pausanias defeats Persians at Plataea, 30.1–33.1.
    • Margana, in Elis: (365) Arcadians take, VII, 15. 77. 4.
    • Maria, in Egypt: (569–566) Amasis defeats King A pries near, I, 1. 68. 5.
    • Marium, Marienses, in Cyprus: (450) Athenians reduce, IV, 12. 3. 3; (315) allied with Antigonus,
    518
    • IX, 19. 59. 1. See Stasioecus of.
    • Marius, C., cos., 107, 104–100, 86: early career of, XII, 34/5. 38. 1; (109) leg. of Q. Caecilius Metellus in Africa, 38. 1–2; (106) defeats Bocchus and Jugurtha, 36. 1. 1; (105) Bocchus betrays Jugurtha to, 34/5. 39. 1, 36. 1. 1; (104) cos., campaigns against Cimbri, 36. 3. 1; (101) cos. for 5th time, 10. 1; (90) commands against Marsi, 37. 15. 1–3; (88) seeks to regain youthful vigour, 29. 1; seeks to gain Mithridatic command, 2. 12, 29. 2–3; driven from Italy, 29. 3; (87) returns; rule of L. Cornelius Cinna and, 38/9. 2. 1, 4. 1–3, 6. 1; (86) cos., kills self before return of Sulla, 37. 29. 4. Character of, 29. 1–5.
    • Marius, C, the Younger: (82) cos., supported by veterans, 38/9. 12. 1, 15. 1; orders death of Scaevola, 17. 1; defeated by Sulla, kills self, 13. 1–15. 1, 37. 2. 14, 29. 4.
    • Marmares, in Lycia: (334) attack Alexander; escape to mountains, VIII, 17. 28. 1–5.
    • Marmaridae, a Libyan tribe, II, 3. 49. 1.
    • Maron: companion of Osiris, I, 1. 18. 2; founds Maroncia in Thrace, 20. 2.
    • Maroneia, in Thrace: Maron founds, I, 1. 20. 2; Rhadamanthys gives, to Euanthes, III, 5. 79. 2; (167) not in first Macedonian canton, XI, 31. 8. 8.
    • Marpê, an Amazon, slain by Heracles, II, 4. 16. 3.
    • marriage: customs of, in Egypt, I, 1. 27. 1–2, in India, IX, 19. 33. 2–3; law of Charondas on, IV, 12. 12. 1, 18. 1–2.
    • Marrucini, Samnitc tribe: (311) Romans move against, X, 19. 105. 5; (304) make alliance with Rome, 20. 101. 5.
    • Marrus: see Mendes, king of Egypt.
    • Mars: (91) Italians take oath by, XII, 37. 11. 1. See Ares.
    • Marsi: (308) Samnites attack, X, 20. 44. 8; (304) make alliance with Rome, 101. 5; (91) war between Romans and, the greatest known to history, XII, 37. 1. 1–6; lead in revolt of Italians, 1. 6, 2. 1; march on Rome; withdraw, 13. 1–2; (90) Romans under Marius enter territory of; the soldiers fraternize, 15. 1–3; (89) yield to Rome, 2. 9. See Marsic war, Italia.
    • Marsic war: (91) so–called since Marsi lead revolt against Rome, XII, 37. 1. 6, 2. 1; greater than any previous war, 1. 1–2. 1; Rome’s power made firm by, 2. 3; bravery of both sides in, 22. 1; causes of, 2. 1–2; hermaphrodite burned in Rome at outbreak of, XI, 32. 12. 2 (pp. 455–457); Italian tribes participating in, XII, 37. 2. 4–5; their leaders, 2. 6–7; oath of Italians to Drusus, 11.1; Domitius persuades Pompaedius Silo not to march on Rome, 13. 1–2; Q. Servilius threatens the Picentines, 13. 2; (90) Marius leads army against Marsi; the men fraternize, 15. 1–3; Agamemnon, a Cilician, leads guerrilla band, 16. 1; Acsernia resists Italian siege to the utmost, 19. 1–2; Italians kill children before eyes of their parents at siege of Pinna, 19. 3–21. 1; Lamponius attacks P. Licinius Crassus individually, 23. 1; Romans and Italians contest which is to harvest crops, 24. 1; (89) C. Pompeius Strabo, L. Cornelius Sulla, and C. Cosconius win victories over Italians, 2. 8–9; Q. Pompaedius Silo holds out at Aesernia, 2. 9; (88) Italians defeated by M. Aemilius Lepidus and by C. Caecilius Metellus Pius, 2. 10–11; Mithridates refuses to aid Italians, 2. 11; Sulla wins victories,
    519
    • 2. 12, 13, 25. 1; (88–82) some Italian forces remain in southern Italy, 2. 13–14; (82) war ends with Sulla’s defeat of Marius the Younger, 2. 14, 38/9. 15. 1 (p. 261). See Italia.
    • Marsyas the Phrygian: follower of Cybelê; invents flute, II, 3. 58. 3; accompanies Cybelê, 59. 1; defeated by Apollo; flayed alive, 59. 2–5, III, 5. 75. 3.
    • —: (307) historian of Macedon and general of Demetrius, X, 20. 50. 4.
    • —: (127) Alexandrian general, captured by Hegelochus general of Ptolemy VIII Physcon, XII, 34/5. 20. 1.
    • Masinissa, king of Numidia: (203) cavalry of Syphax desert to, XI, 27. 10. 1; Sophonba wife of, urges him against Rome, 7. 1; Scipio makes alliance with, Arm, 8. 1; (150) Carthage violates treaty with Rome by war on, 32. 1. 1, 3. 1; vigour of, as old man; dies, 16. 1, See Micipsa s. of.
    • masks, funeral, in Rome, XI, 31. 25. 2.
    • Massagetae, Scythians, II, 2. 43. 5.
    • Massalia, in Gaul: Celts live beyond, III, 5. 32. 1; British tin traded in, 38. 5; (393) Romans dedicate bowl in treasury of, in Delphi, VI, 14. 93. 4.
    • Massani, on Indus riv.: (326) submit to Alexander, VIII, 17. 102. 4.
    • Massiva: (110) claims Numidian throne; Jugurtha assassinates, XII, 34/5. 35a. 1.
    • Matho: (241–237) mercenary leader in “Truceless war,” XI, 25. 5. 1–2.
    • Matris, writer on Heracles, I, 1. 24. 4.
    • matrons, Roman: (387) patriotism of, rewarded, VI, 14. 116. 9.
    • Maudaces, king of Medes, I, 2. 32. 6.
    • Mauretania, see Maurusia.
    • Maurusia (Mauretania), in Africa: (406) allied with Carthage, V, 13. 80. 3; auxiliaries from, under Gomon defeat slaves, XII, 36. 5. 3–4.
    • Mausolus of Caria: (362) a leader in “satraps’ revolt,” VII, 15. 90. 3; (358) aids Chios against Athens, 16. 7. 3; (353) death of, 36. 2.
    • Mazaeus: (351) governor of Cilicia, defeated by Tennes of Sidon, VII, 16. 42. 1–2; (331) general of Dareius, fails to hold Alexander at Tigris, VIII, 17. 55. 1–3; commands cavalry at Arbela, 58. 2, 59. 5–8, 60. 5–8.
    • Mazara (Mazarin), in Sicily: (260) Romans take, XI, 23. 9. 4.
    • Mazarus riv., in Sicily: (454) Egesta and Lilybaeum at war over land by, IV, 11. 86. 2; (409) Hannibal takes post on, V, 13. 54. 6.
    • Meander riv.: see Maeander riv.
    • Mecyberna, in Chalcidicê: (420) Olynthians take, V, 12. 77. 5; (348) Philip takes, VII, 16. 53. 2.
    • Medea: d. of Aeëtes and Hecatê, II, 4. 45. 3; learns drugs from mother and sister, Circê; rescues strangers from her father, 46. 1–2; Jason promises to marry, in return for aid, 46. 3–5, 54. 7; aids Jason; heals wounded, 48. 1–5; tricks daughters of Pelias into slaying father, 50. 5–52. 4; in Corinth, destroys Glaucê, Creon, and own sons; flees to Heracles in Thebes, 54. 1–7; cures madness of Heracles; marries King Aegeus of Athens, 55. 4–5; children of, honoured in Corinth, 55. 1; various stories about, 55. 5–56. 2; Ptolemy VIII Physcon imitates cruelty of, XII, 34/5. 14. 1. See Medus s. of.
    • Media, Medes: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; Tigris and Euphrates flow through, I, 2. 11. 2; Medus s. of Medea becomes
    520
    • king of, II, 4. 55. 5, 7, 56. 1, IV, 10. 27. 1, 3; Ninus of Assyria conquers, I, 2. 1. 9–2. 1; Semiramis in, 11. 1, 13. 1–8; garb devised by her worn in, 6. 6; Assyrian empire overthrown by, under Arbaces, 24. 1–28. 8, 7. 2, 21. 8, 31. 10, 32. 2; become chief power in Asia, 32. 5; varying accounts of history of, 32. 1–34. 7; lists of kings of, 32. 5–6,34.1,6; Cyaxares king of, 32. 2–3; Cadusii defeat King Artaeus of, 33. 1–6; become allies of Sacae after long war, 34. 1–2; Scythians remove Sauromatae from, II, 2. 43. 6; (c. 550) Persians under Cyrus the Great defeat, under Aspandas (Astyages); kingdom of, passes to Persians, I, 2. 34. 6, 33. 6, IV, 9. 31. 2–3, 10. 13. 1, V, 13. 22. 1, VIII, 17. 81. 1; (525–522) Persians build palaces in, from Egyptian spoil, I, 1. 46. 4–5; Persians and, fail to conquer Nabataean Arabs, II, 2. 48. 5; plague of birds in, 3. 30. 3; (490) Datis calls Athens a colony of the, IV, 10. 27.1–3; (480) in Persian army in Greece, 11. 6. 3–7. 2, 14. 4; (479) Median war ends with fall of Sestus, 37. 1, 6: value of booty taken from, by Athens, 12. 40. 2; list of men famous in time of, and Persians, VII, 15. 88. 2; (470) defeated off Cyprus, IV, 11. 62. 3; (401) Artaxerxes gathers army in, VI, 14. 22. 1; (334) on Persian right at Granicus, VIII, 17. 19. 4; (330) Dareius retires to, 64. 1; (329) Parmenion governor of, 80. 3; (328) Alexander founds city at pass leading to (?), 83. 1; (325) he returns to Ecbatana, capital of all, 110. 7; (323) assigned to Pithon of Bodyguard by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 1, (321) by Antipater, 39. 6, 19. 12. 2, 14. 1; (317) Pithon withdraws to, 14. 3, and raises cavalry for Antigonus, 20. 2–3; Antigonus in, 19. 2–8, 21. 1, 24. 4, 32. 2; mounted archers from, in army of Antigonus, 29. 1–2, 39. 2, 40. 1, capture Eumenes’ baggage train, 42. 2; (317/6) Antigonus winters in, 37. 1, 44. 4, 46. 1; Pithon satrap of, plots against Antigonus, 46. 2–3; (316) Antigonus appoints satrap and general for, 46. 5; Meleager and Menoetas harry, 47. 2-4; Antigonus acquires wealth of, 48. 8; (312) Seleucus takes, X, 19. 92. 1, 5, 100. 3, 6; Antiochus s. of Seleucus in, XI, 21. 20. 1; (161) Timarchus satrap of, raises army against Demetrius I Soter, 31. 27a. 1; (127) Euhemerus (Himerus) sends Babylonians to, as slaves, XII, 34/5. 21. 1; (before 61) Cn. Pompey subdues Dareius king of, 40. 4. 1. See Astyages, Datis, Deioces, Dionysius, the Cossaeans.
    • Media Atropatenê: (323) Perdiccas assigns, to Atropates, IX, 18. 3. 3.
    • medicine: practice of, in Egypt, I, 1. 82. 1–3.
    • Medius of Larissa: (395) with aid of Council at Corinth, seizes Pharsalus, VI, 14. 82. 5–6.
    • — of Thessaly: (324) “Friend” of Alexander, VIII, 17. 117. 1–5; (314) admiral of Antiochus, summoned from Phoenicia, X, 19. 69. 3; (313) frees Miletus, 75. 3–4; defeats Cassander; defeated, 75. 7–8; Antigonus sends, to Greece, then recalls, 77. 2, 5; (307) in battle against Ptolemy at Cyprian Salamis, 20. 50. 3.
    • Medma, in Bruttium: (396) Dionysius settles folk of, in Messana, VI, 14. 78. 5.
    • Medocus, king of Thrace: (405) Alcibiades promises to secure aid of, for Athens, V, 13. 105. 3; (392) becomes Athenian ally, VI, 14. 94. 2. Medullia, Latin city: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
    521
    • Medus s. of Medea and Aegeus: slays Perses, II, 4. 56. 1; becomes king of Medes, 55. 5, 56. 1, IV, 10. 27. 1, 3; Datis claims, as ancestor, 27. 1.
    • — s. of Medea and an eastern king: becomes king of Medes, II, 4. 55. 7.
    • Medusa, queen of Gorgons, subdued by Perseus, II, 3. 55. 3.
    • Megabari, tribe of Trogodytes, II, 3. 33. 1.
    • Megabates, admiral of Xerxes: (480) tries to encircle Greeks, IV, 11, 12. 2–3; moves to Euboea, sacking Histiaea, 13. 5.
    • Megabyzus (Zopyrus), friend of Dareius: (c. 520) betrays Babylon to Dareius, IV, 10. 19.2–3.
    • —, general of Artaxerxes: (461) commands force sent to Egypt, IV, 11. 74. 6–75. 2; (460) permits Athenians to depart, 77. 4; (450) Athenians defeat, in Cilicia, 12. 3. 2–4; (449) negotiates peace, 4. 4–5.
    • Megacles s. of Hipparinus: (404) advice of, to Dionysius, X, 20. 78. 3; (358) accompanies his brother Dion in flight from Sicily, VII, 16. 6. 4; (357) made general with Dion; they enter Syracuse, 10. 3–5.
    • Megalepolis, in Libya: (310) Agathocles destroys, X, 20. 8. 2, 6.
    • Megallis (Metallis), wife of Damophilus of Enna: (c. 135) cruelty of, to slaves, XII, 34/5. 2. 10–14, 37; killed by maidservants, 2. 15.
    • Megalopolis, in Arcadia: (368) Arcadians found, VII, 15. 72. 4; (362) departure of settlers in, hindered, 94. 1–3; (352) with Theban aid, repulses Lacedaemonians, 16. 39. 1–5; makes armistice, 39. 7; (319) certain exiles from, not restored by Polyperchon, IX, 18. 56. 5; (318) loyal to Cassander, 68. 3, 69. 4; Polyperchon attacks, without success, 70. 1–72. 1, 74. l; (315) Cassander makes Damis governor of, 19. 64. 1. See Polybius of.
    • Megapenthes, father of Anaxagoras king of Argos, III, 4. 68. 4, and of Iphianeira, 68. 5.
    • Megara d. of Creon: wife of Heracles, II, 4. 10. 6; he slays their children, 11. 1, and gives her to Iolaüs, 31. 1–2.
    • Megara, Megarians, in Greece: establish Heracleia Pontica, VI, 14. 31. 3; (480) on right at Salamis, IV, 11. 18. 2; (479) Athenians aid, against Persians by Aesopus riv., 30. 3–4; (472) Thrasvdaeus of Acragas flees to, 53. 5; (458) allied with Athens; defeat Corinthians, 79. 1–4; (448) make alliance with Lacedaemon; Athenians defeat, 12. 5. 2; (431) seek Spartan aid when excluded by Athens, 39. 4–5, 40. 6; allied to Lacedaemon, V, 12. 42. 4; (430) Pericles plunders, 44. 3; (428) Peloponnesian triremes at, launched, 49. 3; (424) at invitation of certain citizens, Athens occupies, 66. 1–4; Brasidas recovers, 67. 1; (409) seize Nisaea; Athenians defeat, 13. 65. 1–2; (377) in Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; (375) democracy survives in, 40. 4; (369) joins Athens against Boeotians, 68. 2; (310) Cassander builds boats at, IX, 19. 54. 3; (307) Demetrius makes, autonomous, X, 20. 46. 3.
    • —, in Sicily: (309) Syracusan triremes coast along to, X, 20. 32. 3; (263) remains subject to Hiero, XI, 23. 4. 1.
    • Megaris, in Greece: Sceiron lives in rocks of, III, 4. 59. 4; (480) Persians block strait between Salamis and, IV, 11. 17. 2.
    • —, in Sicily: Daedalus builds kolumbethra near, III, 4. 78. 1.
    • Meion, king of Phrygia and Lydia, father of Cybele, II, 3. 58. 1, 59, 1.
    • Melaeus, P.: see P. Maelius Capitolinus.
    • Melampous (Melampus) s. of
    522
    • Amythaon: heals women of Argos of disease sent by Dionysus; marries Iphianeira, III, 4. 68. 3–6; friend of Apollo, 6. 8. 1; brings rites of Dionysus from Egypt, I, 1. 96, 2, 97. 4.
    • Melanchaetes, a Centaur, killed by Heracles, II, 4. 12. 7.
    • Melanippê, an Amazon, released by Heracles, II, 4. 16. 3–4.—wife of Hippotes: mother of Aeolus, III, 4. 67. 3, and of Boeotus, IX, 19. 53. 6.
    • Meleager s. of Oeneus: an Argonaut; slays Aeëtes, II, 4. 48. 4; story of, and the Calydonian boar hunt, 34. 1–35. 2.
    • —, general of Alexander: (331) at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 2; (323) supports Philip Arrhidaeus, IX, 18. 2. 2–4; Perdiccas puts, to death, 4, 7.
    • —, friend of Pithon of the Bodyguard: (316) killed by Antigonus, IX, 19. 47. 1–4.
    • —, brother of Ptolemy: (c. 279) briefly king of Macedon, XI, 22. 4. 1.
    • Meletus of Athens: (400) accuser of Socrates, VI, 14. 37. 7.
    • Melis (Malis), Melians: with aid of Heracles, occupy lands of the Dryopes, II, 4. 37. 1; (480) go over to Persians, IV, 11. 3. 2; 1000 of, join Leonidas at Thermopylae, 4. 7; Xerxes reaches Gulf of, 5. 1–2; (420) Thebans check, who have attacked Heracleia in Trachis, V, 12, 77. 4; (370) Jason of Pherae gives Heracleia to, VII, 15. 57. 2; (363) with Thebans at Mantineia, 85. 2; (331) cavalry from, at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 3; (323) join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1. See Myson, Porus of.
    • Melisseus, king of Carian Cherronesus: purifies Triopas, III, 5. 61. 1.
    • —, king of Crete, father of Ida, VIII, 17. 7. 4.
    • Melissus of Corinth: see Actaeon s. of.
    • Melitê (Malta): Phoenicians colonize, III, 5. 12. 1–3.
    • Melitenê, part of Cappadocia: (c. 162) Ariarathes V drives Ptolemy of Commagenê from, XI, 31. 19a. 1 (p. 373).
    • Melitia (Melitaea), in Achaïa Phthiotis: (322) Greeks send camp followers from Lamia to, IX, 18. 15. 1.
    • Melkart: see Heracles, Tyrian.
    • Melos: a Spartan colony, V, 12. 65. 2; styptic earth found at, III, 5. 10. 2; (431) loyal to Lacedaemonians, V, 12. 42. 5; (424) Nicias plunders, 65. 2–3; (418) Athens reduces, by siege, slaying all males, 80. 5, 13. 30. 6.
    • Melpomenê, a Muse, II, 4. 7. 2, 4.
    • Memmius, L.: see L. Mummius, praetor, 153.
    • Memnon s. of Tithonus: claimed by both African and Asian Ethiopians; sent to aid Priam; slain by Thessalians, I, 2. 22. 1–5; grandson of Ilus; slain by Achilles, III, 4. 75. 4.
    • —of Rhodes: (349) Artaxerxes dismisses charges against, VII, 16. 52. 2–4; (335) general of Dareius, fails to take Cyzicus, VIII, 17. 7. 2–3, 8–9; (334) vainly advocates attack on Macedon, 18. 2–3; at Granicus, 19. 4; flees to Miletus, 22. 1; commands Persians in defence of Halicarnassus, 23. 5–27. 5; retires to Cos, 27. 5; (333) successful operations of, in Aegean area, 29. 1–4, 31. 3; dies of disease, 29. 4–30. 1, 30. 7, 31. 4.
    • —: (330) Antipater moves against, leader of rising in Thrace, VIII, 17. 62. 4–6.
    • Memnonian: palaces called, in Susa and in Aethiopia, I, 2. 22. 3–4.
    • memory: Pythagorean training of the, IV, 10. 5. 1.
    • Memphis, in Egypt: Isis buried near, I, 1. 22. 2–3; founded by King Uchoreus and named for his daughter; chief city of
    523
    • Egypt until Alexander, 50. 3–51. 3; embellished by Daedalus, 97. 6, by Moeris, 51. 5, by Sesoösis, 57. 1–2, 5, 58. 4, by Psammetichus, 67. 1, and by Amasis, 67. 1; twelve leaders confer in, and name selves rulers of Egypt, 66. 1–10; Amasis settles mercenaries in, 67. 1; theories re summer floods of Nile held in, 40. 1–8; post-stations between Thebes and, 45. 7; 120 stades distant from pyramids, 63. 3, and from city of Acanthi, 97. 2; Acherousian lake near, 96. 7; level of Nile measured at, 36. 11–12; ten judges appointed from, 75. 3; (525) occupied by Cambyses, IV, 10. 14. 2; (460) Persian army in, 11. 77. 1; (374) Pharnabazus prevents Iphicrates from moving on, VII, 15. 43. 1–3; (344) Nectanebôs withdraws to, 16. 48. 6–7, 49. 2; he abandons, 51. 1; (332) Amyntas general of Dareius killed in, VIII, 17. 48. 3–5; (321) Ptolemy defeats Perdiccas at ford near, IX, 18. 34. 6–36. 1, 37. 4; (144) Cleopatra II bears son in, XII, 33. 13. 1; (138) Roman envoys in, 28b. 2; (at present day) temple of Daedalus on island near, I, 1. 97. 6. See Chemnis, Tamôs of; the Apis of; temple of Hephaestus, the White Fortress in.
    • Memphites s. of Ptolemy VIII Physcon: (144) Cleopatra bears, in Memphis, XII, 33. 13. 1; (131) Physcon puts, to death, 34/5. 14. 1.
    • Menae, in Sicily: (453) Ducetius moves, to the plain, TV, 11. 88. 6.
    • Menaenum, in Sicily: (459) Ducetius founds, IV, 11. 78. 5; (396) Dionysius takes, VI, 14. 78. 7.
    • Menander of Athens: (413) in battle in Grand Harbour of Syracuse, V, 13. 13. 2.
    • —, general of Antigonus: (323) Perdiccas assigns Lydia to, IX, 18. 3. 1; (318) Antigonus sends, against Eumenes, 59. 1–3.
    • Menas (Mneves), king of Egypt: discovers edible fruits, I, 1. 43. 5; first king after the gods; introduces luxury, 45. 1–3; establishes cult of the crocodiles; builds Labyrinth, 89. 3; receives laws from Hermes, 94. 1; descendants of, rule for 1040 years, 45, 3.
    • Mencherinus: see Mycerinus, king of Egypt.
    • Mendê, on Pallenê: (423) revolts to Lacedaemonians; Athenians recover, V, 12. 72. 7–9.
    • Mendes (Marrus), king of Egypt: builds Labyrinth, I, 1. 61. 1–2, 97. 5; cult of the goat of, 84. 4–8.
    • Mendesian mouth of Nile, I, 1. 33. 7; (374) Persians under Pharnabazus and Iphicrates seize, VII, 15. 42. 3–5; Egyptians recover, 43. 3–4.
    • Menê, in Hespera: city of Ethiopian Ichthyophagi, II, 3. 53. 6.
    • Menedemus of Croton: (317) general, IX, 19. 10. 3–4; (c. 294) tyrant, loses city to Agathocles, XI, 21. 4. 1.
    • —of Rhodes: (304) commands raiding party, X, 20. 93. 3–4.
    • Menelaüs, king of Sparta: slays Euphorbus before Troy, IV, 10. 6. 1; Trojan captives revolt from, in Egypt, I, 1. 56. 4; Telemachus in house of, 97. 7.
    • — brother of Ptolemy: (315) Ptolemy sends, to Cyprus, IX, 19. 62. 4–5; (310) aids in death of Nicocles of Paphos, X, 20. 21. 1; (307) defeated by Demetrius; retires to Salamis, 47. 3–4, 8; sends to Ptolemy for aid, 47. 7–8; burns Demetrius’ siege engines, 48. 6–8; as ordered, sends ships to Ptolemy, 49. 3, 52. 5.
    • Menenius, L.: see Licinus Menenius Lanatus, tr. mil. c. p., 372=V380.
    • — Lanatus, Agr.: (432=V439)
    524
    • cos., IV, 12. 37. 1; (414=V417) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 7. 1.
    • — —, Licinus: (372=V380) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 50, 1; (370=V378) 57. 1; (368 =V376) 71. 1.
    • — —, T.: (472=V477) cos., IV, 11. 53. 1.
    • — —, T.: (445=V452) cos., IV, 12. 22. 1; (433=V440) 36. 1. Menes of Camarina: (406) accuses generals of Acragas, V, 13. 87. 5.
    • — of Pella: (330) Alexander appoints, governor of Babylonia, VIII, 17. 64. 5.
    • Menestheus of Athens: s. of Petes of Egypt; leads Athenians at Troy, I, 1. 28. 6.
    • Menidas: (331) a Macedonian, wounded at Arbela, VIII, 17. 61. 3.
    • Menippus: (194) envoy from Antiochus III to Rome, XI, 28. 15. 2.
    • Meniscus: (c. 310) mercenary general under Satyrus of Bosporus, X, 20. 23. 6–8.
    • Menodotus of Perinthus: historian, XI, 26. 4. 1.
    • Menoeceus: see Creon s. of.
    • Menoetas, general of Pithon: (316) carries on after Pithon’s defeat, IX, 19. 47. 1–4.
    • Menoetius s. of Actor: institutes rites for Heracles, II, 4. 39. 1.—of Cyprus: (307) commands fleet that fails to reach Ptolemy, X, 20. 52. 5.
    • Menon: (473) archon, IV, 11. 52. 1.
    • — of Larissa: (401) commands Cyrus’ Thessalians, VI, 14. 19. 8; Artaxerxes spares, 27. 2.
    • — of Pharsalus: (322) commands Thessalians in Lamian war, IX, 18. 15. 2–5; seeks terms from Antipater, 17. 6; (321) Polyperchon defeats, 38. 5–6.
    • — of Segesta: (307) enslaved by Agathocles, XI, 21. 16. 2; (289) agent of Archagathus in murder of Agathocles, 16. 3–5; gaining control of army, moves on Syracuse, 16. 6, 18. 1.
    • Mention s. of Eupalamus: see Daedalus.
    • Mentor of Rhodes: (344) mercenary leader for Tennes of Sidon, VII, 16. 42. 2; with Tennes, betrays Sidon to Artaxerxes III, 45. 1, 3, 47. 4; secures surrender of Egyptian towns, 49. 7–51. 1; (344–342) services of, to Artaxerxes, 50. 6–8, 52. 1–7.
    • Menyllus: (322) commands Antipater’s garrison in Athens, IX, 18. 18. 5.
    • mercenaries: Psammetichus rules by means of, I, 1. 66. 11–67. 3; Carthaginians leave mutinous, to starve on Osteodes, III, 5. 11. 1–4; Punic power based on, paid with income from Iberian mines, 38. 2–3; (472) Thrasydaeus of Acragas gathers, IV, 11. 53. 3; (461) many, expelled from Sicilian cities settle in Messana, 76. 5; (401) in army of Cyrus the Younger, VI, 14. 19, 2–24, 7, and under own leaders after his death, 25. 1–31. 5, 37. 1; Messenians driven from Naupactus become, 34. 3–5; (375) Artaxerxes II seeks general peace in Greece to make more, available, VII, 15. 38. 1; (369) Euphron of Sicyon becomes tyrant by use of, 70. 3; (358–357) Dion raises force of, in Greece for return to Syracuse, 16. 6. 5, 9. 5; (358) Philip II organizes force of, using gold from his mines, 8. 7; (346) for hire at Malean promontory, 62. 3; (332) some, from Persian army come to Greece after Issus, VIII, 17. 48. 1–2; (328) Alexander settles some, in cities near Mt. Paropanisium, 83. 2; his treatment of Greeks who had served as, in forces of his enemies, 76. 1–2; (327) accompanied on campaign by women and children, 84. 3–6; (326) Alexander orders all satraps to disband their, 106. 3, 111. 1; (325) unemployed, gather at
    525
    • Taenarum in Peloponnese, 111. 1–3, (323) IX, 18. 9. 1, (322) 21. 1, (303) X, 20. 104. 2; (308) conditions in Greece make foreign military service attractive, 40. 6–7; (302) unpaid, abandon Lysimachus for Antigonus, 113. 3; (289) cause strife in Syracuse; are settled at Messana (the Mamertines), XI, 21. 18. 1; (241–237) in Carthage, revolt (the Truceless war), 25. 2. 1–6. 1, 8. 1; nationality of, 2. 2; (c. 190) advantages of, over citizen soldiers; not used by Rome, 29. 6. 1; (181) occupy Tius; slaughtered after surrendering on terms, 23. 1. See Campanian, Gallic, Greek, Iberian, Libyan, Lycian mercenaries.
    • merchandizing, invented by Hermes, III, 5. 75. 2.
    • Mercy: Athenians first to raise altar to, V, 13. 22. 7.
    • Meriones s. of Molus: with Sicilian Cretans after fall of Troy, III, 4. 79. 6; buried at Cnosus, 5. 79. 4.
    • Meroê, mother of Cambyses, I, 1. 33. 1.
    • Meroê, island in Nile: cities and mines on, I, 1. 33. 1–3; customs of Ethiopians living on, II, 3. 5. 1–7. 3; religion of Ethiopians living above, 9. 1–2; (285–246) King Ergamenes defies priests of, 6. 3–4; people dwelling about, call Nile “Water from Darkness,” I, 1. 37. 9–10.
    • —, city founded by Cambyses on island of same name, I, 1. 33. 1–2.
    • Meropê d. of Atlas, II, 3. 60. 4.
    • Meropes: war of Iones and, IV, 9. 3. 2.
    • Meropis, in Troad: see Cos.
    • Merops, descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
    • Meros, in India: Dionysus refreshes army in, II, 2. 38. 4.
    • Meschela, in Libya: Greeks found, after Trojan war; (307) general of Archagathus takes, X, 20. 57. 6.
    • Mesopotamia: location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; enclosed by Tigris and Euphrates, I, 2. 11. 2; (330) Alexander gathers pack animals from, VIII, 17. 71. 2; (323) assigned to Arcesilaüs by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) to Amphimachus by Antipater, 39. 6; (317) Antigonus in, 19. 13. 5, 15. 6, 17. 2; (312) Seleucus enters, X, 19. 91. 1; Demetrius reaches, 100. 5; (138) general of Demetrius II Nicator in, XII, 33. 28. 1; (before 61) protected by Pompey, 40. 4. 1. See Amphimachus.
    • Messana (Messenê, Zanclê) in Sicily: formerly called Zanclê; Orion builds mole for King Zanclus creating harbour of, III, 4. 85. 1; (476) Micythus becomes ruler of Rhegium and, as guardian for sons of Anaxilas, IV, 11. 48. 2, 59. 4; (467) he turns over power to sons of Anaxilas and departs from, 66. 1–3; (461) Zanclians expel sons of Anaxilas and become free; mercenaries from, discharged by other cities settle in territory of, 76. 5; (415) postpone Syracusan alliance, V, 13. 4. 2; (409) fugitives from Himera at, 61. 5; Hermocrates collects naval force at, 63. 2; (406) force from, sent to defend Acragas, 86. 4–5; (405) left autonomous by truce, 114. 1; (404) aids mutinous Syracusans against Dionysius, VI, 14. 8. 2–3; (399) peace made with Dionysius, 40. 3–7; (398) he wins support of, 44. 3–4; (396) importance of position of, 56. 1–2, 58. 3–4; Himilcon takes, 56. 2–57. 5, 61. 2, and destroys, 58. 3–59. 1, Dionysius not preventing, 66. 4, 68. 5; Dionysius settles groups of exiles in, 78. 4–6, 87. 1, VII, 15. 66. 5; (394) Rhegium makes futile attack on, VI, 14.
    526
    • 87. 1–2; Dionysius’ partisans banished from, 88. 5; (393) Carthaginians plunder territory of, 90. 3; (390) after storm, Dionysius escapes to, 100. 5; (389) Dionysius begins attack on Italy from, 103. 2–3; (357) many from, join Dion against Dionysius II, VII, 16. 9. 6; (344) Timoleon recovers, from Carthage, VIII, 16. 69. 6; (315) Agathocles attacks, IX, 19. 65. 1–4; Carthage secures peace for, 65. 5; (314) joins Acragas against Agathocles, X, 19. 70. 2; Hamilcar negotiates peace between Agathocles and, 71. 6–7; (312) Syracusan exiles in, expelled and Agathocles admitted; his treachery, 102. 1–7; exiles from, join Syracusan exiles, 103. 2; (311) goes over to Hamilcar, 110. 4; (289) discharged mercenaries seize, calling selves Mamertines, XI, 21. 18. 1, 3, 23. 1. 4; (280) actions of Mamertines in, 22. 1. 2–3, 7. 4; (c. 270) while Mamertines resist Hiero, Hannibal enters with men, 13. 1–8; Carthage and Hiero agree to attack, 13. 9, 23. 1. 2–3; (264) cos. Ap. Claudius Caudex withdraws to, 3. 1; (255) Hiero brings wrecked Romans to, 18. 1; (254) Romans withdraw to, 18. 5; (249) cos L. Junius Pullus sails from, 24. 1. 8. See Symmachus of.
    • Messana (Messina), Straits of: formed by earthquake, III, 4. 85. 2–4; in line with Aeolides isls., 5. 7. 2; Heracles swims across, II, 4. 22. 6; sons of Aeolus rule Sicily from Lilybaeum to, III, 5. 8. 1; (415) Athenians at, V, 13. 4. 1; (406) Italian Greeks retire toward, 88. 7; (399) Rhegians cross, against Dionysius, VI, 14. 40. 3; (398) Dionysius fears cities on, will aid Carthage, 44. 3; (396) Messanians escape Himilcon by swimming across, 57. 5; (394) regions about, friendly to Dionysius, 87. 4; (390) he crosses, 100. 2; (388) he moves to, 108. 1; (c. 288) discharged mercenaries come to, XI, 21. 18. 1; (279) Carthaginians guard, against Pyrrhus, 22. 7. 5; (278) he sails from Tarentum to, 8. 3; (102) pr. C. Servilius crosses, into Italy, XII, 36. 9. 2.
    • Messapii, of southern Italy: (413) join force of Demosthenes against Syracuse, V, 13. 11. 1; (303) support Cleonymus, X, 20. 104. 2.
    • Messenê, in Messenia: often captured and destroyed, VII, 15. 66. 2–4; (369) Thebans gather scattered Messenians and found, anew, 66. 1, 66. 6–67. 1, 81. 3; (315) Polyperchon holds, with garrison, IX, 19. 64. 1. See Euhemerus, Polychares of; Messenia.
    • Messenê, in Sicily: see Messana.
    • Messenia, in Peloponnese: Neleus founds Pylus in, III, 4. 68. 6; early kings of, VII, 15. 66. 2; (c. 743–723) Lacedaemonians defeat and enslave (First Messenian war), 66. 3; episodes of this war, III, 8. 7. 1–8. 3; (c. 685–668) revolt and are defeated (Second Messenian war), VII, 15. 66. 3; episodes of this war, III, 8. 12. 1–13. 2, 27. 1; Bias of Prienê rescues maidens of, IV, 9. 13. 1; fishermen of, find tripod marked “To the Wisest,” 13. 2; (469) after Spartan earthquake, Helots and, rebel (Third Messenian war begins), VII, 15. 66. 4–5, IV, 11. 63. 1–4, 64. 1; Spartans seek, then reject Athenian aid against, 64. 2–3; war continued ten years, 64. 4; (456) Lacedaemonians defeat, and permit them to depart under truce, 84. 7–8; settled in Naupactus by Athenians, 84. 7, V, 12. 44. 3, VI, 14. 37. 2, VII, 15. 66. 5, in Cephallenia and Messana, 66. 5; (425) Athenians
    527
    • occupy Pylos in, V, 12. 61. 1; (409) abandon Pylos when besieged by Lacedaemonians, 13. 64. 5, 7; (401) many, driven from Cephallenia and Naupactus by Lacedaemonians, become mercenaries, VI, 14. 34. 2–5; (396) some are settled in Messana by Dionysius, 78. 5–6; (386) included in “King’s Peace” on same terms as others, VII, 15. 81. 3, 90. 2; (369) Epameinondas brings scattered, back to Peloponnese and founds city, Messenê, 66. 1, 6, 67. 1, 81. 3; (363) with Thebans at Mantineia, 85. 2; Lacedaemonians refuse to agree to general peace including, 89. 1–2; (352) aid Megalopolitans against Lacedaemonians, 16. 39. 2; (323) join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 2; (316) Cassander gains cities of, except Ithomê, 19. 54. 4; (315) he moves through, 64. 1. See Euphaës of; Messenê, Pylos in.
    • Messenians of Naupactus: (456) settled by Athenians in Naupactus, IV, 11. 84. 7–8, V, 12. 44. 3, VI, 14. 34. 2, VII, 15. 66. 5; (431) allied to Athens, V, 12. 42. 5; (425) join army under Demosthenes, 60. 1; drive off Aetolians, 60. 2; garrison Pylos, 63. 5; (410) drive out oligarchy in Corycra, 13. 48. 6–7; (401) Lacedaemonians drive, from Greece, VI, 14. 34. 2–6; (396) 600, exiled from Naupactus, are settled in Sicily by Dionysius, 78. 5–6.
    • Metallis: see Megallis wife of Damophilus.
    • metals: working of, invented by Idaean Dactyls, III, 5. 64. 5; by Hephaestus, 74. 2.
    • Metapontum, in south Italy: Aeolus and Boeotus seize power in, III, 4. 67. 3–5; (415) Athenian fleet passes, V, 13. 3. 4; (345) Timoleon in, VIII, 16. 66. 5–7; (303) intimidated by Cleonymus, X, 20. 104. 3.
    • Metellus, C: see Sp. Postumius Albus Regillensis, tr. mil. c. p., 425=V432.
    • Methana (Methonê), in Argolis: (424) Nicias builds fortress near, V, 12. 65. 7.
    • Methonê, in Laconia: (456) Athenian fleet takes, IV, 11. 84. 6; (430) Brasidas saves, from Athenians, V, 12. 43. 2–3.
    • — in Macedonia: (360) Philip II defeats Argaeus near, VII, 16. 3. 5–6; (353) he destroys, 31. 6, 34. 4–5.
    • Methymna d. of Macareus and wife of Lesbos, III, 5. 81. 6–7.
    • Methymna, on Lesbos: named for Methymna d. of Macareus, III, 5. 81. 7; (427) Athenians portion out all of Lesbos except, V, 12. 55. 10; (407) Athenian garrison driven from, 13. 76. 5–77. 2; (392) Athenians blockade, VI, 14. 94. 4; (333) Memnon masters, VIII, 17. 29. 2. See Hermeias, Terpander of.
    • metics: (406) Athens gives citizenship to those, serving in army, V, 13. 97. 1.
    • Metion: father of Daedalus, III, 4. 76. 1.
    • Meton s. of Pausanias: (433) reveals his 19-year cycle, IV, 12. 36. 2–3.
    • Meton, Year of: why so called, II, 2. 47. 6, IV, 12. 36. 2–3.
    • Metopê d. of Ladon and wife of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1.
    • Metropolis, citadel of Hestiaea: (377) garrisoned by Athens, VII, 15. 30. 5.
    • Micatani, Numidian tribe: (206) Carthaginian revenge on, XI, 26. 23. 1.
    • mice: plague of, in Italy, II, 3. 30. 3.
    • Micinas of Rhodes: (324) stadion winner, VIII, 17. 113. 1.
    • Micion: (402) archon, VI, 14. 17. 1.
    • Micipsa s. of Masinissa: (111) most civilized of Numidian kings, XII, 34/5. 35. 1.
    • — s. of Micipsa: XII, 34/5. 35. 1.
    528
    • Micrinas of Tarentum: (352) stadion winner, VII, 16. 37. 1.
    • Micythus: (476) rules Rhegium and Zanclê for sons of Anaxilas, IV, 11. 48. 2; (471) founds Pyxus, 59. 4; (467) turns over power to sons of Anaxilas, 66. 1–3.
    • —: (312) slain in defeat of Lyciscus by Epirotes, X, 19. 88. 5.
    • Midas, king of Phrygia: establishes temple of Cybelê, II, 3. 59. 8.
    • Miletus, in Ionia: 9th in list of thalassocracies, III, 7. 11. 1; luxury of, 8. 20. 1, IV, 12. 21. 1; would award tripod to Thales, 9. 3. 1–3; (c. 500) Carians consult oracle re alliance with, 10. 25. 2; (497) Dareius drives Aristagoras from, V, 12. 68. 1; (479) force from, joins Greeks at Mycalê, IV, 11. 36. 2–5; (441) quarrel with Samians over Prienê, 12. 27. 1; (411) Lacedaemonian fleet at, V, 13. 38. 4; (408) 70. 2; (405) Lacedaemonians set up oligarchy in, 104. 5–6; (334) Alexander takes, VIII, 17. 22. 1–5, 23. 4; (313) officers of Antigonus free, from garrison of Asander, X, 19. 75. 3–4; (c. 149) Andriscus escapes to, XI, 32. 15. 1–3. See Aristagoras, Aristodemus, Athenagoras, Hecataeus, Thales, Timarchus, Timotheüs of; Sinopê, colony of.
    • military antiquities: (403) Rome first pays soldiers, VI, 14. 16. 5; (374) innovations of Iphicrates, VII, 15. 44. 1–4; (360) the Macedonian phalanx, 16. 3. 1–2; (355) Philomelus’ use of “peltasts,” 24. 2; (331) Dareius lengthens lance and constructs scythed chariots, VIII, 17. 53. 1–3; tactics against scythed chariots, 57. 6–58. 5; (264) Roman advances in, XI, 23. 2. 1–2; (217) size of Roman legion, 26. 5. 1. See battles, sieges described in detail; elephants; mines and countermines; mole; helepolis; siege engines; towers, movable.
    • military tribunes with consular power; (437=V444) elected in Rome in place of consuls, IV, 12. 32. 1. For election of, see table preceding the Index.
    • Milky way: Phaëthon forms, III, 5. 23. 2.
    • millet: grown in India, II, 2. 36. 3–4.
    • Milo of Croton: strength of, IV, 9. 14. 1; wins six Olympic victories, 12. 9. 6; (c. 511) leads army of Croton, 9. 5.
    • Miltiades of Athens: (c. 520) receives Lemnos from Tyrrhenians, IV, 10. 19. 6; (490) rejects demand of Datis, 27. 3; (after 489) unable to pay fine; dies in prison, 30. 1; father of Cimon, 30. 1, 31. 1. Fame of, 11. 82. 4, 12. 1. 5; VII, 15. 88. 2–3, X, 20. 40. 5. See Cimon s. of.
    • —: (308) father of Euthydicê, X, 20. 40. 5.
    • Miltinê, in Libya: (307) general of Archagathus enters, briefly, X, 20. 58. 1–2.
    • Mimas: exiles Pelias, III, 6. 7. 4.
    • Mimus s. of Aeolus: king of Aeolis, III, 4. 67. 3.
    • Minaeans, convey frankincense from Arabia, II, 3. 42. 5.
    • Mindarus of Lacedaemon: (411) moves from Miletus to Chios, V, 13. 38. 4–7; Athenians defeat, in Hellespont, 39. 1–40. 5; refits at Abydus, 41. 1; (410) 45. 1; Athenians defeat, near Dardanus, 45. 2–46. 5; returns to Abydus, 47. 2; takes Cyzicus, 49. 2–4; defeated on land and sea by Alcibiades, 49. 5–51. 8; slain, 51. 6, 70. 1.
    • Mindyrides of Sybaris: seeks hand of daughter of Cleisthenes, III, 8. 18. 2–19. 2.
    • mines and countermines: (393=V396) at siege of Veii by Camillus, VI, 14. 93. 2; (318) in attack on Megalopolis by Polyperchon, IX, 18. 70. 5; (304) in siege of Rhodes by
    529
    • Demetrius, X, 20. 94. 1–3; (73) in attack on Cyzicus by Mithridates, XII, 37. 22b. 1 (pp. 269–271).
    • mining: of gold in Egypt, II, 3. 12. 1–14. 6; of iron on Elba, III, 5. 13. 1–2; of silver in Iberia, 35. 1–38. 3; of tin in Britain, 22. 1–2, 38. 5, and Iberia, 38. 4–5.
    • Minoa, in Sicily: established by Minos or his followers, III, 4. 79. 1, 5, VII, 16. 9. 4; (357) Dion s. of Hipparinus sails to, 9. 4.
    • —: harbours on Aegean sea called, III, 5. 84. 2.
    • Minos (I) of Crete, s. of Zeus and Europê, III, 4. 60. 2, 5. 78. 1. (Rarely distinguished from the following.)
    • — (II) of Crete, s. of Zeus or Lycastus and Idê, III, 4. 60. 3; educated by Zeus, XII, 33. 10. 1; becomes king of Crete, III, 4. 60. 2–3, 5. 78. 1–2; receives laws from Zeus, I, 1. 94. 1, III, 5. 78. 3; gathers tribes of Crete into union, III, 5. 80. 3; founds cities, 78. 2; creates sea power, 4. 60. 3, 5. 54. 4, 78. 3, 84. 1, XII, 33. 10. 1; colonizes islands and Asian coast, III, 5. 84. 1–2; tale of attack on Dictynna rejected, 76. 4; children of, 4. 60. 3–4, 5. 79. 4; demands satisfaction for death of Androgeos in Athens, 4. 60. 4–61. 4; account of Daedalus, Pasiphaë and, 77. 1–9; with aid of, Heracles carries Pasiphaë’s bull from Crete, II, 4. 13. 4; Daedalus builds Labyrinth for, III, 4. 77. 4, I, 1. 61. 3–4, 97. 5; follows Daedalus to Sicily; founds Minoa; killed by King Cocalus; buried in Sicily, III, 4. 75. 6, 77. 7, 79. 1–5, 5. 78. 4, VII, 16. 9. 4; becomes judge in Hades, III, 5. 79. 2; followers establish selves at Minoa in Sicily, 4. 79. 5, VII, 16. 9. 4, and at Carpathos, III, 5. 54. 4; (c. 475) bones of, returned to Crete, 4. 79. 4. Distinction between the son of Zeus and Europê and the son of Lycastus (or Zeus) and Idê, 4. 60. 3. See Ariadne d. of; Deucalion, Molus, ss. of; Pasiphae wife of.
    • — of Athens: (400) stadion winner, VI, 14. 35. 1.
    • Minotaur: offspring of Pasiphaë and a bull, III, 4. 75. 6, 77.1–3; Daedalus builds home for the, 77. 4, I, 1, 61. 3; sacrifice of Athenian youths and maidens to, III, 4. 61, 3, 77. 4; killed by Theseus, 60. 1, 61. 4.
    • Minucius, T.: see T. Genucius Augurinus, Xvir, 444=V451; and T. Numicius Priscus, cos., 464=V469.
    • — (or Vettius), T.: (104) leader in slave revolt, XII, 36. 2. 1–2a. 1.
    • — Augurinus, Ti. (or T.): (305) cos., X, 20. 81. 1; defeats Samnites, 90. 3–4.
    • — Carutianus, L.: see L. Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus, cos., 453=V458.
    • — Esquilinus Augurinus L.: (453=V458) cos., IV, 11. 88. 1; (451=V457) 91. 1; (443=V450) Xvir, 12. 24. 1.
    • — Rufus, M.: (217) mag. eq. of dict. Q. Fabius Maximus; folly of, XI, 26. 3. 3.
    • minuta maiestas (treason): (146) C. Plautius exiled for, XII, 33. 2. 1.
    • Minyans of Orchomenus: enslave Thebans, II, 4. 18. 7, VII, 15. 79. 5; Heracles frees Thebes and punishes, II, 4. 10. 2–5, 18. 7, VII, 15. 79. 5.
    • mirages: explanation of, in Libyan desert, II, 3. 50. 4–51. 5.
    • mirror, burning: (212) Archimedes invents, XI, 26. 18. 1 (pp. 193–195).
    • Misenum, in Italy: Lake of Avernus near, II, 4. 22. 1.
    • Mithridates the eunuch: (465) aids in murder of Xerxes, IV, 11. 69. 1–2.
    • — I of Cius: (c. 362) Ariobarzanes
    530
    • of Phrygia succeeds, VII, 15. 90. 3.
    • — II of Cius: (337) succeeds Ariobar zanes. VIII, 16. 90. 2; (302) shifts from Antigonus to Cassander; slain, X, 20. 111. 4.
    • — III of Cius and I of Pontus: (317) with Eumenes, IX, 19. 40. 2; (302) becomes king, X, 20. 111. 4.
    • — VI Eupator Dionysius (the Great) of Pontus: chief palace of, in Sinopê, VI, 14. 31. 2; (101) attempts to bribe Roman Senators, XII, 36. 15. 1; (88) cause of Rome’s hatred for, 38/9. 5. 1 (p. 241); unable to move on Italy, 37. 2. 11; Marius and others compete for command against, 2. 12; L. Cornelius Sulla sets out against, 2. 13; wins fame by freeing prisoners, 26. 1; gains supremacy in Asia, 27. 1; Lesbians try to deliver M’ Aquillius to, 27. 1–2; Cappadocian fleet of, meets Rhodians, 28. 1; Marius seeks command against, illegally, 29. 2; (85) defeated, then made ally by Sulla, 38/9. 6. 1; (73–72) narrow escape of, during siege of Cyzicus, 37. 22b. 1 (pp. 269–271).
    • — I Arsaces VI of Parthia: see Arsaces VI Mithridates I.
    • — of Cappadocia: (163–130) reigns as Ariarathes V, XI, 31. 19. 7.
    • Mithrines of Sardis: (334) yields treasure to Alexander, VIII, 17. 21. 7, 64. 6; (330) Alexander assigns Armenia to, 64. 6.
    • Mithrobarzanes: (362) betrays his fellows in the “Satraps’ revolt,” VII, 15. 91. 2–6.
    • Mithrobuzanes: (334) commands Cappadocians at Granicus; slain, VIII, 17. 21. 3. —: (c. 160) Ariarathes V of Cappadocia restores, to throne of Sophenê, XI, 31. 22. 1.
    • Mitrephorus: a name of Dionysus s. of Semelê, II, 4. 4. 4.
    • Mitylenê (Mytilenê) d. of Macareus: gives name to Lesbian city, III, 5. 81. 7.
    • Mitylenê (Mytilenê), on Lesbos: Queen Myrina of Libyan Amazons founds, II, 3. 55. 7; named for Mitylenê d. of Macareus, III, 5. 81. 7; ancient city on small island, later city on Lesbos, V, 13. 79. 6; (c. 585) freed from civil strife by Pittacus, IV, 9. 11. 1–12. 2; (441) aids Athens against Samos, 12. 27. 4, 28. 2; (before 427) Athens prevents merging all Lesbos into, V, 12. 55. 1; (427) revolt of, suppressed; Athenians condemn all, then relent, 55. 2–10, 13. 30. 4; (423) held by Athens, 12. 72. 2–3; (408) Alcibiades at, 13. 73. 5; (407) Conon after naval battle withdraws to, 76. 6–78. 3; Callicratidas forces harbour of, against Conon, 78. 4–79. 7; (406) Athenians move to relieve siege of, 97. 2–3; storm prevents relief of, after Arginusae, 100. 1–3; Lacedaemonian forces before, withdraw, 100. 5–6; (395) Conon induces, to change sides, VI, 14. 84. 3; (392) furnishes ships to Athenian Thrasybulus, 94. 3–4; (377) secedes from Lacedaemon, VII, 15. 28. 3; (333) Memnon takes, VIII, 17. 29. 2, 31. 3; (88) M’. Aquillius seeks refuge in, XII, 37. 27. 1. See Erigyius, Laomedon, Parmenion, Pittacus, Scamandrius of.
    • Mnaseas: (352) guardian for Phalaecus; killed in battle, VII, 16. 38. 6–7.
    • Mnasicles of Crete: (322) drives Thibron from Cyrenê, IX, 18. 20. 1–5; elected general by Cyrenians, 21. 5.
    • Mnasippus of Lacedaemon: (374) attacks Corcyra, VII, 15. 47. 1; Athenians defeat and slay, 47. 4–6.
    • Mnemosynê: a Titan, III, 5. 66. 3; discovers use of reason and memory, 67. 3; mother of the Muses, II, 4. 7. 1.
    • Mnesitheides: (457) archon, IV, 11. 81. 1.
    531
    • Mnevis of Egypt: see Menas.
    • Mnevis: bull consecrated to Osiris, I, 1. 21. 10; cult of, at Heliopolis, 84. 4–8; Apis and, honoured for aid to farmers, 88. 4.
    • Moceltes: see Molcestes.
    • Moeris, king of Egypt: public works of, I, 1. 51. 5–52. 6.
    • Moeris, Lake of (Fayum): King Moeris constructs, to control Nile, I, 1. 51. 5–52. C; Labyrinth at entrance to, 66. 3; rites of the crocodile of, 84. 4–8; crocodiles carry King Menas across, 89. 3.
    • Molcestes (Moceltes) of Boubo: (145–139) tyrant of Pisidia, XII, 33. 5a. 1.
    • mole: (397) constructed by Dionysius in siege of Motyê, VI, 14. 48. 2–3, 49. 3, 51. 1, (332) by Alexander in siege of Tyre, VIII, 17. 40. 4–41. 5, 42. 1–6, 43. 5–6; (305) Demetrius seizes, in harbour of Rhodes, X, 20. 86. 1.
    • Molion s. of Eurytus: Heracles slays, II, 4. 37. 5.
    • Moloch: see Cronus (Baal).
    • Molon: (362) archon, VII, 15. 90. 1.
    • Molossians: (471) offer brief refuge to Themistocles, IV, 11. 56. 1–3; (385) Illyrians defeat, VI, 15. 13. 3; (342) Alexander brother of Olympias succeeds Arymbas as king of, VIII, 16. 72. 1; (323) part of, join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1. See Alcetas, Pyrrhus of.
    • Molpadia d. of Staphylus: worshipped as Hemithea, III, 5. 62. 1–5.
    • Molus s. of Minos, father of Meriones, III, 5. 79. 4.
    • Molyccus: (316) officer of Cassander, IX, 19. 54. 4.
    • Molycria, in Aetolia: (425) Aetolians and Lacedaemonians capture, V, 12. 60. 3.
    • Momemphis, in Egypt: plain of “Golden Aphrodite” near, I, 1. 97. 8; (663–609) victory of Psammetichus near, 66. 12.
    • Monimus of Pella: (316) on news of Olympias’ surrender, surrenders Pella, IX, 19. 50. 3, 6–7.
    • monkeys: in Ethiopia and Trogodyte country, II, 3. 35. 4–6; in India, VIII, 17. 90. 1–3. See apes, baboons.
    • moon: worshipped as Isis, I, 1. 11. 1, 4–6; Egyptians do not reckon days by, 50. 2; shines with borrowed light; eclipses of, 2. 31. 5–6; Uranus based month on the, II, 3. 56. 4.
    • Mophis s. of Taxiles I: (327) gives self and army to Alexander, who gives him name Taxiles, VIII, 17. 86. 5–7.
    • Mopsus of Thrace: defeats Libyan Amazons in Asia, II, 3. 55. 10–11.
    • Morgantina (Morgantinum), in Sicily: (459) Ducetius reduces, IV, 11. 78. 5; (396) Dionysius takes, VI, 14. 78. 7; (392) Carthaginians camp on road to, 95. 2; (317) Agathocles enrols men from, IX, 19. 6. 2; (132) Eunes dies at, XII, 34/5. 2. 23; (104) slaves under Salvius besiege, 36. 4. 5–8, 7. 1. See Gorgus Cambalus.
    • Moschion: (315) Antigonus sends, to Rhodes, IX, 19. 57. 4.
    • Moses (Moyses): led Jews exiled from Egypt to Judaea; founded cities and organized cult, XII, 40. 3. 3–8; gave laws, I, 1. 94. 2, XII, 34/5. 1. 3, 40. 3. 3; founded Jerusalem, 34/5. 1. 3, 40. 3. 3; (169) Antiochus IV finds statue of, in temple, 34/5. 1. 3.
    • mosquitoes: save Rhizophagi from lions, II, 3. 23. 2–3.
    • Mosynoecians, on Pontus: (401) most barbaric of all met by the Ten Thousand, VI, 14. 30. 5–7.
    • Mother of the Gods (Great Mother): according to Atlantians, Basileia d. of Uranus and Titaea (Ge) deified as, II, 3. 57. 1–8; according to Phrygians, Cybelê d. of Meion and Dindymê deified as, 58. 1–
    532
    • 59. 1, 59. 7–8; Myrina the Amazon establishes rites of, on Samothrace, 55. 8–9; rites of, given to Electra, III. 5. 49. 1; rites of, conveyed to Phrygia by Cybele and called by her name, 49. 2–3; teaches working of iron to Idaean Dactyls, VIII, 17. 7. 5; (205) cult of, introduced into Rome, XII, 34/5. 33. 2; (104) Battaces reforms rites of, 36. 13. 1–3. See Cybelê.
    • Mothers: Cretan cult of the, III, 4. 80. 1–6; established in Sicily, 79. 7.
    • Motyê (Motya), in Sicily: Carthaginian colony and chief base in Sicily, VI, 14. 47. 4; on an island, 48. 2; (409) Hannibal beaches fleet at, V, 13. 54. 5, 61. 2; Hermocrates plunders territory of, 63. 4; (406) Himilcar summons ships from, 88. 4–5; (397) Dionysius takes, VI, 14. 47. 4–53. 5; Himilcon fails to destroy Syracusan fleet at, 50. 1–4; Dionysius leaves garrison in, 53. 5; Carthage establishes survivors of, at Lilybaeum, XI, 22. 10. 4; (396) Syracusan fleet based on, VI, 14. 54. 4; Himilcon recovers, 55. 4, 66. 2.
    • Motyum, in Sicily: (after 451) Acragantini take, from Siceli IV, 11. 91. 4.
    • Moyses: see Moses.
    • Mucins Scaevola, Q., cos. 95: integrity of, as governor of Asia, XII, 37. 5. 1–6. 1, 8. 1; (82) Marius the Younger kills, 38/9. 17. 1, 37. 29. 5.
    • Mummius, L.: (153) pr. in Spain; Lusitanians defeat, XI, 31. 42. 1.
    • Munychia, citadel of Peiraeus: (401) Thrasybulus seizes, VI, 14. 33. 1–3; (319) Athenians vainly request removal of Antipater’s garrison on, IX, 18. 48. 1–3; (318) Nicanor continues to hold, 64. 1–66. 2, 68. 1; Athens agrees that Cassander control, 74. 3; Cassander procures death of Nicanor, 75. 1; (314) Dionysius commands garrison on, X, 19. 68. 3, (307) 20. 45. 2; Demetrius takes, and razes, 45. 2–46. 1. See Nicanor.
    • Musaeus, a Giant: deserts to Zeus, III, 5. 71. 3.
    • — s. of Orpheus: visited Egypt, I, 1. 96. 2; officiant at Eleusis in time of Heracles, II, 4. 25. 1. Musegetes, name of Apollo, I, 1. 18. 4.
    • Muses: daughters of Zeus or of Uranus, II, 4. 7. 1, III, 5. 72. 5; account of, II, 4. 7. 1–4; accompany Osiris, I, 1. 18. 4, and Dionysus, II, 4. 4. 3, 5. 4, 7. 1; number and names of, 7. 2–4; add middle string to lyre, 3. 59. 6; discover letters and poetry, III, 5. 74. 1; at wedding of Cadmus and Harmonia, 49. 1; maim Thamyras out of jealousy, II, 3. 67. 3; Ares yields to, among Gauls, III, 5. 31. 5; (335) Alexander holds contest in honour of, as instituted by Archelaüs (413–399), VIII, 17. 16. 3–4.
    • music: Hermes invents, I, 1. 16. 1; not part of Egyptian education, 81. 7.
    • Musicanus, King: (326) Alexander kills, VIII, 17. 102. 5.
    • Mutilius, A.: see A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus, tr. mil. c. p., 399=V402.
    • Mycalê, in Ionia: (479) Greeks of Asia defeat Persians at, IV, 11. 34. 1–36. 6, on day of battle at Plataea, 34. 1, 35. 2; at news of, Xerxes returns to Ecbatana, 36. 7; Herodotus ends history with victory at, 37. 6; (before 373) Ionians move Panionia from, to Ephesus, VII, 15. 49. 1.
    • Mycenae: Nemean lion at, II, 4. 11. 3; Eurystheus king of, fears return of Heracleidae, 57. 2; Atreus becomes king of, 58. 2; Aegisthus king of, III, 7. 3. 1; (480) alone of Argives join Lacedaemonians at Thermopylae,
    533
    • IV, 11. 65. 2; (468) ancient prestige of; Argives raze, 65. 1–5.
    • Mycerinus (Mencherinus, Menkaure), king of Egypt, I, 1. 64. 6–9.
    • Mygdon: Idaean Dactyls pass from Crete to Europe with, III, 5. 64. 4.
    • Mylae, in Sicily: (427) Athenian fleet lays siege to, V, 12. 54. 4–5; (394) Rhegians establish Naxians and Catanians in; Dionysius seizes, VI, 14. 87. 1–3; (315) taken by Agathocles, IX, 19. 65. 3, (c. 270) by Hiero, XI, 22. 13. 1; (260) how Hannibal escaped punishment after defeat at, 23. 10. 1.
    • Mylinus, a Giant: Zeus slays, III, 5. 71. 2.
    • Myndus, in Caria: (308) Ptolemy sails from, X, 20. 37. 1.
    • Myonnessus, Cape, in Ionia: (190) after defeat at, Antiochus III leaves Europe, XI, 29. 5. 1.
    • Myrcinus, in Thrace: (424) Brasidas wins, V, 12. 68. 4.
    • Myrichides: (440) archon, IV, 12. 29. 1.
    • Myrina, queen of Libyan Amazons: accepts surrender of Atlantians and defeats Gorgons, II, 3. 54. 2–7; buries companions, 55. 2; leads Amazons victoriously through Africa and Asia, 55. 4–9; defeated and slain by Thracians, 55. 10–11.
    • Myrlea, on Propontis: (302) Mithridates II of Cius rules, X, 20. 111. 4.
    • Myrmidon of Athens: (315) Ptolemy sends, to Cyprus and Caria, IX, 19. 62. 4–5.
    • Myronides s. of Callias, of Athens: (458) defeats Corinthians, IV, 11. 79. 3–4, and (457) Boeotians, 81. 4–82. 5; breaks up Boeotian league, 82. 5; defeats Boeotians at Oenophyta, 83. 1; defeats Locrians and Phocians, 83. 2–4. Fame of, 84. 2, 12. 1. 5, VII, 15. 88. 2–3.
    • myrrh: produced in Arabia Felix, II, 2. 49. 2–3, 3. 46. 3, and on island called Hiera, III, 5. 41. 4; myrrh tree described, 41. 6.
    • Myrrhanus, king of Indians: Dionysus punishes, II, 3. 65. 4. Myrtilus: chariot driver of Oenomaüs, III, 4. 73. 4–5.
    • myrtle: ascribed to Aphroditê, I, 1. 17. 5.
    • Myscellus of Achaïa: Delphi directs, to found Croton, III, 8. 17. 1–2.
    • Mysia, in Asia Minor: Telephus seeks mother in, II, 4. 33. 10–11; (before 480) ships built in, for Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 1. See Orontes satrap of; Cius in.
    • Myson of Chenae in Malis: in some lists of Seven Wise Men, IV, 9. 6. 1–8. 1.
    • Mysteries: see Samothrace; Eleusinian mysteries: Lesser mysteries.
    • Mystichides: (386) archon, VI, 15. 2. 1.
    • mythology: myths avoided by most historians but not by Diodorus, II, 4. 1. 1–4; contradictions in, 44. 5–6; rational explanations of myths, 3. 62. 3–10, 4. 47. 2–6.
    • Mytilenê: see Mitylenê.
    • Mytistratus, in Sicily: (262) withstands Roman siege, XI, 23. 9. 3; (258) Romans take, 9. 4.
    • Myus, in Caria: (after 470) given to Themistocles, IV, 11. 57. 7; fisheries at, 57. 7.
    • — in Syria: (312) Demetrius defeats Cilles general of Ptolemy at, X, 19. 93. 2.
    N
    • Nabarnes: (329) accompanies Bessus to Bactria, VIII, 17. 74. 1.
    • Nabataeans: see Arabian tribes, Nabataeans.
    • Nabis of Sparta: (207) punishes many, XI, 27. 1. 1–2; (195) settlement of, with Rome, 28. 13. 1.
    534
    • names of things: Hermes or Mnemosynê invents, III, 5. 67. 3.
    • Napae, division of the Scythians, II, 2. 43. 3–4.
    • Napata, capital of Ethiopia: customs of folk of, II, 3. 2. 1–7. 3. Napes, ruler of the Napae, II, 2. 43. 3–4.
    • Naples: see Neapolis.
    • Narbo, Roman colony in Gaul: trades in British tin, III, 5. 38. 5.
    • narthex, associated with Dionysus, II, 4. 4. 6–7.
    • Naryx, in Epicnemidian Locris: Ajax born in; (305) headquarters of Ismenias, VI, 14. 82. 8; (352) Phallus captures, VII, 16. 38. 3–5.
    • Nasamones: Libyan tribe in interior, II, 3. 49. 1, VIII, 17. 50. 2; statement of, re source of Nile, I, 1. 37. 11.
    • Nature: as teacher of animals, 11, 2. 50. 7, 3. 10. 6; suggests self-taught skills, 15. 7, 19. 2; protects Ethiopians from lions, 23. 2; engenders all astonishing things, 31. 2, XI, 32. 12. 1 (p. 455); dispenses both good and evil, II, 3. 43. 7; Tyrrhenians perfect teachings about, and the gods, III, 5. 40. 2.
    • Naupactus, in Ozolian Locris: (456) Athenians settle Messenians in, IV, 11. 84. 7, V, 12. 44. 3, VI, 14. 34. 2, VII, 15. 66. 5; (431) Messenians of, allied to Athens, V, 12. 42. 5; (429) Phormio of Athens at, 47. 1; Athenian fleet at, 48. 1; (425) Athenians withdraw to, 60. 1; Aetolian attack on, repulsed, 60. 2–3; (401) Lacedaemonians expel Messenians from, VI, 14. 34; 2–3; (396) Dionysius settles Messcnians from, in Sicily, 78. 5–6; (367) Epameinondas frees, from Achaeans, VII, 15. 75. 2. See Messenians of.
    • Nauplia in Argolis: Nauplius gives Augê to Carians at, II, 4. 33. 8–10.
    • Nauplius, spares Augê, II, 4. 33. 8–10.
    • Nausicles of Athens: (352) sent to aid Phocians, VII, 16. 37. 3. See Clearchus s. of.
    • Nausigenes: (368) archon, VII, 15. 71. 1.
    • Nausinicus: (378) archon, VII, 15. 25. 1.
    • Nausus: leads landless Lacedaemonians to Symê III, 5. 53. 2–3.
    • Nautaces: (328) Alexander’s campaign against, VIII, 17, p. 111.
    • Nautius Rutilus, C: (470=V475) cos., IV, 11. 60. 1; (453=V458) 88. 1.,
    • — —, Sp.: (416=V424) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 82. 1.
    • — —, Sp.: (413=V416) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 9. 1; (408=V411) cos., 68. 1; (401=V404) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 19. 1.
    • — —, Sp.: (315=V316) cos., IX, 19. 55. 1.
    • naval affairs: list of thalassocracies, III, 7. 11. 1; Sesoösis of Egypt the first to build warships, I, 1. 55. 2; Heliadae of Rhodes introduce new practices, III, 5. 57. 1; Minos of Crete first to be master of the sea, 78. 3; (413) Syracusans improve triremes for ramming, V, 13. 10. 2–3; (315) dekereis and ennereis in fleet of Antigonus, IX, 19. 62. 8; (307) Demetrius mounts siege engines on ships, X, 20. 49, 4; heptereis the largest ships in his fleet, 50. 2; signalmen lead crews in prayer before battle, 50. 5; (305) privateers join Demetrius against Rhodes, 82. 5. See battles, naval, described.
    • Naxos s. of Polemon: Carians under, occupy Dia (Strongylê), renaming it Naxos, III, 5. 51. 1–3.
    • Naxos, isl. in Aegean: first called Strongylê and Dia, then named for King Naxos of Carians, III, 4. 61. 5, 5. 50. 1, 51. 1–3;
    535
    • account of, 50. 1–52. 3; Dionysus born and/or reared on, II, 3. 66. 1, 3, III, 5. 52. 1–3; special regard of Dionysus for, 52. 3; 15th in list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1; (480) first to withdraw support from Xerxes, 5. 52. 3; (453) Tolmides divides land of, among Athenians, IV, 11. 88. 3; (377) Athenians besiege, VII, 15. 34. 4, and defeat Spartan fleet near, 34. 3–35. 2.
    • —, in Sicily: Siceli in region of, before its foundation, VI, 14. 88. 1; (476) Hieron replaces people of, with Peloponnesians and Syracusans, IV, 11. 49. 1–2; (415) allied with Athens, V, 13. 4. 2–3; (403) Dionysius wishes to gain, VI, 14. 14. 1, 5; admitted by treachery, he razes, 15. 2, VII, 16. 7. 1, enslaves the people, VI, 14. 15. 3, 4, 40. 1, 66. 4, 68. 3, and gives site to the Siceli, 15. 3, 59. 2; (396) Himilcon advances into territory of, 59. 3; (394) while besieging Tauromenium, Dionysius camps on side toward, 87. 5; survivors of, established at Mylae by Rhegium, 87. 1–3, (358) and at Tauromenium by Andromachus, VII, 16. 7. 1.
    • Neander: leads colony to Cos, III, 5. 81. 8.
    • Neapolis: Heracles founds, IV, p. 109.
    • — (Naples), in Campania: (216) not subdued by Hannibal, XI, 26. 13. 1; (145) change of sex in, 32. 12. 1 (p. 455). See Nypsius of.
    • —, a part of Carthage: (308) Bormilcar driven back to, X, 20. 44. 1, 5.
    • —, a part of Leontini: (342) Timoleon attacks, VIII, 16. 72. 2.
    • —, in Libya: (310) Agathocles takes, X, 20. 17. 1.
    • —, a part of Syracuse: (404) Dionysius defeats mutinous citizens near, VI, 14. 9. 5; (344) Hicetas holds, VIII, 16. 69. 3.
    • Nearchus, tyrant of Elea: (c. 440) tortures Zeno, IV, 10. 18. 1–6.
    • — of Crete: “Friend” of Alexander, VIII, 17. 112. 3; (326) commands fleet returning from Indus, 104. 3, 106. 4–7; (325) gives Alexander warning of Chaldaeans re danger in Babylon, 112. 3–4; (317) commander of Antigonus, fails to protect passage through Cossaean tribes, IX, 19. 19. 4–5; (314) Antigonus leaves, as adviser for Demetrius, X, 19. 69. 1.
    • —, officer of Agathocles: (310) reports Libyan victory, X, 20. 16. 3.
    • Necessity, man’s first teacher, I, 1. 8. 9, II, 2. 38. 2, 3. 18. 7, 19. 2.
    • Necho, king of Egypt: begins canal from Nile to Arabian Gulf, I, 1. 33. 9.
    • Nectanebôs I of Egypt, 378–361: (374) fortifies Nile mouth against Persians, VII, 15. 42. 1–3.
    • — II of Egypt, 359–343: (c. 361) revolts against father, King Tachôs, VII, 15. 92. 3–5; Agesilaüs defeats, and restores Tachôs, 93. 2–6; (c. 350) defeats Artaxerxes through skill of Greek generals, 16. 48. 1–2; (c. 344) supports Phoenicians against Persia, 41. 3; defeated by Artaxerxes at Pelusium, 47. 5–48. 5; withdraws to Memphis, 48. 6–7, 49. 2, then to Ethiopia, 51. 1.
    • Neetum, in Sicily: (263) remains subject to Hiero, XI, 23. 4. 1.
    • Negroes: among Ethiopians, II, 3. 8. 2; (307) the Asphodelodes similar in colour to, X, 20. 57. 5.
    • Neleus: s. of Poseidon and Tyro, III, 4. 68. 3, 6. 7. 3; struggles with brother Pelias; founds Pylus and Messenê, 4. 68. 3, 6; refuses to purify Heracles, II, 4. 31. 4; father of Nestor, III, 4. 68. 6; line of, and Nestor
    536
    • hold Messenê down to Trojan times, VII, 15. 66. 2.
    • Nemea, lion of: Heracles slays, II, 4. 11. 3–4.
    • Nemea riv.: (395) Boeotians defeat Lacedaemonians at, VI, 14. 83. 1–2.
    • Nemean games: (468) Mycenaeans and Argives dispute for presidency of, IV, 11. 65. 2; (315) Cassander presides at, IX, 19. 64. 1.
    • Nemesis: (451) Syracusans regard the, of the gods and spare Ducetius, IV, 11. 92. 3; (203) punishes presumption, XI, 27. 6. 2, 15. 2; (167) M. Aemilius Paullus bids Senate respect, 31. 9. 4, 7; (87) pursues Cinna and Marius, XII, 38/9. 6. 1; punishes one who mocked the proscribed, 19. 1.
    • Neocles of Athens: father of Themistocles, IV, 10. 32. 1.
    • Neogenes: (before 377) becomes tyrant of Hestiaea; Lacedaemonians overthrow, VII, 15. 30. 3–4.
    • Neon: (307) officer of Demetrius, X, 20. 52. 4.
    • Neoptolemus s. of Achilles: see Pyrrhus s. of Achilles.
    • —, an actor: (336) at marriage of Alexander and Cleopatra, VIII, 16. 92. 3–4.
    • —, a Macedonian: (334) killed before Halicarnassus, VIII, 17. 25. 5.
    • — general of Eumenes: (321) deserts to Antipater, IX, 18. 29. 2–6; commands left in battle with Eumenes, 30. 3, 31. 1; killed by Eumenes, 31. 1–32. 1, 37. 1, 53. 3.
    • —, king of Epirotes: father of Olympias, IX, 19. 51. 6.
    • Nephelê: mother of the Centaurs, III, 4. 69. 5, 70. l; aids them against Heracles, II, 4. 12. 6.
    • Nephereus, king of Egypt: (396) aids Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 79. 4.
    • Nepheris, in Africa: (149) Scipio Aemilianus buries three slain in battle at, XI, 32. 8. 13.
    • Nessus, a Centaur: slain by Heracles for assault on Deïaneira; gives her pretended love charm, II, 4. 36. 3–5, 38. 1–2.
    • Nestor, king of Pylos: ancestry of, III, 4. 68. 1–6; fights at Troy, 68. 6; advises Neleus to purify Heracles, II, 4. 31. 4; line of Neleus and, rules Messenê to Trojan times, VII, 15. 66. 2.
    • Nestus riv., in Macedon: (167) boundary of first canton, XI, 31. 8. 8.
    • New Carthage, in Spain: (229–221) Hasdrubal founds, XI, 25. 12. 1.
    • “New Citizens,” of Syracuse: (404) slaves manumitted by Dionysius called, VI, 14. 7. 4.
    • New City: see Neapolis.
    • Nicaea d. of Antipater: (322) Perdiccas marries, IX, 18. 23. 1–3.
    • Nicaea, on Cyrnus (Corsica): Tyrrhenians found, III, 5. 13. 3–4.
    • —, in India: (326) Alexander founds, VIII, 17. 89. 6, 95. 5.
    • —, in Malis: (346) Phalaecus and Philip II make terms at, VII, 16. 59. 2–3.
    • Nicander, early Eurypontid king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 2.
    • Nicanor s. of Parmenion: (331) commands Silver Shields at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 2.
    • — of Stageira: (323) Alexander sends, to proclaim freedom of Greek cities, IX, 13. 8. 2–5; (318) general of Cassander, strengthens forces on Munychia and Piraeus, 64. 2–4; tells Athenians to appeal to Cassander, 64. 1, 5–6; in spite of letter of Olympias, holds Munychia, 65. 1; Alexander s. of Polyperchon confers with, 65. 5; welcomes Cassander, 68. 1; in two battles near Byzantium, 72. 3–4, 8–9; returns to Munychia; Cassander kills, 75. 1.
    • —: father of Balacrus, IX, 18. 22. 1.
    537
    • —: (321) Antipater assigns Cappadocia to, IX, 18. 39. 6; (312) general of Antigonus in Media, defeated by Seleucus, X, 19. 92. 1–5; sends report to Antigonus, 100. 3.
    • —, general of Ptolemy: (320) occupies Syria and Phoenicia, IX, 18. 43. 2.
    • — s. of Antipater: (317) Olympias kills, IX, 19. 11. 8.
    • Nicephorium, in Pergamum: (201) pillaged by Philip V, XI, 28. 5. 1, (156) by Prusias, 31. 35. 1.
    • Niceratus of Athens: father of Nicias, V, 12. 65. 1.
    • — —, s. of Nicias: (404) the Thirty put, to death, VI, 14. 5. 5–6.
    • —: (332) archon, VIII, 17. 40. 1.
    • Nicias of Athens: (424) general, conducts wide-spread plundering campaign, V, 12. 65. 1–9: (423) takes Mendê, attacks Scionê, 72. 8–10; (418) takes Cythera, Nisaea, Melos, 80. 5; (416) proxenos of Syracuse in Athens, 13. 27. 3–5, 32. 1–2; opposes Sicilian expedition, 12. 83. 5–84. 1, 13. 27. 3–4, 32. 1–2; (415) made one of generals for that expedition, 12. 84. 3, 13. 2. 1, VI, 14. 5. 5; (414) sails to Syracuse, V, 13. 7. 3; attempts to wall off Syracuse, 7. 3–8. 2, 32. 2; sends to Athens for aid, 8. 6; (413) opposes return as dangerous, 12. 2–3, 32. 2; delays return because of eclipse, 12. 5–6; encourages men of fleet, 15. 1–3; after naval defeat, proposes withdrawal by land; sets out for Catanê, 18. 2, 6; captured by Syracusans, 19. 2, 27. 4–6; Nicolaüs of Syracuse seeks mercy for, 27. 3–6; Gylippus demands death of, 32. 1–2; put to death by Syracusans, 33. 1. See Niceratus s. of.
    • —, agent of Perseus: see Nicon.
    • Nicocles the eunuch: (374) assassinates King Evagoras and becomes king of Cyprian Salamis, VII, 15. 47. 8.
    • —, king of Paphos: (310) forms alliance with Antigonus; killed by Ptolemy, X, 20. 21. 1–3.
    • —: (302) archon, X, 20. 106. 1.
    • Nicocrates: (333) archon, VIII, 17. 29. 1.
    • Nicocreon of Cyprian Salamis: (315) allied with Ptolemy, IX, 19. 59. 1, 62. 5; (313) Ptolemy makes, general of Cyprus, X, 19. 79. 5.
    • Nicodemus of Athens: (396) Conon puts, in command of fleet, VI, 14. 81. 4.
    • —, tyrant of Centuripae: (339) Timoleon expels, VIII, 16. 82. 4.
    • Nicodorus: (314) archon, X, 19. 66. 1.
    • Nicolaüs of Syracuse: (413) urges moderation in victory and alliance with Athens, V, 13. 19. 6–28. 1; Gylippus answers, 28. 1–32. 6.
    • —: (c. 149) accomplice of Andriscus, XI, 32. 15. 5.
    • Nicomachus: (341) archon, VIII, 16. 74. 1.
    • —: (329) reports plot against Alexander, VIII, 17. 79. 2.
    • Nicomedeia, in Bithynia: (86) C. Flavius Fimbria plunders, XII, 38/9. 8. 2.
    • Nicomedes s. of Cleomenes: (458) guardian of King Pleistonax of Lacedaemon, makes peace between Dorians and Phocians, IV, 11. 79. 5–6.
    • — of Bithynia: (149) defeats father, Prusias, and succeeds to throne, XI, 32. 20. 1, 21. 1; (104) says his people enslaved by Roman tax-gatherers, XII, 36. 3. 1.
    • Nicon: (379) archon, VII, 15. 24. 1.
    • — (Nicias): (169) Perseus orders, to cast treasure into sea, XI, 30. 11. 1.
    • Nicophemus: (361) archon, VII, 15. 95. 1.
    • Nicorontes of Orso: (139) assassinates Viriathus, XII, 33. 21. 1.
    • Nicostratus of Athens: (423)
    538
    • general; with Nicias takes Mende; fails to take Scionê, V, 12.72.8–10; (419) general; takes force to Argos against Lacedaemon, 79. 1.
    • — of Argos: (c. 344) commands Argive troops in army of Artaxerxes III in Egypt, VII, 16. 44. 2–3, 47. 3, 48. 3–5.
    • Nicoteles of Corinth: (404) leader in Syracuse, slain, VI, 14. 10. 3.
    • —: (391) archon, VI, 14. 97. 1.
    • Nile riv.: discussed in Book One, I, 2. 1. 1, II, 3. 1. 1; variously called Oceanus, Aëtus, Aegyptus, Nile, I, 1. 12. 6, 15. 7, 19. 2–4, 63. 1, 96. 7; compared with Indus, II, 2. 35. 1, with Tigris and Euphrates, I, 2. 11. 1; course of, 1. 32. 1–6; near Nysa, 15. 7; divides Egypt and Coelê Syria, IX, 18. 6. 3; seven mouths of, I, 1. 33. 7, VII, 15. 42. 2; enters sea at Thonis, I, 1. 19. 4, and at Pelusium, VII, 16. 46. 6; delta of, described, I, 1. 33. 4–34. 2; length of, 32. 2, 39. 9, II, 3. 34. 7; width of, I, 1. 32. 5; loses waters to desert and marshes, 32. 4; flows gently except at Cataracts, 32. 7–11; Egypt fortified on south by Cataracts of, and mountains, 30. 2–3, on east by swamps and, 30. 4–9; islands of, 33. 1–4; part of, in Ethiopia, 39. 9, 41. 4–9, II, 3. 3. 2–3, 8. 1, 10. 1; floods of, I, 1. 19. 1, 36. 2–37. 1; source of, 37. 1–38. 1; causes of the summer flooding of, 38. 1–42. 1; Egypt formed by silt carried by, II, 3. 3. 2–3; control of, aided by Lake of Moeris (Fayum), I, 1. 51, 5–52. 2; Memphis protected by dikes, 50. 5; inundations of, followed by spontaneous generation of life in pools, 10. 6–7; fish caught in, fed to sacred hawks, 83. 3; bodies of dead carried across, 96. 7; crocodiles prevent robbers swimming across, 89. 1–2; agriculture of valley of, 34. 2–11, 36. 2–6, 12; corn first given to Egypt since, waters land at proper time, III, 5. 69. 1; productivity of, as reason why men first appeared in Egypt, I, 1. 10. 1–2; surpasses all rivers in benefactions to man, 36, 2; animals of, 35. 1–36. 1; by changing surface of land, called forth geometry (land-measure), 81. 2.
    • Heracles checks flood of, I, 1. 19.1–3; he sails up, to Ethiopia, II, 4. 27. 3; Typhon throws privates of Osiris into, I, 1. 22. 6; Egyptus s. of Uchoreus’ daughter and the, 51. 3–4; Uchoreus founds Memphis at head of Delta of, 50. 3; pyramids 45 stades from, 63. 3; Ninus of Assyria plans conquest as far as, 2. 2. 1; Scythians advance as far as, II, 2. 43. 4; (663–609) those mutinying from Psammetichus march up, 1. 67. 5; (462) Persians under Achaemenes camp near, IV, 11. 74. 2; (374) army of Artaxerxes II reaches, VII, 15. 41. 4; Nectanebôs I fortifies mouths of, 42. 13; Persians enter the Mendesian mouth of, 42. 35; they retire when, rises, 43. 34; (344) Tennes offers his knowledge of, to Artaxerxes III, 16. 43. 2; mouths of, fortified against Artaxerxes, 46. 7; Nectanebôs II has ships for use on, 47. 6–7; (321) Perdiccas camps near, IX, 18. 33. 1; he attempts to ford, 33. 6–36. 1; Pithon and Arrhidaeus move from, to Triparadeisus, 39. 1; (306) Ptolemy holds, against Demetrius and Antigonus, X, 20. 74. 5–76. 5; Antigonus plans new campaign when, is low, 76. 5; (138) Scipio Aemilianus proceeds up, studying Egypt, XII, 33. 28b. 2. See Acanthi, Antaeus, Babylon, Casium, Nysa, Philae, Troy, cities of Egypt on the Nile.
    • Nileus, king of Egypt: Nile
    539
    • named from I, 1. 19. 4, 63. 1; digs canals, 63. 1.
    • Nilometer: records stage of Nile, I, 1. 36. 11–12.
    • Nilopolis, in Egypt: new Apis taken to, I, 1. 85. 2–3.
    • Nine Towers, in Sicily: (478) Gelon buried at; Agathocles later destroys, IV, 11. 38. 4–5.
    • Nineveh (Ninus): on the Euphrates, I, 2. 7. 2; Ninus founds and gives name to, 3. 1–4; Onnes marries Semiramis in, 5. 1; Semiramis buries Ninus in, 7. 1–2; Ninyas s. of Ninus spends life in, 21. 7; Arbaces and Belesys move to, against Sardanapallus, 24. 1, 7, 25. 1; Sardanapallus holds, against Arbaces until Euphrates undermines walls, 23. 3, 26. 9, 27. 1–3; (612) Medes destroy, 7. 2; Belesys carries to Babylon treasure from ashes of, 28. 1–7; (331) Dareius plans to meet Alexander near, VIII, 17. 53. 4.
    • Ninus, of Assyria: first recorded king in Asia, I, 2. 1. 4; allied with Arabs, 1. 5–7; conquests of, 1. 7–2. 4; founds Ninus (Nineveh), 3. 1–4; dismisses Arabs, 3. 2; makes second Bactrian campaign, 4. 1, 5. 3–6. 4, 7. 1; forces Onnes to suicide and marries Semiramis, 6. 9–10; begets Ninyas; dies leaving Semiramis as queen, 7. 1; buried in Nineveh, 7. 1–2; portraits of, 8. 6–7; Assyrian empire endures from, to Sardanapallus, 23. 1, 28. 8. Ctesias begins history with Semiramis and, VI, 14. 46. 6. See Ninyas s. of; Picus brother of.
    • Ninyas: s. of Ninus and Semiramis, I, 2. 7. 1; conspires against mother, who yields in accordance with oracle, 14. 3, 20. 1; devotes self to pleasure, 21. 1–7; Tithonus, 20th in succession from, 22. 2.
    • Niobê d. of Phoroneus: first mortal to bear child to Zeus as her descendant, Alcmen’ is last, II, 4. 14. 4.
    • — d. of Tantalus: Apollo and Artemis slay children of, III, 4. 74. 3, IX, 19. 53. 53.
    • Nireus s. of Charops: king of Symê; with the Greeks at Troy, III, 5. 53. 2.
    • Nisaea, port of Megara: (424) surrendered to Athens, V, 12. 66. 3–14; Brasidas recovers, 67. 1; (418) Nicias seizes, 80. 5; (409) Megarians seize, but are defeated by Athenians, 13. 65. 1–2.
    • Nisus s. of Alcetas: (after 312) murdered, X, 19. 89. 3.
    • Nisyros, isl. off Carian coast: account of Calydna and, III, 5. 54.1–3; (395) Conon induces, to secede from Lacedaemon, VI, 14. 84. 3.
    • Nola, in Campania: (312) Romans capture, X, 19. 101. 3; (91) opposes Rome in Social War, XII, 37. 2. 4; (88) Sulla forces Italians about, to yield, 2. 11, 13.
    • Nomads: Trogodytes called, by Greeks, II, 3. 32. 1, 40. 1; one of four Libyan races, pasturing herds as far as desert, X, 20. 55. 4; (406) Hannibal and Himilcon summon soldiers from the, V, 13. 80. 3; (308) Carthaginians win back some, who have deserted; send them against Agathocles, X, 20. 38. 1–3; await outcome of battle, 38. 5; plunder Agathocles’ camp, 39. 1–3; Bormilcar, planning to become tyrant, sends chief Carthaginians against, 43. 1–2; (307) some, make terms with Agathocles, 55. 3, 57. 4.
    • Nomae, in Sicily: (451) Syracusans defeat Siceli at, IV, 11. 91. 3.
    • nomes: Egypt divided into, under nomarchs, I, 1. 54. 3, 73. 1, 95. 1.
    • Nomius, a name of Aristaeus, III, 4. 81. 2.
    • Nora, in Phrygia: (320) Eumenes,
    540
    • escaping to, is shut in by Antigonus, IX, 18. 41. 1—42. 5; small size and great strength of, 41. 2–3; Hieronymus with Eumenes on, 50. 4; (319) Antigonus releases Eumenes from, 53. 4–5, 58. 1, 19. 44. 2.
    • Norbanus, C, cos. 83: (87) governor of Sicily, raises siege of Rhegium, XII, 37. 2. 14.
    • Notium, on Ionian coast: (408) Lysander defeats Athenian fleet at, V, 13. 71.1–4, 74. 1.
    • Nuceria (Alfaterna), in Campania: (315) allied with Samnites, IX, 19. 65. 7; (before 104) slave rising at, suppressed, XII, 36. 2. 1, 2a. 1.
    • Numa Pompilius, king of Home: peaceful reign of; perhaps a pupil of Pythagoras, III, 8. 14. 1.
    • Numantia, in Spain: (143 or later) Romans grant peace to, on uneven terms; conflict renewed, XII, 33. 16. 1–2; (140) sends reinforcements to Lagni, 17. 1–3; (133) barbarians kill selves to avoid capture, 34/5. 4. 1–2; Scipio Aemilianus destroys, XI, 31. 26. 3, 32. 4. 5.
    • numbers, theory of: Pythagoras learns, from Egyptians, I, 1. 98. 2.
    • Numicius Priscus, T.: (464 = V469) cos., IV, 11. 70. 11
    • Numidians: (237–228) Carthage suppresses revolt of, XI, 25. 10. 3; (206) by cruel punishment of, Carthage wins undying hatred, 26. 23. 1; (before 118) Micipsa most cultivated of the kings of, XII, 34/5. 35. 1; (112) Jugurtha gains throne by killing brothers, 31. 1, 32. 1, 35a. 1; (88) Marius seeks refuge in, 37. 29. 3. See Jugurtha, Adherbal, Micipsa.
    • Numitor: deprived of throne of Alba by Amulius, III, 7. 5. 12; recognizes sons and plots against Amulius, 8. 3.1.
    • Numitorius, L.: (466=V471) elected plebeian tribune, IV, 11. 68. 8.
    • Nymphae Telchiniae: statues called, among Ialysians, III, 5. 55. 2.
    • Nymphê: mother of Saon of Samothrace by Zeus, III, 5. 48. 1.
    • Nymphodorus of Syracuse: (312) an exile; killed attempting to occupy Centoripa, X, 19. 103. 2–3.
    • nymphs: cause warm baths at Himera, Egesta, and Arethusa, II, 4. 23. 1, III, 5. 3. 4–5; nurture the Centaurs, III, 4. 70. 1, Aristaeus, 81. 2, 82. 4, Daphnis, 84. 2–4, Dionysus, II, 3. 64. 6, III, 5. 52. 2, Zeus, 70. 2–3. See Hegetoria.
    • Nypsius of Naples: (356) general of Younger Dionysius, occupies much of Syracuse; driven out by Dion, VII, 16. 18. 1–20. 6.
    • Nysa d. of Aristaeus: cares for Libyan Dionysus, II, 3. 70. 1.
    • Nysa, in Arabia: in Arabia Felix near Egypt, I, 1. 15. 6, between Phoenicia and Nile, II, 4. 2. 3; Osiris (Dionysus) reared at, 1, 1. 15. 6–8, 19. 7, II, 3. 64. 5–6, 4. 2. 35; Osiris discovers vine at, I, 1. 15. 6–8; Isis and Osiris buried at, 27. 3; Dionysus born at, II, 3. 66. 3; Lysander attacks Bacchantes at, 3. 65. 7.
    • — (Nysia), in India: established by Osiris, I, 1. 19. 7; (327) Alexander benefits, VIII, 17. p. 113; (325) Alexander comes to, which can support many horses, 110. 64.
    • —, in Libya: birthplace of Dionysus, II, 3. 66. 4; Thymoetes visits, 67. 5. See Nysa on the Triton riv.
    • —, in Phrygia: Cybelê and Marsyas come to Dionysus in; people of, judge contest of Apollo and Marsyas, II, 3. 59. 2.
    • —, on Triton riv.: Seilenus, first
    541
    • king of, II, 3. 72. 2; Amnion brings infant Dionysus to Nysa d. of Aristaeus at, on island in Triton riv., 68. 4–5, 70. 1, 7; description of island and cave, 68. 5–69. 4: Dionysus reared in, 70. 7–8; with forces from, and from neighbouring Libyans and Amazons, Dionysu3 defeats Cronus and the Titans, 71. 3–5; he sets out from, against Cronus, 72. 1. See Nysa in Libya.
    • Nysaean Gates: entrance to island of Nysa in river Triton, II, 3.68. 5.
    • Nysaeus: Dionysus (= Osiris) sometimes called, I, 1. 27. 3.
    • — s. of Dionsyius the Elder, VII, 16. 6. 2.
    • Nysium, in Thrace: Lycurgus slays Maenads at, II, 3. 65. 5.
    O
    • oaths: Pythagoras’ advice on, IV, 10. 9. 1–2; (479) by Greeks before Plataea, 11. 29. 2–3; (91) of Italians, XII, 37. 11. 1.
    • obelisk: Semiramis sets up, in Babylon, I, 2. 11. 4–5.
    • Ocean: source of the Nile, I, 1. 37. 7; Osiris campaigns to, 27. 5; Ethiopia on bounds of, II. 3. 2. 3; Libyan Amazons near, 53. 4; (326) Alexander sails down Indus to, VIII, 17. 89. 5, 96. 1, 104. 1–2; he bids Nearchus coast along, 104. 3, 106. 4; Nearchus reports wonders of, 106. 6–7; (61) Pompey has freed all islands this side of, XII, 40. 4. 1.
    • Ocean, Northern: rivers north of Cilician Taurus drain toward, IX, 18. 5. 2–3.
    • —, Eastern: Cilician Taurus extends to the, IX, 18. 5. 2.
    • Oceanê (Oceanus): Egyptian name for element “wet,” I, 1. 12. 5; earliest name for Nile, 19. 4.
    • Oceanis, city on Panchaea, III, 5. 45. 2.
    • Oceanites: tribe on Panchaea, III, 5. 42. 4, 44. 6.
    • Oceanus: a Titan, III, 5. 66. 3; source of the gods, I, 1. 12. 5, II, 3. 56. 2, and of sons who have given names to rivers, III, 4. 69. 1, 72. 1; (326) Alexander sacrifices to, at limit of campaign, VIII, 17. 104. 1. See Capheira d. of.
    • Oceanus (Oceanê): Egyptian name for Nile, on which gods were born, I, 1. 12. 6, 19. 4, 96. 7; used by Homer of river of Lower World, 96. 6–7.
    • Ochimus, s. of Helius: father of Cydippê, III, 5. 56. 5, 57. 7.
    • Ochus: see Artaxerxes III Ochus.
    • Ocnus: myth of, preserved in Egypt, I, 1. 97. 3.
    • Ocranes the Mede: (316) leads band of raiders, IX, 19. 47. 4.
    • Octavius, Cn., cos. 165: (167) celebrates triumph, XI, 31. 8. 10; (160) Demetrius I Soter sends murderers of, to Rome, 29. 1.
    • —, Cn.: (87) cos., opposes Cinna, XII, 38/9. 2. 1–2.
    • —, M.: (133) trib. pleb., opposes Ti. Gracchus; removed from office, XII, 34/5. 6. 2, 7. 1; (123) plebeians vote to exile, 25. 2.
    • Odessus, in Thrace: (313) yields to Lysimachus, X, 19. 73. 3; (302) Pleistarchus, general of Cassander, comes to, 20. 112. 2.
    • Odrysians: (334) in army of Alexander, VIII, 17. 17. 4.
    • Odysseus: visits Aeolus, III, 5. 7. 7; Alcinoüs sends, to Ithaca, 4. 72. 4.
    • Oeagrus, king of Thrace: receives rites of Dionysus from father Charops, transmits them to son Orpheus, II, 3. 65. 6, 4. 25. 2.
    • Oechalia: Heracles returns to, II, 4. 37. 5. See Eurytus of.
    • Oecles s. of Amphiaraüs: commands Heracles’ fleet; defeated by Trojans, II, 4. 32. 3.
    • — s. of Antiphates: father of
    542
    • Iphianeira, Polyboea, and Amphiaratis, III, 4. 68. 5.
    • Oedipus of Thebes; origin of name, III, 4. 64. 1; account of, 64. 1–65. 1.
    • Oeneus of Calydon: Heracles marries Dei’aneira d. of, II, 4. 34. 1; boar ravages fields of, 34. 2; marries Periboea d. of Hipponoiis, begets Tydeus, 35. 1–2; at house of, Heracles unintentionally kills Eurynomus, 36. 2. See Meleager, Tydeus ss. of; Deïaneira d. of.
    • Oeniadae, in Acarnania: (455) Pericles wins Acarnania except, IV, 11. 85. 2; (453) Athenians overrun, 88. 2; (429) Lacedaemonians withdraw to, V, 12. 47. 5; (323) Aetolians expel, IX, 18. 8. 6; (314) move to Sauria, X, 19. 67. 4.
    • Oenoê, in Attica: Androgeos s. of Minos killed at, III, 4. 60. 5.
    • Oenomaüs s. of Ares: account of Pelops and, III, 4. 73.1–6.
    • Oenoparas riv., in Syria: (145) power of Egypt shattered at battle on the, XII, 33. 4. 13.
    • Oenophyta, in Boeotia: (457) Athenians defeat Boeotians at, IV, 11. 83. 1.
    • Oenopides of Chios: theory of, re Nile flood, I, 1. 41. 1–3; learned of motion of sun in Egypt, 96. 2, 98. 3.
    • Oenopion s. of Ariadnê: Rhadamanthys gives Chios to, III, 5. 79. 1, 84. 3.
    • Oeonus s. of Licymnius: friend of Heracles, killed by sons of Hippocoon, II, 4. 33. 5, 34.1.
    • Oesymê, in Thrace: (424) Brasidas wins, V, 12. 68. 4.
    • Oeta (Oetê), in Trachis: Heracles mounts pyre at, II, 4. 38. 3–5; mound in his honour at, 39. 1; home of Myson, IV, 9. 6. 1; (426) long war of, with Trachis, V, 12. 59. 4; (399) Lacedaemonians force people of, into Thessaly; later restored by Boeotians, VI, 14. 38. 5; (370) Jason of Pherae gives Heracleia Tracheia to, VII, 15. 57. 2; (323) joins Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1.
    • Old Carthage: (308) part of Carthage, X, 20. 44. 1.
    • Old Gaza, in Syria: (312) Demetrius and Ptolemy both move forces near, X, 19. 80. 5.
    • Old Tyre, in Phoenicia: (322) Alexander demolishes, VIII, 17. 40. 4; (315) Antigonus camps at, before besieging Tyre, IX, 19. 58. I, 59. 3.
    • Olenus, in Achaïa: Heracles returns to, II, 4. 33. 1; Alector summons Phorbas from, 69. 2. See Hipponoiis, Macareus of.
    • oligarchy: (418) of the Ten Thousand in Argos, V, 12. 80. 2–3; (412) of the Four Hundred in Athens, 13. 34. 2, 36. 2; (410) Athenians overthrow, in Paros, 47. 8; Lacedaemonians favour, 48. 4; (408) 70. 4; (405) they set up, in Miletus, 104. 5–6, (404) and the Thirty in Athens, VI, 14. 2. 1, 3. 2–7; (401) the Thirty grant citizen rights to 3,000, 32. 4; (404) Lysander sets up, supported by harmosts in most Greek cities, 3. 4, 10. 1, 13. 1; (after 375) overthrown in some cities of Peloponnese, VII, 15. 40. 1–5; (374) Lacedaemonian support of, leads to hostility with Athens, 45. 1–46. 3; (322) Antipater sets up, in Athens, IX, 18. 18. 4–5, and in other cities, 18. 4, 8; (319) these favour his son, Cassander, 55. 2; (319–318) Polyperchon overthrows, set up by Antipater, 55. 2–57. 1, 69. 3; in Athens after peace with Cassander, 74. 3; (before 317) of the Seven Hundred in Syracuse, 19. 4. 3, 5. 6, 6. 3.
    • olive trees: culture of, discovered by Hermes, I, 1. 16. 2, by Athena, III, 5. 73. 7; large orchards of, in Libya near Cyrene, II, 3. 50. 1; Aristaeus learns culture of, from Nymphs and teaches it to men, III, 4. 81. 2, for which he is honoured
    543
    • in Sicily, 82. 5; wild trees used for stock in Pityussa, III, 5. 10. 2.
    • Olympia, in Elis: Heracles names, in honour of Olympian Zeus, II, 4. 53. 5; (347) Athenians seize offerings being sent to, by Dionysius, VII, 16. 57. 2–3; (312) treasure at, seized by Telesphorus, restored by Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus, X, 19. 87. 1–3; (87) Sulla confiscates treasure at. XII, 38/9. 7. 1.
    • Olympiacus, by Lysias: (388) delivered at Olvmpia, VI, 14. 109. 3.
    • Olympiads, as dates: 1st, 1, 1. 5.1, III, 7. 8. 1–2, 15. 1; 7th, III, 7. 5. 1; 17th, I, 2. 32. 3; 50th, III, 5. 9. 2; 55th, IV, 9. 21. 1; 61st, 10. 3. 1; 92nd, V, 13. 82. 7; 155th, XI, 31. 28. 1; 172nd, XII, 37. 2. 2; 180th, I, 1. 4. 7, 44. 1, 46. 7. For dates of Olympiads from the Seventy-fifth through the One Hundred Nineteenth, see table preceding the Index.
    • Olympian: (406) Pericles called the, V, 13. 98. 3.
    • — festival, Macedonian: (348) Philip II celebrates, VII, 16. 55. 1–4.
    • — gods: Heracles fought on side of, against the Giants, I, 1. 24. 1–2, II, 4. 15. 1; only Heracles and Dionysus of those born of mortal mothers become, 15. 1; Heracles first honoured as one of, at Agyrium, 24. 1.
    • Olympias d. of Neoptolemus, wife of Philip II: (342) helps brother Alexander to Molossian throne, VIII, 16. 72. 1; (336) Philip II prepares marriage of Cleopatra d. of, to Alexander brother of, 91. 4–6; (333) warns son Alexander against Lyncestian Alexander, 17. 32. 1; honoured during life of Alexander, IX, 18. 65. 1; (326) Antipater and, bid Athenians surrender Harpalus, VIII, 17. 108. 7; (324) criticized Hephaestion, 114. 3; some believe Antipater’s quarrel with, led him to murder Alexander, 118. 1; (before 319) flees to Epirus because of quarrel with Antipater, IX, 18. 49. 4, and Cassander, 57. 2; (319) Polyperchon asks, to return to Macedon to care for Alexander s. of Roxanê, 49. 4, 57. 2; (318) asks Eumenes to aid “kings” and herself; his reply, 58. 2–4, 19. 44. 2; urges commanders to obey Eumenes, 18. 62. 1–2; bids Nicanor restore Munychia to Athenians, 65. 1–2, without effect, 74. 1; (317) Polyperchon restores, to Macedon, 19. 11. 1–2, 35. 1; forces of Eurydicê Adeia desert to, 11. 2–3; kills Eurydicê, Philip Arrhidaeus, and others, winning hatred, 11. 4–9; Eumenes spreads false report of Macedonian successes of, 23. 2; fails to hold Thermopylae against Cassander, 35. 1–4; retires to Pydna, 35. 5–6; left without aid, 36. 1–6; deserted by all in Macedon except Aristonoüs and Monimus, 50. 1–4; Cassander cuts supplies, 49. 1–4; surrenders to Cassander 50. 4–8; condemned by assembly; murdered by kin of her victims, 51. 1–6, 52. 4, 6, or by Cassander, 61. 1, VIII, 17. 118. 2.
    • Olympias: (446) street in Thurium, IV, 12. 10. 7.
    • Olympic games: founded by Heracles the Cretan Dactyl, II, 3. 74. 4, III, 5. 64. 6, or by Heracles s. of Zeus and Alcmenê, II, 4. 14. 1–2, 53. 4–6; King Amasis of Egypt advises Eleians not to compete in, I, 1. 95. 2; most honoured of games, II, 4. 14. 2; (526) Parmenides wins stadion at 63rd, I, 1. 68. 6; (c. 510) Milo of Croton wins six victories at, IV, 12. 9. 6; (480–304) 75th to 119th, celebrated by Eleians, except the 104th in 364, see
    544
    • table preceding the Index; (408) Alcibiades deprives Diomedes of glory of victory in, V, 13. 74. 3; two-horse chariot race added, 75. 1; (404) Lasthenes wins race at; he defeats a race horse, VI, 14. 11. 5; (402) Lacedaemonians charge that Eleians have hindered their participation in, 17. 4; (388) great display of Dionysius at, wins only scorn, 109. 1–6; his poems not well received, 109. 2, 6, 15. 7. 2; Lysias delivers his Olympiacus at, 109. 3; (304) Pisans and Arcadians celebrate 104th, VII, 15. 78. 1–3, 82. 1; (324) Alexander has return of exiles proclaimed at, VIII, 17. 109. 1, IX, 18. 8. 3.
    • Olympieium, near Syracuse: (415) Athenians occupy, V, 13. 6. 2–4, 7. 5; (345) Hicetas fortifies, VIII, 16. 68. 1; (309) Hamilcar attacks region about, X, 20. 29. 3.
    • —, in Syracuse: King Hiero builds, in market place, VIII, 16. 83. 2.
    • Olympus: guardian of Zeus, II, 3. 73. 4; Cybelê joins herself to, and bears Alcê, III, 5. 49. 3.
    • Olympus, Mt.: Cadmus not earlier than the gods of, II, 3. 74. 6; Lapithae live about, 4. 37. 3; Titans first to dwell on, III, 5. 67. 5; Zeus accorded dwelling on, because of his benefactions, 71. 6; original home of Dorians who went to Crete, 80. 2; Lycurgus “loved by all whose homes are on,” 7. 12. 1.
    • Olympus, Triphylian, on Panchaea, III, 5. 44. 5–6.
    • Olynthus, on Chalcidice: (435) cities of Chalcidice unite to form, IV, 12. 34. 2; (429) aids Bottiaeans in defeat of Athens, V, 12. 47. 3; (420) takes Mecyberna from Athens, 77. 5; (393) Amyntas king of Macedon gives certain territory to, VI, 14. 92. 3, 15. 19. 2; (383) with Lacedaemonian aid he tries to recover this land, 19. 3; (382) continues war with Lacedaemonians, VII,. 15. 20. 2–3, 21. 1–3; (381) avoids battle with Agesilaiis, 22. 2; (380) made subject to Lacedaemon, 23. 2–3; (377) in Lacedaemonian empire, 31. 2; (358) rivalry of Athens and Philip II for; he gives Potidaea to, and makes alliance, 16. 8. 3–5; (348) he takes, by bribery, 53. 2–3, 55. 1, XI, 32. 4. 2; (316) Cassander settles survivors of, in Cassandreia, IX, 19. 52. 2, 61. 2. See Andronicus of.
    • Omphalê d. of Iardanus: Heracles a slave of, then marries, II, 4. 31. 5–8.
    • Omphaleium, plain in Crete: named from Omphalus, III, 5. 70. 4.
    • Omphalus, in Crete: named from umbilical cord of Zeus, III, 5. 70. 4.
    • Onchestus, marsh in Boeotia: (335) bellows before Alexander attacks Thebes, VIII, 17. 10. 4.
    • Onnes, governor of Syria: marries Semiramis, I, 2. 5. 1–2; summons her to Bactria, 6. 5; refuses to yield her to Ninus; kills self, 6. 9–10.
    • Onomarchus of Phocis: (354) succeeds to command on suicide of Philomelus, VII, 16. 31. 5; (353) persuades Phocians to continue war, 32. 2–3, 38. 6; gathers mercenaries, spending sacred funds, 32. 4, 56. 5; encouraged by dream, raises more troops and invades Boeotia; defeated before Chaeroneia, 33. 1–4; defeats Philip; defeats Boeotians and takes Coroneia, 35. 1–3; Philip defeats and hangs, 35. 3–6, 36. 1, 37. 1, 3, 38. 1, 61. 2. See Phayllus brother of, Phalaecus s. of.
    • Ophelias of Cyrene: married to Euthydicê, descendant of Miltiades, X, 20. 40. 5; made campaign with Alexander
    545
    • 40. 1; (322) conquers Cyrenê for Ptolemy, IX, 18. 21. 7–9; (308) Agathocles asks help of, against Carthage, X, 20. 40. 1–3; accepts his offer, 40. 5–7; moves to camp of Agathocles, 41. 1–2, 42. 1–2; Agathocles kills, and takes his army, 42. 3–5, at about time that Bormilcar tries for tyranny in Carthage, 43. 3; with aid of, Carthage might have defeated Agathocles, 43. 4–6; (307) Agathocles’ disasters as punishment for this treachery, 70.3–4.
    • Ophiodes, isl. in Red Sea: snake-infested, a source of topaz, II, 3. 39. 4–9.
    • Opimius, L.: (121) cos., announces coming attack of C. Gracchus, XII, 34/5. 28a. 1; offers reward for his head, 29. 1.
    • Opus, in Elis: (402) Pausanias wins, over, VI, 14. 17. 8. —, in Opuntian Locris: annual sacrifice to Heracles instituted in, II, 4. 39. 1; (313) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus lays siege to, X, 19. 78. 5.
    • Orange (Arausio), in Gaul: (105) Gauls defeat llomans at, XII, 34/5. 37. 12 (p. 141).
    • Orbelus, Mt., between Thrace and Macedon: (310) Cassander transports Autariatae to place near, X, 20. 19. 1.
    • Orca, in Scotland, III, 5. 21. 3.
    • Orchomenus, in Arcadia: (419) Argives and Athenians take, V, 12. 79. 2–3; (369) Arcadians defeat Lacedaemonians before, VII, 15. 62. 1–2; (315) faction in, admits Cassander, IX, 19. 63. 5; (303) Demetrius takes, by storm, X, 20. 103. 5–7.
    • —, in Boeotia: Heracles destroys, II, 4. 10. 5, 18. 7; (424) on Boeotian left at Delium, V, 12. 70. 1; (376) Thebans defeat Lacedaemonians who hold, VII, 15. 37. 1; (370) Thebes makes, an ally, 57. 1; (364) long hostility of Thebes and, 79. 5; Thebes destroys, 79. 3–6; (353) Phocians under Onomarchus take, 16. 33. 4; (352) Boeotians defeat Phocians near, 37. 5; (347) Phocians use, as base, 58. 1; (335) joins Alexander against Thebes, VIII, 17. 13. 5.
    • —, in Phthiotis (?): (302) Demetrius prevents Cassander’s transporting people of, X, 20. 110. 3.
    • Oreitae, in India: (326) Alexander subdues, VIII, 17. 104. 5, 105. 1–2; attack Leonnatus, 105. 8.
    • Oreitans: see Oreüs, in Euboea.
    • Oreithyia d. of Erechtheus: wife of Boreas; mother of Phineus and Cleopatra, II, 4. 43. 3.
    • Oreius, a Centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 12. 7.
    • Orestae, in Macedon: see Orestis.
    • Orestes s. of Agamemnon: words of, quoted, X, 20. 14. 6; descendants of, rule Messenê to return of Heracleidae, VII, 15. 66. 2; (c. 560) Lacedaemonians ask Delphi where, is buried, IV, 9. 36. 3.
    • —, king of Macedon: (400) killed by guardian, VI, 14. 37. 6.
    • Orestis (Orestae), in Macedon: king of, seeks aid of Caranus, III, 7. 15. 1; (331) at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 2, See Pausanias of.
    • Oreiis, in Euboea: (before 377) Lacedaemonians drive out Neogenes, tyrant of, VII, 15. 30. 3–4; (313) Cassander attacks, X, 19. 75. 7–8, 77. 5; Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus summons his ships from, 77. 4.
    • Orion: account of, III, 4. 85. 1–7.
    • Orion, the constellation: setting of, as date, IX, 19. 56. 5.
    • Orissi, in Spain: (229) defeat Hamilcar Barca, XI, 25. 10. 3–4; Hasdrubal defeats, 12. 1.
    • Ormenius, king of Pelasgiotis: Heracles kills, II, 4. 37. 4.
    • Orneae, in Argolis: (417) Argive exiles established in, by Lacedaemonians, expelled by Athenians, V, 12. 81. 4–5; (353)
    546
    • captured by Lacedaemonians, VII, 16. 34. 3; (352) 39. 4.
    • Ornia, d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1.
    • Oroetes, satrap of Lydia: (c. 530) Polycrates receives Lydians fleeing from, IV, 10. 16. 4.
    • Orontes, brother-in-law of Artaxerxes II: (386) commands land forces for attack on Evagoras of Cyrenê, VI, 15. 2. 2; (385) arrests Tiribazus, 8. 3–5, 10. 2; Evagoras accepts terms offered by, 9. 1–2, 10. 2; condemned for bringing false charges against Tiribazus, 11. 2.
    • —, satrap of Mysia: (362) a leader in Satraps’ revolt, VII, 15. 90. 3; betrays others to Artaxerxes II, 91. 1.
    • —, satrap of Armenia: (317) Eumenes falsely circulates letter as if from, IX, 19. 23. 3.
    • Orontes, Mt., in Media: Semiramis makes tunnel under, I, 2. 13. 6–8.
    • Orontes riv., in Syria: (307) Antigonus founds Antigoneia on the, X, 20. 47. 5. See Antiocheia on the.
    • Orontobates, a Mede: (316) Antigonus names, satrap of Media, IX, 19. 46. 5; Meleager and Menoetas attack, 47. 2.
    • Orophernes (Holophernes): (c. 350) envoy of brother Ariarathes I of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 2.
    • — — of Cappadocia: (c. 158) drives brother Ariarathes V from throne, XI, 31. 32. 1; (157) agents of, fail to kill Ariarathes, 32b. 1; plunders temple of Zeus, 34. 1.
    • Oropus, in Boeotia: (424) Nicias sails to, V, 12. 65. 3; Athenians flee to, after defeat at Delium, 69. 2, 70. 4; (412) Lacedaemonians defeat Athenians off, 13. 34. 2–3, 36. 3–4; (402) Thebans master, and restore exiles; folk of, become Theban citizens, VI, 14. 17. 1–3; (366) Themison tyrant of Eretria takes, from Athens, then loses it to Thebans, VII, 15. 76. 1; (319) left independent by edict of Polyperchon and the “kings,” IX, 18. 50. 6; (313) Cassander takes, X, 19. 77. 6; Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus takes, and gives to Boeotians, 78. 3.
    • orphans: law of Charondas re protection of, IV, 12. 15.1–3.
    • Orpheus s. of Oeagrus: contemporary of Thymoetes, II, 3. 67. 5, and of Heracles, but later than Helenus, III, 7. 1. 1; a Thracian, surpasses all in skill in music, II, 4. 25. 2; a pupil of Linus; uses Pelasgic letters, 3. 67. 2, 4–5; adds two strings to lyre, 59. 6; draws trees and beasts by his music, XII, 37. 30. 2; introduces rites and initiations into Europe, having learned them from his father, II, 3. 65. 6, from Egyptians, 4. 25. 3, I, 1. 69. 4, 92. 3, 96. 2–6, from Idaean Dactyli of Crete, III, 5. 64. 4, or from Cicones of Thrace, 77. 3; takes part in Argonautic expedition, II, 4. 25. 4, 41. 2; saves Argonauts from storm by prayers to Samothracian gods, 43. 1–2, 48. 6–7, into whose mysteries he has been initiated, 43. 1, III, 5. 49. 6; brings dead wife from Hades, II, 4. 25. 4: devises and hands down tales of the gods, I, 1. 23. 2–8, III, 5, 75. 4, 6. 1. 3, 11. Quoted for identification of Gê and Demeter (302 Kern), I, 1. 12. 4, and for that of Osiris and Dionysus (237 Kern), 11. 3. See Musaeus s. of.
    • Orphic: rites of Dionysus called, because altered by Orpheus, II, 3. 65. 6; Orphic poems call Dionysus the child of Zeus and Demeter, 62. 8.
    • Orsinomê d. of Eurynomus: marries Lapithes, III, 4. 69. 2.
    • Orso, in Spain: (139) men of, assassinate Viriathus, XII, 33. 21. 1.
    547
    • Orthon: (308) envoy of Agathocles to Ophelias, X, 20. 40. 1–4.
    • Ortygia (the Island) at Syracuse; given to Artemis; Nymphs there produce fountain Arethusa, III, 5. 3. 5; (466) Thrasybulus occupies, IV, 11. 67. 8, 68. 3; (463) mercenaries seize, 73. 1–3, (461) and hold, 76. 1; (404) Dionysius strengthens, VI, 14. 7. 1–3; mutinous Syracusans attack him on, 8. 3; (357) mercenaries of Dionysius II retreat to, VII, 16. 12. 5; (345) Hicetas holds all Syracuse except, VIII, 16. 68. 3; (344) Dionysius holds, 69. 3; (343) Timoleon takes, and destroys palace on, 70. 4; (c. 310) Agathocles builds Hall of Sixty Couches on, 83. 2; (279) Thoenon controls, XI, 22. 7. 6; (278) he delivers, to Pyrrhus, 8. 4.
    • Osiris: meaning of name, I, 1. 11. 2; identified with Dionysus by Greeks, 11. 3, 13. 5, 23. 2–8, 96. 5, II, 4. 1. 6, or with Sirius, I, 1. 11. 3; also called Sarapis, Pluto, Ammon, Zeus, and Pan, 25. 2; attributes of, 11. 4; sun worshipped by Egyptians under name of, 11. 1–6; a terrestrial god, s. of Cronus and Rhea, 13. 4, 27. 5, or of Zeus and Hera, 13. 4, 15. 3, or of Zeus and Semele, 23. 6–7; reared at Nysa in Arabia, 15. 6; marries sister Isis, 13. 5, 27. 1, 4; succeeds to kingdom of Zeus, 13. 5; discovers cultivation of wheat, barley, the vine, and ivy, 14. 1–2, 15. 8, 17. 1–5; honours inventors, 15. 4, in particular Hermes, 15. 9, his scribe 16. 2; founds city later called Thebes, 15. 1–2; builds temples, 15. 3–4; turns Egypt over to Isis and begins campaign, 17. 3; his unwarlike company, 18. 1–5; instructs Ethiopians in agriculture, 18. 6; in Ethiopia brings Nile under control by dykes, 19. 1, 5; according to Ethiopians, leads from Ethiopia the colony that becomes the Egyptians, II, 3. 3. 1; moves into India, founding cities, I, 1. 19. 6–8, 27. 5; visits other Asian nations; crosses into Europe, 20. 1; in Thrace, slays Lycurgus; leaves Maron in Thrace, 20. 2, Macedon in Macedonia, and Triptolemus in Attica, 20. 3; introduces everywhere the vine, or the barley from which to make beer, 20. 3–4; with Zeus, destroys the Giants, 26. 6–7; murdered by brother Typhon, 21. 1–2, 85. 5, 88. 4, who divides body into 24 parts, 21. 2, which Isis buries and honours in 24 places in Egypt, 21. 5–11; or murdered by Titans and his body refashioned by Isis and given to priests, II, 4. 6. 3; varying accounts of burial of, I, 1. 27. 6, in Memphis, 22. 2–3, on island in Nile, 22. 3–6, or at Nysa in Arabia, 27. 3–6; tomb of, called Busiris; red-haired men sacrificed at, 88. 5; Isis avenges murder of, and reigns, 21. 3, 22. 1, 27. 1; returned from Hades as wolf to aid Isis against Typhon, 88. 6; guarded by Anubis, 87. 2–3; deified because of benefactions, 20. 5–6, 21. 6, 8, 27. 5, II, 4. 6. 3; sacred bulls consecrated to, I, 1. 21. 9, 85. 4–5, 88. 4; images of private parts of, set up by Isis in temples as objects of worship, 22. 6–7, II, 4. 6. 3; judge in the lower world, I, 1. 49. 3; Antaeus a contemporary of, 21. 4; time from, to Alexander, 23. 1. See Horus s. of.
    • Ostanes: brother of Artaxerxes II and grandfather of Dareius III, VIII, 17. 5. 5.
    • Osteodes isl., one of Aeolides: covered with bones of marooned mutineers, III, 5. 11. 1–4.
    • Ostia: (104) grain port for Home, XII, 36. 12. 1.
    548
    • ostracism: a safeguard against tyrants, IX, 19. 1. 2–4; (507) adopted in Athens after tyranny of the Peisistratids, IV, 11. 55. 1; described, 55.1–3; (471) used against Themistocles, 55. 1; (454) imitated by Syracusans, IV, 11. 86. 5–87. 6.
    • ostrich: see struthocameli.
    • Osymandyas, king of Egypt: account of monument of (i.e., the sanctuary of Ramses II), I, 1. 47. 1–49. 6; wages war with Bactrians, 47. 6.
    • Otacilius Crassus, M’.: (263) cos., campaigns in Sicily, XI, 23. 4. 1.
    • Otus s. of Aloeus: with brother Ephialtes defeats Thracians; Ephialtes and, quarrel and destroy each other, III, 5. 51. 1–2.
    • Oufentina: (317) a new Roman tribe, IX, 19. 10. 2.
    • owls: (310) Agathocles encourages men by release of, sacred to Athena, X, 20. 11. 3–5.
    • Oxathras: (306) tyrant of Heracleia Pontica, X, 20. 77. 1.
    • Oxathres, brother of Dare ins: (333) withstands charge of Alexander, VIII, 17. 34. 2–4; (329) Alexander adds, to his bodyguard, 77. 4; (328) he gives Bessus to, for punishment, 83. 9.
    • Oxus riv.: see Tanais riv.
    • Oxyartes, king of Bactriana: defeated by Ninus, I, 2. 6. 2–4.
    • — the Bactrian: (323) Paropanisadae assigned to, by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) by Antipater, 39. 6; (317) sends Androbazus to Eumenes, 19. 14. 6; (316) Antigonus permits, to retain satrapy, 48. 2. See Roxanê d. of.
    • —, father of Amestris, X, 20. 109. 7.
    • Oxythemis: (292) Demetrius sends, to Sicily with Agathocles s. of Agathocles as spy, XI, 21. 15. l; (289) places Agathocles on pyre while still alive, 16. 5.
    P
    • Paches s. of Epiclerus: (427) commands Athenians besieging Lesbos, V, 12. 55. 4–5, 10.
    • Pachynus, Cape: in Sicily, III, 5. 2. 2; (255) Roman fleet wrecked near, XI, 23. 18. 1; (249) 24. 1. 8–9.
    • Pactye, in Thrace: (408) Alcibiades withdraws to, V, 13. 74. 2.
    • Pacuvius Calavius (Pancylus Paucus) of Capua: (216) goes over to the Carthaginians, XI, 26. 10. 1.
    • Padus riv.: see Eridanus riv.
    • Paeligni: (305) Rome defeats and enfranchises, X, 20. 90. 3.
    • Paeonians: (360) pillage part of Macedonia, VII, 16. 2. 6; Philip II makes peace with, 3. 4; (359) submit to Macedon, 4. 2; (356) forced to submit to Philip, 22. 3, 1. 5; (335) Alexander controls much of, VIII, 17. 8. 1; (334) serve in his army, 17. 4; (167) in 3rd Macedonian canton, XI, 31. 8. 8. See Audoleon king of.
    • Paerisades of Pontus; see Parysades.
    • Paestum: see Posidonia.
    • Pagasae, in Thessaly: (354) submits to Philip II, VII, 16. 31. 6.
    • Pagondas of Thebes: (424) defeats Athenians at Delium, V, 12. 69. 3–70. 6.
    • Palamedes: (138) general of Demetrius II Nicator, XII, 33. 28. 1.
    • Palatine, in Rome: Heracles at, II, 4. 21. 1–3; (387) Celts plunder Rome except, VI, 14. 115. 6.
    • Palestine: frankincense of Arabia brought to, II, 3. 42. 5.
    • Pali: division of the Scythians, II, 2. 43. 3–4.
    • Palibothra, in India: Heracles founds, II, 2. 39. 3; Iambulus brought before king of, 60. 2–3.
    • Palicê, in Sicily: (453) Ducetius
    549
    • founds, IV, 11. 88. 6; later destroyed, 90. 1–2.
    • Palici, shrine of the, in Sicily: (453) described, IV, 11. 89. 1–8; Ducetius founds Palicê near, 88. 6; (104) slaves seek sanctuary in, XII, 36. 3. 3; Salvius (Tryphon) sacrifices at, 7. 1.
    • Paligni: (304) allied to Rome, X, 20. 101. 5.
    • Palladium of Athena, falls from Heaven, IV, p. 109, frag. 3.
    • Pallantium, in Arcadia: (370) people of, surrender Arcadian fugitives, VII, 15, 59. 2–3.
    • Pallas: see Athena.
    • —, Attic hero: Androgeos s. of Minos wins friendship of sons of, III, 4. 60. 4–5.
    • Pallenê, in Chalcidicê: Zeus defeats Giants near, III, 5. 71. 4, with aid of Heracles, II, 4. 15. 1; (435) Athenians defeat Corinthians near, IV, 12. 34. 4; (316) Cassander founds Cassandreia on, IX, 19. 52. 2.
    • Palm Grove, in Arabia: described, II, 3. 42. 2–5; festival at, 43. 1.
    • Palus, brother of Napes and ruler of Scythian Pali, II, 2. 43. 3–4.
    • Pammenes of Thebes: (362) Thebans under, force those settled in Megalopolis to remain, VII, 15. 94. 2–3; (353) Thebans under, aid Artabazus against Artaxerxes, 16. 34. 1–2.
    • Pamphylia, in Asia Minor: location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; Ninus subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; (480) supplies ships for Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 1, 3. 7, 19. 1; (362) joins revolt against Persia, VII, 15. 90. 3; (323) Perdiccas assigns, to Antigonus, IX, 18. 3. 1; (315) fleet of Seleucus off, 19. 64. 5; (317) men of, in army of Antigonus, 29. 3, (314) of Demetrius, X, 19. 69. 1, (312) 82. 4, (302) of Lvsimachus, 20. 113. 3.
    • Pan: Gauls wear hair in fashion of, III, 5. 28. 2.
    • Pan (=Min): founds Egyptian cities, I, 1. 12. 6; accompanies Osiris, 18. 2; identified with Osiris, 25. 2; a deity of reproduction, 88. 3; revered by Ethiopians, II, 3. 9. 1–2.
    • Pan pipes: Cybelê invents, II, 3. 58. 2–3.
    • Panara, a city on Panchaea, III, 5. 42. 5–6.
    • Panares of Crete: (69?) Senate orders surrender of, XII, 40. 1. 3.
    • Panathenaic festival: Androgeus s. of Minos victorious at, III, 4. 60. 4.
    • Panchaea (Hiera) isl., off coast of Arabia Felix: account of, III, 5. 41. 4–46. 7; produces frankincense and myrrh, 41. 4–42. 2; India visible from island near, 42. 3; visited and described by Euhemerus, 6. 1. 4–11; Zeus visits, 1. 10.
    • Pancratis d. of Aloeus: carried to Strongylê (Naxos) by Thracians; marries Agassamcnus, III, 5. 50. 6–7; dies. 51. 2.
    • Pancylus Paucus: see Pacuvius Calavius.
    • Pandion: see Aegeus s. of.
    • Pandora d. of Uranus: usually called Rhea, II, 3. 57. 2.
    • Panionia: (before 373) moved from Mycalê to Ephesus, VII, 15. 49. 1.
    • Panonpolis, in Egypt: revolts; recovered, XI, 31. 17b. 1.
    • Panormus, on Red Sea, II, 3. 38. 4.
    • —, in Sicily: finest harbour in Sicily, XI, 22. 10. 4; (480) Carthaginians land at, IV, 11. 20. 2; (409) Hermocrates plunders territory of, V, 13. 63. 4; (406) Himilcar summons ships from, 88. 4–5; (397) loyal to Carthage, VI, 14. 48. 4–5; (396) Himilcon crosses to, 55. 1–4; Dionysius fails to attack him at, 68. 5; (383) Carthagmians retire to 15 17. 4; (278) Pyrrhus takes, XI, 22. 10. 4; (254) Romans occupy, 23. 18. 3–5; (253) they sail from, 19. 1; (251) Hasdrubal moves to, 21. 1; (250) Romans sail to, 24. 1. 1; (249)
    550
    • Carthaginians seize Roman supplies at, 1. 6.
    • —, in Thessaly (?): (361) Alexander of Pherae defeats Athenians at, VII, 15. 95. 2.
    • Panthoedas of Lacedaemon: (403) defeats Clearchus, tyrant of Byzantium, VI, 14. 12. 4–7.
    • Panthus, father of Euphorbus, IV, 10. 6. 1.
    • Panticapaeum, in Cimmerian Bosporus: (c. 310) body of Satyrus brought to, X, 20. 23. 8; Eumelus becomes king and restores privileges to, 24.1, 4–5; Prytanis slain in, 24. 1–2.
    • Papas, a name of Attis, II, 3. 58. 4.
    • Paphlagonia: Sardanapallus sends treasure to, I, 2. 26. 8; Scythians move conquered Assyrians to, II, 2. 43. 6; home of Tantalus, III, 4. 74. 1, 4; (404) Alcibiades seeks aid of satrap of, VI, 14. 11. 3; (401) cavalry from, in army of Cyrus the Younger, 22. 5; the Ten Thousand return by way of. 25. 7–8, 27. 2; they plunder 31. 1–2; (334) cavalry from, with Persians at Granicus, VIII, 17. 19. 4; not invaded by Alexander, IX, 18. 3. 1; (323) Perdiecas assigns, to Eumenes, 3. 1; (302) Mithridates III of Cius rules, X, 20. 111. 4; (before 61) Pompey protects, XII, 40. 4. 1.
    • Paphos. on Cyprus: shrine of Aphroditê in, III, 5. 77. 5; (313) Ptolemy transports people of Marion to. X, 19. 79. 4; (307) he recruits ships and men at, 20. 49. 1. See Nicocles king of.
    • Papiria, wife of L. Aemilius Paullus: (before 160) generosity of Scipio Acmilianus to, XI, 31. 27. 3–4, 7.
    • Papirius Carbo, Cn., cos. 113; defeated by Cimbrl, XII, 34/5. 37. 1 (p. 141).
    • — Crassus, L.: (376=V384) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 30. 1.
    • — —, L. (or C): (429=V436) cos., V, 12. 46. 1; (423=V430) 72. 1.
    • — —, L.: (334=V337) cos., VIII, 17. 17. 1; (333=V336) 29. 1; (328=V330) 82. 1.
    • — —, M’.: (434=V441) cos., IV, 12. 35. 1.
    • — —, Sp.: (374=V382) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 41. 1.
    • — —, T.: (372=V380) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 50. 1.
    • — Cursor, L.: (379=V387) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 24. 1; (377=V385) 28. 1.
    • — —, L.: (324=V326) cos., VIII, 17. 113. 1; (318=V319) IX, 18. 58. 1; (314=V315) X, 19. 06. 1; (312=V313) 77. 1.
    • — Mugilanus, L.: (419=V427) cos., V, 12. 78. 1.
    • — —, L.: (381=V389) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 22. 1; (368=V376) 71. 1.
    • — —, M.: (415=V418) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 2. 1; (413=V416) 9. 1; (408=V411) 68. 1.
    • Papius Mutilus, C. (C. Aponius Motylus): (91) Italian leader in Social war, XII, 37. 2. 6–7.
    • Paraetacenê, in Persis: Semiramis encourages trade with, I, 2. 11. 1–2; (317) Eumenes defeats Antigonus in, IX, 19. 27. 1–32. 2; he moves from, 34. 7–8.
    • Paraetonium, harbour in Libya, I, 1. 31. 2.
    • Paralus, Punic governor of Minoa: (357) aids Dion, VII, 16. 9. 4–5.
    • Parium, on Hellespont: (302) joins Lysimachus, X, 20. 107. 2; Demetrius recovers, 111. 3.
    • Parmenides of Camarina: (526) stadion winner, I, 1. 68. 6.
    • — of Posidonia: (468) stadion winner, IV, 11. 65. 1.
    • Parmenion: (336) Philip II sends, to liberate cities from Persia, VIII, 16. 91. 2, 17. 2. 4; (335) Hecataeus joins, 2. 6; devoted to Alexander, 5. 2; takes Grynium but not Pitanê, 7. 9; advises Alexander to postpone
    551
    • campaign, 16. 2; commands Macedonians as Alexander enters Asia, 17. 3; (334) at Granicus, 19. 6; (333) seizes pass, 32. 2–3; (331) advises acceptance of Dareius’ offer, 54. 4–5; first of the Friends, 56. 2, 80. 1; at Arbela, 56. 2, 60. 5–8; governor of Media; murdered by Alexander’s order after Philotas is condemned, 80. 1–4; (324) according to some, Antipater killed Alexander to avenge, 118. 1. See Nicanor, Philotas ss. of.
    • — of Mitylenê: (312) stadion winner, X, 19. 77. 1.
    • Parnasia, in Opuntian Locris: (457) Athenians enter, IV, 11. 83. 2.
    • Parnassus, Mt.: (480) Phocians flee to, before Xerxes, IV, 11. 14. 1; (458) three cities of Doris at base of, 79. 4.
    • Paron of Croton: (317) general; destroys exiles, IX, 19. 10. 3–4.
    • Paropanisadae, of the Hindu Kush: (328) Alexander masters; description of the country, VIII, 17. 82. 1–8; (323) assigned to Oxyartes by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) and by Antipater, 39. 6; (317) Androbazus brings troops from, to Eumenes, 19. 14. 6, 27. 5; (316) Antigonus leaves, to Oxyartes, 48. 2.
    • Paropanisum, Mt.: the Caucasus (Hindu Kush) called, VIII, 17. 83. 1.
    • Paros: marble of, inferior to stones of Arabia, II, 2. 52. 9; Rhadamanthvs gives, to Alcaeus, III, 5. 79. 2; (410) Athenians re-establish democracy on, V, 13. 47. 8; (385) sends colony to Adriatic, VI, 15. 13. 4, which Illyrians soon destroy, 14. 1–2; (377) Athenian fleet defeats Lacedaemonian off, VII, 15. 34. 3–35. 2.
    • Parrhasians: (368) share in founding Megalopolis, VII, 15. 72. 4.
    • Parrhasius: a painter, XI, 26. 1. 1.
    • Parsondes, a Persian: member of royal council of Medes; leads Cadusii in defeat of Medes, I, 2. 33. 1–6.
    • Partheniae: children born in Sparta during First Messenian war; found Tarentum, VII, 15. 66. 3. See Epeunactae.
    • Parthenium, Mt.: Telephus s. of Heracles born on, II, 4. 33. 9, 11.
    • Parthenopaeus s. of Atalantê: joins Adrastus, III, 4. 65. 4, 7.
    • Parthenos d. of Staphylus: casts self into sea; honoured in Bubastus, III, 5. 62. 1–4.
    • Parthia: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; fails to free self from Medes, I, 2. 34. 1–2; (323) assigned to Phrataphernes by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) to Philip by Antipater, 39. 6; (before 317) Pithon makes Eudamus satrap of, vice Philotas, 19. 14. 1; (317) Pithon driven from, 14. 2; cavalry from, in army of Antigonus, 29. 2. See Arsaces VI, Arsaces VII, Euhemerus, kings of.
    • Parthyaea, a part of Parthia: Ninus conquers, I, 2. 2. 3; (326) Alexander seeks supplies from, VIII, 17. 105. 7.
    • Parysades (Paerisades): (349) becomes king of Pontus, VII, 16. 52. 10; (c. 310) dies, X, 20. 22. 1–2, 23. 7.
    • — s. of Satyrus: (c. 310) takes refuge with Scythians, X, 20. 24. 3.
    • Parysatis mother of Artaxerxes: (396) seeks revenge on Tissaphernes, VI, 14. 80. 6.
    • Pasiphaë: wife of Minos II, III, 4. 60. 4; aided by Daedalus in her love for bull; gives birth to Minotaur, 77. 1–7, II, 4. 13. 4.
    • Pasiphilus, general of Agathocles: (312) envoy to Messenians, X, 19. 102. 2–4; defeats exiles, 104. 2; (306) deserts to Democrates, 20. 77. 2 (305) who kills him, 90. 2.
    552
    • Pasitigris (Tigris) riv., in Susianê: course of, VIII, 17. 67. 2, IX, 19. 17. 3, 18. 3; trade in dried figs on, VIII, 17. 67. 3; (330) Alexander crosses, 67. 1–3; (317) Eumenes crosses, and defeats Antigonus’ advance party, IX, 19. 17. 3, 18. 4–7, 21. 2; (316) Antigonus meets Xenophilus on, 48. 6.
    • pastophoroi: Athenian Ceryces derived from the, of Egypt, I, 1. 29. 4.
    • pastoral poetry: Daphnis invents, III, 4. 84. 3.
    • Patala, on Indus riv.: (326) Alexander returns to, VIII, 17. 104. 1; government of, like Spartan, 104. 2.
    • Patara, in Lycia: (315) Antigonus’ fleet sails from, IX, 19. 64. 5; (304) Rhodians capture cargo vessels at, X, 20. 93. 3–4.
    • Patrae, in Achaïa: (429) Lacedaemonian fleet reforms at, V, 12. 48. 1–2; (314) freed from Cassander’s garrison, X, 19. 66. 3.
    • patricians: (443 =V450) power of, in Rome weakened, IV, 12. 25. 2–3; (287) XI, 21. 18. 2.
    • Patrocles, general of Seleucus: (312) in Babylonia, avoids facing Demetrius, X, 19. 100. 5–6.
    • Pausanias of Sparta: (479) regent for son of King Leonidas, IV, 11. 29. 4; commands Greeks in victory over Persians at Plataea, 30. 6, 32. 5, 44. 1; awarded prize for valour, 33. 1; moves on Thebes, 33. 4; (477) liberates cities on Cyprus and also Byzantium, 44. 1–3; makes pact with Xerxes; plays tyrant in liberated cities; accused in Sparta, 44. 3–6, 54. 2; betrayed to ephors by his agent; starved to death in shrine of Athena, 45. 1–7, 23. 3; statues of, later set up to atone for desecration of shrine, 45. 8–9; review of career of, 46. 1–47. 3; (471) Themistocles charged with complicity in treason of, 54. 2–5, 55. 4, 8.
    • —, king of Lacedaemonians: (408) succeeds King Pleistonax, V, 13. 75. 1; (405) Athens resists, after Aegospotami, 107. 1–2; (402) defeated in Elis, VI, 14. 17. 6–12; (401) reconciles parties in Athens, 33. 6; (396) sent to aid Phocians against Boeotians; makes truce, 81. 1–3; (394) banished, 89. 1.
    • — of Athens: father of Meton, IV, 12. 36. 2.
    • —, king of Macedon: (395) succeeds Aëropus, III, 7. 15. 2, VI, 14. 84. 6; (394) assassinated, 89. 2.
    • — of Macedon: (360) Philip II foils attempt of, to gain throne, VII, 16. 2. 6, 3. 4.
    • — of Orestis: (before 336) loved by Philip II; insults another Pausanias, VIII, 16. 93. 3–5; (336) injured by Attalus; plots against Philip, 93. 7–94. 2; kills Philip, 94. 3–4.
    • —: (before 336) insulted by Pausanias of Orestis; dies in battle, VIII, 16. 93. 4–6.
    • —, general of Antigonus: (313) Lysimachus defeats and kills, X, 19. 73. 6, 10.
    • Pediacrates: slain by Heracles; honoured as hero, II, 4. 23. 5.
    • Pedieus: (449) archon, IV, 12. 4. 1.
    • Peiraeus, in Attica: (477) Themistocles makes, into harbour of Athens, IV, 11. 41. 2, without active Lacedaemonian opposition, 41. 5–43. 2; (470) Cimon returns to, for ships, 60. 3; (428) attack of Cnemus on, foiled, V, 12. 49. 2–5; (415) Athenians sail from, 13. 3. 1–3; (408) Alcibiades welcomed at, 68. 2–3; (405) Lacedaemonian fleet enters, 107. 2; Athens required to raze walls of, 107. 4, VI, 14. 85. 2; (404) Lacedaemonian fleet enters, 3. 5; (401) Thirty Tyrants remove opponents to, 32. 4; Thrasybulus seizes, 33. 1–4; (394) Conon with Persian fleet rebuilds walls of,
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    • 85. 2–3; (377) Lacedaemonians fail to take, VII, 15. 29. 5–6; grain ships enter, 34. 3; Chabrias returns to, 35. 2; (318) Nicanor occupies, IX, 18. 64. 4; he retains in spite of Olympias, 65. 1; not restored by Polyperchon or his son, 65. 3–66. 2, 68. 2–3; Cassander occupies, 68. 1–3, 69. 2; Nicanor sails into, 75. 1; (307) Demetrius s. of Antigonus takes, from Demetrius of Phalerum, X, 20. 45. 2–3.
    • Peirenê d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1.
    • Peirithoüs: s. of Ixion, III, 4. 69. 3; king of the Lapiths, 70. 2; two wars of, with the Centaurs, 70. 2–4; with Theseus, carries Helen to Athens, 63. 1–3; captured in Hades while trying to carry off Persephonê, 63. 4; released by Heracles, II, 4. 26. 1.
    • Peisander, Lacedaemonian admiral: (395) Persian fleet under Conon defeats, VI, 14. 83. 5–7.
    • Peisarchus: (317) leader of the Six Hundred in Syracuse, IX, 19. 6. 4.
    • Peisistratidae: (514) Harmodius and Aristogeiton attack, IV, 9. 1. 4.
    • Peisistratus, tyrant of Athens, 560–527: (before 560) Solon warns against, IV, 9. 4. 1–2, 20. 1–4; (560–527) anecdotes of, 4. 2, 37. 1–3, V, 13. 95. 5–6, IX, 19. 1. 4; (after 427) Athenians adopt ostracism after death of, IV, 11. 55. 1. See Hipparchus, Hippias, Thettalus ss. of.
    • Peitholaus, tyrant of Pherae: (352) delivers Pherae to Philip II; flees to Phallus, VII, 16. 37. 3; aids Lacedaemonians against Megalopolitans, 39. 3; (349) Philip expels, from Pherae, 52. 9.
    • Pelagonia, capital of 4th Macedonian canton, XI, 31. 8. 8.
    • Pelasgia, old name of Lesbos, III, 5. 81. 2.
    • Pelasgians: constant migrations of, III, 5. 80. 1; in Thessaly, 61. 1, VI, 14. 113. 2; in Crete, III, 4. 60. 2; in Argos, Lycia, and Lesbos, 5. 81. 1–2; in Scyros, IV, 11. 60. 2; expel Thebans and Boeotians, IX, 19. 53. 7; second in list of thalassocracies, III, 7. 11. 1; first to write Greek with altered Phoenician letters, II, 3. 67. 1; Tyrrhenians of Po valley descended from, VI, 14. 113. 2.
    • Pelasgic letters: altered from Phoenician by Pelasgians, II, 3. 67. 1; used by Linus, Orpheus, Pronapides, and Thymoetes, 67. 4–5.
    • Pelasgiotis, in Thessaly: Heracles crosses, II, 4. 37. 4.
    • Pelasgus s. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1.
    • Peleus s. of Aeacus: banished for slaying Phocus; becomes king of Phthia; father of Achilles, III, 4. 72. 6: Zeus gives horses to, 6. 3. 1.
    • Peliades: tricked by Medea, kill father, II, 4. 51. 3–52. 5, III, 6. 7. 4–8. 1; Jason arranges marriages for, 53. 1–2.
    • Pelias, king of Iolcus: s. of Poseidon, banished by Mimas; by aid of Cheiron, becomes king of Iolcus, III, 4. 68. 3, 6. 7. 3–4; fears Jason; sends him for golden fleece, II, 4. 40. 1–3; kills Jason’s kin, 50. 1; Argonauts and Medea plot against, 50. 3–7; Medea deceives; daughters kill, 51. 3–52. 5, III, 6. 8. 1; Jason gives kingdom of, to Acastus, II, 4. 53. 1. See Acastus s. of; Alcestis d. of.
    • Pelinnaeum, in Thessaly: (323) does not join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1.
    • Pelion, Mt., in Thessaly: Jason builds Argo near, II, 4. 41. 1; Centaurs reared on, III, 4. 70. 1; Cyrenê reared near, 81. 1.
    • Pella, in Macedon: (316) Monimus surrenders, to Cassander, IX,
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    • 19. 50. 3, 6–7; (167) capital of 3rd Macedonian canton, XI, 31. 8. 8. See Menes of.
    • Pella, in Syria: (285) Seleucus confines Demetrius in, XI, 21. 20. 1.
    • Pelleng, in Achaïa: (411) ships of, in Lacedaemonian fleet, V, 13. 40. 5; (369) with others, try to bar Boeotians at Isthmus, VII, 15. 68. 2.
    • —, in Laconia: (369) Arcadians take, VII, 15. 67. 2.
    • Pelopidas: (372) conspicuous Theban leader, VII, 15. 50. 6; (369) with Epameinondas in Arcadia, 62. 4–5; campaign of, in Thessaly, 67. 3–4; (368) captured by Alexander of Pherae, 71. 2; (367) Boeotians free, 75. 2; (364) killed while defeating Alexander of Pherae, 80. 1–5. Review of life and deeds of, 81. 1–4; fame of, 39. 2, 71. 2, 88. 2.
    • Peloponnesian League: (431) Lacedaemonians send ultimatum to Athens in accordance with decree of, IV, 12. 39. 4, V, 12. 41. 1.
    • Peloponnesian war: (431) Thucydides’ account of, begins, IV, 12. 37. 2; immediate causes of, 38. 1–41. 1; begins, V, 12. 41. 1–42. 8; (430) continues, 43. 1–45. 5; (429) 46. 2–48. 3; (428) 49. 2–5, 52. 1–2; (427) 55. 1–57. 4; (426) 59. 1–2; (425) 60. 1–63. 5; (424) 65. 1–68. 6; (423) 72. 1–10; (422) 73. 1–74. 6; temporary end of. 74. 6–75. 1, 13. 24. 2; (420) is renewed, 12. 77. 2–3; (419) 78. 1–79. 7; (418) 80. 5; (417) 81. 1–5; (416) 82. 1; (414) breaks out afresh, 13. 8. 8; (413) continues, 9. 2; (410) 45. 1–53. 4; (409) 64. 1–67. 7; (408) 68. 1.–74. 2; (407) 76. 1–79. 6; (406) 97. 1–103. 2; (405) last year of, 104. 1–107. 5, 114. 3, VI, 14. 2. 4, 10. 1, 13. 1, 85. 2; (401) men who had fought in, in army of Cyrus the Younger, 23. 4; (377) Athens wins first naval victory since end of, VII, 15. 35. 2.
    • Peloponnesians: for Peloponnesians meaning “Lacedaemonians” or “Lacedaemonians and their allies,” see Lacedaemon.
    • Peloponnesus: named from Pelops, king of Pisa, III, 4. 73. 6; Heracles in, II, 4. 13. 4, 25. 1, 32. 1, 33. 1, 34. 1, III, 4. 59. 6; Heracles shows friendship for, II, 3. 45. 5; Heracleidae return to, under Hyllus, 4. 58. 1; their second return to, 58. 3–5, III, 7. 17. 1; most people of, displaced, 9. 1; Caranus moves from, to Macedon, 15. 1; Dryopes found three cities in, II, 4. 37. 2; Neleus makes campaign into, III, 4. 68. 3; Cydonia in Crete faces, 5. 78. 2; merchants pass close to, 8. 7. 2; (546) Croesus seeks mercenaries from, IV, 9. 32. 1; (480) Greeks crowd into, 11. 14. 5, 15. 2; Corcyraean fleet waits off, 15. 1; people of, oppose fighting at Salamis, 15. 3, 16. 1, and build wall at Isthmus, 16. 3; (479) Mardonius tries to win cities of, 28. 3; those from, who fell at Thermopylae honoured, 33. 2; (478) Lacedaemonians wish no walled cities outside, 39. 3–4; (477) crews from, in fleet of Pausanias accuse him in Sparta, 44. 2, 6; (after 477) Athenians defeat Persians without aid from, 12. 2. 1; (476) Hieron settles men from, in Sicilian cities, 11. 49. 1–2; (459) Athenians defeat Corinthians and, 78. 1–2; (458) 79. 1–4; join Lacedaemonians against Phocians, 79. 5–6; (457) Theban alliance permits Lacedaemonians to remain in, 81. 2; (455) Pericles ravages coast of, 85. 1–2; (454) truce between Athens and, 86. 1; (453) Pericles ravages coast of, 88. 1; (447) Lacedaemonians withdraw to, after raiding Attica, 12. 6. 1; (446) many
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    • from, in re-establishment of Sybaris (Thurium), 10. 3–4, 11. 3, 35. 2; (438) Corinthian fleet, defeated at Corcyra, withdraws to, 31. 3; (431) Lacedaemonians and, vote for war with Athens, 39. 4, V, 12. 41. 1.
    • (431) For the Peloponnesian war, see above. Pericles raids coasts of, V, 12. 42. 6–8; (430) 43. 1–5, 45. 2–3; (429) Athenian fleet sails around, 47. 1; Lacedaemonians return to, 47. 2; (425) Athenians occupv Pylos as threat to, 61. 1–2, 6; 62. 6–7: (424) Nicias plunders coast of, 65. 8; (421) unites against Lacedaemonians, 76. 1; (420) situation in, 77. 2–3; (415) Alcibiades crosses from Italy to, 13. 5. 4; Athenian fleet rounds, 3. 3; (414) in, the Lacedaemonians break peace with Athens, 8. 8; (410) ships from, come to Mindarus, 49. 2; all of, supplies the Lacedaemonians, 52. 4; (409) Hermocrates turns command of ships in, over to successors, 63. 1; (408) Lysander collects ships and men from, 70. 1; King Agis returns to, 73. 2; (406) Syracuse hopes for aid from, 92. 5; Lysander gathers ships from, 100. 8; (405) 104. 3; Peloponnesian war ends, 104. 1–107. 4.
    • (401) Men from, in army of Cyrus the Younger, VI, 14. 19. 7–8, 23. 4; (396) Himilcon hopes to prevent Dionysius receiving aid from, 14. 56. 1; Dionysius seeks mercenaries from, 62. 1; Polyxenus brings warships from, to Dionysius, 63. 4, 68. 5; Greeks of, as allies of Syracuse, 69. 4; Rhodes expels fleet of, 79. 6; Pausanias retires to, after Haliartus, 81. 3; (395) Lacedaemonian allies in, remain loyal, 82. 4; Argives permit men of, in Heracleia Tracheia to depart, 82. 6; Agesilaus enlists soldiers from, 84. 1; (382) Teleutias leads army from, against Olynthus, VII, 15. 21. 2; (378) Lacedaemonians evacuate Cadmeia and return to, 27. 2; (377) Agesilaüs returns to, 33. 4, 52. 5; (375) disturbances in, after cities gain autonomy, 40. 1–5; (373) shaken by earthquake, 48. 1–49. 5; (371) Lacedaemonians depart for, 56. 4; (369) wars in, 62.1–70. 3; Boeotians enter, 62. 4, 68. 1, 3–5; (368) Epameinondas has settled affairs in, 71. 2; (367) he enters, 75. 2; (363) many battles in, as Boeotians aid Tegeans against Mantineians and allies, 82. 1–89. 2; some from, on side of Tegeans at Mantineia, 84. 4; (362) Arcadians break peace in, 94. 1–3; (357) Syracusan exiles in, join Dion, who had fled to, 16. 6. 4, 10. 5; (356) Heracleides general of Dion delayed in, 16. 2; mercenaries from, in army of Dion, 17. 3–5; (354) some of, support Phocians in Sacred war, 29. 1, 30. 4; (352) disturbances in, 39. 1–8; (346) Phalaecus withdraws to, 59. 3, 61. 4, 62. 2; (after 345) Eleian exiles bring mercenaries to, 63. 4; (343) Dionysius II retires to, VIII, 16. 70. 1; (342) Timoleon forces Leptines to retire to, 72. 5.
    • (335) People of, move to free selves from Macedon, VIII, 17. 3. 4–5, sending troops as far as the Isthmus, 8. 6; (331) men from, in Alexander’s army, 57. 3, (330) 65. 1; Antipater suppresses insurrection in, 62. 7–63. 4; (323) some cities of, join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 2; (318) Polyperchon moves into, against Megalopolis, 68. 3–69. 1; he overthrows oligarchies in, 69. 3–4; (317) Eurydicê Adeia sends for aid to Cassander in, 19. 11. 1; Alexander s. of Polyperchon ready to invade,
    556
    • as Cassander leaves, 35. 1; (316) Cassander prepares move against Alexander in, 52. 5, 53. 1, 54. 3–4; (315) Polyperchon made governor of, for Antigonus, 60. 1; operations of Antigonus’ generals against Cassander in, 57. 5, 60. 1, 61. 5, 62. 5, 9, 63. 1–61. 2; Alexander s. of Polyperchon becomes general of, for Cassander, deserting Antigonus, 64. 3–4; (314) military operations in, X, 19. 66. 1–67. 2; (313) Telesphorus, general of Antigonus, drives Cassander’s garrisons from most cities of, 74. 1–2, 75. 7; (312) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus enters, against Telesphorus, 87. 1–3; (310) Ptolemy revolts from Antigonus, making alliance with Cassander, 20. 19. 2; Polyperchon bides his time in, 20. 1; (309) Cassander promises to make Polyperchon general of, 28. 2; Polyperchon fails to reach, 28. 4; (308) cities of, fail to aid Ptolemy of Egypt in freeing Greeks, 37. 2; (185) affairs of, XI, 29. 17. 1–18. 1. See Lacedaemonians, Corinthians, etc.; Cydonia, Messcnê, Pisa, Taenarum, Tegea in.
    • Peloponnesus, Isthmus of: see Corinth, Isthmus of.
    • Pelops: s. of Tantalus, III, 4. 74. 1, 3; account of Oenomaüs and, 73. 1–6; gives name to Peloponnesus, 73. 6; Alector of Eleia fears, 69. 2. See Eurydicêd. of.
    • — s. of Lycurgus: (207) Nabis of Sparta puts, to death, XI, 27. 1. 1.
    • Peloris (Pelorias), cape in Sicily: location of, III, 5. 2. 2; Heracles sets out from, II, 4. 23. 1; Orion builds temple to Poseidon at, III, 4. 85. 5; (396) Messenians attack camp of Himilcon at, VI, 14. 56. 3–57. 2; (264) Punic fleet seizes, XI, 23. 1. 3.
    • peltasts: equipment of, devised by Iphicrates, VII, 15. 44. 2–4; (393) under him, defeat Lacedaemonians and others, VI, 14. 91. 2–3.
    • Pelusiac mouth of Nile: connected with Arabian gulf and Red sea by canal, I, 1. 33. 7–11; (663–609) Psammetichus settles mercenaries near, 67. 1; (374) Nectanebôs fortifies, VII, 15. 42. 2–4; (306) Ptolemy occupies, X, 20. 76. 4.
    • Pelusium: at most easterly mouth of Nile, VII, 16. 46. 6; ScsoOsis builds wall from Heliopolis to, I, 1. 57. 4; his life endangered by brother at, 57. 6; (529–522) Cambyses takes, IV, 10. 14. 2; (c. 344) forces of Artaxerxes camp near, and fortify, VII, 16. 46. 6; Egyptians hold, 46. 7–9; mercenaries of Nectanebôs abandon, when he withdraws, 49. 1–6; (332) at, Amyntas proclaims self satrap of Egypt, VIII, 17. 48. 2–3; (321) Perdiccas camps near, IX, 18. 33. 1; Attalus commands fleet at, 37. 3; (315) Polycleitus sails to, 19. 64. 8; (312) Ptolemy advances into Syria from, X, 19. 80. 4–5; (169) Antiochus IV seizes, XI, 30. 14. 1, 18. 1–2.
    • Peneius s. of Oceanus: gives name to Peneius riv. in Thessaly, III, 4. 69. 1, 72. 1. See Hypseus s. of; Stilbê d. of.
    • Peneius riv., in Thessaly: named from Peneius s. of Oceanus, III, 4. 69. 1–2, 72. 1; Heracles drains marshes by, II, 4. 18. 6; (322) Antipater camps by, IX, 18. 16. 5; (167) bounds 3rd Macedonian canton, XI, 31. 8. 8.
    • Peneleôs s. of Hippalcimus: Boeotian leader at Troy, III, 4. 67. 7.
    • Pentathlus of Cnidus: descendant of Heracles, III, 5. 9. 2; leads men of Cnidos and Uhodes to Sicily; slain, 9. 2–3.
    • Penthesileia d. of Ares: queen of
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    • Amazons, joins Trojans, II, 2. 46. 5–6.
    • Pentheus: Dionysus punishes, II, 3, 65. 4, 4. 3. 4.
    • Peparethos, one of Cyclades: Rhadamanthys gives, to Staphylus, III, 5. 79. 2; Pelias s. of Poseidon seizes, 6. 7. 4; (377) Chabrias secures, for Athens, VII, 15. 30. 5; (361) Alexander of Pherae besieges, 95. 1–2.
    • Peraea, in Caria: (304) Rhodians overpower pirates near, X, 20. 97. 5.
    • Perdiccas I of Macedon: (c. 640) consults Delphi re enlarging kingdom, III, 7. 15. 1, 16. 1.
    • — II of Macedon, c. 450–413: (c. 450) succeeds Alexander I, III, 7. 15. 2; (435) persuades Chalcidians to unite in Olynthus, IV, 12. 34. 2; (428) Sitalces of Thrace removes, from throne, but is forced to restore him, 50. 4–51. 2.
    • — III of Macedon, 365–359: s. of Amyntas and brother of Philip II, VII, 15. 60. 3; (365) assassinates Ptolemy of Alorus and gains throne, 77. 5, 16. 2. 4, III, 7. 15. 2; (360) defeated and killed by Illyrians, VII, 16. 2. 4.
    • — s. of Orontes: (336) with others, kills murderer of Philip II, VIII, 16. 94. 4; (335) forces gate of Thebes, 17. 12. 3; (334) men of, attack Halicarnassus, 25. 5–6; (331) at Arbela, 57. 2, 61. 3; (325) commander of the Companions after Hephaestion, IX, 18. 3. 4; conducts body of Hephaestion to Babylon, VIII, 17. 110. 8; (324) Alexander, dying, gives ring to, 117. 3, IX, 18. 2. 4; (323) regent for Philip Arrhidaeus, 2. 4; distributes satrapies, etc., 3. 1–5; cancels extravagant plans of Alexander, 4. 1–6; executes fomenters of discord, 4. 7; sends Pithon against Greeks of upper satrapies, 7. 1–9; Ptolemy, hostile to, makes treaty with Antipater, 14. 2, 25. 4; (322) defeats Ariarathes of Cappadocia; makes Eumenes satrap of Cappadocia, 16. 1–3, 22. 1, XI, 31. 19. 4; restores Samians to their city, IX, 18. 18. 9; takes cities of Larandians and of Isaurians, 22. 1–8; (322) marries Nicaea d. of Antipater although bent on marrying Cleopatra sister of Alexander, 23. 1–3, 25. 3; plots death of Antigonus, 23. 3–4; considers invasion of Macedon or of Egypt, 25. 6; makes compact with Aetolians, 38. 1; invited to Europe by Demades of Athens, 48. 2; (321) sends Eumenes to hold Hellespont; undertakes campaign against Ptolemy, 25. 6, 29. 1, 6; learns of Eumenes’ victory, 33. 1; Ptolemy wages war on, from Egypt, X, 19. 93. 5; camps near Pelusium, IX, 18. 33. 1; many soldiers of, desert, 33. 2; moves up Nile, 33. 5–6; costly and vain efforts to cross Nile, 33. 5–36. 1; troops mutiny and kill, 36, 1–37. 3, 43. 1, 46. 1, 48. 2, X, 19. 85. 3, XI, 31. 19. 5; Antigenes leads attack on, IX, 18. 39. 6; news of Eumenes’ victory comes too late to save, 37. 1–3, 53. 2–3; mutineers slay friends of, 37. 2; Attalus in Tyre receives funds of; friends of, gather about Attalus, 37. 4; (319) Antigonus marches against what remains of house of, 44. 1. Character of, 33. 3–5. See Alcetas brother of.
    • —, general of Eumenes (320) deserts; is killed, IX, 18. 40. 2–4.
    • Perfecter: all pray to Zeus the, or to Hera the Perfectress, III, 5. 73. 2.
    • perfumes, from Arabia Felix, II, 3. 46. 1–5.
    • Pergamum, in Mysia: (310) Heracles s. of Alexander summoned from, X, 20. 20. 1; (201) Philip V pillages, XI,
    558
    • 28. 5. 1; (181) rulers of, in Rome, 29. 22. 1; (172) Eumenes’ death reported in, 34. 2; (c. 158) Syrian pretender in, 31. 32a. 1; (157) Ariarathes V of Cappadocia escapes to, 32b. 1; (149) Andriscus procures aid in, 32. 15. 5. See Attalus I, II, and III of.
    • Pergamus, in Crete: oracle concerning, XII, 33. 11. 1.
    • Periander, tyrant of Corinth, c. 625–585: removed from list of Seven Wise Men, IV, 9. 7. 1.
    • Periboea d. of Hipponoüs: mother of Tydeus, II, 4. 35. 1–2.
    • Pericles s. of Xanthippus: (455) Athenian general; plunders Peloponnesian coast, IV, 11. 85. 1–2; (453) defeats Sicyonians and Oeniadae, 88. 1–2; allots land in Thracian Cherronesus, 88. 3; (446) campaign of, in Euboea, 12. 7. 1; (445) colonizes Hestiaea, 22. 2; (c. 445) Clearchus of Lacedaemon condemned for taking bribe from, V, 13. 106. 10; (441) campaigns of, against Samos, IV, 12. 27. 1–28. 4; (431) private reason of, for war with Lacedaemonians, 38. 2–39. 3; enemies of, bring charges against Anaxagoras and Pheidias, 39. 1–2; persuades Athenians to refuse Lacedaemonian demands, and to withdraw into city and fight at sea, 39. 5; enumerates resources of Athens, 40. 1–5; has complete power, V, 12. 42. 6; raids Lacedaemonian coasts, 42. 6–8, (430) 44. 3, 45. 2–3; Athenians depose, then re-elect, 45. 4–5; (429) dies, 46. 1; Hagnon assumes command, 46. 1. Character and fame of, IV, 12. 1. 5, 39. 5, 40. 5–6, V, 12. 46. 1, 13. 98. 3, VII, 15. 88. 2–3.
    • — s. of Pericles: (408) Athenian general, V, 13. 74. 1; (406) one of commanders at Arginusae, 98. 1–99. 6; condemned on return to Athens, 101. 5–102. 5.
    • Periclymenus s. of Neleus, III, 4. 68. 6.
    • Perilaüs of Athens: (c. 560) first victim of brazen bull he had made for Phalaris, IV, 9. 18. 1–19. 1, XI, 32. 25. 1.
    • —, general of Antigonus: (315) defeated by general of Seleucus and Ptolemy, IX, 19. 64. 5–8.
    • Perimela d. of Amythaon: mother of Ixion, III, 4. 69. 3.
    • Perinthus, in Thrace: (341) description of, VIII, 16. 76. 1–3; Philip II lays siege to, 74. 2–76. 4; (340) he abandons siege, 77. 2–3; Ephorus ends history with siege of, 76. 5. See Menodotus of.
    • Periphas s. of Lapithes: king of the Lapiths, III, 4. 69. 2–3.
    • peristyle, invented by Tyrrhenians, III, 5. 40. 1.
    • Perpenna Vento, M.: (82) loyal to younger Marius, XII, 38/9. 14. 1; (73) with others, slays Sertorius, 37. 22a. 1 (pp. 267–269).
    • Perrhaebia: (480) submits to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 1–2; (370) Jason of Pherae wins some cities of, VII, 15. 57. 2; (354) joins in war against Phocians, 16. 29. 1; (317) Cassander sends army against Polyperchon in, IX, 19. 35. 3, 36. 6, (316) 52. 6; (317) Cassander crosses, 36. 1.
    • Persephonê: d. of Zeus and Demeter, III, 6. 1. 9; Pluto carries, off; Demeter recovers, 5. 68. 2; holds in Hades Theseus and Peirithoüs, 4. 63. 1, 4; releases them to Heracles, II, 4. 26. 1; releases his wife to Orpheus, 25. 4; mother of second (Cretan) Dionysus by Zeus, 4. 1, 3. 64. 1, III, 5. 75. 4; Lake Avernus sacred to, II, 4. 22. 1; Sicily sacred to, III, 5. 2. 3; (345) believed to support Timoleon, VIII, 16. 66. 3–5; (c. 275) temple of, in Locri
    559
    • pillaged by Pyrrhus, XI, 27. 4. 3, (204) by Q. Pleminius, 4. 1–2, 7–8. See Corê.
    • Persepolis, in Persis: (525–522) Persians build, with Egyptian spoil, I, 1. 46. 4–5; (330) description of, VIII, 17. 71. 3–8; Tiridates betrays, to Alexander, 69. 1–2; Alexander permits men to plunder, 70. 1–6, 71. 3; at, Alexander celebrates victories, burning palace, 72. 1–6; (317) Eumenes and satraps move from the Pasitigris to, IX, 19. 21. 2; magnificent festival in honour of Philip and Alexander in, 22. 1–3; (316) Antigonus moves to, 46. 6.
    • Perses s. of Helius: king of Tauric Chersonese; killed by his daughter Hecate, II, 4. 45. 1–2; drives brother Aeëtes from throne of Colchis; is killed by Medus s. of Medea, 56. 1.
    • Perseus: s. of Zeus and Danaê, II, 4. 9. 1; Egyptians claim, as native, I, 1. 24. 8; overthrows Gorgons, II, 3. 52. 4, 55. 3, 4. 40. 2; Zeus promises rule to descendant of, 9. 4.
    • —, king of Macedon, 171–167: (180) contrives murder of brother Demetrius, XI, 29. 25. 1; (179) sends envoys to Rome, 30. 1; (173) Senate holds, responsible for Thessalian disorder, 33. 1; (172) envoy of, makes no reply to charges of Eumenes before Senate, 34. 1; (171) Senate declares war on, 30. 7. 1 (p. 283), 1. 1; (170) Ptolemy seeks to make peace, 2. 1; takes Chalestrum, killing people, 4. 1; Epirotes offer to turn Epirus over to, 5. 1; cos. A. Hostilius Mancinus escapes plots of, 5a. 1; (169) uses dummy elephants to train horses, I, 2. 17. 3; prolongs war, XI, 30. 8. 1; alienates Illyrians and Greeks, 9. 1–2; misses opportunity at Dium, 10. 1–2; retires to Pydna, 11. 1–2; (168) loses Gallic mercenaries by refusing pay, 19. 1, 31. 14. 1; (168) L. Aemilius Paullus defeats, 9. 1, 11. 1, 12. 1, 25. 1, 2, 27. 3, 32. 4. 5; flees, 30. 22. 1; is denied sanctuary at Samothrace, 29. 25. 1; out of avarice deceives his followers, 30. 21. 1–2; generous treatment of, by Paullus, 23. 1–2; held in “free custody”; Macedon left free after defeat of, 31. 8. 1–5; (167) Paullus triumphs over, 8. 9–9. 1, 26. 4; imprisoned, 9. 1–5; death of, 9. 5; Rhodes seeks pardon for supporting, 5. l–2b; Roman youth acquire Greek attitude during war with, 26. 7; (164) Eumenes accused because of alliance with, 7. 2 (p. 357); (c. 160) Rome curbs former supporters of, 31. 1. Character of, 30. 9. 2, 21. 2–3, 31. 14. 1. See Andriscus, pretended son of.
    • Persia, Persis: Artemis reveals herself in, III, 5. 77. 6–8; Ninus invades, I, 2. 2. 3; Semiramis visits, 14. 1; Tithonus governs under Assyrians, 22. 3; Tambulus crosses, II, 2. 60. 3; (c. 612) Medes and, attack Sardanapallus of Assyria, I, 2. 24. 5–6; (c. 600) Hanging gardens of Babylon built for concubine from, 10. 1; (560) Cyrus becomes king of, IV, 9. 21. 1, VIII, 17. 71. 1; (549) under Cyrus, conquer Medes, I, 2. 32. 3, 33. 6, 34. 6, V, 13. 22. 1–2, VIII, 17. 81. 1; (547) Croesus calls, slaves of Medes, IV, 9. 31. 1–3; (545) Cyrus bids Greeks of Asia entrust selves to, 35. 1–3; (539–529) rob temples in Babylon, I, 2. 9. 10; bronze gates of Semiramis in Babylon stand until time of, 9. 3; palace in Susa stands until time of, 22. 3; Scythians defeat, II, 2. 44. 2; do not conquer Nabataean Arabs, 48. 5, I, 2. 1. 5; (after 529) address Cyrus as
    560
    • “Father,” II, 4. 30. 2, IV, 9. 24. 1; (529–522) under Cambyses, conquer Egypt, I, 1. 34. 7, 44. 2–3, 46. 4–5, 49. 5, 58. 4, 68. 6, IV, 10. 14. 1–15. 1; (522) seven, slay the Magus (false Smerdis); Dareius becomes king of, IV, 11. 57. 1, VII, 16. 47. 2, IX, 19. 40. 2, XI, 31. 19. 1; Cappadocia to pay no tribute to, 19. 2; (c. 520) Megabyzus betrays Babylon to, IV, 10. 19. 2; Dareius king of, plans to subdue Europe, 19. 5; Tyrrhenians leave Lemnos for fear of, 19. 6; (c. 500) learn from Greeks the burning of temples; repay in kind, 25. 1; III, 5. 63. 1; (480) Greeks in turn justify their burning of temples of the, IV, 11. 29. 3; (337) VIII, 16. 89. 2; (330) 17. 72. 6; (c. 500) Carians exhausted by struggle with, IV, 10. 25. 2; (494) after Lade, restore Ionian laws and levy tribute, 25. 4; require gifts, 34. 1.
    • (Before 480) Carthage allied with, 11. 1. 4–5, 20. 1; dismay at armaments of, 10. 34. 10; Lysitheides entertains entire host of, 11. 56. 5; (480) Mardonius admired by; natural enmity between Greeks and, 1. 3; Greeks despair of holding Tempê against, 2. 5–6; Greeks submitting to, to be fined, 3. 3; Xerxes leads, into Europe; enumeration of, 3. 6–9; Greek forces sent to Artemisium and Thermopylae against, 4. 1–7; Locrians submit to, then go over to Greeks, 4. 6; Thebans submit to, 4. 7, VIII, 17. 14. 2; destroy Greek force at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 4. 7–11. 6; fleet of, meets Greeks at Artemisium, 12. 1–6, and moves to Euboea when Greeks retire, 13. 1–5; land force of, moves on Athens, 13. 3, leaving Doris unharmed, 14. 2; thunderstorm saves Delphi from, 14. 3; Cercyraeans delay joining, 15. 1; fleet of, defeated at Salamis, 15. 4–19. 6, 57. 1; king of, flees from Greece, 23. 2; Gelon about to aid Greeks against, 26. 4–5; (479) fleet of, moves to Samos, 27. 1; award for valour against, not given to Athens, 27. 2; seek Athenian support, 28. 1–2; plunder Attica, 28. 3–6; Greeks take oath against, 29. 1–4, 9. 10. 5; defeated by Greeks near Asopus riv., 11. 30. 1–4, and at Plataea, 30. 4–33. 1, 35. 1, 82. 1, XII, 37. 1. 2; flee through Macedon to Asia, IV, 11. 33. 1; funeral games in Athens for those slain by, 33. 3; Thebans responsible for alliance with, give selves up, 33. 4; defeated at Mycalê, 34. 1–37. 6; (478) return of, anticipated by Greeks, 39. 3; (477) 43. 1–2, 47. 1; Pausanias sent to free cities from, 44. 1–3; he imitates luxury of, 44. 5, 46. 1–3; (471) Themistocles flees to, 56. 5–8, 58. 4; Mandanê stirs, against him, 57. 1–3; he is tried by, and acquitted, 57. 4–7; (c. 470) Athens sends Cimon to free cities from, 60. 1–5; he defeats, off Cyprus, 60. 5–07, and by the Eurymedon riv., 61. 1–7, 12. 2. 1; fleet of, increased in strength, 11. 62. 2.
    • (465) Artaxerxes succeeds Xerxes, IV, 11. 69. 1–6; (463) disorder in; Egyptians revolt from, with Athenian aid, 71. 1–6, 12. 3. 1; (462) Athenians and Egyptians defeat, 11. 74. 1–6; (461) send new force to Egypt, 75. 1–4; (460) make terms with Egyptians; permit Athenians to depart, 77. 1–5, V, 13. 25. 2; (450) Athenians under Cimon defeat, on land and sea, IV, 12. 3. 1–4; (449) make peace with Athens, IV, 12. 4. 1–6, 26. 2, V, 13. 25. 2, IV, 9. 10. 5; (441) aid Samians against Athens, 12. 27. 3–4; (431) Lacedaemonians
    561
    • seek aid of, against Athens, V, 12. 41. 1; (424) Xerxes II succeeds Artaxerxes, 64. 1; Dareius II Ochus succeeds Xerxes II, 71. 1; (?) Datamus king of Cappadocians killed in battle with, XI, 31. 19. 2; (412) growing Lacedaemonian power not to advantage of, V, 13. 37. 4; (410) aid Lacedaemonians, 46. 5–6; 52. 4–5; (409) 63. 2; (405) Cyrus the Younger recalled to, 104. 4; Artaxerxes II Mnemon succeeds Dareius II, 108. 1; (402–401) Cyrus’ effort to secure throne of, ends at Cunaxa, VI, 14. 19. 1–27. 4; fearing punishment from, Tamos flees to Egypt, 35. 2–5, and Greek cities gain Lacedaemonian aid, 35. 6–37. 4, (399) 38. 2–3; Conon placed in command of fleet of, 39. 1–6; Ctesias’ history of, ends, 46. 6; (396) Lacedaemonians under Agesilaüs plunder territory held by, 79. 1–3, and defeat Tissaphernes, 80. 2–5, VII, 15. 31. 3; Tissaphernes killed by order of King, VI, 14. 80. 6–8; Conon commands fleet of, 79. 5–8, 81. 4–6, (395) defeating Lacedaemonians near Cnidus, 83. 4–7, (394) and rebuilding walls of Peiraeus, 85. 2–5; (391) Artaxerxes II orders war on Cyprian Salamis, 98. 1–3; (387) Antalcidas, envoy of Lacedaemonians, makes peace between, and Greeks, 110. 1–4, 15. 9. 5, 19. 1, 4; (386) prepare campaign against Evagoras of Cyprus, 14. 110. 5, 15. 1. 6–2. 4; forces of, on Cyprus mutiny, 3. 1–3; defeat Evagoras off Citium, 3. 3–4. 2; begin siege of Salamis, 4. 1; Evagoras seeks Egyptian aid against, 4. 2–3; (385) Orontes succeeds Tiribazus as general and makes terms with Evagoras, 8. 1–9. 2; G1ôs stirs Lacedaemonians and Egyptians against, 9. 3–4, 18. 1; clear Tiridates of charges, 10. 1–11. 2; (380) seek alliance with Sparta, VII, 15. 23. 5; (377) Chabrias of Athens as general of Egypt prepares war on, 29. 1–2; Athens recalls Chabrias and sends Iphicrates to aid, 29. 3–4; (374) army of, under Iphicrates and Pharnabazus fails to quell Egyptians because of discord of generals, 41. 1–43. 6, 44. 4; (371) Artaxerxes II proposes general peace in Greece, 50. 4; (366) 76. 3; as envoy to, Pelopidas has made Messenê his charge, 81. 3; (362) satraps, Egyptians, and Greeks of Asia rise against (the “Satraps’ War”), 90. 1–4, but are betrayed by own leaders, 91. 1–92. 5; (362) Artaxerxes III Ochus succeeds Artaxerxes II, 93. 1.
    • (356) Chares with Athenian fleet aids revolt of Artabazus, VII, 16. 22. 1–2, 52. 3; (353) revolt continues with Theban support, 34. 1–2; (351) unsuccessful campaign in Egypt, 40. 3–5, 44. 1, 48. 1; (351–350 [correct date, 344–343]) Artaxerxes III of, recovers Egypt, Phoenicia, and Cyprus, 40. 3–51. 3; (351, i.e., 344) Phoenicians revolt from, 41, 1–6; kings of Cyprus revolt from, 42. 4; Caria allied to, 42. 6; Phoenicians yield to, 43. 1, 45. 4, 6; Athens and Lacedaemon express friendship but refuse aid to, 44. 1; Cappadocians aid, XI, 31. 19. 3; (350, i.e., 343) all Cyprus submits to, VII, 16. 46. 1–3; army of, before Pelusium, 46. 4–47. 5; Greeks in army of, defeat Egyptians, 48. 3–6, and capture Pelusium, 49. 1–6; all Egypt yields to, 49. 7–51. 3; (349, i.e., after 343) power of Mentor in, 52. 1–8; (346) Philip II of Macedon ambitious for supreme command against, 60. 5, 1. 5, VIII, 16. 75. 1–2; (338) Bagoas kills Artaxerxes III and makes Arses king of, 17.
    562
    • 5. 3–4; (337) Philip elected general for Greek war on, 16. 89. 1–3; (336) he consults Delphi and sends generals to free Greek cities from, 91. 1–3; poem suggesting fall of, 92. 3–4.
    • (335) Demosthenes believed bribed by, to check Macedon, VIII, 17. 4. 7–8; Greeks agree to support Alexander against, 4. 9; Bagoas kills Arses and makes Dareius III king; Dareius kills Bagoas, 5. 4–6. 3; (335) under Memnon, check Macedonians in Troad, 7. 1–3, 8–10; Alexander eager to settle Greek affairs and move against, 9. 2–6; he prepares for war with, VII, 16. 1. 5, VIII, 17. 16. 1–4; fail to prevent Alexander’s entry into Asia, 18. 2–4; he defeats, at Granicus riv., 18. 4–21. 6; he sells as slaves those, who have fled to Miletus, 22. 1–5; concentrate under Memnon at Halicarnassus, 23. 4–6; Alexander’s purpose: to free Greeks from, 24. 1; abandon Halicarnassus except citadel, 24. 1–27. 5; (333) Greeks friendly to, have hopes during success of Memnon, 29. 2–4, 31. 3; Charidemus put to death for slurs on courage of, 30. 1–7; Dareius leads, from Babylon, 31. 1–2; Parmenion drives, from the “Gates,” 32. 2; under Dareius, defeated at Issus, 32. 3–39. 4; Amyntas a Macedonian on side of, at Issus, 48. 2; (322) Alexander buries those, who had distinguished selves, 40. 1; Agis of Sparta forces cities of Crete to side with, 48. 1–2; Amyntas takes part of fleet of, and burns rest, 48. 2–4; some, having escaped at Issus, carry on, 48. 5–6; Alexander takes Gaza from garrison of, 48. 7; he overthrows rule of, in Judaea, XII, 40. 3. 8; (331) Egypt, ill-treated by, welcomes Alexander, VIII, 17. 49. 1–2; he rejects peace offers of, 54. 1–55. 1; he defeats, at Arbela (Gaugamela), 55. 1–62. 1; (330) Greeks seek liberty before, is destroyed, 62. 1–3; Alexander organizes conquered portions of, 64. 3–6; Dareius moves into Media and summons aid from Bactria, 64. 1–2; he hopes to delay Alexander, 65. 5; Alexander by-passes force of, and enters Uxianê, 67. 4–5; he by-passes, at Susian rocks, 68. 1–7; he meets Greeks mutilated by earlier kings of, 69. 2–9; he plunders Persepolis, capital of, 70. 1–72. 6, VII, 16. 56. 7; he visits cities of, VIII, 17. 73. 1; Bessus murders Dareius, 73, 2–3; Alexander imitates luxury of, 77. 4–7; he borrows office of Chiliarch from, IX, 18. 48. 5; (326) Alexander and his “Friends” take Persian wives, VIII, 17. 107. 6; he forms phalanx of, 108. 1–3, and selects, as generals, 109. 3; (325) he replaces Macedonians with, in army and bodyguard, 110. 1–2; he permits Peucestes to wear garb of, IX, 19. 14. 5; surviving satraps and generals of, gather at Taenarum with their mercenaries, VIII, 17. 111. 1–2; Cossaeans never conquered by, 111. 4; Chaldaeans bid Alexander rebuild tomb of Belus demolished by, 112. 3; (324) take as omen of Alexander’s death his quenching of sacred fire, 114. 4–5; Macedonian and, arms on pyre of Hephaestion, 115. 4; (323) Alexander’s conquest of, III, 7. 15. 2, VII, 16. 2. 1, X, 20. 37. 3, XI, 31. 10. 1–2, 19. 4, 32. 4. 3, XII, 37. 1. 4.
    • (323) Location of satrapy of, IX, 18. 6. 3; Perdiccas assigns, to Peucestes, 3. 3; (322) Antipater reinforced by troops from, 16. 4–5; Persian wheels and figures of Persian soldiers on funeral car of Alexander,
    563
    • 27. 1, 3; (321) Antipater assigns, to Peucestes, 39. 6; (319) in army of Arrhidaeus of Phrygia, 51. 1; (318) Eumenes moves to, 73. 4, (317) 19. 12. 3–5; Peucestes satrap of, for many years, 14. 4–5; bowmen and slingers of, in his army, 14. 5, 21. 3, VIII, 17. 110. 2; he gives bowmen to Eumenes, IX, 19. 17. 4–6; method of voice communication, 17. 6–7; Eumenes’ route through, 21. 2–3; festival for Philip and Alexander in, 22. 1–3; both Antigonus and Eumenes set out for, 24. 1; (316) Antigonus enters, 46. 6; he is called king in, 48. 1; he makes Asclepiodorus satrap of, 48. 5, 56. 1–2; (314) bowmen and slingers of, in Demetrius’ army, X, 19. 69. 1; (312) 82. 3; soldiers from, gathered by Nicanor go over to Seleucus, 92. 1, 4.
    • Dress of, I, 2. 6. 6, III, 5. 45. 6, VI, 14. 29. 4, VIII, 17. 77. 5, IX, 19. 14. 5. Legal customs of: records preserved, I, 2. 32. 4; marriage between brother and sister, IV, 10. 31. 1; corrupt judges flayed, VI, 15. 10. 1; giving of right hand as pledge, VII, 16. 43. 4. Luxury of, VIII, 17. 77. 4–7, IX, 18. 48. 5, 19. 22. 3, X, 19. 71. 3, XII, 34/5. 2. 35. See Artaxerxes I, II, III, Cambyses, Cyrus, Dareius I, II, III, kings of; Datis, Mardonius, the Magi, Parsondes of; Persepolis, capital of.
    • Persian gulf: see Red Sea.
    • Persian sea: Tigris (i.e., Pasitigris) riv. enters, VIII, 17. 67. 2.
    • Persian war: long experience of Iphicrates in, VII, 15. 44. 1–4; as a date, IV, 9. 17. 1, VII, 15. 88. 2.
    • Persicum, citadel of Caunus: (309) delivered to Ptolemy, X, 20. 27. 1–2.
    • Perusia, in Etruria: (309) cos. Q. Fabius defeats Etruscans near, and makes treaty with, X, 20. 35. 4–5.
    • Pessinus (Pesinous, Pisinus), in Phrygia: Palladium fell near, IV, p. 109. frag. 3; temple of Cybelê in, II, 3. 59. 8; (204) Great Mother brought to Rome from, XII, 34/5. 33. 2; (102) Battaces, priest of Mother, comes to Rome from, 36. 13. 1.
    • pestilence: see plague.
    • petalism: (454) Syracusans adopt, based on Athenian ostracism, IV, 11. 86. 5–87. 6.
    • Petes (Peteus) of Egypt: becomes king of Athens; father of Menestheus, I, 1. 28. 6.
    • Petosarapis: see Dionysius Petosarapis.
    • Petra, in Arabia: a safe refuge, II, 2. 48. 63; opposite Phocae, 3. 42. 5. See the “Rock” of the Nabataean Arabs.
    • —, in Macedon: (167) L. Aemilius Paullus forces pass at, XI, 31. 11. 1.
    • —, in Sicily: (254) expels Punic garrison, XI, 23. 18. 5.
    • Peucestes, general of Alexander: (326) saves Alexander’s life, VIII, 17. 99. 4; (325) brings him Persian bowmen and slingers, 110. 2; permitted to wear Persian garb, IX, 19. 14. 5; holds high rank, 15. 1; (323) Persia assigned to, by Perdiccas, 18. 3. 3, (321) by Antipater, 39. 6; (317) long term in Persia; chief of satraps of upper satrapies, 19. 14. 4–5; meets Eumenes at Susianê, 14. 4; claims chief command, 15. 1; supplies Eumenes with Persian bowmen, 17. 4–6, 18. 1, and cattle, 21. 3; celebrates festival for Philip and Alexander, 22. 1–3; Eumenes counters popularity of, 23. 1–4, and wins, by promises, 24. 1; leads army for ill Eumenes, 24. 6; commands cavalry in first battle with Antigonus, 28. 3; (317/6) reports Antigonus’ campfires, 37. 6; advises withdrawal, 38. 1–2; driven from
    564
    • field in final battle, 42. 4, 43. 2–3; blamed for defeat of cavalry, 43. 5; (316) Antigonus removes, from Persia, 48. 5, 56. 1–2.
    • Peucetia, in Apulia: (c. 295) Agathocles supplies ships to pirates of, XI, 21. 4. 1.
    • Phacus, in Macedon: (169) treasury of Perseus at, XI, 30. 11. 1.
    • Phaeaces: (480) underground water conduits in Acragas, IV, 11. 25. 3.
    • Phaeacians, named from Phaeax s. of Poseidon, III, 4. 72. 3.
    • Phaeax s. of Poseidon: gives name to Phaeacians; father of Alcinoüs, III, 4. 72. 3.
    • — of Acragas: (480) builder of water conduits, IV, 11. 25. 3. Phaedon: (476) archon, IV, 11. 48. 1.
    • Phaedra: d. of Minos II, marries Theseus; hangs self after accusing Hippolytus, III, 4. 62. 1–3, 63. 2.
    • Phaedriades, above Delphi: (354) Phocians defeat Locrians at, VII, 16. 28. 3.
    • Phaeon: (469) archon, IV, 11. 63. 1.
    • Phaestus, in Crete: Minos founds, III, 5. 78. 2.
    • Phaëthon s. of Helius: Zeus destroys, to save heaven and earth from fire; sisters of, changed to poplars, III, 5. 23. 2–4.
    • Phalaecus s. of Onomarchus: (352) general of Phocians; defeated near Chaeroneia, VII, 16. 38. 6–7; expelled from Chaeroneia, 39. 8; (347) removed from command. 56. 3, 7; (346) restored to command; retires to Peloponnesus with men, 59. 2–3; (after 346) further adventures of, in Italy, Sicily, and Crete, 61. 3–62. 4, 63. 2–5.
    • Phalanthus of Sparta: plot of, with Epeunactae revealed, III, 8. 21. 1–2.
    • Phalaris, tyrant of Acragas, c. 570– c. 554: Perilaüs builds brazen bull for; he is its first victim, IV, 9. 18. 1–19. 1, XI, 32. 25. 1; Ecnomus and Phalarium, strongholds of, X, 19. 108. 1–2; proverbial cruelty of, XII, 33. 14. 3; loses kingdom, IV, 9. 30. 1.
    • Phalaris, bull of: fashioned for Phalaris by Perilaüs, its first victim, IV, 9. 18. 1–19. 1, XI, 32. 25. 1; described, IV, 9. 19. 1; (406) taken to Carthage, V, 13. 90. 4; (146) restored to Acragas, 90. 5, XI, 32. 25. 1; Timaeus denies existence of, V, 13. 90. 5; referred to, X, 19. 108. 1, 20. 71. 3.
    • Phalarium, in Sicily: (311) Agathocles occupies, X, 19. 108. 2.
    • Phalces s. of Temenus, of Argos: plots against father, III, 7. 13. 1.
    • Phalerum, in Attica: (477) bay of, used as harbour by Athenians, IV, 11. 41. 2. See Demetrius of.
    • phallus worship: in Egypt, I, 1. 22. 6, 88. 1–3; borrowed by Greeks, 22. 7; in connection with cult of Priapus and Osiris, II, 4. 6. 2–3.
    • Phalynus of Zacynthus: (401) envoy of Artaxerxes II to the Ten Thousand, VI, 14. 25. 1.
    • Phameas of Carthage: (149) deserts to Scipio Aemilianus, XI, 32. 17. 1.
    • Phanomachus of Athens: (429) general; sent to Thrace; slain, V. 12. 47. 3.
    • Phanostratus: (383) archon, VI, 15. 15. 1.
    • Pharacidas of Lacedaemon: (396) commands Lacedaemonian fleet sent to Dionysius, VI, 14. 63. 3, 70. 2; halts Syracusan efforts for freedom, 70. 1–3; defeats Carthaginians, 72. 1, 4–6.
    • Pharax the Spartan: (419) bids King Agis spare Argives, V, 12. 79. 6–7.
    • — of Lacedaemon: (396) commands fleet; operates out of Rhodes, VI, 14. 79. 4–5.
    • Pharcadon, in Thessaly: (319)
    565
    • exiles of, not restored, IX, 18. 56. 5.
    • Pharnabazus: (412) Persian commander in Asia Minor; supplies money to Lacedaemonians, V, 13. 36. 5; persuaded by Alcibiades, does not give them expected ships, 37. 4–5, 38. 4–5, 41. 4, 42. 4; (411) Mindarus vainly awaits ships from, 38. 4–5; Cyzicus revolts to, 40. 6; (410) supports Lacedaemonians at Dardanus, 45. 6, 46. 5–6; with Mindarus, attacks Cyzicus, 47. 2, 49. 4; defeated by Athenians near Cyzicus, 49. 5–51. 8; (409) aids return of Hermocrates to Sicily, 63. 2; Athenians pillage satrapy of, 64. 4; Clearchus seeks aid of, 66. 6; (408) Alcibiades accused for friendship with, 73. 6; (405) settles in Lydia the Milesians driven out by Lacedaemonians, 104. 5–6; (404) puts Alcibiades to death, VI, 14. 11. 1–4; reveals Cyrus’ plot, 11. 2–4, 22. 1; (399) makes truce with Lacedaemonians, 38. 3, 39. 1; persuades Artaxerxes II to make Conon admiral of Persian fleet, 39. 1–3; makes truce with Lacedaemonians, 39. 4–6; (396) relieves Caunus from Lacedaemonian siege, 79. 5; shares command of fleet with Conon, 81. 6; they defeat Lacedaemonians off Physcus, 83. 4–7, and induce many cities to secede, 84. 3; negotiates alliance with Council at Corinth, 84. 51; (377) denounces Chabrias of Athens, VII, 15. 29. 3–4; with Iphicrates commands Egyptian campaign, 41. 1–5, 42. 4–5; their disputes cause its failure, 43. 1–6.
    • Pharnaces, king of Cappadocia: marries sister of Cyrus the Great; founds Cappadocian royal line, XI, 31. 19. 1.
    • — brother-in-law of Dareius III: (334) slain at Granicus, VIII, 17. 21. 3.
    • —, king of Pontus: (181) conflict between Eumenes II of Pergamum and, XI, 29. 22. 1; (c. 180) orders death of mercenaries who have surrendered on terms, 23. 1; Seleucus IV abstains from aiding, 24. 1.
    • Pharniaces: (422) gives Adramytium to those expelled from Delos, V, 12. 73. 1.
    • Pharnus, king of Media: Ninus crucifies, I, 2. 1. 10.
    • Pharos: harbour of Egypt, I, 1. 31. 2; (331) Alexandria founded near, VIII, 17. 52. 2; (138) Scipio Aemilianus visits, XII, 33. 28b. 2.
    • —, isl. in Adriatic: (385) Parians colonize, VI, 15. 13. 4; (384) colonists slaughtered by Illyrians, 14. 1–2.
    • Pharsalus, in Thessaly: (457) withstands Athenians, IV, 11. 83. 3–4; Medius of Larissa seizes, VI, 14. 82. 6. See Menon of.
    • Phaselis, in Lycia: (449) peace terms forbid Persian vessels sailing inside of, IV, 12. 4. 5; (309) Ptolemy takes, X, 20. 27. 1.
    • Phasians, in Armenia: (401) attack the Ten Thousand, VI, 14. 29. 1.
    • Phasis riv., in Armenia: (401) the Ten Thousand cross, VI, 14. 29. 1; (329) Amazons dwell by, VIII, 17. 77. 1.
    • Phatniticum: a mouth of the Nile, I, 1. 33. 7; (306) Antigonus unable to land at, X, 20. 75. 4–76. 1.
    • Phaÿllus of Syracuse: (453) bribed by Tyrrhenian pirates, IV, 11. 88. 4.
    • — of Phocis: (353) brother of Onomarchus; defeated by Philip II, VII, 16. 35. 1; commands Phocians after death of Onomarchus, 36. 1, 37. 1; coins gold and silver of Delphi; enlists mercenaries; wins allies, 37. 1–4, 56. 5–7; (352) suffers series of defeats in Boeotia; dies of illness, 37. 5–38. 6, 61. 3.
    566
    • Phegeus of India: (326) Alexander confirms, in kingdom, VIII, 17. 93. 1—2.
    • Pheia, in Elis: (430) Athenians take, but cannot hold, V, 12. 43. 4–5.
    • Pheidias of Athens: maker of ivory statues, XI, 26. 1. 1; makes the Athena in the Parthenon, IV, 12. 39. 1; flourished after defeat of Xerxes, 1. 4; (431) accused by-enemies of Pericles, 39. 1–2, 40. 6.
    • Pheidippus, king of Coans: with Greeks at Troy, III, 5. 54. 1.
    • Pheidon, father of Caranus first king of Macedon, III, 7. 17. 1.
    • Phellinê, in Libya: (307) general of Archagathus takes, X, 20. 57. 5.
    • Pheneüs, in Arcadia: Heracles lives at, II, 4. 33. 2–34. 1; river plunges underground at, VII, 15. 49. 5.
    • Pherae, in Thessaly; (369) Alexander tyrant of, returns to, VII, 15. 61. 5; (364) after defeat by Boeotians he will rule only, 80. 6; (352) Lycophron and Peitholaüs deliver, to Philip II, 16. 37. 3; Philip ends tyranny in, 38. 1; (349) 52. 9; (302) Cassander holds, X, 20. 110. 3; Demetrius liberates, 110. 6. See Alexander, Jason, Lycophron, Peitholaüs, Polydorus tyrants of.
    • Pheraemon s. of Aeolus: rules Sicily, III, 5. 8. 1.
    • Pherecles: (304) archon, X, 20. 91. 1.
    • Pherecrates of Apollonia: (403) agent of Lysander, VI, 14. 13. 4.
    • Pherecydes of Leros, historian, III, 6. 4. 1.
    • — of Delos: teacher of Pythagoras, IV, 10. 3. 4.
    • Pherendates: (470) Persian general, captured at Eurymedon, IV, 11. 61. 3.
    • —: (350, i.e., 343) Artaxerxes III makes, satrap of Egypt, VII, 16. 51. 3.
    • Pheres, father of Admetus king of Thessaly, II, 4. 53. 2.
    • — s. of Cretheus, III, 4. 68. 3.
    • Phersis (Persephonê?): (204) temple of, at Locri looted, XI, 27. 4. 7–8.
    • Phialeia (Phigaleia,) in Peloponnese: (375) exiles from, attack, VII, 15. 40. 2.
    • Phila d. of Antipater: (322) wife of Craterus, IX, 18. 18. 7; (315) wife of Demetrius; receives bones of Craterus, 19, 59, 3; (304) prepares royal apparel for Demetrius, X, 20. 93. 4. Character of, IX, 19. 59. 4–6.
    • Philadelphus: see Ptolemy II.
    • Philae, isl. in Nile: bodies of Osiris and Isis buried on, I, 1. 22. 3–6.
    • Philemon, comic poet: (262) dies, XI, 23. 6. 1; quoted, IV, 12. 14. 2.
    • Philia, a nymph: rears Dionysus, III, 5. 52. 2.
    • Philinus of Acragas, historian: cited, XI, 23. 8. 1, 24. 11. 1.
    • Philip I of Macedon, c. 621–c. 588: succeeds Argaeus, III, 7. 15. 2.
    • — of Macedon: (428) Amyntas s. of, becomes king, V, 12. 50. 4–7.
    • — II of Macedon, 359–336: account of, in Book Sixteen, VI, 15. 1. 6, VII, 15. 95. 4, 16. 1. 3, VIII, 16. 95. 5, 17. 1. 1; Theopompus begins history with, VII, 16. 3. 8, VIII, 16. 71. 3; some historians end with, I, 1. 3. 3. Summary of career of, VII, 16. 1. 3–6; son of Amyntas III, 15. 60. 3; (393) Amyntas father of, driven from throne and restored, VI, 14. 92. 3; (383) Amyntas gives, as hostage to Illyrians, VII, 16. 2. 2, who later give, to Thebans; reared with Epameinondas, 2. 2–3; (369) Alexander II gives, as hostage to Thebes, 15. 67. 4; (360) succeeds brother Perdiccas III, 16. 2. 1, 4, III, 7. 15. 2; Athenians hostile to, VII, 16. 2. 6; reorganizes army, 3. 1–3;
    567
    • withdraws from Amphipolis, 3. 3, 4. 1; makes peace with Paeonians; defeats Argaeus, 3. 4–6; (359) defeats Paeonians, 4. 2; forces Illyrians to leave Macedon, 4. 3–7, VIII, 16. 69. 7, XI, 32. 4. 1; (358) VII, 16. 8. 1; reduces Amphipolis and Pydna; makes alliance with Olynthus, 8. 2–5; changes name of Crenides to Philippi, 3. 7, 8. 6–7; (357) drives tyrants from Pherae, 14. 2; (356) forces kings of Thracians, Paeonians, and Illyrians to join him, 22. 3; (354) subdues Methonê and Pagasae, 31. 6, (353) 34. 4–5, losing sight of one eye, 34. 5; Cersobleptes of Thrace hostile to, 34. 4; enters Thessaly against Lycophron of Pherae; defeats Phocians; hangs Onomarchus, 35. 1–6, 38. 1; (352) Lycophron and Peitholaüs deliver Pherae to, 37. 3; ends tyranny in Pherae, 37. 6–38. 1; plans war on Phocians; Athenians check, at Thermopylae, 38. 1–2; (349) Artabazus and Memnon at court of, 52. 3; takes some cities of Chalcidicê; expels Peitholaüs from Pherae, 52. 9; (348) takes Olynthus by bribery; uses wealth of Olynthus against other cities, 53. 2–55. 1; celebrates Macedonian Olympic festival, joining in revels, 55. 1–4; (347) sends small force against Phocians, 58. 2–3; (346) moves into Locris; Phocians surrender to; calls Amphictyonic council, 59. 2–4; admitted to the council; named to hold Pythian games, 60. 1–5.
    • (344) Invades Illyria, VIII, 16. 69. 7; Pausanias (not of Orestis) dies of blows intended for, 93. 6; drives tyrants from Thessaly; makes alliance with Thessalians and Greeks, 69. 8; (343) defeats Cersobleptes; founds cities to protect Greeks, 71. 1–2; (c. 343) makes Cleitarchus tyrant of Eretria, 74. 1; (342) makes Olympias’ brother Alexander king of Molossians, 72. 1; (341) Asia alarmed at power of, 75. 1; lays siege to Perinthus and Byzantium, 74. 2–76. 4; (340) breaks off sieges; makes treaty with Athens, 77. 2–3; (338) occupies Elateia terrifying Athens, 84. 1–3; vainly tries to win Boeotians, 84. 5–85. 5; defeats Athenians and Boeotians at Chaeroneia, 85. 5–86. 6; makes treaties with both, 87. 1–3; Council at Corinth makes, general for war with Persia, 89. 1–3, VII, 16. 64. 3; (337) marries Cleopatra aunt (?) of Attalus, VIII, 16. 93. 9; (336) she bears him a child, 17. 2. 2–3; sends Attalus and Parmenion to free Greeks of Asia, 16. 91. 2; receives ambiguous oracle from Delphi, 91. 2–4; evil omens at marriage of Alexander of Epirus and Cleopatra d. of, 91. 4–92. 3; statue of, as throned companion of the Twelve Gods, 92. 5, 95. 1; account of plot against, and of the plotters, 93.1–94. 3; killed by Pausanias of Orestis, 94. 3–95. 1; Alexander succeeds, as king; he punishes the murderers, 17. 2. 1, 51. 2–3; death of, greeted with joy in Athens, 3. 2; Dareius III newly crowned king of Persia relieved of fear by death of, 5. 3, 6. 2, 7. 1; after death of, Attalus plots against Alexander, 5. 1. References to conditions in Greece under, 3. 3–4, IX, 18. 10. 1, 56. 3–7, to Charidemus of Athens, companion-in-arms of, VIII, 17. 30. 2, to service of the Silver Shields under, IX, 19. 41.1, to benefits conferred on Macedon by, 51. 4; Alexander’s army consists of veterans of wars of, VIII, 17. 9. 3, 27. 1–3. (323) Perdiccas
    568
    • cancels plan for tomb of, IX, 18. 4. 5–6; (317) Peucestes performs festival for, 19. 22. 1–3. Character and reputation of, VII, 16. 1. 6, 53. 3, 54. 3–4, 55. 4, VIII, 16. 86. 4–5, 95. 1–4, IX, 19. 51. 6, XI, 30. 9. 2, 32. 4. 1–2. History by Diyllus ends with death of, VIII, 16. 76. 6. See Amyntas III father of; Philip Arrhidaeus s. of; Cleopatra, Thessalonicê dd. of; Olympias wife of.
    • Philip III Arrhidaeus of Macedon, 323–317: (Most references for the years 321 through 318 are to “the kings,” that is Philip III and Alexander s. of Roxanê): son of Philip II; mental illness of, IX, 18. 2. 2; (323) made king by Macedonians of the army, 2. 2–4; (322) with Perdiccas in Cappadocia, 16. l, 22. 1, and in Pisidia, 22. 1–6; (321) army of, about to fight Ptolemy, 28. 5; Pithon and Arrhidaeus become guardians of, 36. 6–7, 39. 1; Antipater becomes guardian of, and takes, to Macedon, 39. 2, 7; (320) Antigonus refuses to obey, 41. 5, 50. 2; holds empty pretence of royalty, 42. 2; (319) Polyperchon becomes guardian of, 47. 4, 48. 4, 49. 4, 55. 1, 56. 1–8; Cleitus seeks aid of Polyperchon and, 52. 6; Antigonus openly defies, 50. 2, 52. 7–8, 55. 2, 19. 61. 4; (318) Polyperchon and Olympias seek support of Eumenes for, 18. 57. 3–4, 58. 1–3; Eumenes’ loyalty to, 53. 1–3, 6, 58. 4, 19. 44. 2; bids satraps and generals obey Eumenes, 18. 58. 1, 59. 3–4, 60. 2, 62. 1–2, 19. 13. 7, 15. 5; Eumenes wins the support of the Macedonians and Silver Shields for, 18. 63. 1–6; Athenians send letter to Polyperchon and, 64. 3; plans to restore Olympias, 65. 1; with Polyperchon in Phocis, 68. 2–3; Polyperchon lacks energy in supporting, 75. 2; (317) Eurydicê Adeia, wife of, assumes guardianship of, 19. 11. 1; Polyperchon defeats Eurydicê, and Olympias puts, to death, 11. 3–5, 35. 1; Eumenes leads army to expect aid of, 23. 3; Peucestes willing to support, 24. 1; (316) Cassander buries, at Aegae, 52. 5.
    • — V of Macedon, 221–179: (229–221) Antigonus Doson rules Macedon as regent for, XI, 25. 18. 1; (c. 204) instigates piracy of Dicaearchus, 28. 1. 1; Heracleides of Tarentum corrupts, 2. 1, 9. 1; (201) pillages Pergamum, 5. 1; (200) replies to M. Aemilius Lepidus, 6. 1; in Athens, destroys tombs, temples, and the Academy, 7. 1; (199) encourages men against Rome, 8. 1; arrests Heracleides, 9. 1; (198) rejects Roman terms, 11. 1; (197) Romans defeat, at Cynoscephalae, 2. 1, 3. 1, 7. 1, 30. 5. 1, but leave Macedon free, 31. 8.1, 4; (196) Rome demands that Antiochus III retire from cities formerly held by, 28. 12. 1; (194) Rome promises release of Demetrius as return for services of, against Antiochus, 15. 1; (187) permitted to hold no city outside Macedon, 29. 16. 1; (180) executes those responsible for execution of Demetrius on false charges, 25. 1. Character of, 28. 2. 1–4. 1, 7. 1, 29. 30. 1.
    • —, a Macedonian: see Antigonus s. of.
    • —of Acarnania: (333) cures Alexander; is made a “Friend,” VIII, 17. 31. 6; (324) brings response from Ammon, 115. 6.
    • — s. of Balacrus: (331) commands battalion at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 3.
    • — s. of Menelaüs: (331) commands Thessalian cavalry at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 4.
    • —: with Alexander during whole campaign; (314) left by Antigonus
    569
    • gonus with Demetrius as counsellor, X, 19. 69. 1; (302) holds citadel of Sardis, 20. 107. 5.
    • —: (323) Perdiccas assigns Bactrianê and Sogdianê to, IX, 18. 3. 3.
    • —(or Philotas): (321) Antipater assigns Parthia to, IX, 18. 39. 6; Pithon kills, 19. 14. 1.
    • —: (317) officer of Eumenes in final battle, IX, 19. 40. 4, 42.7.
    • — s. of Antipater: (313) defeats Epirotes and Aetolians, X, 19. 74. 3–6.
    • —s. of Antigonus: (310) Antigonus sends, to Hellespont, X, 20. 19. 5; (306) dies, 73. I3.
    • —: (303) Ptolemy’s garrison commander in Sicyon, X, 20. 102. 2.
    • — s. of Perseus: (c. 153) Andriscus claims to be, XI, 31. 40a. 1, 32. 15. 7; (c. 149) daughter of, aids Andriscus, 15. 5–6.
    • — s. of Antiochus Grypus and father of Philip II Barypous, XII, 40. 1a. 1.
    • — II Barypous of Syria: (67) Azizus crowns, then plots against, XII, 40. la. 1, lb. 1.
    • Philippeioi: (358) coins of Philip II of Macedon, VII, 16. 8. 7.
    • Philippi, in Thrace: (358) Philip II changes name of Crenides to, VII, 16. 3. 7, 8. 6.
    • Philippis, an Amazon: Heracles slays, II, 4. 16. 2.
    • Philippopolis, in Thessaly: formerly called Thebes, XI, 26. 9. 1.
    • Philiscus: (448) archon, IV, 12. 5. 1.
    • —: (369) envoy of Artaxerxes II to Greece, VII, 15. 70. 2.
    • Philistus, historian and general of Dionysius: (406) supports Dionysius against citizens, V, 13. 91. 4; (404) Dionysius accepts advice of, VI, 14. 8. 5–6; (386) exiled, then recalled, 15. 7. 3–4; (357) summoned from Adriatic by Dionysius II, VII, 16. 11. 3; (356) kills self after defeats by Syracusans, 16. 1–4. Historian of Sicilv, III, 5. 6. 1, V, 13. 91. 4, 103. 3, VI, 14. 8. 5, VII, 15. 89. 3, 94. 4, XI, 23. 17. 1.
    • Philocles: (459) archon, IV, 11. 78. 1.
    • —of Athens: (405) shares command with Conon, V, 13. 104. 1–2; defeated at Aegospotami, 106. 1–7.
    • —: (392) archon, VI, 14. 94. 1.
    • —: (322) archon, IX, 18. 26. 1.
    • Philoctetes: lights Heracles’ pyre, II, 4. 38. 4.
    • Philodocus of Lacedaemon: (391) sent to aid Lacedaemonian supporters in Rhodes, VI, 14. 97. 3.
    • Philomelus the Phocian: (355) asserts Phocian claim to Delphi; elected general, VII, 16. 23. 4–24. 1; with support of Archidamus, seizes Delphi; defeats Locrians, 24. 1–5, 23.1; holds Delphi, 25. 1–3, 27. 1–5; (354) exacts money from Delphians but does not touch sacred dedications, 28. 1–3, 56. 5; lays hands on sacred treasures; hires mercenaries, 30. 1–3; defeated by Boeotians, kills self, 31. 2–4, 32. 1, 61. 2; Onomarchus succeeds, 31. 5; (353) he follows plans of, 32. 3. Pillage of Delphi by, marks end of history of Callisthenes, VI, 14. 117. 8, VII, 16. 14. 4, and beginning of histories of Demophilus, 14. 3, and Diyllus, 14. 5. See Onomarchus brother of.
    • Philon of Phocis: (347) gives evidence on plundering of sacred property, VII, 16. 56. 3–4; punished, 56. 8.
    • — of Aeniania: (323) leads revolt of Greeks of upper satrapies, IX, 18. 7. 2.
    • Philonides: (312) leader of Syracusan exiles; slain, X, 19. 104. 2.
    • Philophron of Sparta: (343) garrison commander at Pelusium
    570
    • for Egyptians, VII, 16. 46. 8.
    • — of Rhodes: (167) before Roman Senate, XI, 31. 5. 1.
    • Philopoemen, general of Achaean league: character and reputation of, XI, 29. 18. 1.
    • philosophy: history called the “mother city” of, I, 1. 2. 2; philosophers form first caste in India, II, 2. 40. 1–3; Pythagoras called his teachings not sophia but philosophia, IV, 10. 10. 1; held in honour in period after Xerxes, IV, 12. 1. 4–5; role of, in education of Epameinondas, VII, 15. 52. 7, 16. 2. 3, of Philip II, 2. 3; of Dion of Syracuse, 6. 3, 20. 2, of Scipio Aemilianus, XI, 31. 26. 5–6.
    • Philostratus: (170) foiled in plot to betray cos. A. Hostilius Mancinus to Perseus, XI, 30. 5a. 1. Philota: (c. 160) aids Charops’ exactions in Epirus, XI, 31. 31. 1.
    • Philotas s. of Parmenion: (334) commands Macedonian cavalry in Alexander’s army, VIII, 17. 17. 4; (331) at Arbela, 57.1; (330) defends Alexander’s arrogance, 66. 7; (329) condemned and executed for delay in reporting plot, 79. 3–80. 2; Parmenion, father of, slain, 80. 1, 3; (324) according to some, Antipater murdered Alexander to avenge, and Parmenion, 118.1.
    • —: (335) Macedonian commander of Cadmeia, VIII, 17. 8. 7.
    • —: (323) Perdiccas assigns Cilicia to, IX, 18. 3. 1.
    • —: (323) governor of Hellespontine Phrygia, IX, 18. 12. 1 (error for Leonnatus).
    • —(or Philip): (321) Antipater assigns Parthia to, IX, 18. 39. 6; (317) Pithon kills, 19. 14. 1.
    • —, officer of Alcetas: (319) Antigonus captures, IX, 18. 45. 3; (317) recaptured after escape, 19. 16. 1–5.
    • —,agent of Antigonus: (318) tries to alienate Silver Shields from Eumenes, IX, 18. 62. 4, 63. 1.
    • Philoxenos of Cythera: composes dithyrambs, VI, 14. 46. 6; (386) criticizes Dionysius’ poetry, 15. 6. 1–5.
    • —: (321) Antipater assigns Cilicia to, IX, 18. 39. 6.
    • Phineus, king of Thrace: tortures his children on charges by their stepmother Idaea, II, 4. 43. 3–5; Heracles kills, and saves Idaea from sons of, 44. 1–4; sons of, join Argonauts, 44. 6.
    • Phintias, tyrant of Acragas: (280) Hicetas defeats, XT, 22. 2. 1; founds Phintias, 2. 2, 7. 1; abandons cruel ways when his cities are about to revolt, 2. 3–4; dream of, 7. 1; (278) Punic garrison retained by Enna as guard against, 10.1.
    • —,a Pythagorean: friendship of Damon and, IV, 10. 4. 2–6.
    • Phintias, in Sicily: (280) Phintias of Acragas founds, XI, 22. 2. 2, 7. 1; (249) Roman fleet at; another defeated near, 24. 1. 7–8.
    • Phlegraean (Cumaean) plain, in Campania: Heracles destroys Giants of the, II, 4.21. 5–22. 1; battle of Zeus and Giants at, III, 5. 71. 4.
    • Phlius, Phliasia, in northern Peloponnese: home of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1; Zeus carries Aegina d. of Asopus from, 72. 5; (479) pursue Persians after Plataea, IV, 11. 32. 1; (393) Iphicrates defeats, VI, 14. 91. 3; (383) accepts Lacedaemonian rule, 15. 19. 3; (377) in 7th division of Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; (375) disorder in, on return of exiles, 40. 5; (369) joins Epameinondas, 69. 1; (367) Argives attack; Athenians aid, 75. 3.
    • Phocae: island in Red Sea, II, 3. 42. 5.
    • Phocaea, in Aeolis: colonizes
    571
    • Calaris (Alalia) on Cyrnus (Corsica), III, 5. 13. 4; (480) Xerxes assembles ships at, IV, 11. 2. 3; (406) after Arginusae corpses cover shores of, V, 13. 100. 4; (386) generals of Artaxerxes II in, for attack on Cyprus, VI, 15. 2. 2.
    • Phocides of Athens: (364) stadion winner, VII, 15. 78. 1.
    • Phocion s. of Phocus, of Athens: (344) conducts attacks on Cyprian Salamis for Artaxerxes III, VII, 16. 42. 7–9, (343) 46. 1; (341) defeats and expels tyrant of Eretria, VIII, 16. 74. 1; (335) proposes that Demosthenes surrender self to Philip II, 17. 15. 2–3; (322) envoy to Antipater, IX, 18. 18. 2, (318) to Nicanor, 64. 5–6; urges Alexander s. of Polyperchon to retain Munychia, 65. 4; Athenians condemn, for having held office under oligarchy, 65. 6; flees to Alexander; Polyperchon returns, to Athens, 66. 1–3; Athenians condemn, without fair trial, 66. 4–67. 6.
    • Phocis: Cephisus riv. crosses, I, 1. 39. 13; Schedius ruler of, in Trojan period, VII, 16. 23. 5; Oedipus slays Laïus in, III, 4. 64. 2; 12th in list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1; (480) 1000 from, join Leonidas at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 4. 7; flee to Mt. Parnassus, 14. 1; (479) Artabazus retreats through, 31. 3, 33. l; (458) defeat Dorians of Doris; defeated by Lacedaemonians, 79. 4–80. 1; (457) Athenians defeat, 83. 3; (431) allied to Lacedaemonians, V, 12. 42. 4; (418) defeat Locrians, 80. 4; (396) under Lysander the Lacedaemonian, attack Boeotia; are defeated, VI, 14. 81. 1–3; (395) defeated by Ismenias and Boeotians for Council at Corinth, 82. 7–10; (377) in 9th division of Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; (371) Lacedaemonians pass through, to Leuctra, 53. 1; (370) Thebans make friends with, 57.1; (369) march into Peloponnesus with Boeotians, 62. 4; (355) Amphictyonic Council fines, for cultivating Cirrhaean plain and threatens a curse, 16. 23. 1–4; fine called unjust, 29. 3; Philomelus urges claim of, to Delphi; elect him general, 23. 4–24. 1; seize Delphi, 24. 2–5, IV, 9. 10. 6, XII, 38/9. 7. 1; with this, the history of Callisthenes ends, and those of Demophilus and Diyllus begin, VI, 14. 117. 8, VII, 16. 14. 3–5; Philomelus raises army of, and mercenaries, 25. 1; omen seems to sanction control of Delphi by, 27. 1–2; envoys sent asserting right of, to Delphi, 27. 3–4; Athenians and Lacedaemonians make alliances with, 27. 4–5, 29. 4, 63. 1.
    • (354) Defeat Locrians at Phaedriades, VII, 16. 28. 1–3; Amphictyons vote war against, 28. 4; alignment of states for and against, 29. 1; defeat Locrians, Boeotians, and Thessalians, 30. 1–4; Achaeans aid, 30. 4; Boeotians defeat; Philomelus kills self and Onomarchus becomes general of, 31. 2–5, 32. 1; (353) Onomarchus persuades allies to continue war, 32. 2–4; fines due to Amphictyons increase, 33. 1; Onomarchus punishes, who oppose him, 33. 3; take cities in Locris, Doris, and Boeotia; defeated at Chaeroneia, 33. 3–4; in spite of war with, Boeotians send army to Asia, 34. 2; Philip II defeats, then is defeated by, 35. 1–2; successful in Boeotia; defeated by Philip, 35. 3–6; Phaÿllus assumes command of, after Onomarchus’ death, 36. 1; (352) he enlists mercenaries and gains allies, 37. 1–4; defeated in Boeotia, 37. 5–6; Philip intends war on, but Athenians hold him at Thermopylae
    572
    • 38. 1–2; campaign in Locris, 38. 3–6; Phalaecus becomes general of; Boeotians twice defeat, 38. 6–7; send force to aid Lacedaemonians, 39. 3; expelled from Chaeroneia; Boeotians plunder, 39. 8; (351) no actions, 40. 1; (347) defeat Boeotians, 56. 1–2; remove Phalaecus from command for stealing sacred properties, 56. 3; use and misuse of sacred funds by generals of, 56. 3–8; Athenians and Lacedaemonians share guilt of, 57. 1–4; conduct campaign from bases in Boeotia, 58. 1; many destroyed in fire in temple of Apollo, 58. 4–6; (346) Lacedaemonians send hoplites to, 59. 1; surrender to Philip II, 59. 2–3; he receives seat of, in Amphictyonic council, 60. 1, 4, 1. 4; the council decrees punishment, 60. 1–3; fate of individuals guilty of sacrilege, 31. 4, 38. 6, 56. 8, 58. 4–6, 61. 1–62. 4, 64. 2; Thebans dedicate temple from spoil of, VIII, 17. 10. 5; (331) cavalry from, at Arbela, 57. 3; (323) Athens secures aid of, against Antipater, IX, 18. 9. 5, 11. 1; (318) Polyperchon and the “kings” move from, 68. 2; (313) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus expels Cassander’s garrisons from cities of, X, 19. 78. 5. See Canes king of; Philomelus, Thrasius of.
    • Phocus s. of Aeacus: Peleus slays, III, 4. 72. 6.
    • —: see Phocion s. of.
    • Phoebê, a Titan: mother of Leto, III, 5. 66. 3, 67. 2.
    • —, an Amazon: Heracles slays, II, 4. 16. 3.
    • Phoebidas of Sparta: (383) sent to aid Amyntas against Olynthus, VI, 15. 19. 3; seizes Theban Cadmeia and leaves garrison, VII, 15. 20. 2, 16. 29. 2; fined and removed from command, 15. 20. 2–3; (377) killed defending Thespiae, 33. 5–6.
    • Phoebus: see Apollo.
    • Phoenicia: location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; Mt. Amanus extends along, VI, 14. 21. 4; Nysa, birthplace of Osiris (Dionysus) in, I, 1. 15. 7, II, 3. 66. 3, 4. 2. 3–4; Osiris makes Busiris governor of Egypt near, I, 1. 17. 3; Greeks and, trade in Egypt, 66. 8–9; subdued by Aprics of Egypt, 68. 1, by Ninus of Assyria, 2. 2. 3; Semiramis summons shipwrights from, 16. 6–7; Cadmus brings alphabet from, to Greece; Greek letters called Phoenician, II, 3. 67. 1, III, 5, 57. 5, 58. 3, 74. 1; the Aegis burns forests of, II, 3. 70. 4; king of, sends Cadmus to bring back Europe, 4. 2. 1; Medea escapes from Athens to, 55. 6; Zeus carries Europe from, to Crete, III, 4. 60. 2; send colonies to Melitê (Malta), 5. 12. 3, Gaulus (island south of Sicily), 12. 4, Pityussa, 16. 3, Gadeira (Cadiz), 20. 1–2, XI, 25. 10. 1, other places in Libya and in western Europe, II, 5. 20. 1–4, and in Sicily, Libya, Sardinia, and Iberia, 35. 5; acquire silver in Iberia, 35. 4–5; clever in discoveries, 38. 3; trade in frankincense and myrrh, 42. 2; Cadmus leaves certain, on Rhodes, 58. 2–3; 7th in list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1; (before 480) build ships for Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 1, 3. 7; (480) ships of, in his fleet at Salamis, 17. 3, 18. 1, 19. 1–4; (479) ships of, not with his fleet at Cyme, 27. 1; (470) ships of, in Persian fleet, 60. 5, 62. 3; (461) Persian army comes to, for transport to Egypt, 75. 2; (460) 77. 1; (450) Persian fleet based on, 12. 3. 3; (441) Persians send ships of, to aid Cyprian Salamis, 27. 4.
    • (412) Pharnabazus sends to, fleet intended for Mindarus the Lacedaemonian, V, 13. 36. 5, 37. 5, 38. 4–5, 42. 4, 46. 6;
    573
    • (396) fleet of Conon reinforced from, VI, 14. 79. 8; (386) Evagoras controls some cities of, 15. 2. 4; (362) takes part in revolt against Persia, VII, 15. 90. 3; (362) King Tachôs of Egypt in, when his general in Egypt revolts, 92. 3–4; (351, i.e., 344) revolts from Persia, 16. 40. 3–5, 41. 1–6; Artaxerxes III sends forces against, 41. 6–42. 2; kings of Cyprus join, in revolt, 42. 5; Artaxerxes moves against, 43. 1; he camps near Sidon, wealthiest city of, 44. 4–6; after Sidon is betrayed all, submits, 45. 1–6; (332) all, except Tyre submits to Alexander, VIII, 17. 40. 2; he takes Tyre after siege, 40. 3–46. 6; (323) his plans to build fleet in, abandoned, IX, 18. 4. 4; (320) Ptolemy occupies, as protection for Egypt, 43. 1–2; (319) Cassander asks Ptolemy for fleet from, 49. 3; (318) Eumenes seeks mercenaries and ships in, 61. 4, 63. 6; he fails to recover, from Ptolemy, 73. 2; (315) Antigonus goes to, to build ships, 19. 58. 1–5; Ptolemy holds all ships of, 58. 2; (314) Antigonus calls ships from, 62. 8, X, 19. 69. 3; (312) Ptolemy takes cities of, 85. 4; Antigonus gains, without fight, 94. 1; (307) “sevens” from, in Demetrius’ fleet, 20. 50. 3; (301) Seleucus moves into, XI, 21. 1. 5. See Tyre, Sidon, Tripolis in; for Western Phoenicians, see Carthage.
    • Phoenician cedar, produced in Arabia, II, 2. 49. 4.
    • Phoenician Women by Euripides: in dream of Thrasybulus on eve of Arginusae, V, 13. 97. 6.
    • Phoenicodes tel.: one of Aeolides, III, 5. 7. 1.
    • Phoenix of Tenedos: (320) general of Eumenes, IX, 18. 40. 2–4.
    • —, general of Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus: (310) Ptolemy bids, not obey Antigonus, X, 20. 19. 2; Antigonus sends son Philip against, 19. 5.
    • — s. of Antigonus: (306) dies, X, 20. 73.1 (error for Philip).
    • —, general of Antigonus: (302) deserts Antigonus, X, 20. 107. 5.
    • Pholoê, Mt., in Arcadia: Pholus the Centaur buried on, II, 4. 12. 3,8; Centaurs drive Lapiths from, and occupy, III, 4. 70. 4.
    • Pholus, a Centaur: entertains Heracles; dies of accidental wound by Heracles’ arrow; buried on Mt. Pholoê, II, 4. 12. 2–8.
    • Phorbas s. of Lapithes: aids Alector against Pelops; father of Aegeus and Actor, III, 4. 69. 2–3; rids Rhodes of snakes; honoured as hero, 5. 58. 4–5. See Triopus s. of.
    • Phormia (Formiae), in Italy: Argonauts at, II, 4. 56. 6.
    • Phormion of Athens: (432) general, besieges Potidaea, IV, 12. 37.1; (429) sails to Naupactus; wins control of Crisaean gulf, V, 12. 47. 1; defeats Lacedaemonians off Rhium, 48. 1–3.
    • —: (396) archon, VI, 14. 54. 1.
    • Phoroneus: father of Niobê, II, 4. 14. 4.
    • Phrasicleides: (460) archon, IV, 11. 77. 1.
    • —: (371) archon, VII, 15. 51. 1. Phrataphernes: Perdiccas assigns Parthia and Hyrcania to, IX, 18. 3. 3.
    • Phrixus, a Centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 12. 7.
    • — s. of Athamas: myth of, and Hellê explained, II, 4. 47. 1–6.
    • Phrygia, Burned: Phrygia burned by Aegis and called, II, 3. 70.4.
    • —, Great: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; Ninus subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; Libyan Amazons cross, II, 3. 55. 5; rites of Cybelê and Attis, instituted to rid, of pestilence, continue, 59. 7; origin of worship of Great Mother according to the, 58. 1–59. 8, according to
    574
    • Samothracians, III, 5. 49. 2–4; burned by the Aegis, II, 3. 70. 4; Zeus slays Typhon in, III, 5. 71. 2; 5th in list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1; (404) agents of Pharnabazus slay Alcibiades in, VI, 14. 11. 3–4; (401) Younger Cyrus appoints governor of, 19. 6; he crosses, 20. 1; cavalry from, in his army at Cunaxa, 22. 5; (396) Lacedaemonians ravage, 79. 3; (334) omens foretell success of Alexander in, VIII, 17. 17. 6–7; general of Alexander subdues Caria as far as, 27. 6; (323) assigned to Antigonus by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 1, (321) by Antipater, 39. 6; (319) Antigonus moves to, 47. 4; (317) cavalry from, in his army, 19. 29. 2; (314) he winters in, X, 19. 69. 2; (312) he moves from, 93. 4; (302) he restores to former alliance those in, who had deserted, 20. 108. 3; (85) C. Flavius Fimbria devastates, XII, 38/9. 8. 4. See Adrastus, Marsyas of; Meion king of; Ariobarzanes satrap of; Colossae, Mt. Ida, Nora, Pessinus (Pesinous, Pi sinus) in.
    • —, Hellespontine: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; Ninus subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; (334) Persians move toward, against Alexander, VIII, 17. 18. 4; (323) assigned to Leonnatus by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 1, 12. 12, (321) to Arrhidaeus by Antipater, 39. 6, 51. 1; (315) Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander demand that Antigonus give, to Lysimachus, 19. 57. 1; (302) Lysimachus wins support of, X, 20. 107. 3.
    • Phrygian poem, by Thymoetes, II, 3. 67. 5.
    • Phrynichus: (337) archon, VIII, 16. 89. 1.
    • Phthia, in Thessaly: Peleus becomes king of, III, 4. 72. 6.
    • Phthiotis: see Achaïa in Phthiotis.
    • Phylas, king of Dryopes: Heracles slays for impiety, II, 4. 37. 1.
    • Phylê, in Attica: (401) Thrasybulus gathers exiles at, VI, 14. 32. 1–3.
    • Phyleus s. of Augeas: Heracles restores, to throne of Elis, II, 4. 33. 4.
    • —, king of Thesprotians: Heracles slays, II, 4. 36. 1.
    • Phyromachus: (156) sculptor, XI, 31. 35. 1.
    • Physcon: see Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II.
    • Physcus, on Carian Chersonesus: Conon defeats Lacedaemonian fleet near, VI, 14. 83. 5–6.
    • Phyton of Rhegium: (388) leads defence of Rhegium against Dionysius, VI, 14. 108. 4, 112. 2; (387) Dionysius vents wrath on, 112. 1–5.
    • Picentines: (91) oppose Rome in Social war, XII, 37. 2. 4; disorder in theatre in, 12. 1–3; pr. Q. Servilius unsuccessful with, 13. 2; (90) Agamemnon, a Cilician leader of, 16. 1.
    • Picus, brother of Ninus: also called Zeus; king of Italy; father of Faunus (Hermes), III, 6. 5. 1–3.
    • Pinarii: descendants of Pinarius who welcomed Heracles to Palatine, II, 4. 21. 2.
    • Pinarius Mamercinus, L. (Sp.): (425=V432) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 60. 1.
    • — —Rufus, L.: (467=V472) cos., IV, 11. 66. 1.
    • Pindar, the poet: (480) flourishes, IV, 11. 26. 8.
    • pine: wood and resin of, produced in Arabia Felix, II, 2. 49. 3–4.
    • Pinna, city of Vestini: (90) loyal to Rome, XII, 37. 19. 3–21. 1.
    • pipes: Cybelê invents, of many reeds, II, 3. 58. 2; Athena discovers, and their music, III, 5. 73. 8.
    • Piraeus: see Peiraeus.
    • pirates: (359) infest Adriatic, VII, 16. 5. 3; (305) Demetrius sends out, X, 20. 83. 3, (304) which Rhodians defeat, 97. 5–6; (c.
    575
    • 295) Agathocles outfits Iapygian nd Peucetian, XI, 21. 4. 1; (c. 205) Rhodians oppose, from Crete, 27. 3. 1.
    • Pisa, in Elis: Ares begets Oenomaüs in, III, 4. 73. 1; Pelops wins hand of Hippodameia d. of Oenomaüs and becomes king of, 73. 3–6; (3G4) Arcadians and, celebrate 104th Olympiad, VII, 15. 78. 1–3, 82. 1.
    • Pisidia: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; (before 480) Xerxes has ships built in, IV, 11. 2. 1; (470) Persians before Eurymedon mistake Athenians for, 61. 4; (401) Younger Cyrus moves as if against, VI, 14. 19. 6; (362) share in revolt from Persia, VII, 15. 90. 3; (322) Perdiccas campaigns in, IX, 18. 22. 1–8, 25. 6; Antigonus defeats Alcetas in, 44. 1–45. 4, 50. 1; he escapes to Termessus in, 45. 3; loyalty of young men of, to Alcetas, 45. 5–46. 3; old men of, deliver his body to Antigonus, 46. 4–7; young men of, turn to guerrilla warfare, 47. 1–3; Antigonus leaves, 47. 3–4; (318) Eumenes enlists mercenaries in, 61. 4; (145–139) Molcestes tyrant of; his children restore liberty, XII, 33. 5a. 1.
    • Pisinus: see Pessinus, in Phrygia. Pissuthnes: Persian satrap in Sardis, aids Samian aristocrats, IV, 12. 27. 3.
    • Pitanê, in Aeolis: Myrina, queen of Amazons, founds, II, 3. 55. 6; (335) Memnon forces Macedonians to raise siege of, VIII, 17. 7. 9.
    • Pithecusae, in Libya: (307) sacred apes of, X, 20. 58. 3–5; Archagathus takes cities of, 58. 6.
    • Pithecusae isls., off Campania: (308) Agathocles’ ships wrecked on, X, 20. 44. 7.
    • Pithon of the Body Guard: served under Alexander, IX, 19. 46. 2; (323) Perdiccas assigns Media Major to, 18. 3. 1; Perdiccas sends, to suppress rising in upper satrapies; his own plot is checked by Macedonians, 4. 8, 7. 1–9, 36. 5; (321) leads mutiny against Perdiccas, 36. 5; Macedonians elect, a guardian of the “kings,” 36. 6–7; at Triparadeisus, resigns guardianship, 39. 1–2; Antipater assigns Media to, 39. 6, 19. 12. 2, 14. 1, 32. 2, 46. 2; (317) becomes general of upper satrapies by violence; expelled by satraps, seeks aid of Seleucus in Babylon, 14. 1–3; Eumenes seeks aid of, for the “kings,” 12. 1; vainly tries to alienate Silver Shields from Eumenes, 12. 2–13. 2; makes agreement with Antigonus, 17. 2; with him on inarch through Cossaeans, 19. 4, 8; collects men and beasts for him in Media, 20. 2–3; commands in his absence, 26. 7; forces of, in army of Antigonus, 27. 1; in first battle with Eumenes, 29. 2–3, 30. 1–4; false camp fires of Eumenes reported to, 38. 4; in final battle with Eumenes, 40. 1, 43. 4–5; plots against Antigonus; executed, 46. 1–5, 55. 4, 56. 1–2; followers of, harry country, 47. 1–4.
    • — s. of Agenor: service under Alexander, X, 19. 82. 1; (323) Perdiccas assigns, satrapy in India, IX, 18. 3. 3; (321) Antipater increases this, 39. 6; (316) Antigonus makes, satrap of Babylon, 19. 56. 4; (314) Antigonus leaves, as counsellor for Demetrius, X, 19. 69. 1; (313) Demetrius leaves, in command in Coelê Syria, 80. 1; (312) shares command with Demetrius in battle with Ptolemy, 82. 1; killed, 85. 2.
    • Pittacus of Mitylenê: frees Mitylenê from tyranny, IV, 9. 11. 1–2; tales of, 12. 1–3; advice of, to Croesus, 25. 1–2, 26. 2, 27. 4.
    • Pittheus, king of Troezen: Theseus reared at court of, his grandfather, III, 4. 59.1, 62. 2.
    576
    • Pitthides: blinded by Arsaces VII of Parthia as example, XII, 34/5. 19. 1.
    • Pityussa isl., off Iberian coast, III, 5. 16. 1–3.
    • Pizodarus (Pixodarus): (341) seizes Carian throne, VIII, 16. 74. 1.
    • plague, pestilence: on Nisyros isl., III, 5. 54. 3; (430) the Great Plague in Athens, V, 12. 45. 2; (426) again attacks Athens; its causes, 58. 1–7; (413) in Athenian camp before Syracuse, 13. 12, 1, 4, 6, VI, 14. 70. 5; (406–405) among Carthaginians on Sicily and after return to Libya, V, 13. 86. 2–3, 114. 1–2; (399) VI, 14. 41. 1, 45. 3, 47. 2; (396) in Carthaginian camp before Syracuse; possible causes, 63. 2, 70. 4–71. 4; (379) in Carthage, VII, 15. 24. 2–3; (368) Carthage weakened by, 73. 1.
    • planets: the five, in Chaldaean astrology, I, 2. 30. 3–5, 31. 1–3; peculiarities of, in Arabia Felix, II, 3. 48. 2–4.
    • Plataea, in Boeotia: (480) Xerxes burns, IV, 11. 14. 5; (479) Greeks advance to, make vow, 29. 1–4, 9. 10. 5; Greeks under Pausanias defeat Persians at, IV, 11. 30. 4–33. 1, 39. 1, 44. 1, 46. 2, 82. 1; Naxians aid, III, 5. 52. 3; people of, pursue the Persians, IV, 11. 32. 1–3; victory at, compared with Himera, 23. 1; gold tripod set up at Delphi as thank offering, 33. 2; Ionian Greeks fight Persians on same day as, 34. 1; rumour of, spreads through Greek ranks at Mycalê, 35. 1–3; on news of, and Mycalê, Xerxes withdraws, 36. 7; (431) allied to Athens; certain citizens of, promise aid to Boeotians, V, 12. 41. 2–3; repulse Boeotians, 41.2–6; Thebans plunder countryside of, 41.7; Thebans leave territory of, 42. 1; women and children removed to Athens, 42. 1–2; (429) Lacedaemonians attack, 47. 1–2; (427) Lacedaemonians take, and raze, 56. 1–6; (421) Athens settles survivors on Scionê, 76. 3; (374) Boeotians occupy; people of, received in Athens, VII, 15. 46. 4–6; (371) Thebes rejects Lacedaemonian demand to re-establish, 51. 3–4; (335) joins Alexander against Thebes, VIII, 17. 13. 5; (323) Leosthenes defeats Boeotians near, IX, 18. 11. 4–5. See Psaon of.
    • Platius: see L. Plautius Venno, cos., 328=V330.
    • Plato, of Athens: Egyptian influence on, I, 1. 96. 2, 98. 1; approves Chilon’s precept, “Know thyself,” IV, 9. 10. 2; among leading philosophers of Athens, 12. 1. 5; Dionysius’ treatment of, VI, 15. 7. 1; among men memorable for culture, VII, 15. 76. 4.
    • Plautius, C: (146) convicted of treason, XII, 33. 2. 1.
    • —Decianus, C: (320=V328) cos., VIII, 17. 87. l2.
    • —Hypsaeus, L.: (? 135) defeated in slave war, XII, 34/5. 2. 181.
    • —Proculus, C: (355=V358) cos., VII, 16. 23. 1.
    • — —, P.: (326=V328) cos., VIII, 17. 87. 12.
    • —Venno (Venox), C: (343=V347) cos., VIII, 16. 70. 1; (338=V341) 84. 1.
    • — —, L.: (328=V330) cos., VIII, 17. 82. 1; (317=V318) IX, 19. 2. 1; (309=V310) cens., X, 20. 36. 1.
    • “pledge”: interpretations of Chilon’s warning against a, IV, 9. 10. 4–5.
    • Pleiades: dd. of Atlas, enthroned in heaven, become the, II, 3. 60. 5; rising or setting of, as season, 2. 47. 6, X, 20. 69. 3, 73. 3, 74. 1–3.
    • Pleistarchus, general of Cassander: (313) left in command in Chalcis, X, 19. 77. 6; (302) sent to Asia to aid Lysimachus,
    577
    • 20. 112. 1; wrecked crossing Black Sea, 112. 2–4.
    • Pleistias of Cos: (307) Demetrius’ pilot, X, 20. 50. 4.
    • Pleistonax (Pleistoanax), king of Sparta: (458) becomes king as child, IV. 11. 79. G; (108) dies, V, 13. 75. 1.
    • Pleminius, Q.: (204) governor of Locri; plunders temple and abuses tribunes; Scipio sends, to Rome in chains, XI, 27. 4. 1–8. Plemmyrium, cape near Syracuse: (396) Himilcon fortifies, VI, 14. 63. 3.
    • Plesticê (Plistica): (314) Samnites take, X, 19. 72. 3.
    • Pleurias, king of Illyria: (before 336) Philip II at war with, VIII, 16. 93. 6.
    • Plotius Venox: see L. Plautius Venno, cens., 309=V310.
    • Pluto: identified with Osiris or Sarapis, I, 1. 25. 2; seizes Core; carries her to Hades, III, 5. 2. 3, 3. 3, 4. 1–2, 5. 1, 68. 2.
    • Plutus (Wealth): child of Iasion and Demeter, III, 5. 49. 4, 77. 1–2.
    • Pnytagoras (Pythagoras, Protagoras) s. of Evagoras I, king of Cyprian Salamis: (386) Evagoras leaves, as commander of Cyprus, VI, 15. 4. 3.
    • — s. of Pnytagoras: (350 or 344) besieged by Evagoras II and Phocion; makes terms with Persia; continues as king, VII, 16. 42. 3–9, 46. 1–3.
    • Podaleirius s. of Asclepius: physician with Agamemnon, III, 4. 71. 4.
    • Poeas, descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
    • Poetelius Libo, M.: (313=V314) cos., X, 19. 73. 1.
    • — — Visolus, C: (357=V360) cos., VII, 16. 9. 1; (342=V346) VIII, 16. 72. 1; (324=V326) 17. 113. 1.
    • — — — Q.: (443=V450) Xvir, IV, 12. 24. 1.
    • poetry: (388) recited at Olympia, VI, 14. 109. 1–2, 5.
    • poisons: (326) in India, VIII, 17. 103. 4–8; (317) IX, 19. 33. 2.
    • Polemon, fattier of Naxos, III, 5. 51. 3.
    • —,officer of Alcctas: (319) Antigonus captures, IX, 18. 45. 3; (317) recaptured after escape, 19. 16. 1–5.
    • —: (312) archon, X, 19. 77. 1.
    • Poliehne, near Syracuse: (414) Athenians fortify, V, 13. 7. 5; (396) Dionysius takes, VI, 14. 72. 3.
    • Poliorcetes: (304) Demetrius s. of Antigonus acquires name, X, 20. 92. 2.
    • Pollis, Lacedaemonian admiral: (377) Athenians defeat, VII, 15. 34. 3–35. 2.
    • Pollitium, city of Marrucini: (311=V312) Pomans move against, X, 19. 105. 5.
    • Polyaenetus of Megalopolis: (before 319) exiled, IX, 18. 56. 5.
    • Polyarehus, official of Antigonus: (312) joins Seleucus, X, 19. 91. 3.
    • Polybiadas, Lacedaemonian general: (380) defeats Olynthus, VII, 15. 23. 2–3.
    • Polybius of Megalopolis, historian: tutor of Scipio Aemilianus, XI, 31. 26. 5, 32. 24. 1; praises Hasdrubal, 26. 24. 1.
    • Polyboea d. of Oecles, III, 4. 68. 5.
    • Polybus: infant Oedipus given to wife of, III, 4. 64. 2.
    • Polychares of Messenê: quarrel of, with Euacphnus, III, 8. 7. 1–6.
    • Polycleitus of Larissa, historian: cited, V, 13. 83. 3.
    • —,admiral of Ptolemy: (315) defeats forces of Antigonus on land and sea, IX, 19. 62. 4, 64. 4–8; (314) Medius admiral of Antigonus defeats, X, 19. 69. 35.
    • Polvcles of Cyrenê: (348) stadion winner, VII, 16. 53. 1.
    • —,general of Antipater: (321) Aetolians defeat, IX, 18. 38. 2.
    • —,counsellor of Eurydicê Adeia: (317) captured, IX, 19. 11. 3.
    578
    • Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, c. 540–523: triremes of, seek plunder, IV, 10. 10. 1; welcomes, then kills, Lydian fugitives, 10. 4; King Amasis of Egypt rejects friendship of, I, 1. 95. 3.
    • Polydamna of Egyptian Thebes: gives Helen a healing potion, I, 1. 97. 7.
    • Polydamas of Thessaly: strong but senseless, IV, 9. 14. 2–15. 1.
    • Polydeuces: with Argonauts; attains immortal honours, II, 4. 41. 2, III, 6. 6. 1. See Dioscuri.
    • Polydorus: s. of Cadmus, II, 4. 2. 1; ancestor of Theban kings, IX, 19. 53. 5–6.
    • —of Pherae, king of Thessaly: (370) gains and loses throne by violence, VII, 15. 60. 5, 61. 2.
    • —of Syracuse: interprets laws of Diodes, V, 13. 35. 3.
    • Polydorus, isl. near Cyzicus: (410) Athenians set up trophy at, V, 13. 51. 7.
    • Polyeidus: (398) skilled in dithyrambs and painting, VI, 14. 46. 6.
    • Polymnastus of Cyrene: (456) stadion winner, IV, 11. 84. 1.
    • Polymnia, a Muse, II, 4. 7. 2, 4.
    • Polyneices s. of Oedipus: with other heroes (the Seven) seeks to recover throne of Thebes; Eteocles and, slay each other, III, 4. 64. 1–66. 3, VI, 14. 23. 5; prayer of, IV, 10. 9. 8. See Thersander s. of.
    • Polyperchon: one of oldest of Alexander’s generals, IX, 18. 48. 4; (331) at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 2; (321) in Macedon; recovers most of Thessaly, IX, 18. 38. 6; (319) Antipater dying makes, supreme commander and guardian of the “kings,” 48. 4, 47. 4, 55.1; asks Olympias to care for Alexander s. of Koxane, 49. 4, 57. 2; Cleitus seeks aid of, against Antigonus, 52. 6; Macedonians favour, against Cassander, whom Antigonus supports, 54. 2–4; in name of the “kings,” re-establishes democracy in Greece, 55. 1–57. 1, 64. 3; seeks aid of Eumenes. 57. 2–4, 58. 1, 62. 2–3; (318) Eumenes wins Silver Shields to support, 63. 1–6; expected in Athens, 64. 1; returns Phocion to Athens, 66. 1–3; leaves son Alexander in Attica; moves into Peloponnesus, 68. 2–3; forces Cassander to raise siege of Salamis, 69. 1–2; overthrows oligarchies, 69. 3–4; fails to take Megalopolis, 69. 4–72. 1; sends Cleitus to hold the Hellespont, 72. 2; loses supporters, 74. 1, 75. 2; Cassander takes elephants of, 19. 35. 7; (317) restores Olympias to Macedon, 11. 2, 18. 65. 1; forces of Eurydice Adeia desert to Olympias and, 19. 11. 2–3; Eumenes falsely reports crossing of, into Asia, 23. 2; to please, Aetolians hold Thermopylae against Cassander, 35. 2; Callias, officer of Cassander, corrupts men of, 35. 3, 36. 5–6; Olympias has elephants of, in Pydna, 35. 7; (316) Aristonoüs hopes for aid from, 50. 8; withdraws from Thessaly into Aetolia, 52. 6; (315) comes to terms with Antigonus; is made general of Peloponnesus, 57. 5, 60. 1; Ptolemy sends force against, 62. 5; Cassander fails to win, from Antigonus, 63. 3; garrisons Messene, 64. 1; (313) holds Sicyon and Corinth, X, 19. 74. 2; (310) craves leadership; seeks support for Heracles s. of Alexander and Barsine, 20. 20. 1–4; (309) murders Heracles; co-operates with Cassander, 28. 1–4; (304) plunders Greece; Demetrius prepares for war with Cassander and, 100. 6; (303) fails to aid cities against Demetrius, 103. 6–7. See Alexander s. of.
    • Polypoetes s. of Peirithous, III, 4. 63. 1.
    579
    • Polytropus of Lacedaemon: (369) Arcadians defeat, VII, 15. 62. 1–2.
    • Polyxenus of Syracuse: (406) marries Dionysius’ sister. V. 13. 96. 3; (404) advises Dionysius, VI, 14. 8. 5; (396) brings him warships from Italy and Peloponnesus, 62. 1, 63. 4.
    • Polyzelus brother of Hicron: (476) suspected by Hicron, takes refuge in Acragas; later restored to favour, IV, 11. 48. 3–5, 8.
    • —: (367) archon, VII, 15. 75. 1. Pometia, a Latin city: Latinus Sitvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
    • Pompaedius Silo, Q.: (91) leader of Italians in Social war, XII, 37. 2. 6–7; marches on Rome; withdraws, 13. 1–2; (90) forces of, fraternize with those of C. Marius, 15. 1–3; (88) Romans defeat, 2. 9–110.
    • Pompeius: (88) a general of the Italians, XII, 37. 2. 13.
    • —, A.: (102) tr. pl., dies of fever after attack on priest of Great Mother, XII, 36. 13. 2–3.
    • —, Cn.: see Cn. Cornelius Cossus, cos., 406=V409.
    • —, Q., cos., 141: (140) takes Lagni in Xumantia, XII, 33. 17. 1–3.
    • — Magnus, Cn., cos., 70, 55, 52: (83) defeats L. Junius Brutus, XII, 38/9. 9. 1; growing strength of, 10. 1; (82) holds court in Sicily, 20. 1; (63) in Damascus, receives Jewish envoys; promises clemency, 40. 2. 1; (61) sets up tablet recording acts in Asia, 4. 1. Character of, 38/9. 9. 1, 10. 1, 20. 1.
    • — Strabo, Cn.: (89) cos., defeats Italians, XII, 37. 2. 8.
    • Pompilius: see Numa Pompilius.
    • Pomponius Rufus, M.: (396=V399) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 54. 1.
    • Pontia, isl. off Latium: (312) Rome colonizes, X, 19. 101. 3.
    • pontifex maximus: Julius s. of Ascanius becomes, III, 7. 5. 8; (205) cannot leave Pome, XI, 27. 2. 1.
    • Pontius, Cominius: (387=V390) messenger from Veil to Rome, VI, 14. 116. 3–4.
    • — Telesinus: (88) a general of the Italians, XII, 37. 2. 131.
    • Pontus, in Asia Minor: Artemis revealed self in, III, 5. 77. 6–7; Scythians remove Assyrians to land between Paphlagonia and, II, 2. 43. 6; (before 480) Xerxes has ships built in, IV, 11. 2. 1; (349) Paerisades succeeds Spartacus as king of, VII, 16. 52. 10; (before 61) protected by Cn. Pompey, XII, 40. 4. 1. See Mithridates of, the Colchi in; Thermodon riv. in,
    • Pontus Euxcinus (Black sea): flood in, forms the Hellespont, III, 5. 47. 3–4; called both Euxcinos (hospitable), II, 4. 16. 1, and Axenos (hostile), 40. 4–5; rivers north of Cilician Taurus drain toward, IX, 18. 5. 2; Xinus subdues barbarians on shores of, I, 2. 2. 3; pirates of, II, 3. 43. 5; Phrixus enters, on ram with golden fleece, 4. 47. 1; Circe flees from, 45. 5; Argonauts enter, 44. 7; they return through, 48. 5–49. 1, 50.1, 56. 3, 7–8; Heracles enters and names, 16. 1; Medus s. of Aegeus and Medea establishes Media above, 56. 1; (480) peoples of shore of, provide ships for Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 1, 3. 8; (423) Lamachus of Athens sails into, V, 12. 72. 4; (409) Athenians collect dues on merchants leaving, 13. 64. 2; (401) the “Ten Thousand” reach, VI, 14. 29. 3; (400) under Xenophon they attack Salmydessus on the, 37. 1–2; (323) tribes near, assigned to Lysimachus, IX, 18. 3. 2; (313) he suppresses revolt of cities on, X, 19. 73. 1–10, 75. 8; Lycon leads Antigonus’ fleet into, 73. 6; (310) Eumelus of Bosporus tries to control all
    580
    • about, 20. 22. 1, 25. 1–3; (302) Demetrius camps at entrance of, 111. 3, and checks Cassander, 112. 2–3; (before 61) Pompey subdues all between Persian gulf and, XII, 40. 4. 1. Preserved fish from, as luxury, XI, 31. 24. 1, XII, 37. 3. 5, 6.
    • Popilius Mallius: see P. Manlius Vulso, tr. mil. c. p., 397=V400.
    • Popillius (Publilius) Laenas, C., cos., 172, 158: (168) envoy, forces Antiochus IV to answer, XI, 31. 2. 1–2, 17. 1.
    • — —, M.: (356=V359) cos., VII, 16. 15. 1; (353=V356) 32. 1; (347=V350) 50. 1; (344=V348) VIII, 16. 69. 1.
    • — —, M.: (315=V316) cos., IX, 19. 55. 1.
    • — —, M.: (139) cos., negotiates with Viriathus, XII, 33. 19. 1.
    • — —, P., cos., 132: (123) unjustly exiled, XII, 34/5. 26. 1.
    • — Philo, Q.: (336=V339) cos., VIII, 16. 91. 1; (325–V327) 17. 110. 1; (319=V320) IX, 18. 44. 1; (314–V315) X, 19. 66. 1.
    • — —, Volero: (396=V399) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 54. 1.
    • — — Vulscus, L.: (397=V400) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 47. 1.
    • Poplius: see C. Poetelius Libo Visulus, cos., 357=V360.
    • — Laenas, M.: see M. Popillius Laenas, cos., 356=V359, 353=V356.
    • Poplonium (Populonium), city of the Tyrrhenians, III, 5. 13. 1.
    • Porcii Catones: accounts of, XII, p. 299, frag. 3.
    • Porcius Cato, M., cos., 195, cens., 184: various sayings of and anecdotes about, XI, 31. 24. 1, 32. 9a. 2 (p. 429), 20. 1, XII, 34/5. 33. 3–6, 37. 3. 6.
    • — —, L.: (89) consul; Sulla legate of, defeats Italians, XII, 37. 2. 8.
    • “Portals of the Sun,” Homeric name for Heliopolis, I, 1. 96. 7. portents and prodigies: (332) during siege of Tyre, VIII, 17. 41. 5–8; (before 317) forecast misfortunes of Sicily, IX, 19. 2. 3, and fame of Agathocles, 2. 9; (88) in Rome before Civil war, XII, 38/9. 5. 1 (pp. 241–243).
    • Porticanus, an Indian king: (326) Alexander kills, VIII, 17. 102. 5.
    • Porus of Cyrene: (360) stadion winner, VII, 16. 2. 1.
    • — of Malis: (356) stadion winner, VII, 16. 15. 1.
    • —: an Indian king, IX, 18. 6. 2; (326) Alexander defeats, VIII, 17. 87. 1–89. 3, 90. 4, 95. 5; he makes, king over his old realm, 89. 6, IX, 18. 3. 2, and adds to it kingdom of another Poms, VIII, 17. 91. 1–2; he founds city where he defeated, 89. 6; he questions, on country beyond Ganges, 93. 2–3; (323) left in kingdom by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 2, (321) by Antipater, 39. G; (317) Eudamus slays, 19. 14. 8; (140) Mithridates I Arsaces VI of Parthia extends power over region once ruled by, XII, 33. 18. 1.
    • —, an Indian king: (326) flees before Alexander, who gives kingdom of, to another Porus, VIII, 17. 91. 1–2.
    • Porus, in Thrace: (403) Panthoedas defeats Clcarchus at, VI, 14. 12. 6–7.
    • Poseideion, on Red Sea, II, 3. 42. 1.
    • Poseideon, an Athenian month, II, 3. 48. 1.
    • Poseidium (Posidcium), on Cilician coast(?): (313) Ptolemy sacks, X, 19. 79. 6; (123) Antiochus VIII of Syria seizes Alexander II Zabinas at, XII, 34/5. 28. 1–2.
    • Poseidon: s. of Rhea and Cronus, III, 5. 68. 1, 6. 1. 9; the Telchines and Capheira rear, 5. 55. 1; Cronus gives, rule of the sea, 69. 4; in battle with the Titans, 6. 3. 1; first to tame
    581
    • horses, 5. 69. 4; gives horses to Heracles, II, 4. 14. 3; Eurytus leads procession for, to Isthmus, 33. 3; Laomedon defrauds, of pay, 42. 1–3; Jason sacrifices to, 53. 2; angry at Minos, III, 4. 77. 2; assumes task of Demeter among the Ichthyophagi, II, 3. 16. 4; controls earthquakes and floods, VII, 15. 49. 4; Peloponnesus sacred to, 49. 4–6; (480) Hamilcar sacrifices to, IV, 11, 21. 4; (429) Athenians dedicate ship to, V, 12. 48. 1; (406) to expiate sacrilege Himilcar sacrifices cattle to, 13. 86. 3; (373) Ionians move rites of, from Mycalê to Ephesus, VII, 15. 49. 1–4; (332) Tyrians ask Alexander if he hopes to outdo, VIII, 17. 41. 1; sea monster as portent sent by, 41. 6. Children of: Aeolus and Boeotus by Arnê, III, 4. 67. 2–4, IX, 19. 53. 6; Belus by Libya, I, 1. 28. 1; Chthonius by Symê, III, 5. 53. 1; Cychreus by Salamis, 4. 72. 4; Neleus and Pclias by Tyro, 68. 3, 6. 7. 3–4; Phaeax by Corcyra, 4. 72. 3; Theseus by Aethra, 59. 1; Triopas by Canache, 5. 61. 3; sons and daughters by Halia, 55. 4–7. Temples or shrines of: at Corinth, III, 4. 73. 3, 5, VIII, 16. 80. 6; at Ialysus on Rhodes, III, 5. 58. 2; at Peloris, 4. 85. 5; at Tacnarum, IV, 11. 45. 4.
    • — Pelagius: altar of, at head of Red sea, II, 3. 42. 1.
    • Poscidonia (Paestum), in Lucania: Heracles at, II, 4. 22. 3; myth of Artemis and the hunter of, 22. 3–4. See Parmenides of.
    • Postumius the Etruscan: pirate, executed by Timoleon, VIII, 16. 82. 3.
    • —, Lucius and: see L. Postumius Albinus Regillensis, tr. mil. c. p., 381=V389.
    • —, A.: (326=V328) cos., VIII, 17. 87. 12.
    • —, L.: (451=V457) cos., IV, 11. 91. 1.
    • — Albinus, Sp.: (331=V334) cos., VIII, 17. 49. 1.
    • — Regillensis, A.: (394=V397) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 85. 1; (373=V381) VII, 15. 48. 1.
    • —, L.: (381=V389) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 22. 1; (373=V381) 48. 1.
    • —, M.: (418=V426) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 80. 1.
    • —, P.: (411=V414) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 38. 1.
    • — Albus Regiliensis, A.: (459=V4G4) cos., IV, 11. 78. 1.
    • —, Sp.: (461=V466) cos., IV, 11. 75. 1; (444=V451) Xvir, 12. 23. 1.
    • —, Sp.: (425=V432) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 60. 11.
    • — Megellus, L.: (305) cos., X, 20. 81. 1; defeats Samnites, 90. 3–4.
    • — Tubertus, A.: (425=V432) dictator, subdues Aequi; puts son to death for breaking ranks, V, 12. 64. 1–3.
    • Potami Carôn, in Upper Syria: (313) Ptolemy sacks, X, 19. 79. 6.
    • Potana, in India: Alexander founds, at mouth of Indus, II, 3. 47. 9.
    • Potidaea, on Chalcidicê: a colony of Corinth but allied to Athens, IV, 12. 34. 2; (435) incited by Corinth, revolts; Athens besieges, 34. 3–4; (432) Athenians besiege, 37. 1; (431) 40. 2; Thrace except, allied to Athens, V, 12. 42. 5, 46. 4; (429) surrenders to Athens, 46. 2–6; Athens transports people of, and introduces colonists, 46. 6–7; (364) Athenians take, VII, 15. 81. 6; (358) Philip II takes, and gives, to Olynthus, 16. 8. 3–5; (316) a part of Cassandreia, IX, 19. 52. 2.
    • pottery: Talos nephew of Daedalus invents potter’s wheel, III, 4. 76. 5; (307) Agathocles not ashamed of training in, X, 20. 63. 4–5.
    582
    • Praenestê, in Latium: a Latin city, founded by Latinos Silvius, III, 7. 5. 9; (374=V382) Romans defeat, VII, 15. 47. 8; (351=V354) they make armistice with, 16. 45. 8; (82) Younger Marius besieged in, commits suicide, XII, 38/9. 14. 1–15. 1.
    • Praxibulus: (315) archon, IX, 19. 55. 1.
    • Praxiergus: (471) archon, IV, 11. 54. 1.
    • Praxippus, ruler of Lapithia: (313) Ptolemy arrests, X, 19. 79. 4.
    • Praxiteles: (444) archon, IV, 12. 23. 1.
    • —: the sculptor, XI, 26.1. 1. Prepelaüs, general of Cassander: (315) envoy to Alexander s. of Polyperchon, IX, 19. 64. 3; (314) in Caria, fails to take Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus, X, 19. 68. 5–7; (303) driven from Corinth by Demetrius, withdraws to Cassander, 20. 102. 1, 103. 1–4; fails to aid cities against Demetrius, 103. 7; (302) commands force sent to aid Lysimachus, 107. 1; occupies various cities of Aeolis and Ionia, 107. 2–5; Demetrius dismisses garrison of, in Ephesus, 111. 3.
    • Priam of Troy, s. of Laomedon and father of Hector, III, 4. 75. 4; opposes Laomedon; is made king by Heracles, II, 4. 32. 4–5, 49. 3–6; vassal of Teutamus of Assyria, I, 2. 22. 2; (146) Scipio Aemilianus sees Rome meeting fate of, XI, 32. 24. 1.
    • Priapus: s. of Dionysus and Aphrodite, II, 4. 6. 1, 5; worshipped as symbol of reproduction, 6. 2–3, I, 1. 88. 1; called Ithyphallns, II, 4. 6. 4; wears fillets, III, 6. 4. 1.
    • Prienê, in Caria: Myrina queen of Libyan Amazons founds, II, 3. 55. 6; (441) Samians and Milesians quarrel over, IV, 12. 27. 1; (c. 158) Orophernes king of Cappadocia deposits money in, XI, 31. 32. 1. See Bias of.
    • Pritanis, early Eurypontid king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 2.
    • privateers: (305) join Demetrius against Rhodes, X, 20. 82. 5.
    • Proca Silvius, king of Alba Longa, III, 7. 5. 12.
    • Proclcs, early Eurypontid king of Lacedaemon, III, 7. 8. 1–2.
    • — of Sicilian Naxos: (403) sells Naxos to Dionysius, VI, 14. 15. 2.
    • Proconnesus, isl. in Propontis: (410) Athenian fleet at, V, 13. 49. 6.
    • Procrustes: Theseus slays, III, 4. 59. 5.
    • Proetus: plots death of Bellerophon, III, 6. 9. 1.
    • Promachus: Pelias kills, II, 4. 50.1.
    • Prometheus: Egyptian version of myth of, I, 1. 19. 1–3; Greek version, II, 4. 15. 2, III, 5. 67. 2; cave of, in the Caucasus (Hindu Kush), VIII, 17. 83. 1.
    • Pronapides: teacher of Homer; used Pelasgic letters, II, 3. 67. 5.
    • Pronoê, daughter of Melampous and Iphianeira, III, 4. 68. 5.
    • prophecies, death-bed: by Achilles, IX, 18. 1. 1–2; (323) by Alexander, 1. 3–5; (319) by Antipater, 19. 11. 9.
    • Prophthaseia: (383) festival in Clazomenae, VI, 15. 18. 4.
    • Propontis: Ninus subdues peoples of, I, 2. 2. 3; Argonauts return through, II, 4. 49. 3; (435) Athens founds Astacus on, IV, 12. 34. 5; (318) Cleitus wins cities of, for Polyperchon, IX, 18. 72. 3; (313) Antigonus reaches, X, 19. 77. 7; (156) fleet of Prusias wrecked in, XI, 31. 35. 1.
    • Propylaea, in Athens: (431) cost of, IV, 12. 40. 2.
    • Prorus of Cyrenê: a Pythagorean, IV, 10. 4. 1.
    • Prosopitis, isl. in Nile: (460)
    583
    • Athens loses ships moored at, when Persians divert Nile, IV, 11. 77. 2–3, 12. 3. 1.
    • Proteus: Greeks identify Cetcs king of Egypt with, I, 1. 62. 1–5.
    • Prothoê, an Amazon: Heracles slays, II, 4. 16. 2.
    • Prothoenor s. of Archilycus: Boeotian leader before Troy, III, 4. 67. 7.
    • Protomaehus of Athens: (408) general, V, 13. 74. 1; (406) flees after victory at Arginusae, 101. 5.
    • Providence:
    • τὸ δαιμόνοιν: (364) punishes the Phocians, VII, 16. 61. 1; (310) defeats the arrogant, X, 20. 13. 3; (205) punishes Pleminius, XI, 27. 4. 2; (135) slaves believe that, aids them against masters, XII, 34/5. 2. 24b (p. 83); (133) punishes those who ate sacred fish, 9. 1; sees that good and evil follow each other, 18. 1; (123) pursues Alexander II Zabinas, 28. 2.
    • τὸ θεῖον: (480) appears to aid Greeks at Artemisium, IV, 11. 13. 1; men believe that, has no concern for them, XII, 34/5. 2. 47.
    • ἡ τοῦ δαιμονίου πρόνοια: Ethiopian kings regarded as selected by, II, 3. 5.1.
    • ἡ θεῖα πρόνοια, ἡ τῶν θεῶν πρόνοια, etc. historians as ministers of, I, 1. 1. 3; Cybele d. of Meion exposed but preserved by, II, 3. 58. 1; directs flight of Phrixus and Hellê from Europe, 4. 47. 1; saves Argonauts, 43. 1–2; sends Glaucus to Argonauts, II, 4. 48. 7; Medea’s transformation ascribed to some, 51. 5; Locrians guided by, accept the Dioscuri as allies, III, 8. 32. 2; (480) saves Delphi from Persians, IV, 11. 14. 4; (396) places weapons against Dionvsius in hands of Syracusans, VI, 14. 67. 2; (336) warning given Philip II by, VIII, 16. 92. 2; (331) sends rain saving Alexander on road to Ammon, 17. 49. 4; (326) Ptolemy healed by, 103. 7; (307) punishes children of Agathocles, X, 20. 70. 1; (after 182) Philopoemen obtains honour after death as if by, XI, 29. 18. 1; (102) punishes tr. pl. A. Pompeius for insulting priest of Great Mother, XII, 36. 13. 2–3; (83) men attribute destruction of forces of Marius to, 38/9. 0. 1. See Fate, Fortune.
    • Proxenus of Thebes: (401) commands Boeotians in army of Younger Cyrus, VI, 14. 19. 8; refuses to surrender arms after Cunaxa, 25. 4.
    • Prusias of Bithynia: (167) abject flattery of, XI, 31. 15. 1–3; (164) lays before Senate charges against Eumenes II of Pergamum, 7. 2 (p. 357); (156) fails in design on Attalus; plunders Nicephorium, 35. 1; (149) detested by subjects; defeated and killed by son, 32. 19. 1–21. 1.
    • Prymnis: early king of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 4.
    • Prytaneum, on Liparaean isls.: (304) Agathocles takes dedications from, X, 20. 101. 1–2.
    • Prytanis: s. of Parysades king of Cimmerian Bosporus, X, 20. 22. 1; (c. 310) killed in struggle over succession, 23. 8–24. 3.
    • Psammetichus I of Egypt, 663–609: (663) one of twelve; becomes sole ruler, I, 1. 66. 7–12; buildings of; fails to halt mutiny; makes alliances with Greek cities and opens Egypt to trade, 67. 1–9; Apries king four generations after, 68. 1. (400) a descendant of, is king of Egypt, VI, 14. 35. 4. See Necho s. of.
    • —, of Egypt: (400) executes Tamos, VI, 14. 35. 4–5.
    • Psaon of Plataea: continues history of Diyllus, XI, 21. 5. 1.
    • Psebaean mts., west of Bed sea, II, 3. 41. 2, 4.
    584
    • Pseudostomon, mouth of Nile: (306) Antigonus cannot land troops at, X, 20. 75. 4.
    • Psoancaëticê(?): (c. 310) Eumelus settles fugitives from Callantia in, X, 20. 25. 1.
    • Pteleum, in Phthiotis: (302) Demetrius gains, X, 20. 110. 3.
    • Ptolemaeum, in Rhodes: (304) in honour of Ptolemy I, X, 20. 100. 4.
    • Ptolemai’s, on Red sea, II, 3. 41. 1.
    • Ptolemies: kings at Alexandria rid isl. Ophiodes of snakes, II, 3. 39. 4; rid seas of pirates, 43. 5.
    • Ptolemy of Alorus, king of Macedon, 368–365: succeeds Pausanias; Perdiccas III follows, III, 7. 15. 2; (368) gains throne by murder; (365) murdered, VII, 15. 71. 1, 77. 5, 16. 2. 4.
    • — Keraunos, s. of Ptolemy I of Egypt, king of Macedon, 280–279: without prudence or foresight, XI, 22. 3. 1; Gauls defeat and slay, 3. 2.
    • — s. of Lysimachus (?): (c. 276) briefly king of Macedon, XI, 22. 4. 1.
    • — s. of Lagus, satrap of Egypt, 323–307, king of Egypt, 307–283: (326) wounded in India, 17. 103. 6–8; Alexander sends, to plunder coast, 104. 5–6; (323) Perdiccas assigns Egypt to, IX, 18. 3. 1; occupies Egypt; makes treaty with Antipater, 14. 1–2; (322) annexes Cyrene, 21. 7–9; Antipater and Craterus seek aid of, against Perdiccas, 25. 4, 29. 6; Perdiccas determines to attack, 25. 6; (321) desires hand of Alexander’s sister Cleopatra, X, 20. 37. 4; retains Alexander’s body, IX, 18. 28. 3–4; plans of, for defence of Egypt, 28. 5, 33. 3–4, X, 19. 93. 5; Antipater moves to Cilicia to aid, IX, 18. 33. 1; Perdiccas moves against, 29. 1; many desert Perdiccas for, 33. 2; Perdiccas unable to cross Nile against, 33. 6–36. 1; he is killed by own men, 36. 1–5, 43. 1; secures appointment of Pithon and Arrhidaeus as guardians of the “kings,” 36. 6–7; retains Egypt in redistribution of provinces, 39. 5, 43. 1; (320) sends army into Codê Syria and Phoenicia, 43. 1–2, 73. 2; (319) Cassander seeks support of, against Polyperchon, 49. 3, 54. 3, 55. 2; (318) fails to check increasing power of Eumenes, 62. 1–2; (c. 317) marries sister Berenice, IV, 10. 31. 1; (316) Seleucus flees to, IX, 19. 55. 5, 56. 1, X, 19. 86. 4; he urges, against Antigonus, IX, 19. 56.1–3; Antigonus sends envoy to, 56. 4; (315) with Lysimachus and Cassander, makes ready for war with Antigonus, 57. 1–2, 58. 2; causes of the war, X, 19. 85. 3; some kings of Cyprus allied to, IX, 19. 59. 1; men of, captured by Antigonus at Joppa and Gaza, 59. 2, (314) and at Tyre, 61. 5; (315) grants autonomy to Greek cities, 62. 1–2; brings Asander of Caria into alliance, 62. 2, X, 19. 68. 2; sends additional forces to kings on Cyprus, IX, 19. 62. 3–5; Antigonus refuses demands of, 64. 8; (314) Antigonus leaves Demetrius in Syria against, X, 19. 69. 1; admiral of Antigonus defeats fleet of, 69. 35; (313) Asander seeks aid of, 75. 2; subdues revolt in Cyrenê, 79. 1–4; subdues certain cities of Cyprus and Syria, 79. 4–7; (312) defeats Demetrius at Old Gaza, 80. 3–85. 4, 93. 1; secures cities of Phoenicia, 85. 4, 86. 1–2; gives Seleucus force for recovery of Babylonia, 86. 5, 90. 1, 92. 5; sends Cilles against Demetrius in Upper Syria, 93. 1–2; withdraws from Syria to carry on war from Egypt, 93. 3–7; (311) with
    585
    • Cassander and Lysimachus, comes to terms with Antigonus, 105. 1; hopes to become king, 105. 3–4.
    • (310) Demetrius recovers Cilician cities taken by general of, X, 20. 19. 3–5, 27. 1; orders death of Nicocles of Paphos, 21. 1–3, (309) and of Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus, 27. 3; in Lycia and Caria, 27. 1–3; (308) takes Sicyon and Corinth; makes terms with Cassander; returns to Egypt, 37. 1–2; Cleopatra sister of Alexander tries to come to, 37. 3; (307) Demetrius of Phalerum flees to, 45. 4; Rhodians refuse to aid Demetrius s. of Antigonus against, 46. 5–6; Demetrius defeats Menelaüs general of, on Cyprus, 47. 1–4, 49. 1; Menelaüs sends to, for aid, 47. 7–8; defeated by Demetrius in naval battle off Cyprian Salamis, 49. 1–52. 6; returns to Egypt, 53. 1; assumes title “king,” 53. 3, 54. 1; (306) Antigonus and Demetrius move on Egypt, 73. 1–3; prevents their landing, 75. 1–3, 76. 1–7; returns to Alexandria after retirement of Antigonus; reports to other kings, 76. 7; (305) past good will of Rhodes toward, 81. 4–82. 2; Rhodes refuses Demetrius’ demands and asks, for aid, 82. 3, 84. 1; sends reinforcements and supplies to Rhodes, 88. 9, 94. 3; (304) 96. 1–2, 98. 1, 7; on advice of, Rhodes becomes ally of Antigonus except against, 99.2–3; Rhodes honours, as a god, 100. 3–4; garrison of, in Sicyon surrenders to Demetrius, 102. 2; (302) Seleucus and, agree to aid Cassander and Lysimachus against Antigonus, 106. 3–5, 2. 3; subdues cities of Coele Syria; returns to Egypt, 113. 1–2; (301) unites with Seleucus and Lysimachus, XI, 21. 1. 2; not present at battle in which Antigonus is killed, 1. 4b, 5; retains Coelê Syria, 1. 5. Character of: VIII, 17. 103. 7, IX, 18. 28. 5–6, 33. 3–4, X, 19. 86.2–4. Reign of, as a date: I, 1. 31. 7, 46. 7–8, 84. 8. See Meleager brother of.
    • — II Philadelphus of Egypt, 285–246: completed canal from Nile to Red sea, I, 1. 33. 11–12; first Greek to enter Ethiopia, 37. 5; an elephant hunter, II, 3. 36. 3–4; description of snake brought to Alexandria for, 36. 5–37. 8. Reign of, as date, I, 1. 37. 5, II, 3. 6. 3–4.
    • — III Euergetes I of Egypt, 246–221: an elephant hunter, II, 3. 18. 4, 41. 1; directs exploration of Red sea, 18. 4, 42. 1.
    • — V Epiphanes of Egypt, 203–181: (196) Roman envoy bids Antiochus III retire from lands formerly held by, XI, 28. 12. 1; Antiochus plans to marry daughter to, 12. 1; (c. 194) kills guardian, 14. 1; (181) denies neglect of Coele Syria, 29. 29. 1. (p. 271).
    • — VI Philometor of Egypt, 180–145: (170) prepares to recover Coele Syria; seeks to reconcile Rome and Perseus, XI, 30. 2. 1; (169) Eulaeus and Lenaeus, ministers of; undertake war with Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 15. 1–16. 1; Eulaeus causes flight of, 17. 1; Antiochus wishes to use quarrel of, and his brother Physcon for own purposes, 31. 1. 1; Rome forces Antiochus to end war with, 2. 1–2; (?) puts down plot of Dionysius Petosarapis, 15a. 1–4; (165) crushes revolt in Thebaïd, 17b. 1; (164) driven from Egypt by Physcon, 18. 1–2, 20. 1; (163) Alexandrians recall, 17c. 1 (p. 363); (161) Rome rebuffs envoys of, 23. 1; (158) forces Physcon to be content with Cyrenê, 33. 1; (c. 146) given crown of Syria by people of Antioch; makes
    586
    • terms with Demetrius II Nicator, retaining Coelê Syria, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445);(?) Galaestes general of, XII, 33. 20. 1; (145) brother Ptolemy VIII Eucrgetes (Physcon) succeeds, 6. 1, 6a. 1; (c. 139) Galaestes sets up pretended son of, as king, 20. 1. Character of, 12. 1.
    • — VIII* Eucrgetes II (Physcon) of Egypt, 145–116: (c. 169) clears brother Ptolemy VI Philometor of charges of Dionysius Petosarapis, XI, 31. 15a. 1–4; (164) drives Philometor from Egypt, 18. 1–2, 20. 1; (c. 163) Alexandrians strip, of power, 17c. 1 (p. 363); (161) envoys of, received by Roman Senate, 23. 1; (158) Philometor forces, to be content with Cyrenê, 33. 1; (145) succeeds Philometor; illegal acts of, XII, 33. 6. l–6a. 1; marries sister Cleopatra, 6a. 1; (144) Egyptians hate, 12. 1; orders death of former supporters from Cyrenê, 13. 1; Cleopatra bears son Memphites to, 13. 1; (?) falsely accuses Galaestes, officer of Philometor, 20. 1; (139) called “Physcon,” 22. 1; Egyptians despise, 23. 1; (138) entertains Scipio Aemi-Jianus, 28b. 1–2; (131) kills Memphites; sends body to Cleopatra, 34/5. 14. 1; (127) releases Marsyas, general of Alexandrians, 20. 1.
    • — IX Philometor Soter (Lathyrus) of Egypt, 116–108, 88–80: (c. 105) shut up in Seleucia, XII, 34/5. 39a. 1.
    • — XI Auletes of Egypt, 80–51: (59) called “Friend” bυ .Rome, Ι, 1. 83. 8. Diodorus in Egypt in reign of, 44. 1, 83. 8.
    • — nephew and general of Antigonus: (315) leads army to Cappadocia, IX, 19. 57. 4; recovers Cappadocia and Bithynia; forces Seleucus to raise siege of Erythrae, 60. 2–4; in Caria, attacks Asander, 02. 5, (314) defeats Eupolemus, X, 19. 68. 5–7, (313) and forces Iasus to support Antigonus, 75. 5; sent to Greece to free Greeks, 77. 2; in Boeotia, 77. 4; (313) leaves cities without garrisons, 78. 1–5; (312) commands all Greece for Antigonus, 87. 1–3; (310) revolts from Antigonus, making alliance with Cassander, 20. 19. 2; (309) comes to Ptolemy I; shows self presumptuous; ordered to drink hemlock, 27. 2–3.
    • — of Commagenê: (c. 162) asserts independence; attacks Cappadocia without success, XI, 31. 19a. 1 (p. 373).
    • Ptolemy riv.: canal from Nile to Red sea called, I, 1. 33. 12,
    • publicani: (91) in partnership with provincial governors, XII, 37. 5. 1–4.
    • Publilius: see Popillius.
    • Publius: (c. 96) a Roman in Syracuse, XII, 37. 8. 1–3.
    • — and Cornelius: see P. Cornelius Cossus and P. Cornelius Scipio, trr. mil. c. p., 392=V395.
    • —, C. and Cn.: see C. Poetelius Libo Visolus, cos., 342=V346, 324=V326.
    • —, L.: see L. Popillius Vulscus, tr. mil. c. p., 397=V400.
    • —, M.: see M. Popillius Laenas, cos., 344=V348.
    • —, M. (?): (377=V385) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 28. 1.
    • —, Q.: see Q. Popillius Philo, cos., 33G=V339, and Q. Poetelius Libo Visolus, Xvir, 443=V450.
    • pulse: grown in India, II, 2. 36. 3.
    • Punic faith: (171) Senate charges its envoys with, XI, 30. 7. 1 (p. 283).
    • Punic War, First: (264) XI, 23.

      This agrees with the numbering in the footnotes of this translation. Others (e.g. The Cambridge Ancient History) do not count the brief reign of Ptolemy Neos Philopator and thus call Physcon “Ptolemy VII,” Lathyrus “Ptolemy VIII,” and Auletes “Ptolemy XI.”

    587
    • 1. 1–3. 1; (263) 4. 1–5. 1; (262–261) 5. 1–9. 3; (260) 9. 4–10. 2; (258) 9. 5; (256) 11. 1–13. 1; (255) 14. 1–18. 1; (254) 18. 2–5; (253) 19. 1; (252) 20. 1; (251) 21. 1–22. 1; (250) 24. 1. 1–4, 2. 1; (249) 1. 5–11; 3. 1; (247) 5. 1–7. 2; (246–245) 10. 1–2, 12. 1–3; (244) 8. 1–9. 1; (243) 9. 2–3; (241) 11. 1–3. 13. 1–14. 1. See Carthage.
    • Punic War, Second: (221–20.3) XI, 25. 19. 1 (pp. 165–175); (221) 15.1; (219) 15.1; (218–217) 16. 1–17. 1; (217) 26. 2. 1–3. 3; (216–215) 10. 1–11. 1; 13. 1–14. 2; (212–211) 16. 1–20. 2; (209–208) 21. 1; (207) 24. 1–2; (205) 27. 2. l–2a, 1; (205–204) 4. 1–8; (203) 6. 1–18. 3. See Carthage.
    • punishment, capital: King Sabaco abolishes, in Egypt, I, 1. 65. 3–4.
    • Puteoli: see Dicaearcheia.
    • Pydna (Pydnê), in Macedonia: (480) Persian fleet sails from, IV, 11. 12. 3; (410) forced to obey King Archelaüs, V, 13. 49. 1–2, (358) and King Philip II, VII, 16. 8. 3; (317) Cassander besieges Olympias in, IX, 19. 35. 5, 36. 1; (316) he takes the city, 49. 1–50. 6; (314) Pydnaeans (?) defeated at sea, X, 19. 69. 3; (169) Perseus brings people of Dium to, XI, 30. 11. 2. See Agathon of.
    • Pygmalion of Cyprus: (313) Ptolemy executes, X, 19. 79. 4.
    • Pylae: (335) Amphictyons at, recognize Philip II as leader, VIII, 17. 4. 2.
    • Pylos, in Messenia: Neleus founds, III, 4. 68. 6; he purifies Heracles at, II, 4. 31. 4; (425) Athenians under Demosthenes occupy and fortify, V, 12. 61. 1, 62. 7; Lacedaemonians attempt to recover, 61. 1–03. 5; (420) Athens fails to return, 77. 2; (409) Lacedaemonians recover, 13. 64. 5–7.
    • —, in Elis: (402) Pausanias takes, VI, 14. 17. 8.
    • pyramids of Egypt: account of, I, 1. 63. 2–64. 14; among seven wonders of world, 2. 1. 1, IX, 18. 4. 5; mountains shaped like, II, 3. 45.1; (323) Perdiccas cancels Alexander’s plan to build Philip a tomb larger than, IX, 18. 4. 5–6.
    • Pyrenees mts.: origin of name, III, 5. 35. 3; separate Gauls from Celts and Celtiberians, 32. 1, 35. 2; connection of Heracles with, 35. 2.
    • Pyrgi, Tyrrhenian port: (384) Dionysius pillages temple in, VI, 15. 14. 3–4.
    • Pyrgion: (388) archon, VI, 14. 107. 1.
    • Pyrigenes, a name of Bacchus, II, 4. 5. 1.
    • Pyrrha, on Lesbos: (406) Lacedaemonians retire from Mity–lonê to, V, 13. 100. 5; (333) Memnon masters, VIII, 17. 29. 2.
    • Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus) s. of Achilles: (317) descendants of, rule Epirus until rebellion against Aeacides, IX, 19. 36. 4; (280) Pyrrhus of Epirus contrasted with, XI, 21. 21. 12.
    • —, king of Epirus, 307–303, 279–272: s. of Aeacides, VIII, 16. 72. 1, IX, 19. 35. 5; (295) Agathocles marries daughter to, XI, 21. 4. 1, 22. 8. 2; (c. 280) briefly king of Macedon, 4. 1; (280) Rome guards Rhegium against, 1. 2; “Cadmean” victories of, against Rome, 6. 1–2; (280 or 279) sends Cineas to Rome to treat, 6. 3; (279) again invited to Sicily, 7. 3, 6; Carthage, Home, and the Mamertines oppose crossing of, 7. 4–5; (278) sails from Tarentum to Sicily, 8. 1–2; makes alliance with Tyndarion, 8. 3; (278–276) settles Syracusan affairs; occupies Sicilian cities formerly ruled by Syracuse, 8. 4–5, 10. 1–2, and all Punic cities except Lilybaeum, 10. 3–4; after two–month siege of Lilybaeum, decides to invade
    588
    • Libya, 10. 5–7; (274) defeats Antigonus Gonatas; dedicates shields, 11. 1; fails to punish mercenaries for sacrilege, 11. 2–12. 1; terrified by storm, returns loot to temple of Persephone at Locri, 27. 4. 3. Character of, XI, 21. 21. 12.
    • Pythagoras, the philosopher: Samian or Tyrrhenian by birth, IV, 10. 3.1–2; taught by Phere–cydes, 3. 4; teachings of, borrowed from Egypt, I, 1. 0.9. 4, 96. 2, 98. 2; Gauls accept belief of, on transmigration, III, 5. 28. 6; instructor of Numa, 8. 14. 1, and of Zaleucus of Locri, IV, 12. 20. 1; various teachings and precepts of, 10. 3. 1–11. 2; claims to have soul of Euphorbus of Troy, 6. 1–4; declares that dying men foresee the truth, IX, 18. 1. 1; Epameinondas interested in philosophy of, VII, 15. 39. 2; receives divine honours from Croton, IV, 10. 9. 9; (511) advises Crotoniates to shelter exiles from Sybaris, 12. 9. 4.
    • Pythagoreans: examples of devotion of, to friends, IV, 10. 3. 5–4. 6; training of, in memory and self–control, 5. 1–2; refuse to accept Cylon into fellowship, 11. 1; Epameinondas and Philip II taught by, 11. 2, VII, 16. 2. 3; (366) the last of the, among men of culture, 15. 76. 4.
    • Pythes of Corinth: (414) sent to Syracuse, V, 13. 7. 2; (413) commander in battle in Great Harbour, 13. 2.
    • Pythia, priestess at Delphi: institution of the, VII, 16. 26. 4; (383) sets contests for control of Leucê, VI, 15. 18. 2–3; (355) Philomelus forces, to mount tripod, VII, 16. 25. 3, 27. 1; (326) calls Alexander “unconquerable,” VIII, 17. 93. 4. For responses of, see Delphi.
    • Pythian: Apollo called, III, 4. 80. 4, 5. 77. 6–7.
    • Pythian games; (346) by vote of Amphictyons, Philip II presides at, VII, 16. 60. 2.
    • Pythias, a Pythagorean: see Phintias.
    • —: (380) archon, VII, 15. 23. 1.
    • Pytho: poetic term for Delphi, II, 4. 55. 1, IV, 9. 10. 4, VII, 16. 23. 5, 56. 7. For responses at, see Delphi.
    • Pythodorus: (432) archon, IV, 12. 37. 1.
    • —: (336) archon, VIII, 16. 91. 1. Pythodotus: (343) archon, VIII, 16. 70. 1.
    • Pytho(n): (338) envoy of Philip II to Boeotian league, VIII, 16. 85. 3–4.
    • — of Abdera: (170) Eumenes II bribes, XI, 30. 6. 1.
    • — of Eima: (c. 135) Eunus kills, XII, 34/5. 2. 15.
    • Pythonicê: (326) Harpalus takes, from Athens to Babylon, VIII, 17. 108. 5.
    • Pythostratus of Athens: (368) stadion winner, VII, 15. 71. 1.
    • Pyxus, in Lucania: (471) Micythus founds, IV, 11. 59. 4.
    Q
    • quadriremes: (399) Dionysius prepares, and quinqueremes for Libyan campaign, VI, 14. 41. 3, 42. 2, I, 2. 5. 6; (315) in flcet of Antigonus, IX, 19. 62. 8.
    • quaestor: (185) holds key to treasury, XI, 29. 21. 1.
    • Quinctilius (Quinctius), Sex.: (446=V453) cos., IV, 12. 7. 1.
    • — Varus, M.: (400=V403) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 35. 1.
    • Quinctius, L.: (379=V387) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 24. 1.
    • —, M.: See M. Quinctilius Varus, tr. mil. c. p., 400=V403.
    • — T.: (437=V444) tr. mil. c. p., IV, 12. 32. 1.
    • —, T.: (346=V349) cos., VII, 16. 59. 1.
    • — Capitolinus Barbatus, T.: (466=V471) cos., IV, 11. 67. 1; (463=V468) 71. 1; (460=V405)
    589
    • 77. l; (439=V446) 12. 30. l; (436=V443) 33. 1; (432=V439) 37. 1.
    • — — —, T.; (402=V405) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 17. 1.
    • — Cincinnatus, L.: (450=V457b) cos., IV, 12. 3. 1.
    • — —, L.: (431=V438) tr. mil. c. p., IV, 12. 38. 1; (420=V428b) cos., V, 12. 77. l; (417=V425) tr. mil. c. p., 81. 1.
    • — —, L.: (378=V386) tr. mil. e. p., VII, 15. 25. 1; (377=V385) 28. 1; (369=V377) 61. 1.
    • — — Capitolinus, T.: (380=V388) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 23. 1; (376=V 384) 36. 1.
    • — — —, T.: (364=V368) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 78. 1.
    • — Elamininus, T.: (198) cos.; Charops guides, to Philip’s rear, XI, 30. 5. 1; bids Philip leave Greece, 28. 11. 1; (196) sends envoys to Antiochus III, 12. l, (195) and to Sparta, 13. 1; (194) proclaims liberty of Greece, 13. 1; meets envoys of Antiochus, 15. 3–4; (192) charges Antiochus with aggression, 29. 1. 1.
    • — Poenus Capitolinus Crispinus, T.: (351=V354) cos., VII, 16. 40. 1; (348=V351) 53. 1.
    • — — Cincinnatus, T.: (424=V431) cos., V, 12. 65. 1; (421=V428a) 75. 1; (418=V426) tr. mil. c. p., 80. 1.
    • quinqueremes: (399) Dionysius constructs the first, VI, 14. 41. 3, 42. 2–3, 1, 2. 5. 6; (344) in fleet of Sidon, VII, 16. 44. 6; (315) in fleet of Antigonus, IX, 19. 62. 8; (307) in opposing fleets of Ptolemy and Demetrius, X, 20. 49. 2, 50. 1; no ship larger than, in Ptolemy’s fleet, 49. 2.
    • Quintius, Quintus: see Quinctilius, Quinctius.
    R
    • Rabuleius, M’: (443=V450) Xvir, IV, 12. 24. 1.
    • rams, battering: (441) Pericles first to use, IV, 12. 28. 3; (304) Demetrius uses. 120 cubits long, X, 20. 95. 1.
    • Ramses II of Egypt: see Osy mandyas, Sesoösis.
    • — III of Egypt: see Remphis.
    • Raphia, in Palestine: (306) storm drives ships of Demetrius to, X, 20. 74. 1.
    • ravens: foretell Theban return, IX, 19. 53. 8.
    • reciters: professional, at Olympia, VI, 14. 109. 1–2, 5.
    • Red sea (usually the Persian gulf and/or the Arabian sea): receives Tigris and Euphrates, I, 2. 11. 2, IX, 19. 17. 3, and other rivers south of the Taurus, 18. 5. 3; produces birds of bright colours, II, 2. 53. 3; account of peoples living about, 3. 11. 4–38. 1; Osiris marches along, to India, I, 1. 19. 6; canal from Nile to, 33. 8–12; Sesoösis sends fleet on, to India, 55. 2; Egyptian merchants cross, to the Ichthyo–phagi, II, 3. 18. 3; (320) fish brought to Babylon from, VIII, 17. 108. 4; (312) Babylonian fugitives go to, X, 19. 100. 5; (before 61) all between the Pontus and, subdued by Pompey, XII, 40. 4.1.
    • refining: see mining and refining.
    • Relatives, Royal: (334) in Persian army at Granicus, VIII, 17. 20. 2, 21. 1, (333) and at Issus, 35.1–7; commanders taken from, 31.1; (331) at Arbela, 59. 21.
    • Remphis (Rhampsinitis, Ramses III) of Egypt: wealth of, I, 1. 62. 5–63. 1.
    • Remus: Romulus and, exposed as infants; slay Amulius, III, 7. 5. 12, 8. 3. 1–5. 1; insults wall–builders; slain byRomulus’ order, 6. 1–3; (91) Italians swear by “demigods who founded Rome,” XII, 37. 11. 1.
    • resin: export of Corsica, III, 5. 13. 4.
    • Rhadamanthys s. of Zeus and Europê: III, 4. 60. 2–3, 5.
    590
    • 78. 1; Cretan lawgiver, 4. 60. 3. 5. 79. 1; Minos sends, to distant islands, 84. 2–3; after conquests, is judge in Hades, 79. 1–2; Minos and, unite people of Crete, 80. 3.
    • Rhagae, in Media: origin of name; (317) Antigonus winters in, IX, 19. 44. 4–5.
    • Rhampsinitus: see Remphis of Egypt.
    • Rhea: a terrestrial goddess among Egyptians, I, 1. 13. 2; d. of Uranus and Hestia, III, 6. 1. 9, II, 3. 57. 2, 68. 1; one of the Titans, III, 5. 66. 3; marries Ammon; plots against Dionysus s. of Ammon, II, 3. 68. 1, 4, 70. 2; reconciled, 71. 1–2, 72. 5–6; leaves Ammon; marries brother Cronus, 71. 1–2; by Cronus bears Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hestia, Demeter, and Hades, I, 1. 13. 4, II, 3. 61. 1, 72. 6, 73. 4 III, 5. 68. 1, 69. 4, 6. 1. 9; entrusts Zeus to Curetes, 5. 60. 2, 65. 4, 70. 1–2, and Poseidon to Telchines, 55. 1; also called Pandora, II, 3. 57. 2; shrine of, at Cnossos, III, 5. 66. 1; statue of, in Babylon, I, 2. 9. 5–9; festival of, in Rome, XII, p. 301, frag. 15.
    • Rhea Silvia: secluded from men, III, 8. 2. 1.
    • Rhegium, (Rheginê), in Italy: origin of name, III, 4. 85. 3; Heracles drives crickets from, II, 4. 22. 5; Jocastus s. of Aeolus holds coast as far as, III, 5. 8. 1; Chalcidians found, 8. 23. 2, VI, 14. 40. 1; (476) Micythus succeeds Anaxilas as tyrant of, IV, 11. 48. 2, 59. 4; (473) Iapygians capture, 52. 1–5; (467) sons of Anaxilas request accounting from Micythus, 66. 1–2; he retires from, 66. 3; (461) sons of Anaxilas expelled from, 76. 5; (427) Athenian fleet reinforced at, V, 12. 54. 4; (415) refuses Athenian alliance, 13. 3. 5; Athenians sail from, 4. 3; (404) aids Syracusans against Dionysius, VI, 14. 8. 2–3; (399) begins war with him, 40. 1–2; fails to gain allies in Sicily and makes peace, 40. 3–7; (398) rejects proposals of land and of marriage alliance with Dionysius, 44. 3–5, 106. 1, 107. 3–4; (394) establishes at Naxos and Catanê those he expelled from Sicily; he defeats, before Messenê, 87. 1–2; he postpones attack on, 87. 4; (393) he makes sudden raid on, 90. 4–7; (390) he attacks, 100. 1–5; Italian Greeks mistake his fleet for that of, 102. 1–2; (389) defeated at sea, 103. 2–3; make terms with Dionysius, 106. 1–3; (388) he besieges, 107. 3–108. 6; (387) he takes the city and enslaves the captives, 111. 1–113. 1, 15. 1. 6; (356) general of Younger Dionysius takes cavalry from, to Syracuse, VII, 16. 16. 1; (351) Syracusans expel the garrison of Younger Dionysius from, 45. 9; (345) joins Timoleon, VIII, 16. 66. 6–7, 68. 4–6; (317) Agathocles aids, against Heracleides and Sostratus, IX, 19. 4. 2; (280) seized by Campanians sent to guard city against Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 1. 2–3; (279) Carthaginians invest, 7. 5; (264) cos. Ap. Claudius comes to, 23. 1. 4; (216) Hannibal about to invest, 26. 13. 1; (88) Italians besiege, XII, 37. 2. 13–14. See Micythus, Carcinus.
    • Rhenê, mother of Saon of Samothrace, III, 5. 48. 1.
    • Rheneia, near Delos: (426) bones from graves on Delos brought to, V, 12. 58. 7.
    • Rheomithres: (362) betrays other satraps, VII, 15. 92. 1.
    • —: (334) Persian cavalry leader at Granicus, VIII, 17. 19. 4; (333) killed at Issus. 34. 5.
    • rhetoric: place of, in historical writing, X, 20. 1. 1–2. 2; (427) Gorgias the first master of,
    591
    • heard at Athens, V, 12. 53. 2–4.
    • Rhine: one of largest rivers of Gaul; (55) Caesar bridges, III, 5. 25. 4.
    • rhinoceros, described, II, 3. 35. 1–3.
    • Rhinocolura, in Egypt: criminals held in, I, 1. 60. 5–10.
    • Rhium, on Corinthian gulf: (429) Athenian fleet twice defeats Lacedaemonian off, V, 12. 48. 1–3.
    • Rhizophagi: account of, II, 3. 23. 1–3.
    • Rhodes, island and city: location of, II, 3. 34. 7; Zenon composes history of, III, 5. 56. 7; account of early, 55. 1–60. 1; first inhabited by Heliadae, 56. 3–7, or by Telchines children of Thalatta, 55. 1; origin of name, 55. 4, 56. 3; giants in, 55. 5; sons of Poseidon bar Aphrodite from, 55. 6; Helius dissipates flood in, 56. 1–3; honours paid to Helius, his daughter Electryonê, and to Athena, 56. 4–7; those Heliadae who murdered Tenages leave, 57. 1–8; visited by Danaüs and his daughters, 58. 1, by Cadmus, 58. 2, by Phorbus, who destroys serpents, 58. 4–5, by Althaemenes of Crete and his father, 59. 1–4, by Tlepolemus s. of Heracles, who becomes king, 59. 5–6, II, 4. 58. 7–8; affairs of, interwoven with those of Carian Cherronesus, III, 5. 60. 1–64. 1; receives colonists from Lesbos, 81. 8; sends colonists to Lilybaeum and Lipara, 9. 1–4, to Symê 53. 3, to Nisyros, 54. 3, to Gela, 8. 23. 1; fourth in list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1.
    • (480) Supplies ships to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 8; (411) Lacedaemonian fleet under Dorieus quells revolution in, V, 13. 38. 5, 45. 1; (408) Alcibiades plunders, 69. 5; Lysander gets ships from, 70. 2; city of Rhodes formed by union of earlier cities of island, 75. 1; (396) Lacedaemonian fleet operates from, VI, 14. 79. 4–5; expels Lacedaemonian fleet and receives Persian under Conon, 79. 6–7; (392) Athenian fleet sails to, 94. 4; (391) pro–Lacedaemonians in, exile pro–Athenians and supply ships to Lacedaemonians, 97. 1–4; (390) Athenians aid exiles of, 99. 4–5; (377) with Athenian encouragement, secede from Lacedaemonians, VII, 15. 28. 3; (364) Thebes seeks aid of, in building fleet, 15. 79. 1; (358) revolt from Athens, 16. 7. 3, (356) 21. 1–4; (340) join Athenians against Philip II, VIII, 16. 77. 2–3; (before 324) Alexander’s testament deposited at, X, 20. 81. 3; (323) expel Macedonian garrison, IX, 18. 1; (316) third great flood in, 19. 45. 1–8; (315) supply ships to Antigonus, 57. 4, 58. 5, 61.5, 62.7, 64. 5, 7; (313) X, 19. 77. 3; (307) refuse to aid Demetrius against Ptolemy, 20. 46. 6, 82. 1; Antigonus seizes ships of, 82. 2; (before 305) causes of war between Demetrius and, 81. 1–82. 5; avoid alliances with kings, 81. 2–3; free sea of pirates, 81. 3; trade with Egypt, 81. 4; (305) make ready for Demetrius’ attack, 82. 3–4, 83. 2; wealth of, attracts private ships to Demetrius’ fleet, 82. 5; he lands on island of, and plunders, 83. 1–4; send to Ptolemy and others for aid, 84. 1; Demetrius lays siege to, 84. 1–88. 9; arrangements for ransom of captives, 84. 6; receive reinforcements from Ptolemy, 88. 9; (304) siege continued, 91. 1–100. 1; reject Cnidian peace efforts, 95. 4–5; continue to receive supplies, 96. 1–3, 98. 1; reject Athenian peace efforts, 98. 2–3; urged by Ptolemy, make terms with Demetrius; become ally
    592
    • of Antigonus except against Ptolemy, 99.1–100.1,5; honour citizens and free slaves for bravery; set up statues of Cassander and Lysimachus, and honour Ptolemy as a god, 100. 1–4; (302) Rhodian hostages returned from Ephesus, 107. 4; (c. 227) Hiero of Syracuse aids, after earthquake, XI, 26. 8. 1; (e. 205) attack Cretan pirates, 27. 3. 1, whom Philip instigates, 28. 1. 1; (188) receive Caria and Lycia in settlement after Magnesia, 29. 11. 1; (168) envoys of, come to Rome to mediate between Rome and Macedon, 30. 24. 1; (167) envoys of, at Rome deny pro–Macedonian sympathies, 31. 5. l–2b; (c. 156) receive gifts and honours from kings; best governed state in Greece, 36. 1; renowned for naval warfare, 38. 1; (153) at war with Cretans, 38. 1, 43. 1–45. 1; (88) Cappadocians swarm about fleet of, XII, 37. 28. 1. See Aeschylus, Dorieus, Memnon, Mentor, Micinas of.
    • Rhodopis: third pyramid perhaps built for, I, 1. 64. 14.
    • Rhodos d. of Poseidon: Rhodes named for, III, 5. 55. 4, 56. 3. See Triopas s. of.
    • Rhodus; see Antisthenes Rhodus.
    • Rhoecus, father of the sculptors Telecles and Theodorus, I, 1. 98. 5.
    • Rhoeo d. of Staphylus: pregnant by Apollo; set adrift by father, III, 5. 62. 1–2.
    • Rhoeteium, on Hellespont: (335) Callas retires to, VIII, 17. 7. 10.
    • Rhône riv.: largest Gallic river flowing into our sea, III, 5. 25. 4; British tin brought overland to, 22. 4.
    • Rhosaces: (c. 344) commands Boeotians in Persian army in Egypt, VII, 16. 47. 2.
    • —: (334) at Granicus, wounds Alexander, VIII, 17. 20. 6.
    • Rhypê, in Achaïa: Myscellus goes from, to Delphi, III, 8. 17. 1.
    • rice: grown in India, II, 2. 36. 4, and on Ceylon (?), 57. 2; (317) Macedonians in Susianê eat, when wheat fails, IX, 19. 13. 6.
    • “rock”: (334) of the Marmares on frontiers of Lycia, taken by Alexander, VIII, 17. 28. 1–5; (329) in Areia, occupied by Satibarzanes, taken by Alexander, 78. 3–4; (312) of the Nabataean Arabs, taken by Athenaeus, X, 19. 95. 1–3. See Nora, Petra.
    • Rome: history of, by Fabius Pictor, III, 7. 5. 4; Heracles visits site of, II, 4. 21. 1–4; Argonauts near, 56. 6; trace ancestry to Aphroditê, III, 4. 83. 5–7; many years between Aeneas and foundation of, 7. 5.1–12; Romulus, Remus, and foundation of, 8. 2. 1–6. 3; peaceful reign of Numa, 14. 1; Tullus Hostilius declares war on Alba; formal declaration of war, 25. 1–26. 1; education of Tarquin the Elder, 31. 1; (578–535) reign of Servius Tullius, IV, 10. 2. 1; (535) Tarquin the Proud king of, 1. 1; borrowings from Tyrrhenians (Etruscans), III, 5. 40. 1; (535–510) reign of Tarquin the Proud; rape of Lucretia and end of monarchy, IV, 10. 20. 1–22. 1.
    • (480=V486–302) For election of annual magistrates, see table preceding this Index. (479 = V485) Defeat Volsci; execute Sp. Cassius for seeking tyranny, IV, 11. 37. 7; (478=V484) defeat Aequi; take Tusculum, 40. 5; (472=V477) Veiians defeat, at Cremera; Fabian losses, 53. 6; (466=V471) first tribunes elected, 68. 8; (444=V451) Xviri draw up law code, 12. 23. 1; (443=V450) second Xviri do not complete code; Appius, Verginia, and the secession of the plebeians, 24. 1–25. 1; plebeian tribunes instituted;
    593
    • one consul to be plebeian, 25. 2–3; (442=V449) the Twelve Tables set up, 26. 1; (439=V446) defeat Volsci, 30. 6; (435=V442) send colony to Ardea, 34. 5; (432=V439) execute Sp. Maelius for seeking tyranny, 37. 1; (425=V432) under diet. A. Postumius. subdue revolt of Aequi, V, 12. 64. 1–3; (418=V426) indecisive battle with Fidenates, who have slain envoys, 80. 6–8; (415=V418) at war with Aequi, 13. 6. 8; (411=V414) 42. 6; (404=V407) Volsci slay, at Erruca, VI, 14. 11. 6; (403=V406) Archonides founds Halaesa later exempted from tribute by, 16. 3; at war with Veientes and Volsci; pay soldiers for first time, 16. 5; (401=V404) increase colony at Velitrae, 34. 7; (399=V402) defeated at Veii, 43. 5; (393=V396) capture Veii; dedicate spoil at Delphi, 93. 2–4; Liparaeans capture, then free, envoys to Delphi, 93. 4–5; (392=V395) pillage Faliscus, 96. 5, (391=V394) then make peace; wage war on Aequi; send colony to Sutrium; expelled from Verrugo, 98. 5; (390=V393) portion land of Veii; at war with Aequi, and with Velitrae and Satricum; send colony to Cercii, 102. 4; (389=V392) take Liphoecua; hold games for Zeus, 106. 4; (388=V39l) defeat Volsci, 109. 7.
    • (387–V390) Envoys to Clusium kill Celts; assembly refuses satisfaction, VI, 14. 113. 4–6; assembly overrides Senate for first time, 113. 7; defeated by Celts; flee to Veii, 114. 1–115. 2; Celts occupy Home except strong points, 2. 4, 115. 3–6, 117. 9, III, 5. 32. 5, VI, 15. 1. 6; repel Tyrrhenian raid, 14. 116. 1–2; hold Capitoline against Celts, 116. 3–6; Celts accept payment and withdraw, 116. 7, 117. 5; rebuild city, 116. 8–9; defeat Volsci, 117. 1–3, and Tyrrhenians and Celts, who have attacked allies, 117. 4–5; Celts withdraw through territory of, 117. 7; (378=V386) send colony to Sardinia, VII, 15. 27. 4, II, 4. 30. 6, III, 5. 15. 5; (377=V385) slay M. Manlius who seeks tyranny, VII, 15. 35. 3; (374=V382) defeat Praenestini, 47. 8; (367=V375) civil dissension, 75. 1; (354=V357) at war with Etruscans, 16. 31. 7; (353=V356) 36. 4; (351=V354) make armistice with Praenestê and treaty with Samnites; punish Tarquinians, 45. 8; (344=V348) first treaty with Carthage, VIII, 16. 69. 1; (337=V340) defeat Latins and Campanians, 90. 2; (317=V318) ninth year of Samnite war, IX, 19. 10. 1–2; add two tribes, 10. 2; (315=V316) Samnite war continues, 65. 7; (314=V315) X, 19. 72. 2–8; establish colony at Luceria, 72. 8–9; (313=V314) Samnite war continues, 76. 1–5; (312=V313) 101. 1–3; send colony to Pontia, 101. 3; (311=V312) move against Marrucini; place colony at Interamna, 105. 5; (310=V311) defeat Samnites, 20. 26. 3–4; (309=V310) move against both Samnites and Etruscans, 35. 1–5; censorship of Ap. Claudius; Appian way and Appian aqueduct built; son of freedman elected aedile, 36. 1–6; (308) defeat Samnites; make truce with Etruscans, 44. 8–9; (306) ravage Samnium after Samnites take Sora and Calatia, 80. 1–4; distribute lands of Frusino; declare war on Anagnitae, 80. 4; (305) defeat Paeligni and Samnites, 90. 3–4; (304) peace with Samnites; force Aequi to submit; make alliance with Marsi, Paligni, and Marrucini,
    594
    • 101. 5; (303) Tarentum wages war on, 104. 1; (295) defeat Etruscans, Gauls, and Samnites at Sentinum, XI, 21. 6. 1–2; (287) exclude patricians from plebeian assembly, 18. 2; (c. 280) garrison sent by, to guard Rhegium imitates Mamertines, 22. 1. 2–3; (280) Pyrrhus’ “Cadmean” victories over, 6. 1–2, IX, 19. 35. 5; (280) Senators refuse gifts of his envoy, XI, 22. 6. 3; (279) make alliance with Carthage against Pyrrhus, 7. 5.
    • (Before 264) Syracuse and Carthage allied to expel Romans from Sicily, XI, 23. 1. 2; (264) send Appius Claudius Caudex to Rhegium when Carthage and Syracuse besiege Messana, 1. 4; after naval battle, discuss terms with Carthage; claim to improve on their teachers in warfare, 2. 1–2; cross to Messana, 3. 1; (263) many cities of Sicily join; Syracuse makes peace with, 4. 1–5. 1; (262) take Acragas after siege, but not Mytistratus, 7. 1–9. 3; (260) Hamilcar (not Barca) defeats, at Thermae, 9. 4; defeat Hannibal off Mylae, 10. 1; take more cities, 9. 4–5; (256) Carthage misses chance to defeat, 11. 1; (256–255) M. Atilius Regulus wins victories in Africa; Carthage seeks peace but rejects Regulus’ terms; Carthage defeats, on land and sea; fate of Regulus, 12. 1–18. 1; (254) with new fleet, take Cephaloedium and Panormus; many cities join; retire to Messana, 18. 2–5; (253) send to Libya a fleet which is wrecked on return; fail to take Thermae, 19. 1; (252) take Thermae and Lipara but not Herctê, 20. 1, VI, 14. 93. 4–5; (251) captured elephants cause wonder in Rome, XI, 23. 21. 1; (250) besiege Lilybaeum, 24. 1. 1–6, 10, 3. 1; (249) lose two fleets in battle, one by storm 1. 5–11, 4. 1; cos. P. Claudius Pulcher flogs citizen soldiers, 3. 1; (244–241) defeated by Hamilcar Barca, 5. 1–9. 3, 25. 6. 1, 8. 1; (241) under C. Lutatius Catulus defeat Hanno at Aegates Isls., 24. 11. 1–3; cruelty of Regulus’ wife brings disgrace on, 12. 1–3; make peace with Carthage, 13. 1–14. 1, 25. 2. 1, XII, 37. 1. 4.
    • (241–183) Hannibal and Rome, XI, 25. 19. 1 (pp. 165–175); (225) twice defeated by Celts and Gauls, then defeat them, 13. 1, 11. 2; Hiero sends grain to, 14. 1; (221–219) Hannibal gathers forces against, 19. 1 (pp. 167–169), making use of wealth from Spanish mines, III, 5. 38. 3, XI, 29. 6. 1; number of soldiers available for, I, 2. 5. 7; (219) demand surrender of Hannibal; begin war with Carthage, 25. 15. 1, 16. 1; (217) criticize policy of Fabius Maximus, 26. 3. 1–3; size of legion, 5. l; (216) Hannibal defeats, at Cannae but fails to attack city, 25. 19. 1 (pp. 169–173); (216–215) Carthage holds all territory of, except Naples, 26. 10. 1, 13. 1, 29. 19. 1; Hannibal denounces cruelty of, but is cruel to captured, 26. 14. 1–2; (212) Hannibal sends bones of Ti. Sempronius Gracchus to, 16. 1; (212) invest Capua, 17. 1; (212–211) take Syracuse by siege; kill Archimedes, 18. 1, 20. 1–2, XII, 37. 1. 3; subdue all Sicily, III, 4. 83. 4–7, IX, 19. 1. 5; (209–208) in Spain, 26. 21. 1–22. 1, 29. 20. 1; (207) saved by Fortune from combined forces of Hannibal and Hasdrubal, 26. 24. 1–2; (205) pontifex maximus not permitted to leave, 27. 2. 1; cult of Great Mother introduced, XII, 34/5. 33. 2; (205–204) investigate conduct of Pleminius in
    595
    • Locri; Scipio Africanus prepares African invasion, XI, 27. 2a. 1, 4. 1–8; he forces Hannibal to leave Italy, 29. 20. 1; (203) Scipio secures alliance with Numidia, 27. 6. 1–8. 1; Carthaginians marvel at piety of Romans in treatment of envoys, 12. 1–2; reflections on conduct of Carthaginians and, 13. 1–18. 3; (201) Second Punic war ends, XII, 37. 1. 4.
    • (200) Philip bids, abide by promises, XI, 28. 6. 1; (198) he rejects offered terms, 11. 1; (197) defeat Philip, 2. 1, 3. 1, 30. 5. 1, XII, 37. 1. 4, but show moderation in victory, XI, 28. 3. 1, 7. 1, leaving Macedon free, 31. 8. 1, 4, and freeing Thessaly, 29. 16. 1; (195) make settlement with Nabis; withdraw garrisons from Greece, 28. 13. 1; envoys from, bid Antiochus leave cities formerly of Philip; Antiochus would bar, from Asia, 12. 1, 15. 1–4; (192) he begins war against, with impious act, 29. 1. 1; (191) Thessaly supports, 3. 1; Aetolians reject demands of, 4. 1; (190) defeat Antiochus and follow him to Asia, 5. 1–7. 1, 9. 1; Africanus advises him not to fight, 8. 1; (189) he accepts offered terms, 10. 1, 24. 1, 28. 3. 1, 31. 8. 1, 4, XII, 37. 1. 2; Aetolians refuse offered terms, XI, 29. 9. 1; envoys from cities and states of Asia come to, 11. 1; (188) postpone settlement with Galatians, 12. 1; (?) Liguria incorporated in Roman state, III, 5. 39. 7; (187) punish praetor for wronging Ligurian allies, XI, 29. 14. 1; restrict Philip, 16. 1; (185) displeased by dismantling of Spartan walls by Achaeans, 17. 1; esteem Philopoemen, 18. 1; position of Africanus in, 20. 1–21. 1, 31. 26. 4; (182) Cemeletae challenge, 29. 28. 1 (pp. 269–271); (181) Attalus welcomed in, 22. 1; (180) false charges against son brought to Philip from, 25. 1; Ti. Sempronius Gracchus commands, in Spain, 26. 1; honours M. Aemilius Lepidus, 27. 1; (179) Perseus seeks alliance with, 30. 1, 31. 9. 1; under Gracchus, conquer Spain and make treaty with Celtiberians, 29. 26. 1, 31. 39. 1; work silver mines of Spain with slaves, III, 5. 36. 3–4; (178–177) subdue Istrians, II, 4. 56. 8; (175) Antiochus IV Epiphanes imitates style of magistrates of, XI, 29. 32. 1; (172) Ariarathes supposititious s. of Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia comes to, 31. 19. 7.
    • (171) Rebuke envoys for tricking Perseus, XI, 30. 7. 1 (p. 283); declare war on Perseus, 1. 1; (170) Antiochus and Ptolemy VI Philometor send envoys to, each claiming Coelê Syria, 2. 1; Timarchus envoy of Antiochus tries to bribe senators, 31. 27a. 1; Ptolemy tries to reconcile Perseus and, 30. 2. 1; although educated in, Charops influences Epirotes against, 5. 1; send cos. A. Hostilius Mancinus to Epirus, 5a. 1; (169) policy of Perseus and, contrasted, 8. 1; Perseus fails to gain aid of Illyrians against, 9. 1–2; he loses his mercenaries, 19. 1, 31. 14. 1; (169) remaining at Dium Perseus fails to destroy, in mountains, 30. 10. 1–11. 2; turn and put victorious Macedonians to flight, 12. 1; (168) cos. M. Aemilius Paullus encourages, before battle at Pydna, 20. 1; have elephants from Libya, I, 2. 17. 3; defeat Perseus, XI, 29. 25. 1, 31. 11. 1; surprising that Perseus withstood, so long, 30. 21. 2; advice of Aemilius to, 23. 1–2; force Antiochus IV to leave Egypt, 31. 2. 1–2, 17. 1; policy of, to the conquered, 3. 1–4. l; (167) pardon Rhodians
    596
    • for favouring Perseus, 5. l–2b; vie with each other for common good, 6. 1; congratulated on victory, 7. 1; leave Macedon free but divided, 8. 1–9; treatment of Perseus and his supporters, 8. 4, 9. 1–5, 31. 1; abject flattery of Prusias toward, 15. 1–3; (c. 166) Antiochus disaffected toward, 16. 1–17. 1; (164) charge Eumenes with alliance with Perseus, 7. 2 (pp. 357–359); Ptolemy VI Philometor in, 18.1–2; (c. 163) treaty between Cappadocia and, renewed, 19. 8; (161) envoys of the two Ptolemies in, 23. 1; luxury in, 24. 1, (160) 26. 6–7; funeral of L. Aemilius Paullus; his achievements, 25. 1–26. 2; eulogy of Scipio Aemilianus, 26. 3–27. 8; (161) Timarchus of Miletus comes to, to plot against Demetrius I Soter, 27a. 1; (160) envoys in, from Ariarathes, 28. 1, and Demetrius, 29. 1–30. 1; (157) envoys of Orophernes in, plot against Ariarathes, 32b. 1; (158) the two Ptolemies fear, and make terms with each other, 33. 1; (153) defeat Celtiberians, 39.1–40. 1, 41. 1–42. 1, III, 5. 33. 1; (153–149) Andriscus and, XI, 31. 40a. 1, 32. 15. 1–7, 9a. 1, 9b. 1 (pp. 429–431); (150) won dominion by courage, extended it by moderation, secured it by terror, 32. 2. 1, 4. 4–5. 1.
    • (150–146) Third Punic war; Carthage destroyed, 32. 1. 1, 3. 1, 4. 5, 6. 1–9. 1, 13. 1–14. 1, 18. 1, 22. 1–25. 1, XII, 34/5. 33. 4–6; (149) Masinissa leaves sons to guardianship of, XI, 32. 16. 1; (146) war with Achaean league; Corinth destroyed, 26. 1–27. 3; (147–139) war with Lusitanians under Viriathus, XII, 33. 1. 1–2. 1, 7. 1–7, 19. 1, 21. l–21a. 1; unable to end Lusitanian plundering, III, 5. 34. 7; (146) convict C. Plautius of minuta maiestas, XII, 33. 2.1; (143–140) Numantian war, 16. 1–17. 3; (139) threaten Contobrians, 24. 1, 26. 1–2; (138) attribute to Antiochus VI statue sent by Diodotus Tryphon, 28a. 1; send envoys to Ptolemy VIII to study resources of Egypt, 28b. 1–4; (135?) slaves in Sicily under Eunus rise against landholders from, 34/5. 2. 3, 27, 31, and defeat, 2. 16, 18, and taunt, 2. 46; sympathetic slave rising in, 2. 19; (132) under cos. P. Rupilius, recover Tauromenium from slaves, and end revolt, 2. 20–23; (133) fall of Numidia (?), 4. 1–2; reforms and death of Ti. Gracchus, 5. 1–7. 3; delegation from, institutes religious reforms in Sicily, 10. 1; (124) cos. C. Sextius Calvinus rewards Crato a Gallic supporter of, 23. 1; (123) reforms of C. Gracchus, 24. 1–27. 1, 37. 9. l; (121) his death, 34/5. 28a. 1–30.1; (119–103) campaign against Scordisci (Cordisci), 30a. l–30b. 1; (113, 109) Cimbri defeat, 37. 1 (p. 141); (112) Jugurtha ignores envoys of; he wonders at courage of, 31. 1–32. 1; (111) eulogy of cos. P. Scipio Nasica, 33. 1–8; (110) support Contoniatus of Iontora, 36. 1; (110–105) after initial defeat, under C. Marius defeat Jugurtha, 35. l–35a. 1, 38. 1–39. 1, 36. 1. 1; (105) Cimbri defeat, III, 5. 32. 5, XII, 34/5. 37.1 (p. 141), 36. 1.1; (105–101) slave wars in Italy and Sicily, 1. 1–6. 1, 11. 1–3 (pp. 163–165), 7. 1–10. 3 (see Servile war); emancipate citizens of allied states held as slaves, 3. 2: (104) defeat Cimbri, 3.1,37. 1. 5, 38/9. 4. 2; transport of grain from Ostia to, 36. 12. 1; (102) Battaces priest of Great Mother in, 13. 1–3; meaning of acclamation as imperator, 14. 1; (101)
    597
    • tr. pl. Saturnius stripped of office for insulting envoys of Mithridates VI, 15. 1–2, but is re-elected tribune, 15. 2–3; a hermaphrodite found near, XI, 32. 12. 2. (p. 455).
    • (91) Beginning of war between, and her Italian allies, the greatest war in history, XII, 37. 1. 1–2. 5 (see Marsic war); failure of, to grant citizenship a cause of this war, 2. 2; Italians imitate constitution of, 2. 7; (89) under Cn. Pompeius Strabo and L. Cornelius Sulla, win repeated victories over Italians, 2. 8–10, (88) who vainly seek alliance with Mithridates, 2. 11–12; (91) growth of luxury in, denounced by M. Porcius Cato, 3. 1–6; examples of good governors, 4. 1–8. 4; career of M. Livius Drusus, 10. 1–11. 1; (91–89) episodes of Marsic war, 12. 1–25. 1; (88) Mithridates defeats, in Asia; various cities revolt from, 26. 1–27. 1, VI, 14. 31. 2; rivalry of Marius and Sulla, XII, 37. 2. 12, 29. 1–3; 7th consulship and death of Marius leaves seeds of war, 29. 3–4; portents presaging consulship of Sulla, 38/9. 5. 1 (pp. 241–243); (87) return of L. Cornelius Cinna and Marius to, 1. 1–3. 1; reign of terror in, 4. 1–3; ends of Cinna and of Marius, 6. 1; campaign under Sulla against Mithridates, 7. 1, (86) 8. 1–4; (83) growing strength of Cn. Pompeius ignored in, 9. 1, but welcomed by Sulla, 10. 1; army of cos. L. Scipio Asiaticus deserts to Sulla, 16. 1 (p. 257); (82) Marsic war merges into war of Sulla and C. Marius the Younger, 37. 29. 4, 2. 13–14; Sulla defeats Marius, 38/9. 12. 1–15. 1; he is granted dictatorial power and brings armed mob into, p. 301; proscriptions of Sulla, 37. 29. 5, 38/9. 17. 1–19. 1; he concocts reports of disasters in provinces, p. 303; (73) Spartacus revolts against, 21. 1–22. 2; in Spain Sertorius heads government independent of, 37. 22a. 1 (p. 267); (c. 74) Mithridates almost captured by a, 22b. 1 (pp. 269–271); (71) Cretans revert to piracy in spite of, 40. 1. 1–3; (63) Pompey upbraids Jews for wrongs to, 2. 1; Cicero discloses plot of Catiline, 5. 1–5a. 1; (61) Pompey sets up tablet detailing his deeds, 4. 1; wealth of Lucullus, II, 4. 21. 4; (59) Ptolemy XI seeks name of “Friend” of, I, 1. 83. 8–9; (59 ff.) Caesar extends empire of, I, 1. 4. 7, II, 3. 38. 2–3, 4. 19. 2; (43?) Sicilian Greeks receive citizenship, V, 13. 35. 3, VIII, 16. 70. 6; (21?) Augustus plants colony of, at Tauromenium, VII, 16. 7. 1; (?) build shelters and spend winter, XII, p. 299; (“in our times”) resources in, used by Diodorus, I, 1. 4. 2; Greek and Latin spoken in Sicily, 4. 4; pay special honour to Aphroditê, III, 4. 83. 4–7; decree that certain Sicilian cities pay tax to Aphroditê, 83. 7; derive income from mines of styptic earth on Lipara tel., 5. 10. 2; call Cyrnus “Corsica,” 13. 3, and Gymnesiae “Baliarides,” 17. 1; offer vows to Heracles (Melkart) at Gadeira, 20. 2; the Haedui continue friends of, 25. 1; call both Celts and Gauls “Gauls,” 32. 1; some Ligurians use armour of, 39. 7; British tin brought to Narbo, a colony of, 38. 5; celebrate festival of Cronus, 66. 5–6; no one at, parts with what is his, XI, 31. 27. 5.
    • Romilius Rocus Vaticanus, T.: (448=V455) cos., IV, 12. 5. 1; (444=V451) Xvir, 23. 1.
    • Romulus grandson of Aeneas: not founder of Rome, III, 7. 5. 1.
    598
    • — s. of Numitor: many years between Aeneas and, III, 7. 5. 1; exposed in infancy with brother Remus; slays Amulius; founds Rome, III, 7. 5. 12, 8. 3. 1–5. 1, many generations after Heracles visits site, II, 4. 21. 1; Celer kills Remus by order of, III, 8. 6. 1–3; (91) Italians swear by “demigods who founded Rome,” XII, 37. 11. 1.
    • — Silvius: slain by lightning for impiety, III, 7. 7. 1.
    • Rostra: (442=V449) the Twelve Tables attached to the, IV, 12. 26. 1.
    • Roxanê d. of Oxyartes: (328) Alexander marries, VIII, 17. p. 111, IX, 18. 3. 3, 39. 6; (317) goes to Pydna with Olympias, 19. 35. 5; (316) Cassander places, in custody, 52. 4, 61. 1; (315) Antigonus’ Macedonians demand release of, 61. 3; (311) murdered by Cassander’s order, X, 19. 105. 2–5. See Oxyartes father of; Alexander IV of Macedon, son of.
    • Rufus, C. (?): (388=V391) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 107. 1.
    • Rupilius, P.: (132) cos., brings slave war to end, capturing Eunus, XII, 34/5. 2. 20–23.
    • Rutilius, M., cos. 339=V342: see C. Marcius Rutilus.
    • — Rufus, Q., cos. 105: (91) legatus of Q. Mucius Scaevola, XII, 37. 5. 1.
    S
    • Sabaco: an Ethiopian king of Egypt, I, 1. 65. 2–8.
    • Sabae, chief city of Arabia Felix, II, 3. 47. 4, 6.
    • Sabaeans: see Arabian tribes.
    • Sabazius: the Dionysus called, earlier than the s. of Zeus and Semelê, II, 4. 4. 1–2.
    • Sabellians: (88) with Samnites, still oppose Rome in Social war, XII, 37. 2. 11.
    • Sacae: a Scythian people, II, 2. 35. 1, 43. 5; long war between Medes and, ends in alliance, I, 2. 34. 1–2; women of, share military dangers, 34. 3–5; (480) in Xerxes’ army, IV, 11. 7. 2–3. See Zarina queen of.
    • Sacred Band (Carthaginian): (340) cut down by Timoleon at Crimisus, VIII, 16. 80. 4; (310) in first battle against Agathocles in Libya, X, 20. 10. 6, 11. 1, 12. 3, 7.
    • — — (Theban): (371) under Pelopidas, wins victory at Leuctra, VII, 15. 81. 2.
    • History, by Euhemerus, III, 6. 1. 3, 11.
    • — isl., off coast of Arabia Felix: see Hiera isl.
    • — War: treated by Demophilus s. of Ephorus, VII, 16. 14. 3; (355) begins with pillage of shrine at Delphi by Philomelus, 14. 3, 23. 1, XII, 38/9. 7. 1, or by Onomarchus, VII, 16. 38. 6; division of Greek peoples at beginning of, 29. 1; (355) first year of, 23. 1–27. 5; (354) continues, 28. 1–31. 5; (353) 32. 1–36. 1; (352) 37. 1–39. 8; (351) 40. 1–2; (347) 56. 1–58. 6; (346) final year of, 59. 1–64. 3; Philip II terminates, without a battle, 59. 4; punishment of those guilty of sacrilege, 61. 1–64. 3.
    • sacrifice: (396) omen from, VI, 14. 80. 5.
    • sacrifice, human: red-headed men at tomb of Osiris, I, 1. 88. 5; among the Gauls (Galatians), III, 5. 31. 3, 32. 6, XI, 31. 13. 1; (406) in Carthage, to Cronus (Baal or Moloch), V, 13. 86. 3; (310) X, 20. 14. 4–7; (307) 65. 1; among the Greeks, Delphi bids Messenians offer a maiden, III, 8. 8. 1–2; (c. 278) Apollodorus of Cassandreia binds conspirators by draught of blood from, XI, 22. 5. 1; (154) in Thrace, XII, 33. 14. 4–5.
    • sacrilege: (396) Punic army
    599
    • punished by plague for plundering temples of Demeter and Core, VI, 14. 63. 1–2, 70. 4; (345 ff.) fate of those guilty of, in Sacred war, VII, 16. 61. 1–64. 3; (192) Antiochus III begins war against Rome with act of, XI, 29. 1. 1; (156) Prusias of Bithynia punished for, 31. 35.1.
    • Saguntum: see Zacantha.
    • Saïs, in Egypt: Athens founded from, I, 1. 28. 4; Athenians found, III, 5. 57. 5. See Psammetichus of.
    • Salaminia, Athenian state galley, V, 13. 5. 2–3. Salamis d. of Asopus: bears Poseidon a son on island that bears her name, III, 4. 72. 1, 4.
    • Salamis, on Cyprus: (449) Athenians under Cimon lay siege to; withdraw after making peace with Artaxerxes, IV, 12. 4. 1–6; (391) Evagoras king of, VI, 14. 98. 1; (386) Persians besiege, 15. 4. 1; Evagoras seeks aid from Egypt, 4. 3, 8. 1–2; (385) he surrenders all Cyprus except, and pays tribute for, 8. 2–3, 9. 1–2; (374) Nicocles kills Evagoras and rules over, VII, 15. 47. 8; (c. 344) under King Pnytagoras, revolts from Artaxerxes; is besieged by Evagoras II and Phocion, 16. 42. 7–9, 46. 1; Pnytagoras yields to Artaxerxes and retains throne of, 46. 1–3; (307) Demetrius moves against, X, 20. 47. 1–2; Menelaüs makes ready to defend, 47. 3, 7–8; Demetrius besieges, 48. 1–8; Ptolemy sails to aid, 49. 1–50. 1, but is defeated at sea, 50. 1–52. 5; (301) after death of Antigonus, Demetrius sails to, XI, 21. 1. 4b.
    • Salamis, isl. near Attica: Poseidon carries Salamis d. of Asopus to, III, 4. 72. 4; Telamon marries d. of king of; he gains throne of, 72. 7; (c. 640) Solon born on, IV, 9. 1. 1; (480) after Thermopylae Greek fleet sails to, 11. 13. 3; Athenian citizens withdraw to, 13. 4, 15. 2; in spite of Peloponnesian opposition Greeks agree on, as site for battle, 15. 3–16. 1; news of wall at isthmus terrifies troops at, 16. 3; Themistocles tricks Persians into forcing battle at, 17. 1–2; Greeks defeat Persians near, 17. 3–19. 4; nephews of Xerxes killed, 57. 2; Athenians and Themistocles regarded as responsible for victory at, 27. 2, 59. 1; Naxians aid in victory at, III, 5. 52. 3; Ameinias of Athens commands trireme that rams Persian flagship at, IV, 11. 27. 2; news of victory at, reaches Gelon, 26. 4–5; after, Persian fleet winters at Cymê 27. 1; (479) Athenian citizens again flee to, 28. 5, returning home after Plataea, 39. 1; after, the Greek fleet collects at Aegina, then goes to Samos, 34. 2–3; (428) Lacedaemonians under Cnemus overrun; are driven out, V, 12. 49. 3–5; (413) before Syracuse Nicias reminds Athenians of victory at, 13. 15. 2; (401) the Thirty Tyrants execute some from, for siding with exiles, VI, 14. 32. 4; (318) Polyperchon forces Cassander to abandon siege of, IX, 18. 69. 1–2.
    • Salganeus, in Boeotia: (313) Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus fortifies, X, 19. 77. 4.
    • Sallentians: once held the Apulian plain, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 171).
    • Salmoneus s. of Aeolus: founds Salmonia in Eleia; descendants of, as far as Nestor, III, 4. 68. 1–6; tried to rival Zeus, imitating the thunder, 68. 2, 6. 6. 4, 7. 1; mistreats daughter Tyro, who bears sons to Poseidon, 4. 68. 3, 6. 6. 5, 7. 2–3; killed by lightning, 7. 3, 4. 68. 2.
    • Salmonia, in Eleia: Salmoneus founds, III, 4. 68. 1.
    • Salmus: (326) Nearchus’ fleet
    600
    • rejoins Alexander at, VIII, 17. 106. 4–7.
    • Salmydessus, in Thrace: (400) Greek mercenaries under Xenophon make war on Thracians about, VI, 14. 37. 1–3.
    • Salonia, in Bithynia: (302) Lysimachus winters at, X, 20. 109. 6.
    • Salvius (Tryphon): (104) named king by rebelling slaves in Sicily; defeats pr. P. Licinius Nerva; promises freedom to slaves in Morgantina, XII, 36. 4. 4–8; assumes name Tryphon; sets up court at Tricola, 7. 1–4; defeated by L. Licinius Lucullus; flees to Tricola, 8. 2–5, 9. 1.
    • Samaria, in Syria: (312) Ptolemy razes, X, 19. 93. 7.
    • Sambana, in Babylonia: (325) Alexander at, VIII, 17. 110. 4.
    • Sambastae, in India: (326) submit to Alexander, VIII, 17. 102. 1–4.
    • Sambus, Indian king: (326) flees from Alexander, VIII, 17. 102. 7.
    • Samiades: (145) husband of Heraïs, who changes sex, XI, 32. 10. 2–9 (pp. 447–453).
    • Sammu–ramat: see Semiramis.
    • Samnium, Samnites, in Italy: (351=V354) Romans make treaty with, VII, 16. 45. 8; (317=V318) Romans in 9th year of war with, IX, 19. 10. 1; (315=V316) Nuceria (Alfaterna) makes alliance with; war with Rome continues, 65. 7; (314=V315) take Plesticê; lose Saticula, X, 19. 72. 3–4; defeat Romans at Laustolae, 72. 5–8; Romans found Luceria against, 72. 8–9; (313=V314) Romans defeat, at Tarracina, 76. 1–4; (312=V313) war continues, 101. 1–3; (310=V311) 20. 26. 3–4; (309=V310) 35. 1–2; (308) 44.–8; (306) take Sora and Calatia; Romans plunder land of, 80. 1–4; (305) twice defeated, 90. 3–4; (304) peace between Rome and, 101. 5; (310) men from, in Agathocles’ army, 11. 1; (307) 64. 2; (295) Romans defeat Etruscans, Gauls, and, at Sentinum, XI, 21. 6. 1–2; (91) among Italians in Marsic war, XII, 37. 2. 4, 6; (90) C. Marius leads army against; commanders and men fraternize, 15. 1–3; (88) a few, and Sabellians maintain the war, 2. 11; Romans adopt weapons and tactics from, XI, 23. 2. 13. See Aesernia in.
    • Samos: old name for Samothrace, II, 3. 55. 8, III, 5. 47. 1–2.
    • —: colonized from Lesbos, III, 5. 81. 8; 13th in list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1; Samothrace settled by men from, and Thrace, 5. 47. 2; (c. 530) Lydians escape to, IV, 10. 16. 4; (480) supplies ships to Xerxes, 11. 3. 8; leaders of Greek ships in King’s fleet send a, to Greeks revealing plans, 17. 3–4; (479) Persian fleet at, 27. 1, departs at approach of Greek fleet, 34. 2–3; fleet of, joins Greeks at Mycalê and turns the tide, 36. 2–5; Greek fleet returns to, 37. 1; (441) revolts with Persian aid; Pericles suppresses, on second attempt, 12. 27. 1–28. 4; (412) revolts and goes over to Lacedaemonians, V, 13. 34. 1–2; (411) Athenian fleet based on, 38. 3, 6, welcomes Alcibiades, 41. 4–42. 1; Alcibiades placed in command of fleet at, 42. 2–3; (410) 46. 2; (408) he goes to, after defeat at Notium, 71. 4, 73. 3; Athenians at, lay charges against Alcibiades, 73. 6; (407) Conon takes command of Athenian fleet at, 76. 1; (406) Athenian base before and after Arginusae, 97. 1–2, 100. 6, (405) 104. 1–2; Lacedaemonians under Lysander lay siege to, 106. 8; (404) he occupies, and leaves a harmost, VI, 14. 3. 4–5; (391) Lacedaemonians win, away from Athens, 97. 3; they
    601
    • gather ships at, 97. 4; (365) Athenian cleruchs in, IX, 18. 8. 7; (356) Chians ravage, in Social war, VII, 16. 21. 2–3; (338) Philip II grants, to Athens, IX, 18. 56. 7; (322) at end of Lamian war Antipater refers question of, to the “kings,” 18. 6; Perdiccas restores exiles to, 18. 9; (319) Polyperchon and the “kings” grant, to Athens, 56. 7. Archaic wooden statue of Apollo at, I, 1. 98. 5–9. See Duris, Polycrates, Pythagoras, Themison of.
    • Samothrace: once called Samos and Saonnesus; origin of present name, II, 3. 55. 8, III, 5. 47. 1–2; account of, and its mysteries, 47. 1–50. 1; peculiar language of its autochthonous people, 47. 2–3; local tradition of a flood, 47. 3–5; Mother of the Gods establishes mysteries at, II, 3. 55. 9, which Zeus places, in hands of his son Iasion, III, 5. 48. 4; Cretan influences on rites of, 64. 4, 77. 3; Argonauts sail by, II, 4. 42. 1; they stop at, on return voyage, 49. 8; Orpheus calms seas by prayers to deities of, 43. 1–2, 48. 6, as do sailors to–day, 43. 2; (168) Perseus refused sanctuary at, XI, 29. 25. 1.
    • Sampsiceramus of Emesa: (67) plots with Azizus the Arab against Antiochus XIII, XII, 40. lb. 1.
    • Samus, Lacedaemonian admiral: (401) sent to aid Cyrus, VI, 14. 19. 4–5.
    • sanctification of animals: in Egypt, I, 1. 21. 9–11, 83. 1–90. 4.
    • sanctuary, right of: at precinct of Theseus in Athens, III, 4. 62. 4; at precinct of the Palici in Sicily, IV, 11. 89. 6–7; (477) at shrine of Poseidon at Taenarum, 45. 4; at temple of Athena of the Brazen House in Sparta, evaded, 45. 6–7; (404) Theramenes dragged from altar of Hestia in Athens, VI, 14. 4. 5–5. 5; (397) at sack of Motyê the Siciliotes spare those fleeing to temples, 53. 2–3; (315) at shrine of Artemis in Arcadian Orchomenus, violated, IX, 19. 63. 5; (180) at Samothrace, denied, XI, 29. 25. 1; (102) Syracusan slaves take refuge at sanctuary of the Palici, XII, 36. 3. 3. See suppliants.
    • Saon s. of Zeus or Hermes, ruler of Samothrace, III, 5. 48.1.
    • Saonnesus, old name of Samothrace, III, 5. 47. 2.
    • Sarapion, a Syrian: (132) betrays Eunus, leader of slave rising in Sicily, XII, 34/5. 2. 21.
    • Sarapis, a name of Osiris, I, 1. 25. 2.
    • Sardanapallus (Sin–shar–ishkun) king of Assyria, c. 620–612: outdoes predecessors in luxury, I, 2. 23. 1–4, 24. 4; (612) Assyrian empire under, overthrown by Medes under Arbaces, 21. 8, 24. 1–28. 8, 32. 5, III, 7. 15. 1; death of, I, 2. 27. 1–3.
    • Sardes: see Sardis.
    • Sardinia: account of, III, 5. 15. 1–16. 1; one of the seven largest islands, 17. 1; Heracles sends Thespiadae under Iolaüs to colonize; they take name Iolaës, 15. 1–2, II, 4. 29. 1–6, 30. 4–6; Aristaeus brings, under cultivation, III, 4. 82. 4; when Carthaginians and Romans try to conquer, the Iolaës remain free, II, 4. 29. 6, 30. 6, III, 5. 15. 3–5; Thespiadae remain chiefs of, 15. 6; Phoenician colonies in, 35. 5; (480) Carthaginians get supplies from, IV, 11. 20. 4; (396) VI, 14. 63. 4, 77. 6; (392) Carthage recruits soldiers from, 95. 1; (379) Carthage reduces rebellion in, VII, 15. 24. 2–3; (378 = V386) Rome sends colonists to, 27. 4; (c. 289) Agathocles plans to cut Carthaginian import of corn from, XI, 21. 16. 1; (123) C. Sempronius Gracchus leaves, XII, 34/5. 24.1.
    602
    • Sardinian sea: Ligurians sail on the, III, 5. 39. 8.
    • Sardis (Sardes), in Lydia: (546) Cyrus the Great takes wealth of, IV, 9. 33. 4; (490) Datis charges Athens with sack of, 10. 27. 2; (480) Xerxes at, 11. 2. 3, 3. 6; (479) Persians at Mycalê ask aid from, 34. 3; Greeks believe this aid given, 36. 3; after Mycale the Persian army withdraws to, while Xerxes leaves, 36. 6–7; (441) Samian aristocrats seek Persian aid in, 12. 27. 3; (408) Lysander meets the Younger Cyrus at, V, 13. 70. 3; (401) Cyrus gathers forces at, VI, 14. 19. 6; (396) Lacedaemonians under Agesilaüs plunder as far as; Tissaphernes withdraws to, 80. 2–5; (394) Tiribazus lures Conon to, 85. 4; (334) yields to Alexander without struggle, VIII, 17. 21. 7, 64. 6; (308) governor of, puts Cleopatra to death on Antigonus’ order, X, 20. 37. 3–5; (302) Prepelaüs occupies, except citadel, 107. 5.
    • Sargentius riv., in Thrace: (292) buried treasure in, XI, 21. 13. 1.
    • Sarmatians (Scythians): Circê d. of Perses gains throne of, by poison, II, 4. 45. 4.
    • Sarpedon s. of Zeus: born in Crete, III, 4. 60. 2–3, 5, 78. 1; subdues Lycia; father of Evander, 79. 3.
    • — s. of Evander: called by some a son of Zeus; takes part in Trojan war, III, 5. 79. 3.
    • —: (138) a general of Demetrius II Nicator, XII, 33. 28. 1.
    • Sasanda, in Caria: (396) base of Lacedaemonians besieging Caunus, VI, 14. 79. 4–5.
    • Sasibisares: see Embisarus.
    • Sasychis, Egyptian lawgiver, I, 1. 94. 3.
    • Satibarzanes, satrap of Areia: (329) kills Macedonians left by Alexander; flees to Bessus, VIII, 17. 78. 1–4; returns with large army and rouses revolt in Areia, 81. 3; (328) Alexander’s general Erigyius overcomes, in single combat, 83. 4–6.
    • Saticula, in Samnium: (314) Romans defeat Samnites and take, X, 19.72. 4.
    • satrapies: (323) assignment of, by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 1–5, (321) by Antipater, 39. 5–7, (316) by Antigonus, 19. 48. 1–5.
    • satrapies, upper (eastern): named, IX, 19. 14. 1–8; (333) after Issus Dareius tries to reach, VIII, 17. 37. 1; he summons levies from, 39. 3; after Arbela he moves toward, and sends couriers to, 64. 1–2; (323) Greeks of, revolt on death of Alexander and are destroyed by army of Pithon, IX, 18. 4. 8, 7. 1–9; (318) Eumenes seeks aid from, 73. 2–4; (317) 19. 13. 5–7; Pithon claims generalship of; other satraps gather to drive him from, 13. 7–14. 8; they support Eumenes, 15. 1–6, but prevent him from moving to coast, 21. 1–2; Antigonus tries to win satraps of, 25. 2–3; (316) they desert Eumenes, 43. 6, 9; (315) Antigonus tries to win them by support of the "kings," 61. 4; (312) Seleucus gains control of, X, 19. 100. 3–4, 20. 53. 4; (307) Antigonus founds Antigoneia to watch, 47. 5; (302) Seleucus moves from, with great force, 106. 3, 109. 5, 113. 4.
    • “satraps’ revolt”: (362) against Artaxerxes, VII, 15. 90. 1–91. 7.
    • Satricum, in Latium: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9; (390=V393) revolts from Rome, VI, 14. 102. 4; (378=V386) Rome sends colony to, VII, 15. 27. 41.
    • Saturn: see Cronus.
    • Saturnalia: Roman festival, III, 5. 66. 5–6.
    • Satyrion, in Italy: Delphi bids
    603
    • Epeunactae settle in, III, 8. 21. 3.
    • Satyrs: brought to Osiris in Ethiopia, I, 1. 18. 4–5; Pan and, as deities of reproduction, 88. 3; accompany Dionysus, 11, 4. 5. 3–4; Gauls wear hair in manner of, III, 5. 28. 2; (91) Saunio a satyr-like figure, XII, 37. 12. 2.
    • Satyrus, an actor: (348) Philip II grants request of, for release of captive women, VII, 16. 55. 3–4.
    • —, king of Bosporus: (393) after rule of 40 years, is followed by Leucon, VI, 14. 93. 1.
    • —, king of Bosporus: (c. 310) succeeds father; defeats brother Eumelus, X, 20. 22. 1–6; killed after short, violent reign, 23. 1–8, 26. 1–3; Eumelus kills friends and kindred of, except son, 24. 3.
    • —:(c. 101) last leader of Sicilian slave revolt; kills self in arena after capture, XII, 36. 10. 2–3.
    • Saunio, a Latin buffoon: (91) saves self by wit, XII, 37. 12. 1–3.
    • Sauria, in Acarnania: (314) Oeniadae go to, X, 19. 67. 4.
    • Sauromatae: Scythians remove, from Media to valley of Tanaïs; ravage much of Scythia, II, 2. 43. 6–7.
    • Saviours: (307) Athenians consecrate altar to Demetrius and Antigonus as “The Saviours,” X, 20. 46. 2.
    • saw: Talos nephew of Daedalus invents, III, 4. 76. 5–6.
    • Scamander, a river god: father of Teucer, III, 4. 75. 1.
    • Scamander riv., in Sicily: (307) Agathocles slays poor of Segesta beside, X, 20. 71. 2.
    • Scamandrius of Mytilenê: (476) stadion winner, IV, 11. 48. 1.
    • scapegoats: Ethiopians send persons to sea as, II, 2. 55. 3–5.
    • Scaptia, a Latin city: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
    • Scedasus: Lacedaemonians violate the daughters of, VII, 15. 54. 2–3.
    • Sceiron: Theseus kills, III, 4. 59. 4.
    • Sceironian rocks, in Megaris: home of Sceiron, III, 4. 59. 4.
    • Schedius, Homeric king of Phocians, VII, 16. 23. 5.
    • Schoeneus: father of Atalantê, 11, 4. 34. 4.
    • Sciathos isl.: Pelias s. of Poseidon seizes, III, 6. 7. 4; (377) Chabrias wins, for the Athenians, VII, 15. 30. 5.
    • Scionê, on Pallenê: (423) goes over to Lacedaemonians, V, 12. 72. 1; negotiations between Athenians and Lacedaemonians on status of, fail, 72. 5–6; Brasidas removes non-combatants from, 72. 7; Athens lays siege to, 72. 8–10; (422) 73. 2; (421) Athens reduces, killing adult males and selling others, 76. 3, 13. 30. 6.
    • Scipio: see Cornelius Scipio.
    • Sciritae: (377) picked body of Lacedaemonian soldiers, VII, 15. 32. 1.
    • Sciritis, in Laconia: (369) Arcadians force pass in, VII, 15. 64. 3–5.
    • Scirophorion, Athenian month, IV, 12. 36. 2–3.
    • Scirthaea, in Sicily: (103) L. Licinius Lucullus defeats slaves under Salvius at, XII, 36. 8. 2–4.
    • Scordisci (Cordisci), Celtic tribe: (119–105) attack Romans, XII, 34/5. 30a. 1, 30b. 1.
    • scorpions: plague of, in Ethiopia, II, 3. 30. 1–3.
    • Scotussa, in Thessaly: (367) Alexander of Pherae massacres citizens of, VII, 15. 75. 1. See Polydamus of.
    • “scourge,” the: Delphi warns Sicyon of rule by, III, 8. 24. 1.
    • sculpture: Egyptian and Greek, I, 1. 97. 6, 93. 5–9; improvements in, by Daedalus, III, 4. 76. 1–3, by the Rhodian Telchines, 5. 55. 2.
    • Scylletium, in Bruttium: (415) Athenians sail past, V, 13. 3. 5.
    604
    • Scyros, island and city: (470) Cimon captures and sets up Athenian colony on, IV, 11. 60. 2; (303) Demetrius captures, X, 20, 103. 4.
    • Scythes s. of Zeus: gives name to Scythians, II, 2. 43. 3.
    • Scythians: origin of name, II, 2. 43. 3; account of, 43. 1–44. 2, 3. 1. 2; climate and geography of, 2. 43. 1–2, I, 1. 41. 7, II, 2. 35. 1, 37. 6, 3. 33. 7–34. 8, 55. 10, III, 5. 23. 1, 32. 1, 3; divided into Pali and Napae, II, 2. 43. 4; on Panchaea, III, 5. 42. 4; conquests by, II, 2. 43. 4–7; Sipylus exiled from, 3. 55. 10; women train for war among, 2. 44. 1–3; join Amazons in attack on Greece, 4. 28. 2; Amazons defeated by Theseus make homes with, 28. 4; Circê d. of Perses marries and poisons a king of, 45. 4; receive Phrixus; kill his servant Crius and nail up his skin (the Golden Fleece), 47. 5–6; King Sesoösis of Egypt visits, I, 1. 55. 4; (c. 529) a queen of, defeats and crucifies Cyrus the Great of Persia, II, 2. 44. 2; (512) Dareius I campaigns against, I, 2. 5. 5; (339) Philip II of Macedon defeats, VII, 16. 1. 5; (331) in Persian army at Arbela, VIII, 17. 59. 5–8; (328) Alexander moves against, p. 111; (313) Lysimachus defeats, X, 19. 73. 2–5; (c. 310) in army of Satyrus king of Bosporus, 20. 22. 3–4; his son takes refuge with, 24. 3. Cruelty of, proverbial, V, 13. 30. 7. See Anacharsis, Dardanus of.
    • Scytini, in Armenia: (401) the Ten Thousand cross territory of, VI, 14. 29. 2.
    • seals: live on equal terms with the insensible Ethiopians, II, 3. 18. 7.
    • sea-monster: (332) storm drives a, on Macedonian works before Tyre, VIII, 17. 41. 5–6.
    • season: Egyptians and early Greeks counted a, as a year, I, 1. 26. 5.
    • Sebennytic mouth of Nile, I, 1. 33. 7.
    • Seed-eaters: see Spermatophagi.
    • Segeda, in Celtiberia: see Begeda.
    • Segesta, in Sicily: (307) Agathocles seizes, and changes name to Dicaeopolis, X, 20. 71. 1–5, XI, 21. 16. 2; (278) yields to Pyrrhus, 22. 10. 2; (c. 263) formerly subject to Carthage, now turns to Rome, 23. 5. 1; (104) slaves of, rise, XII, 36. 5. 1–4. See Menon of.
    • Seileni: accompany Dionysus, II, 3. 72. 1.
    • Seilenus: king of Nysa, with a tail, II, 3. 72. 2; adviser and instructor to Dionysus, 4. 4. 3.
    • seisachtheia: Solon’s law against debtor slavery borrowed from Egypt, I, 1. 79. 4–5.
    • Selenê: Isis sometimes called, I, 1. 25. 1.
    • — d. of Basileia and Hyperion: kills self; Atlantians transfer name of, to moon, II, 3. 57. 4–8.
    • Seleuceia (i.e., Antioch on the Orontes): (300) Seleucus dismantles Antigoneia and founds, X, 20. 47. 6.
    • — on the Tigris: Arsaces VII of Parthia threatens to punish, XII, 34/5. 19. 1.
    • — on the sea: (138) Aeschrion general of Demetrius II in, XII, 33. 28. 1; (123) refuses to admit Alexander II Zabinas, 34/5. 28. 1.
    • — in Pieria: (106) Ptolemy IX (Lathyrus) shut up in, XII, 34/5. 39a. 1.
    • Seleucus, king of Cimmerian Bosporus: (433) succeeds Spartacus, IV, 12. 36. 1.
    • — I Nicator of Syria, 312–280: (323) Perdiccas makes, commander of the Companions, IX, 18. 3. 4; (321) Antipater assigns Babylonia to, 39. 6, 19. 12. 2, 55. 3, X, 19. 91. 2; (317) Eumenes
    605
    • seeks aid of Pithon and, for the “kings,” IX, 19. 12. 1; willing to aid the “kings” but not to obey Eumenes; tries to win Silver Shields from him, 12. 2–13. 2; imperils Eumenes’ camp by diverting canal. 18. 73. 3–4, 19. 13. 2–3; permits Eumenes’ men to cross the Tigris; asks aid from Antigonus, 13. 3–5; Antigonus makes agreement with Pithon and, 14. 3, 17. 2; Antigonus appoints, satrap of Susianê, 18. 1; forces of, in army of Antigonus, 27. 1; (316) sends agent to meet Antigonus, 48. 6; welcomes Antigonus to Babylon, then flees to Ptolemy; Antigonus takes Babylonia, 55. 2–6, X, 19. 85. 3, 91. 4; Chaldaeans prophesy victory of, over Antigonus, IX, 19. 55. 7–9, I, 2. 31. 2; Ptolemy receives, X, 19. 86. 4; secures support of Ptolemy and seeks that of Cassander and Lysimachus against Antigonus, IX, 19. 56. 1–4; (after 316) Ariarathes II recovers Cappadocia while, is busy elsewhere, XI, 31. 19. 5; (315) Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander demand that Antigonus return Babylonia to, IX. 19. 57. 1; with Egyptian fleet sails past Antigonus’ camp, 58. 5–6; lays siege to Erythrae in Ionia, 60. 3–4; operations of, on Cyprus, 62. 4–6, 64, 4.
    • (314) Antigonus makes attack on Carian allies of; at Lemnos and Cos, X, 19. 68. 2–4; (313) Asander seeks aid of, against Antigonus, 75. 2; (312) spurs Ptolemy against Antigonus, 80. 3; Ptolemy and, defeat Demetrius s. of Antigonus at Old Gaza, 81. 1–85. 3; Ptolemy promises soldiers to, for recovery of Babylonia, 80. 5; sets out for Babylonia depending on Babylonian goodwill and on prophecies, 90. 1–5; joined by Macedonians at Carae; welcomed by Babylonians; recovers Babylonia, 91. 1–5; defeats Antigonus’ general Nicanor, whose men desert to, 92. 1–4; recovers upper satrapies, 92. 5, 100. 3–4, 20. 53. 4; makes Patrocles satrap of Babylonia, 19. 100. 5; Patrocles reports Demetrius’ occupation of Babylonia to, 100. 6; (307) assumes title “king”, 20, 53. 4–54. 1; (306) Ptolemy reports successes to, 76. 7; (302) Ptolemy and, agree to aid Cassander and Lysimachus against Antigonus, 106. 3–5, 2. 3; advance of, from upper satrapies expected, 108. 4–5, 109. 5; defeat of, falsely reported to Ptolemy, 113. 1–2; winters in Cappadocia, 113. 4; (301) unites with Ptolemy and Lysimachus, XI, 21. 1. 2; Antigonus killed while making war on Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and, 1. 4b. 5; prophecy of the Chaldaeans brought to pass, IX, 19. 55. 9; yields Coelê Syria to Ptolemy, XI, 21. 1. 5; (300) dismantles Antigoneia on the Orontes and founds Seleuceia (i.e. Antiocheia), X, 20. 47. 6; (285) holds Demetrius under guard but refuses to kill him, XI, 21. 20. 1. Royal line of Syria descends from, XII, 33. 4a. 1.
    • — IV Philopater of Syria, 187–175: (187) Achaean league renews alliance with, XI, 29. 17. 1; respects father’s treaty with Rome, 24. 1; (170) Andronicus assassinates a son of, 30. 7. 2–3. See Demetrius I Soter s. of.
    • self-control: Pythagorean training in, IV, 10. 5. 2, 7. 1.
    • Selinus, in Sicily: Daedalus improves natural hot grotto near, III, 4. 78. 3; (c. 650) city founded, V, 13. 59. 4; (580–576) Egesta defeats, III, 5. 9. 2–3; (480) only Greek city
    606
    • supporting Carthage against Gelon of Syracuse, V, 13. 55. 1, IV, 11. 21. 4–5; (466) aids those Syracusans who revolt against Thrasybulus, 68. 1–2; (?) Gescon s. of Hamilcar dies in, V, 13. 43. 5; (416) defeats Egesta in quarrel over land, 12. 82. 3–6; (415) Athenians plan to enslave, 13. 2. 6, 30. 3; aids Syracuse against Athens, 4. 2; (414) 7. 7; (413) 12. 4; (410) makes increased demands on Egesta, which is promised aid by Carthage, 43. 1–5; Hannibal fails to alienate Syracuse and, 43. 6–7; Egesta defeats, 44. 3–4; seeks aid of Syracuse against Carthage, 44. 4; (409) 54. 3, 56. 1; Carthaginians under Hannibal take, and destroy, 54. 6–58. 1, 59. 4, 8, 60. 1, 80. 1, 86. 4, 111. 4; some from, escape to Acragas, 58. 3; Hannibal permits survivors to dwell in city on payment of tribute, 59. 1–3; (409–408) Hermocrates tries to occupy, as base against Carthage, 63. 3–4, 75. 2, 6; (405) remains unfortified and pays tribute to Carthage by terms of peace between Carthage and Syracuse, 114. 1; (397) Dionysius enlists men from, as he moves on Motyê, VI, 14. 47. 6; Punic fleet enters harbour of, 50. 2; (383) Dionysius yields, to Carthage, 15. 17. 5; (368) Dionysius wages war on Carthage and wins, VII, 15. 73. 2; (314) subject to Carthage, X, 19. 71. 7; (307) Agathocles lands at, 20. 56. 3; (c. 278) yields to Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 10. 2; (251) Hasdrubal moves from, 23. 21. 1; (250) Carthaginians raze, 24. 1. 1. See Telestus of.
    • Sellasia, in Laconia: (369) revolts from Lacedaemonians; Boeotians and allies occupy, VII, 15. 64. 1, 6.
    • Selymbria (Selybria), in Thrace on Propontis; (409) Alcibiades takes, V, 13. 66. 4; (403) Clcarchus besieged at, VI, 14. 12. 4–7.
    • Semelê: origin of name, II, 3. 62. 9; tale of, devised by Orpheus, I, 1. 23. 2, 6–8; d. of Cadmus and Harmonia, II, 4. 2. 1; mother of Dionysus by Zeus, 2. 2–3, 3. 64. 3, 66. 3; mother of the third Dionysus, 74. 1, 6, 4. 4. 2; destroyed when Zeus appears to her in his splendour, 3. 64. 3–4, 4. 2. 3, III, 5. 52. 2; Dionysus brings, from Hades, II, 4. 25. 4. Rationalization of myth of, I.1. 23. 4–8.
    • Semias of Pisidia: (145–139) becomes tyrant by slaying brother; slain by brother’s sons, XII, 33. 5a. 1.
    • Semiramis (? Sammu-ramat): account of, in Book Two, II, 3. 1. 2; lived twenty-one generations before Trojan war, I, 2. 22. 2; d. of Derceto (Astartê); exposed, fed by doves, reared by royal herdsman, 4. 2–5. 1; marries Onnes governor of Syria, 5. 1–2; devises new costume still worn by Persians; captures Bactra, 6. 5–9; King Ninus of Assyria marries, after driving Onnes to suicide, 6. 9–10, 4. 1; bears Ninus a son Ninyas; succeeds on Ninus’ death, 7. 1–2; founds Babylon and other cities, 7. 2–11. 1, 1. 56. 5; architectural and engineering works of, 2. 7. 3–9. 9, 11. 4–14. 2; Hanging Garden not built by, 10. 1; in Media, 13. 1–8, and Persis, 14. 1–2; visits and subdues Egypt and Libya; Amnion foretells fate of, 14. 3; in Ethiopia, 14. 4, II, 3. 3. 1; after preparations moves on India; crosses Indus riv., I, 2. 16. 1–18. 8; defeated by King Stabrobates; returns to Bactra, 19. 1–10; according to prophecy, disappears when Ninyas plots against her, 20. 1; according to some, changes
    607
    • into dove, which Assyrians worship, 20. 2; various other accounts of, 20. 3–5; Ninyas succeeds, 21. 1. Ctesias begins his history with Ninus and, VI, 14. 46. 6.
    • Sempronius Asellio, L.: (96) praetor in Sicily; restores prosperity, XII, 37. 8. 1–4.
    • — Atratinus, A.: (437=V444) tr. mil. c. p., IV, 12. 32. 1.
    • — —, A.: (420=V428) cos., V, 12. 77. 1; (417=V425) tr. mil. c. p., 81. l; (413=V416) 13. 9. 1.
    • — Gracchus, C, tr. pl., 123: popularity of, on return from Sardinia, XII, 34/5. 24. 1; (123) as tribune, introduces laws leading to overthrow of state; arrogance of, 25. 1–2; secures passage of law by single vote in decisive tribe, 27. 1; (121) arms followers and plays the tyrant, 28a. 1; slain by his slave, 29. 1, 37. 9. 1.
    • — —, Ti., cos. 215, 213: (212) Hannibal honours body of, XI, 26. 16. l.
    • — —, Ti., cos. 177, 163: (180) praetor, prosecutes war in Spain, XI, 29. 26. 1; (179) makes treaty with Celtiberians, 31. 39. 12; (165) sent to investigate Syria, 17. 1; (160) reports friendship of Ariarathes V for Rome, 28. 1; (133) Ti. Gracchus s. of, becomes tribune, XII, 34/5. 5. 1.
    • — —, Ti., tr. pleb., 133: of distinguished family, XII, 34/5. 5. 1; (133) proposed land law of, brings crowds to city, 6. 1; contest of, with trib. M. Octavius, 6. 2–7. 1; received deserved death from pont. max., Scipio Nasica, 7. 2–3, 33. 6–7.
    • — Longus, C.: (c. 96) legate of L. Sempronius Asellio in Sicily, XII, 37. 8. 1.
    • — Sophus, P.: (304) cos., X, 20. 91. 1; subdues Aecli (Aequi) 101. 5.
    • Senate, Carthaginian: see Gerusia.
    • —, Roman: (535) Tarquin the Proud assails Servius Tullius before, IV, 10. 1. 1; (387 = V390) action of, rescinded by the people for first time, VI, 14. 113. 7; (309) cens. Ap. Claudius and the, X, 20. 36. 1–6; (205) investigates Locrian charges and punishes Q. Pleminius, XI, 27. 4. 5–8; (203) debate of, on Punic peace, 13. 1–18. 1; (198) orders Philip V to leave Greece, 28. 11. 1; (195) decrees Greek freedom, 13. 1; (194) directs Antiochus III not to interfere in Europe, 15. 1–4; (189) rebuffs embassy of Aetolians, 29. 9. 1 (p. 257); appoints ten legates to settle Asian affairs, 11. 1; (181) gives audience to princes of Pergamum, 22. 1; (179) renews alliance with Eumenes, 30. 1; acquits Thoas of Aetolia, 31. 1; (173) holds Perseus responsible for disorder in Thessaly, 33. 1; (172) honours Eumenes, 34. 1; (171) rebukes own envoys for tricking Perseus, 30. 7. 1 (p. 283); declares war on Perseus, 1. 1; (170) envoys of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and Ptolemy VI Philometor lay claims to Coelê Syria before, 2. 1; (169) retains Greek support against Perseus, 8. 1; (167) Rhodian envoys before, 31. 5. 1, 3; confers freedom upon Macedonia and Illyria; sends legates to restore order, 8. 1–8; ignoble behaviour of Prusias of Bithynia before, 15. 1, 3; (164) sends C. Sulpicius Gallus to Pergamum, 7. 2 (pp. 357–359); (161) favours Ptolemy VIII Physcon, over Ptolemy VI, 23. 1; (before 163) Timarchus of Miletus corrupts, with gifts; (161) as satrap of Media he seeks to turn, against Demetrius I Soter, 27a. 1; receives Jewish envoys; recognizes freedom of Jews, XII, 40. 2.1; (160) accepts “crowns”
    608
    • from Ariarathes V of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 28. 1, and from Demetrius I, 29. 1; gives devious reply to embassy of Demetrius, 30. 1; (153) declares war on Celtiberians, 39. 1; (150) gives elusive answer to Punic envoys, 32. 3. 1; (149) sends envoys to settle Bithynian succession, 20. 1; (133) sends legates to Sicily as directed by Sibylline books, XII, 34/5. 10. 1; (123) C. Gracchus sets equites and, at odds, 25. 1; threatens Gracchus, 37. 9. 1; (104) gives to L. Licinius Lucullus command against slaves in Italy, 36. 2. 5, (103) and in Sicily, 8. 1; (104) permits C. Marius to ask foreign aid against Cimbri, 3. 1; directs praetors to free allies held as slaves in provinces; 3. 2; strips quaestor L. Appuleius Saturninus of power over grain transport, 12. 1; (101) yields to popular pressure in matter of Saturninus and envoys of Mithridates of Pontus, 15. 1–3; (91) failure of, to grant promised citizenship to Italians leads to Social war, 37. 2. 2; voids laws of trib. M. Livius Drusus, 10. 3; Pompaedius Silo plans to demand from, citizenship for Italians, 13. 1; (88?) propose dictatorial power for Sulla, p. 301; (82) many of, put to death by Sulla, 29. 5; (69?) Cretan envoys before, 40. 1. 1–3.
    • Senate house, in Home: (442=V449) Tables of the Law attached to Rostra before the, IV, 12. 26. 1; (86) cases of violence in the, recalled, XII, 37. 29. 5.
    • Senones (Sennones), Celtic tribe: (387=V390) invade Tyrrhenia, VI, 14. 113. 3.
    • Sentinum, in Umbria: (295) Romans defeat Etruscans, Samnites, and others at, XI, 21. 6. 1–2.
    • Sentius, C, pr. 94: (c. 91) governor of Macedon, XII, 37. 5a. 1 (p. 207).
    • —, L.: see L. Sergius Fidenas, tr. mil. c. p., 416=V424.
    • Sepias, Cape, in Magnesia: (480) Persians lose ships at, IV, 11. 12. 3.
    • Serbonis, Lake, in Egypt: unexpected dangers of, I, 1. 30. 4–9.
    • Serennia: (305) Romans recover, from Samnites, X, 20. 90. 4.
    • Sergius Catilina, L., pr. 68: (63) Cicero foils conspiracy of, XII, 40. 5.1, 5a. 1.
    • — Esquilinus, C.: (443=V450) Xvir, IV, 12. 24. 1.
    • — Fidenas (Fidenates), L.: (430=V437) cos., V, 12. 43. 1; (426=V433) tr. mil. c. p., 58. 1; (422=V429) cos., 73. 1; (416=V424) tr. mil. c. p., 82. 1; (415=V418) 13. 2. 1.
    • — —, L.: (394=V397) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 85. 1.
    • — —, M’.: (401=V404) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 19. 1; (399 = V402) 38. 1.
    • — — Coxo, C.: (379=V387) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 24. 1.
    • serpents: kill elephants, II, 3. 10. 5–6; Ophiodes in Red sea freed of, 39. 4; infant Heracles strangles, 4. 10. 1, 17. 5; Phorbas frees Rhodes from, III, 5. 58. 4–5.
    • Sertorius, Q., pr. 83: (73) begins to play tyrant in Spain; overthrown, XII, 37. 22a. 1 (pp. 267–269).
    • Servile wars, in Sicily: (135–132) XII, 34/5. 2. 1–48, 8. 1–11. 1; (103–101) 36. 2. 1, 2. 6, 3. 2–10. 3.
    • — —, in Italy: (104) XII, 36. 1. l–2a. 1.
    • Servilius: see Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus, cos., 390 = V393.
    • —, C.: (102) praetor, accomplished little against Sicilian slaves; condemned and exiled, XII, 36. 9. 1–2.
    • —, L.: see L. Sergius Fidenas, tr, mil. c. p., 426=V433, and
    609
    • L. Sergius Eidenas Coxo, tr. mil. c. p., 379=V387.
    • —, Q.: (91) praetor, unsuccessful with the Picentines, XII, 37. 13. 2
    • — Ahala, C.: (405 = V408) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 104. 1; (404 = V407) VI, 14. 3. 1; (399 = V402) 38. 1.
    • — —, Q.: (362=V365) cos., VII, 15. 90. 1; (359=V362) 16. 4. 1; (339=V342) VIII, 16. 82. 1.
    • — Axilla Priscus Structus, M. (or C.): (419=V427) cos., V, 12. 78. 1; (415=V418) tr. mil. c. p., 13. 2. 1; (414=V417) 7. 1.
    • — Caepio, Q.: (140) cos., defeats Viriathus, XII, 33. 1. 4; (139) secures his death, 21. 1.
    • — —, Q.: cos., 106: (105) Gauls defeat, XII, 34/5. 37. 1 (p. 141).
    • — Fidenas, L. (or Q.): (395=V398) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 82. 1; (392=V395) 94. 1; (387=V390) 110. 1; (382=V390) VII, 15. 20. 1; (380=V388) 23. l; (378=V386) 25. 1.
    • — —, Q.: (374=V382) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 41. 1; (370=V378) 57. 1; (365=V369) 77. 1.
    • — Structus, C. (or Sp.): (471=V476) cos., IV, 11. 54. 1.
    • — — Priscus, P.: (458=V463) cos., IV, 11. 79. 1.
    • — — —, Q.: (463=V468) cos., IV, 11. 71.1; (461 = V466) 75.1.
    • servitude, penal: in gold mines of Egypt, II, 3. 12. 1–13. 3.
    • Servius Tullius, king of Rome, 578–535: character of, IV, 10. 2. 1; (535) Tarquin the Proud slays, 1. 1.
    • sesamê: grown in India, II, 2. 36. 4; (317) Macedonians in Susianê eat, when wheat fails, IX, 19. 13. 6.
    • Sesoösis (Sesostris), king of Egypt: training of, I, 1. 53. 1–4; conquers Arabia and Libya before assuming crown, 53. 5–6; becomes king, 53. 7; has urge to conquer world, 53. 8–10; financial and military reforms of, 54. 1–6, 94. 4; conquers Ethiopia, 55. 1, and all Asia, 55. 2–5; ends campaign in Thrace, 55. 6–9; greatest of Egyptian kings to his time, 55. 10–12; architectural and engineering works of, in Egypt, 56. 1–57. 5; escapes plot of brother by divine aid, 57. 6–8; treatment of captured kings, 58. 1–2; takes own life as sight fails, 58. 3; son succeeds, 59. 1–4; a third lawgiver for Egypt, 94. 4; Dareius refrains from placing own statue before one of, 58. 4.
    • Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus, P.: (445=V452) cos., IV, 12. 22.1; (444=V451) Xvir, 23.1.
    • Sestus, in Thrace: (479) Athenians and Ionians take, IV, 11. 37. 4–5; with this, Herodotus ends History, 37. 6; (411) Athenian fleet defeats Lacedaemonian between Abydus and, V, 13. 39. 1–40. 5; Athenian fleet at, 40. 6, (410) 45. 2, 46. 5, 47. 1; it moves to Cardia, 49. 2–3; (405) after defeat at Aegospotami, Athenians gather at, 106. 6; Lysander takes, but permits Athenian departure, 106. 8; (353) Chares with Athenian fleet takes, VII, 16. 34. 3.
    • Seuthes I of Thrace: (405) Alcibiades promises aid of Athens to, V, 13. 105. 3.
    • — II of Thrace: (392) ally of Athens, VI, 14. 94. 2.
    • — III of Thrace: (323) Lysimachus defeats, IX, 18. 14. 2–4; (313) X, 19. 73. 8–9.
    • Seven Wise Men: various stories of: Solon, IV, 9. 1. 1–4. 2, 17. 1, 20. 1–4, 26. 1–2, 27. 1–3; Myson, 6. 1–8. 1; Chilon, 9. 1–10. 6; Pittacus, 11. 1– 12. 3, 25. 1–2, 27. 4; Bias, 13. 1–3, 25. 1–2, 27. 3; Anacharsis, 26. 2–5; Aesop, 28. 1; Thales one of the, I, 1. 38. 2; Pythagoras criticizes, IV, 10. 10. 1.
    • Seven Wonders of the World: Egyptian pyramids, IX, 18. 4. 5, I, 2. 1. 1; obelisk set up
    610
    • by Semiramis in Babylon, 11. 5.
    • sex, changes of: (145) examples of, XI, 32. 10. 2–12. 3 (pp. 447–457).
    • Sextilius, C.: (371=V379) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 51. 1.
    • Sextius, C: see C. Sextilius, tr. mil. c. p., 371=V379.
    • — Calvinus, C.: (124) cos., sells captured Gauls as slaves, XII, 34/5. 23. 1.
    • — Sextinus Lateranus, L.: (363=V366) cos., VII, 15. 82. 1.
    • Shabaka, king of Egypt: see Sabaco.
    • “Shades”: a temple of Hecatê in Egypt, I, 1. 96. 9.
    • shadows: fall to south in southern India, II, 2. 35. 2, and at south end of Red Sea, 3. 41. 1.
    • sheep: Egyptians hold, sacred, I, 1. 87. 2; Curetes domesticate, III, 5. 65. 2; fat-tailed, in Arabia, II, 2.54. 5.
    • Shepseskaf: see Sasychis.
    • shield: Romans imitate first the Etruscan, then the Samnite, XI, 23. 2. 1–2.
    • shipwreck: of elephant transports on Red sea shoals, II, 3. 40. 2–8; (411) of Lacedaemonian fleet off Athos, V, 13. 41. 1–3; (255) of Roman fleet, XI, 23. 18. 1–2; (253) 19. 1; (249) 24. 1. 9, 4. 1.
    • Sibians, of India: descended from followers of Heracles, VIII, 17. 96. 2; (326) submit to Alexander, 96. 1–3.
    • Sibylla: Daphnê priestess at Delphi also called, III, 4. 66. 6.
    • Sibylline books: (204) order introduction of Great Mother into Rome, XII, 34/5. 33. 2; (133) bid Senate send delegation to Sicily, 10. 1.
    • Sibyrtius: (323) Perdiccas assigns Arachosia and Cedrosia to, IX, 18. 3. 3; (317) comes to Eumenes in Susianê, 19. 14. 6; accused by Eumenes, escapes secretly, 23. 4, 27. 4; (316) Antigonus permits, to retain Arachosia; he gives some of Silver Shields to, 48. 3.
    • Sicani, of Sicily: distinction between Siceli and, IV, p. 109; either indigenous to Sicily or migrants from Iberia, III, 5. 2. 4, 6. 1–2; Sicily called Sicania after, arrive, 2. 1; Aetna drives, to western Sicily, 6. 3–4; hold western Sicily; obey Aeolus and his descendants, 8. 1–3; suffer internal strife after Aeolides are overthrown, 9. 1; Heracles defeats, II, 4. 23. 5; some followers of Iolaüs join, 30. 3; History of Sicily by Antiochus begins with King Cocalus of, V, 12. 71. 2; Daedalus remains among, III, 4. 78. 1; Cocalus entertains Minos, VII, 16. 9. 4; under Cocalus, burn ships of Cretans, III, 4. 79. 5; honour Aphroditê on Mt. Eryx, 83. 4; (414) Gylippus gathers soldiers for Syracuse from, V, 13. 7. 7, 8. 4; (409) men of, with Hannibal in attack on Himera, 59. 6; (405) are given to Carthage in peace settlement, 114. 1; (397) go over to Syracuse, VI, 14. 48. 4, (396) but refuse to abandon own cities at request of Dionysius, 55. 6–7; (357) some of, join Dion against younger Dionysius, VII, 16. 9. 5; (342) many cities seek alliance with Timoleon, VIII, 16. 73. 2.
    • Sicania: Sicily called, after coming of Sicani, III, 5. 2. 1.
    • Sicanus of Syracuse: (415) general against Athenians, V, 13. 4. 1; (413) announces victory to allies, 11. 6; commands right in battle at Great Harbour, 13. 2, 6.
    • Sicanus riv., in Iberia: possible home of the Sicani, III, 5. 6. 1.
    • Siceli, of Sicily: difference between Sicani and, IV, p. 109; Sicily ‘so called after coming of, III, 5. 2. 1; cross from Italy; occupy lands left by Sicani, 6. 3–4, VI, 14. 88. 1; hold
    611
    • eastern Sicily; obey sons of Aeolus, III, 5. 8. 1–3; after overthrow of Aeolidae, are ruled by their ablest, 9.1; (466) aid Syracusans in expelling Thrasybulus, IV, 11. 68. 1; (461) under Ducetius, recover lands of Catana, 76. 3; (459) found Menaenum and reduce Morgantina, 78. 5; (453) most cities of, unite under Ducetius, 88. 6; (451) seize Aetna, 91. 1; (after 451) defeated by Syracusans, 91. 3; Acragantini take Motyum from, 91. 4; (446) in colony on shore of Sicily, 12. 8. 2; (440) Ducetius dies of illness, 29. 1; Syracusans subject Trinacê last free city of, 29. 2–4; (439) they tax all, heavily, 30.1; (415) remain neutral at beginning of Athenian attack on Syracuse, V, 13. 4. 2; Athenians take a town of, 6. 1; (414) cavalry from, join Athenians, 7. 4; (413) aid Syracusans, 12. 4; (409) some from, with Hannibal in attack on Himera, 59. 6, VI, 14. 7. 5; (405) by terms of peace, are to be subject to own laws, V, 13. 114. 1; (404, 401) Dionysius, tyrant of the, VI, 14. 7. 1, 18. 1; (404) Dionysius begins campaign against, 7. 5; (403) he feigns campaign against, 14. 5; he gives territory of Naxos to, 15. 3, 59. 2; (397) Dionysius leaves garrison of, at Motyê, 53. 5; (396) because of hatred for Dionysius, go over to Carthaginians, 58. 1; found Tauromenium on peak of Mt. Taurus, 59. 1–2; some, from army of Himilcon seek safety in interior, 75. 6–7; Dionysius makes campaigns against, 78. 7; (394) Naxians expelled by Dionysius settle among, 87. 3; he forces way into Tauromenium but is driven out, 87. 4–88. 4; (393) Magon of Carthage makes alliance with, 90. 3; (392) most cities of, desert Dionysius, 95. 1–2; new peace terms leave, subject to Dionysius; he expels, from Tauromenium, 96. 4; (357) some, join Dion against Dionysius the Younger, VII, 16. 9. 5; (342) many cities of, seek alliance with Timoleon, VIII, 16. 73. 2. See Ducetius, Calliphon.
    • Siceli: Carthaginians wrongly called, by Tzetzes, XI, 23. 16. 1, 25. 19. 1.
    • Sicelus of Thrace: Hecetorus and, kill each other, III, 5. 50. 7.
    • Sicilian league: (453) Ducetius gathers army from IV, 11. 88. 6.
    • Sicilian sea: (269) Hiero holds Tauromenium on, XI, 22. 13. 2.
    • Sicily, Siceliotae, Greeks of Sicily: general account of early, III, 5. 2. 1–6. 5; account of islands north of, 7. 1–12. 1, south of, 12. 1–4; formerly a peninsula; sundered from Italy by earthquake, 4. 85. 2–4; early names of, 5. 2. 1; size and shape of, I, 1. 34. 1; II, 2. 47. 1, III, 5. 2. 2, 15. 1, 21. 3; one of seven largest islands, 17. 1; the most fertile land, 69. 3, XI, 23. 1. 1, XII 37. 2. 13; Cronus lord of, II, 3. 61. 3; sacred to Demeter and Cora, III, 5. 2. 3, 3. 4, 4. 5–5. 1, 69. 3, V, 13. 31. 1, X, 20. 7. 2; scene of rape of Cora, III, 5. 3. 1–2, 5. 1, 69. 3; Demeter gives corn and other gifts to, 2. 4–5, 4. 4, 5. 2, 69. 3, 77. 4; loved by Athena and Artemis, 3. 4–5; a centre of worship of Aphroditê, 4. 83. 1–7, 5. 77. 5; Heracles visits, II, 4. 22. 6–24. 6, III, 5. 4. 2; Daedalus flees to, 4. 77. 6, 9; his works on, 78. 1–5; Iolaüs summons Daedalus from, to Sardinia, II, 4. 30. 1; Iolaüs comes to, 30. 3; Minos follows Daedalus to, and dies in, III, 4. 75. 6, 79. 1–3, 5. 78. 4; Cretans bring cult of the “Mothers,” to, 4. 79. 5–7. they welcome Meriones to, 79;
    612
    • 6; Butas a king in, 83. 1; Aristaeus earns divine honours in, 82. 5; Orion creates harbour for Zanclê in, 85. 1; the Sicani indigenous to, 5. 2. 4, 6. 1, or migrants from Iberia, 6. 1; irruptions of Aetna drive them to western, 6. 3; Siceli cross from Italy to, and occupy eastern, 6. 3–4; Greeks the last to come to, have spread culture throughout; all Hellenized people of, called Siceliotae, 6. 5; Aeolidae rule, for many generations, 8. 1–3; Dorieus of Lacedaemon founds Heracleia in, II, 4. 23. 3; drive Siceli from later site of Naxos, VI, 14. 88. 1; colony from Cnidus and Rhodes comes to, III, 5. 9. 1–2; Phoenicians send colonies to, 35. 5; Delphi directs colonization of Gela in, 8. 23. 1; merchants sailing to, hold close by Peloponnesus, 7. 2; Theron surpasses all other, IV, 10. 28. 3.
    • (Before 480) Persuaded by Xerxes Carthaginians prepare to invade, IV, 11. 1. 4–5, 20. 1, III, 5. 38. 3; (480) affairs of, IV, 11. 20. 1–26. 7, V, 13. 55. 1, VI, 14. 66. 1–3, XII, 37. 1. 3 (Gelon of Syracuse defeats Carthaginians); (478) IV, 11. 38. 1–7 (Hieron succeeds Gelon); (476) 48. 2–49. 4; (474) 51. 1–2; (472) 53. 1–5 (democracy restored in Acragas); (467) 66. 1–4 (Thrasybulus succeeds Hieron); (466) 67. 1–68. 7 (he is driven from power); (463) 72. 1–73. 3; (461) 76. 1–6 (general return of exiles); (459) 78. 5; (454) 86. 2–87. 6; (453) 88. 4–90. 3; (451) 91. 1–92. 4 (Syracuse overpowers Ducetius and the Siceli); (446) 12. 8. 1–9. 1; (442) 26. 3; (440) 29. 1–4; (439) 30. 1; (431) Lacedaemonian allies in, send triremes to Peloponnesus, V, 12. 41. 1; (427) Athenian ambitions in, 54. 3; affairs of, 53. 1–54. 7; (416) 82. 3–84. 4; (415) 13. 2. 1–6. 6 (Athenians invade); (414) 7. 1–8. 7; (413) 9. 2–33. 3, 36. 5 (Athenian disaster in); (412) 34. 1–35. 5 (laws of Diocles in Syracuse); Athens hears of disaster in, 36. 1; (410) affairs of, 43. 1–44. 6; (409) 54. 1–63. 6 (Carthaginians sack Selinus and Himera); some Greeks of, in Punic army, 58. 1, 62. 5; ships from, aid Lacedaemonians in recovery of Pylos, 64. 5; men from, in army of Megara, 65. 1; (408) affairs of, 75. 2–9; (407) 79. 8; (406) 80. 1–96. 5 (Punic sack of Acragas; Dionysius becomes tyrant of Syracuse); (405) 108. 2–114. 3 (he abandons cities to Carthage); (404) VI, 14. 7. 1–10. 4; (403) 14. 1–16. 4; (401) 18. 1–8, 34. 3; (400) 37. 5; (399) 40.1–43. 4 (he prepares to invade Libya); (398) 44. 1–46. 5, I, 2. 5. 6; (397) VI, 14. 47. 1–53. 5 (he takes Motyê); (396) 54. 2–78. 7 (he repels Punic invasion); (394) 87. 1–88. 5; (393) 90. 2–91. 1; (392) 95. 1–96. 5; (390) 100. 1–102. 3; (389) 103. 1–106. 3 (he defeats Italian Greeks); (388) 107. 2–109. 6; (387) 111. 1–113. 1; (386) 15. 6. 1–7. 4; (385) 13. 1–5; (384) 14. 1–4; (383) 15. 1–17. 5 (Punic invasion; peace made after Carthaginian victory); (374) Sparta feigns to send fleet to, VII, 15. 46. 2; Athenians capture ships of, off Corcyra, 47. 7; (369) Dionysius sends Celts and Iberians to aid Lacedaemonians, 70. 1; (368) affairs of, 73. 1–74. 5 (Dionysius the Younger succeeds Dionysius); (359) 16. 5. 1–4; (358) 6. 1–7. 1; (357) 9. 1–13. 3 (Dionysius defeated by Dion); (356) 16. 1–20. 6; (354) 31. 7 (Dion slain); (353) 36. 5; (351) 45. 9; (346) 61. 4–62. 2, 65. 1–9.
    613
    • (345) Affairs of, VIII, 16. 66. 1–68. 11 (Timolcon); (344) 69. 3–6 (he occupies Syracuse); (343) 70. 1–6; (342) 72. 2–73. 3; (340) 77. 4–81. 4 (he defeats Carthaginians); (339) 82. 1–83. 3; (337) 90. 1 (death of Timoleon); (323) Alexander’s plan for campaign against, cancelled by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 4. 4, 6; (317) affairs of, 19. 1. 1–9. 7 (Agathocles becomes tyrant of Syracuse); (316) Greeks of, share in rebuilding of Thebes, 54. 2; (315) affairs of, 65. 1–6; (314) X, 19. 70. 1–72. 2 (Agathocles masters most of); (312) 102. 1–104. 4; (311) 106. 1–110. 5 (Carthaginians defeat Agathocles); (310) 20. 3. 1–18. 3 (he invades Libya); (309) 29. 2–34. 7; (308) 38. 1–44. 7; (307) 53. 4–72. 5 (his fortunes worsen; he abandons Libya); (306) 77. 1–79. 5; (305) 89. 1–90. 2; (304) 101. 1–4; (303) Cleonymus plans to invade, 104. 4; (299–295) affairs of, XI, 21. 2. 1–4. 1 (Agathocles in Corcyra and in Italy); (294) 8. 1; (291–289) 15. 1–18. 3 (death of Agathocles); (280) 22. 2. 1–4; (278) Calliphon who had lived at courts of, tutors Apollodorus in tyranny, 5. 2; (279) affairs of, 7. 1–6; (278) 8. 1–5 (Pyrrhus’ invasion); (278–276) 10. 1–7, 27. 4. 3; (274–269) 22. 13. 1–8 (Mamertines hold Messana): (264–260) 13. 9, 23. 1. 1–10. 2 (First Punic War); (255–251)18.1–21. 1; (250–241) 24. 1. 1–14. 1, 25. 2. 1, 6. 1, 8. 1, XII, 37. 1. 4 (First Punic war ends); (215) XI, 26. 15. 1–2; (212–211) 18. 1–20. 2 (Roman siege of Syracuse); (205) 27. 2a. 1; (146) Aemilianus returns to cities of, spoils taken by Carthage, 32. 25. 1; (? 135–131) affairs of, XII, 34/5. 2. 1–48, 8. 1–11. 1 (slave rising led by Eunus); (104–100) 36. 1. 1–2. 1, 2. 6, 3. 2–10. 3 (slave rising led by Salvius); (c. 96) prosperity restored, 37. 8. 1–4; (88) Italians hope to invade, 2. 13–14; (82) pr. M. Perpenna plans to cross from, 38/9. 14.1; Pompey sets up courts in, 20. 1; (43) Romans grant citizenship to Greeks in, V, 13. 35. 3, VIII, 16. 70. 6; (“in our day”) Latin and Greek spoken in, I, 1. 4. 4; 17 cities of, pay tax to Aphrodite, III, 4. 83. 7; bucolic poetry popular in, 84. 1, 3; pay highest honours to Demeter and Cora; wild wheat still found in, 5. 2. 4–5; people of, come to healing baths of Lipara, 10. 1; temple of Zeus at Acragas largest in, V, 13. 82. 2; Agathocles’ Hail of Sixty Couches surpasses other buildings in, VIII, 16. 83. 2; theatre in Agyrium finest in, after those of Syracuse, 83. 3.
    • Histories of, by Antiochus of Syracuse, V, 12. 71. 2; Diyllus of Athens, VII, 16. 14. 5; Hermeias of Methymnê, 15. 37. 3; Philistius, V, 13. 103. 3; Theopompus, VIII, 16. 71. 3; Timaeus, XI, 21. 17.1.
    • Sicinius, C.: (465=V470) tr. pl., IV, 11. 68. 8.
    • Sicyon, in Peloponnesus: Dorians settle, III, 7. 9. 1; Delphi forbids settlement of Epeunactae at, 8. 21. 3, and foretells century of tyranny for, 24. 1; Mindyrides of Sybaris at, 19.1–2; (479) after Plataea, pursue Persians, IV, 11. 32. 1; (453) Athenians defeat, 88. 1–2; (414) with others, send troops to Syracuse, V, 13. 8. 3; (393) Iphicrates of Athens defeats, VI, 14. 91. 3; (377) in 7th division of Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; (375) disorders in, 40. 4; (369) goes over to Epameinondas, 69. 1; Euphron tyrant of, 70. 3; (363) allied to Thebans at Mantineia, 85. 2, (352) to
    614
    • Megalopolis, 16. 39. 2, (323) to Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 2; (314) after death of Alexander s. of Polyperchon at, his wife Cratesipolis holds, for Polyperchon, X, 19. 67.1–2, 74. 2, 20. 37. 1; (308) Ptolemy takes and garrisons, 37. 1–2; (303) Demetrius frees, from Ptolemy and names, Demetrias, 102. 2–103. 1. See Alexion, Cleisthenes, Epopeus of.
    • Sidero, wife of Salmoneus: mistreats Tyro, III, 4. 68. 2.
    • Sidon, in Phoenicia: Lebanon mts. near, IX, 19. 58. 3; (588–566) Apries of Egypt takes, I, 1. 68. 1; (480) awarded barbarian prize for valour at Artemisium, IV, 11. 13. 2; (396) ships of, reinforce Conon, VI, 14. 79. 8; (c. 344–343) a part of Tripolis, VII, 16. 41. 1; revolts from Persia with Egyptian aid, 41. 2–6; betrayed to Artaxerxes by king and by mercenaries, 43. 1–45. 4, 46. 4, 47. 4; burned by its own people; Artaxerxes sells the ashes of, 45. 4–6, 49. 7; (315) Antigonus’ shipyard at, IX, 19. 58. 4; (312) Ptolemy wins, to his side, X, 19. 86. 1; (302) Ptolemy besieges, then retires from, 20. 113. 1–2. Royal parks of, VII, 16. 41. 5; wealth of, 41. 4, 44. 6, 45. 5–6. See Tennes king of.
    • siege engines: not known when Arbaces besieged Nineveh, I, 2. 27. 1; (441) invented by Artemon of Clazomenae; used by Pericles against Samoa, IV, 12. 28. 3; (307) description of some, X, 20. 48. 1–3, 54. 2–4, (305) 85. 1–3; (304) 91. 2–8; (264) Romans claim superiority in, XI, 23. 2. 1. See catapults, helepolis, moles, rams, towers.
    • sieges, described in some detail: (409) of Selinus by Hannibal, V, 13. 51. 5–57. 6; (397) of Motyê by Dionysius, VI, 14. 48. 1–53. 5; (341–340) of Perinthus by Philip, VIII, 16. 74. 2–76. 4; (332) of Tyre by Alexander, 17. 40. 3–46. 5; (318) of Megalopolis by Polyperchon, IX, 18. 70. 1–72. 1; (307) of Cyprian Salamis by Demetrius, X, 20. 48. 1–8; of Utica by Agathocles, 54. 2–55. 2; (305–304) of Rhodes by Demetrius, 84. 1–88. 9, 91. 1–100. 1; (73) of Cyzicus by Mithridates, XII, 37. 22b. 1 (pp. 269–271).
    • Sigeium, in the Troad: Argonauts blown to, II, 4. 42. 1; struggle of Athens and Mitylenê for, IV, 9. 12. 11; (411) operations of Lacedaemonian and Athenian fleets about, V, 13. 39. 1–2; (410) Dorieus near, when Athenians drive him to Dardanus, 45. 1–3; (302) Lysimachus takes and garrisons, X, 20. 107. 2.
    • signals, fire: (428) from Salamis to Attica, V, 12. 49. 4; (315) Antigonus’ system of, IX, 19. 57. 5; (312) used by Nabataeans, X, 19. 97. 1.
    • Silla riv., in India: whatever is cast into, sinks, II, 2. 37. 7.
    • Silva, Epitus: see Epitus Silva.
    • Silva, Mt., in Latium: Silvius s. of Aeneas reared on, III, 7. 5. 8, 6. 1.
    • silver: first, found on ground after fire had melted ore, III, 5. 35. 3; mines of, in Ethiopia, I. 1. 33. 3, in India, 2. 16. 4, II, 2. 36. 2, in Arabia Felix, 3. 47. 6, in Iberia, III, 5. 35. 1, in Attica, 37. 1; account of mining of, in Iberia, 35. 1–38. 5; working in, discovered by Hephaestus, 74. 2; not used for money by Baliares, 17. 4.
    • Silver Shields, Macedonian: (331) Nicanor s. of Parmenion commands, at Arbela, VIII, 17. 57. 2, IX, 19. 41. 1; (318) Polyperchon bids, obey Eumenes, 18. 58. 1; he wins favour of, 59. 3, 61. 3, 5, in spite of Ptolemy and Antigonus, 62. 1–63. 6; winter in Babylonia, 19. 12. 1; (317) do not heed
    615
    • Seleucus and Pithon, 12. 2–3, 13. 1; Seleucus imperils camp of, by clearing canal, 13. 2–4; claim right to select chief commander, 15. 2; Eumenes pays, for six months, 15. 5; Antigonus avoids confronting, 15. 6; at Peucestes’ festival, 22. 2; Antigonus again fails to win, 25. 2–4; in first battle with Antigonus, 28. 1, 30. 5–8; in last battle, 40. 3, 43. 1, 4–5; surrender Eumenes to Antigonus in exchange for captured families; enrolled in his army, 43. 7–9; (316) he gives most turbulent of, to Sibyrtius, 48. 3. Age, prowess, and fame of, 28. 1, 30. 5–6, 41. 1–3, 43. 1. See Antigenes, Teutamus commanders of.
    • Silvia: see Rhea Silvia.
    • Silvium, in Apulia: (306) Romans take from Samnites, X, 20. 80. 1–2.
    • Silvius s. of Aeneas: reared on Mt. Silva; elected king on death of Ascanius, III, 7. 5. 8–9, 6. 1.
    • —: see Aeneas, Alba, Aramulius, Latinus, Proca, Romulus, Tiberius Silvius.
    • Simi, of upper Ethiopia: at war with Struthophagi, II, 3. 28. 1, 6.
    • Simmas: rears and names Semiramis, I, 2. 4. 6; marries her to Onnes, 5. 1.
    • Simmias: (246–221) Ptolemy III Euergetes sends, to seek elephants, II, 3. 18. 4.
    • Simonides of Ceos: poem of, for the dead at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 11. 6.
    • —: (311) archon, X, 19. 105. 1.
    • Sindicê, on east coast of the Pontus: (c. 310) Eumelus of Cimmerian Bosporus killed near, X, 20. 25. 4.
    • Sinis: Theseus kills, III, 4. 59. 2–3.
    • Sinopê d. of Asopus: carried off by Apollo; bears him son Syrus, III, 4. 72. 1–2.
    • Sinopê, in Pontus: named for Sinopê d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 2; a colony of Milesians, VI, 14. 31. 2; (401) transports the Ten Thousand to Heracleia, 31. 1–3; (c. 310) Eumelus of Cimmerian Bosporus favours, X, 20. 25. 1. Palace of Mithridates at, VI, 14. 31. 2. See Cerasus, Cotyora, Trapezus colonies of.
    • Siphnos, one of Cyclades: (153) Cretans take, XI, 31. 45.1.
    • Sippas: (323) commands in Macedonia for Antipater, IX, 18. 12. 2.
    • Sipylus of Scythia: with Mopsus, defeats Amazons, II, 3. 55. 10–11.
    • Sipylus, Mt., in Lydia: (396) Lacedaemonians under Agesilaüs plunder region of, VI, 14. 80. 1.
    • Siraces, a Sarmatian tribe: (c. 310) allied to Eumelus of Cimmerian Bosporus, X, 20. 22. 4; capital of, described, 23. 1.
    • Sirens: (324) figures of, on pyre of Hephaestion, VIII, 17. 115. 4.
    • Siris, in Lucania: (433) Tarantini transport people of, IV, 12. 36. 4.
    • Sirius: Osiris also called, I, 1. 11. 3.
    • Sirius, the star: Isis identified with, I, 1. 27. 4; rising of, as marking season, 19. 1, III, 4. 82. 2–3.
    • Sisyngambris, mother of Dareius: (333) captured at Issus, VIII, 17. 36. 2–4; Alexander’s generous treatment of, 37. 3–38. 7, 54. 2, 114. 2; (331) refuses to escape, 59. 7; (330) Alexander leaves, at Susa, 67. 1; (324) on his death, starves herself to death, 118. 3.
    • Sisyphium: (303) garrison of Corinth flees to, X, 20. 103. 2.
    • Sisyphus: excelled in knavery; foretold future, III, 6. 6. 3.
    • Sitalces, king of Thrace: (before 431) succeeded to small kingdom but made it large, V, 12. 50. 1–3; (431) makes treaty
    616
    • with Athens, 50. 3; (428) invades Macedonia; places Amyntas s. of Philip on throne; moves against Chalcidicê, 50. 4–51. 1; lacking Greek support, makes terms with Perdiccas of Macedon, 51.1–2.
    • Sittacinê: location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; (330) Alexander rests army in, VIII, 17. 65. 2; (325) he crosses, 110. 4.
    • Sittana, in Sicily: (258) Romans take, XI, 23. 9. 5.
    • “Six Hundred Noblest,” in Syracuse: (before 317) expelled from city, which they had ruled, IX, 19. 4. 3, 5. 6; (317) Agathocles rouses mob against, 6. 3–6; he accuses, before assembly, 9. 1.
    • “Sixty Couches, Hall of the”: Agathocles builds, on Island (Syracuse), VIII, 16. 83. 2.
    • skytalê: device for secret dispatches, V, 13. 106. 9.
    • slaves, slavery: debtor, forbidden by Egyptian law which Solon borrowed, permitted in most Greek states, I, 1. 79. 3–5; no, in India, II, 2. 39. 5; hardships of, in Iberian mines, III, 5. 38. 1; (410) freed in Corcyra, V, 13. 48. 7; (396) Dionysius mans ships with freed, VI, 14. 58. 1; (317) mounted, in armies of Eumenes, IX, 19. 28. 3, and Antigonus, 29. 5; (310) Agathocles frees, and enlists them in army, X, 20. 4. 7; (?135) ill-treatment of, in Sicily, XII, 34/5. 2. 1–4, 25–6, 32. See Servile wars.
    • slingers, of Balearic islands, III, 5. 17. 1, 18. 3–4.
    • Smerdis s. of Gallus: ancestor of Cappadocian kings, XI, 31. 19. 1.
    • —: (522) the false, pretender to Persian throne, slain by the Seven Persians, IX, 19. 40. 2, IV, 11. 57. 1, VII, 16. 47. 2, XI, 31. 19. 11.
    • Smerdius s. of Leucippus, king of Naxos, III, 5. 51. 3–4.
    • Smyrna: (190) one of first Asian cities to seek Roman aid; Antiochus III offers to free, XI, 29. 7. 1; (c. 158) a youth of, claims Syrian throne, 31. 32a. 1.
    • snakes: of Ethiopia, II, 3. 36. 1–2; one of great size brought to Alexandria, 36. 3–37. 9; of Arabia Felix, 47. 2; of India, VIII, 17. 90. 1, 5–7; plague of, in Egypt, II, 3. 50. 3.
    • snow: falls to great depth in Scythia near Caucasus mts., I, 1. 41. 7; (401) encountered in Armenia by the Ten Thousand, VI, 14. 28. 1–5, (394) by Dionysius in attack on Sicilian Naxos, 88. 2–3, (330) by Alexander above Susan rocks, VIII, 17. 68. 6, (328) in land of Paropanisadae, 82. 2–8, in campaign against Nautaces, p. 111, (314) by Antigonus on Taurus mts., X, 19. 69. 2.
    • Soani, tribe northwest of the Pontus: (before 61) Pompey subdues, XII, 40. 4. 1.
    • Social war (Athenian): (358) Athenian allies revolt, VII, 16. 7. 3–4, (356) 21. 1–22. 2; fearing Persia, Athens makes terms, 22. 2.
    • — — (Roman): see Marsic war.
    • Socrates of Athens: the philosopher, IV, 12. 1. 5; (404) vainly tries to save Theramenes, VI, 14. 5. 1–3; (400) accused and executed, 37. 7. See Aeschines of Sphettus.
    • — of Achaïa: (401) a commander of the Ten Thousand, VI, 14. 19. 8, 25. 6.
    • Socratides: (374) archon, VII, 15. 41. 1.
    • Sodrae, an Indian people: (326) submit to Alexander, VIII, 17. 102. 4.
    • Sogdianê: location of, IX, 18. 5. 4; (328) Alexander conquers; revolts thrice and is defeated, VIII, 17, p. 111; Mophis s. of Taxiles offers aid against, 86. 4; (326) Greeks settled in, revolt; (323) they are massacred
    617
    • by Macedonians, 99. 5–6; assigned to Philip by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) to Stasanor by Antipater, 39. 6.
    • Sogdianus, king of Persia: (424) succeeds Xerxes; Dareius murders, and takes throne, V, 12. 71. 1.
    • Sol: (91) invoked in oath, XII, 37. 11. 1.
    • soldiers: form 5th caste in India, II, 2. 41. 2.
    • Soli, on Cyprus: (391) seeks Persian aid against Evagoras of Salamis, VI, 14. 98. 2. See Stasanor of.
    • Solmissus. Mt.: see Cornissus.
    • Solon s. of Execestides, of Athens: from Salamis, IV, 9. 1. 1; Jived in period of tyrants, 17. 1; visits Egypt, I, 1. 69. 4, 96. 2; borrows much from Egypt, 77. 5, 79. 4–5, 98. 1; turned fellow citizens from Ionian ease, IV, 9. 1. 4; low opinion of athletes, 2. 5; advises that golden tripod for wisdom be given Apollo, 3. 3; visits Myson, 9. 8; inferior to Epameinondas, VII, 15. 88. 2–3; (before 560) warns Athenians against Peisistratus, IV, 9. 4. 1–2, 20. 1–2, IX, 19. 1. 4; (after 560) blames tyranny on Athenians; opposes Peisistratus, IV, 9. 20. 3–4; answers Croesus of Lydia, 2. 1–4, 26. 1–2, 27. 1–3, 34. 1; famed for upright life, XI, 26. 1. 1; called one of the Seven Wise Men, IV, 9. 1. 1–3; (446) Charondas of Thurii imitates law of, 12. 18. 3; (322) Antipater restores constitution of, IX, 18. 18. 5. Fame of, XI, 26. 1. 1.
    • Solûs, in Sicily: (397) Dionysius raids, VI, 14. 48. 4–5; (396) he takes, by treachery, 78. 7; (307) Carthage sends to, men deserted by Agathocles, X, 20, 69. 3; (264) Hanno s. of Hannibal camps at, XI, 23. 1. 2; (254) expels Punic garrison, going over to Rome, 18. 5.
    • Sopeithes, an Indian king: (326) surrenders to Alexander; is restored to throne, VIII, 17. 91. 4–7; gives dogs to Alexander, 91. 8–92. 3.
    • Sophanes: (347) one of three Phocian generals to succeed Phalaecus, VII, 16. 56. 3.
    • Sophenê, in Armenia: (c. 162) Ariarathes V restores Mithrobuzanes to throne of, XI, 31. 22. 1; (before 61) Pompey protects, XII, 40. 4. 1.
    • Sophilus: father of Sophocles the tragic writer, V, 13. 103. 4.
    • —: (401) a commander of the Ten Thousand, VI, 14. 25. 5.
    • Sophocles of Athens: (427) shares command of fleet aiding Leontini, V, 12. 54. 6.
    • — —, s. of Sophilus: (406) writer of tragedies; dies, V, 13. 103. 4.
    • — —, s. of Sophocles: (397) begins to produce tragedies, VI, 14. 53. 6.
    • Sophonba (Sophoniba, Sophonisba): (203) wife of Syphax, then of Masinissa, XI, 27. 7. 1.
    • Sophonides: see Ephialtes s. of.
    • Sophron of Ambracia: (432) stadion winner, IV, 12. 37. 1.
    • Sora, in Latium: (314) allied to Samnites, X, 19. 72. 3; (306) Samnites take, 20. 80. 1; (305) Romans recover, 90. 4.
    • Sosanê d. of Ninus: Ninus offers, to Onnes, I, 2. 6. 9.
    • Sosarmus, king of Medes, I, 2. 32. 6.
    • Sosicrates: historian of Crete, III, 5. 80. 4.
    • Sosigenes: (342) archon, VIII, 16. 72. 1.
    • Sosippus of Athens: (388) stadion winner, VI, 14. 107. 1.
    • Sosistratus: (455) archon, IV, 11. 85. 1.
    • — (Sostratus) of Syracuse: (279–278) master of Syracuse and Acragas; delivers them to Pyrrhus, XI, 22. 7. 3, 6, 8. 4, 10. 1.
    • Sosthenes: (c. 279) briefly king of Macedonia, XI, 22. 4. 1.
    618
    • Sostratus (Sosistratus) of Syracuse: (before 317) leads force to aid Croton, IX, 19. 3. 3; gains control of Syracuse, 3. 4–5; attacks Rhegium; loses Syracuse, 4. 2–3; allied with Carthage, 4. 3–7; Syracuse receives back those expelled with, 5. 4; supporters of, in Croton are exiled, 10. 3; (314) killed, 71. 4–5.
    • Sosylus of Elis, historian of Hannibal, XI, 26. 4. 1.
    • Soteria, harbour on Red sea: origin of name, II, 3. 40. 1.
    • Spain: see Iberia.
    • Spanish steel: excellence of Celtiberian swords, III, 5. 33. 3–4.
    • Sparta: Heracles bids Tyndareüs keep, safe for the Heracleidae, II, 4. 33. 5–6; ruled by two kings, VIII, 17. 104. 2; list of early kings of, III, 7. 8. 1–2; Delphi warns and advises Lycurgus regarding, 12. 5–6; a Messenian may accuse a Lacedaemonian only in, 8. 7. 5–6; Cleonnis of Messenê kills eight, 12. 2; Lacedaemonians swear not to return to, until Messenê is conquered, VII, 15. 66. 3; a Sybarite criticizes life in, III, 8. 18. 2; threatened with civil strife, 21. 1–2; defeated by Messenians; Delphi bids, get commander in Athens, 27. 1, VII, 15. 66. 3; Epizephyrian Locrians seek aid at, III, 8. 32. 1; Athens makes clever use of victory over, IV, 10. 24. 31; inheritance received by, 34. 8; (480) possible fame and ruin for, from Thermopylae, 11. 4. 4; the Three Hundred, at Thermopylae, 4. 5, 9. 1; eulogy of the, who fell at Thermopylae, 11. 1–6; (479) inscription in their honour, 33. 2; although furnishing fleet and commander, deprived of glory at Salamis by Themistocles, 59. 1; after Plataea receives prize for valour, 33. 1; (478) Themistocles at, while Athens rebuilds walls and harbour, 40. 1, 43. 2; (477) allies send charges against Pausanias to, 44. 6; ephors and other, hear him betray himself, 45. 4–5; later place his statue in temple of Athena, 45. 9; allies ignore commanders sent from, 46. 5; (475) argument in, re naval power, 50. 2–7; (471) humbled by treason of Pausanias, 54. 2; most distinguished of, sent as envoys to Admetus, 56. 2; (464) destroyed by earthquake, VII, 15. 66. 4, IV, 11. 63. 1–2; organize defence against Messenian danger, 63. 3–7; turn back Messenians and Helots; seek and reject Athenian aid, 64. 1–2; (457) allied with Thebes; need not lead army out of Peloponnesus, 81. 1–2; (456) Athenians prepare to dim fame of, 84. 1–5.
    • (431) Megarians appeal to, IV, 12. 39. 4; Pericles would fight, on the sea, 39. 5; (430) in Methonê Brasidas earns approval of, V, 12. 43. 2–3; (427) Lesbians advise, to seek naval supremacy, 55. 2; captives asked if they have injured, 56. 5; (425) Athenians fortify Pylos 400 stades from, 61. 1; attack Pylos without success, 62. 1–2, 7; 120, surrender at Sphacteria, 63. 3–4; those, surrendering disgraced for “diminishing the glory of Sparta,” 76. 1; ransom the Lacedaemonians taken at Sphacteria, 13. 24. 2; hatred of Messenians for, 12. 63. 5; Melos a colony of, remains loyal, 65. 2; (424) destroy most high spirited of the Helots, 67. 3–5; (421) rights restored to, captured at Sphacteria, 76. 1; (419) with allies move on Mantincia, 79. 3; (415) Alcibiades takes refuge in. 13. 5. 4; (414) send 600 to aid Syracuse, 8. 3; (410) foot soldiers of, superior; suffers
    619
    • less than Athens from war, 52. 6–7; (407) dispatch Callicratides the most just of the, to succeed Lysander, 76. 2; (406) he will not lessen fame of, 97. 5; allies send to, asking for Lysander as general, 100. 7; (405) Lysander sends Gylippus to, after Aegospotami, 106. 8; (404) Greek cities fearing, deliver Athenian exiles to the Thirty, VI, 14. 6. 2; (403) send Clearchus to Byzantium as general, 12. 2; Lysander esteemed in; he plots to open kingship to all, 13. 1–2; (401) Cyrus assured of good will of, 21. 1; Thirty Tyrants at Athens seek aid from, 32. 6; in ill repute among Greeks, 33. 6; Messenians driven from Greece because of hate for the, 34. 3; (399) Dercylidas to explain Persian truce to, 39. 6; (396) chief command in Syracuse may be given to one from, which is the first power in Greece, 69. 5; Syracusans curse the, 70. 2–3; Nephereus of Egypt gives ships and grain to, 79. 4; (395) a citadel of the Peloponnesus, 82. 4; recall Agesilaüs from Asia, VII, 15. 31. 3; (391) Agesilaüs returns to, VI, 14. 97. 5; (390) send Thibron against Persians, 99. 1.
    • (385) Determination of, to recover supremacy throws cities into turmoil, VI, 15. 9. 5; (383) in ill repute for Persian peace, 19. 4; (382) order razing of the Cadmeia, VII, 15. 20. 2; 16. 29. 2, Olynthians expect return of, 15. 21. 3; (380) other states follow Olynthians into alliance with, 23. 3; Syracuse seeks alliance with, 23. 5; (378) Lacedaemonian garrison of Cadmeia seeks aid from, 25. 3–4, then evacuates citadel, 27. 2; (377) council of, fails to punish Sphodriades, 29. 5–6; Hestiaea loyal to, 30. 1, 4; appoint Agesilaüs commander for Boeotian war, 31. 4; Sciritae a picked body of, 32.1; Agesilaüs defends bloodless victory, 33. 1–3; Thebans face, with confidence, 34. 2; (375) exiles from Phialeia withdraw to, 40. 2; (374) oligarchs of Corcyra seek aid at, 46. 1–3; (372) comet foretells defeat of, 50. 2; Thebes a threat to supremacy of, 50. 5; (371) all expect, to defeat Thebans, 51. 2; ancient saying that, will lose supremacy at Leuctra reported in Thebes, 54. 1; send force to aid Cleombrotus, 54. 6; charge of Sacred Band against, gives Thebes victory at Leuctra, 81. 2; (370) invade Arcadia, 59. 1–4; (369) Orchomenus on friendly terms with, 62. 1; Arcadians seek allies against, 62. 3; Boeotians and others plan move on, 62. 5; Lacedaemonians move from, against Thebans, 63. 3; Ischolas sends young men to defend, and dies with the older, 64. 3–5; Boeotians and allies march on, but fail to take, 64. 6–65. 4; Pelopidas sets up trophy in land of, 81. 2; Messene as base against, 66. 1; most distinguished of, sent on mission to Athens, 67. 1; (363) withstands attack of Epameinondas, 82. 5–83. 5; (362) estranged from Artaxerxes, 90. 2; body of Agesilaüs brought to, 93. 6; (355) Philomelus seeks aid at, 16. 24. 1; (354) Amphictyons make charges against, for seizure of Cadmeia, 29. 2; (353) Lacedaemonians return to, after defeating Argives, 34. 3; (352) 39. 5; (346) send hoplites to aid Phocians, 59. 1; assemble army to aid Tarentum, 62. 4; (333) friendly to Persia, VIII, 17. 29. 3; (330) King Agis, wounded, sends his men back to, 63. 1–4; Antipater takes noblest of, as hostages, 73. 6; (315) permit
    620
    • recruiting for Antigonus in Peloponnesus, IX, 19. 60. 1; (314) Acrotatus acts like a Persian rather than a, X, 19. 71. 3; (303) Tarentines seek aid of, 20. 104. 1; (207) during rule of Nabis evil men stream into, XI, 27. 1.1; (187) Achaean league gains control of, 29. 17. 1. Conduct called worthy or unworthy of, V, 13. 28. 3, 51. 5, 71. 3, VI, 14. 83. 6–7, VII, 15. 64. 4, X, 20. 104. 4. See Agesilaüs, Agis, Cleombrotus, Leonidas kings of; Alexander, Demaratus, Epicles, Euaephnus, Eurybiades, Lamius, Lycurgus, Lysander, Pharax, Philophron, Phoebidas, Tantalus, Therimachus, Thorax, Xanthippus, Xenocles of; the Gerusia in. See also Lacedaemon, Laconia.
    • Spartacus I of Cimmerian Bosporus: (438) becomes king, IV, 12. 31. 1; (433) dies, 36. 1. See Satyrus s. of.
    • — II: (354) succeeds father, VII, 16. 31. 6; (349) dies, 52. 10.
    • — III: (304) succeeds father, X, 20. 100. 7.
    • —, Thracian slave: (73) shows gratitude, XII, 38/9. 21. 1.
    • Spartaeus s. of Zeus, III, 5. 55. 5.
    • Spartoi (Thebagenes): Cadmus brings, to Thebes, IX, 19. 53. 4; Encheleans drive, from Thebes, 53. 5.
    • Spartolus, in Chalcidicê: (429) Athenians lay, waste, V, 12. 47. 3.
    • speech: beginnings of, I, 1. 8. 3–4.
    • Spercheius riv., in Thessaly: (480) Xerxes camps on, IV, 11. 5. 4.
    • Spermatophagi: seed-eating Ethiopians, II, 3. 24. 1.
    • Sphacteria, isl. off Messenian coast: (425) Lacedaemonians occupy, V, 12. 61. 4; Spartans and others on, surrender to Athenians, 63. 3, 75. 5, 76. 1; Athenians release for ransom Lacedaemonians captured on, 13. 24. 2; (423) Lacedaemonians make peace to recover Spartans captured on, 12. 72. 5–6; (421) rights restored to Spartans captured on, 76. 1.
    • sphere, theory of the: Atlas discovers, II, 3. 60. 2, 4. 27. 5, and teaches, to Heracles, 27. 5.
    • Sphettus: see Aeschines of.
    • Sphinx: Oedipus solves riddle of the, III, 4. 64. 3–4.
    • sphinx, the large baboon, II, 3. 35. 4.
    • Sphodriades the Spartan: (377) makes unauthorized attack on Peiraeus; escapes punishment, VII, 15. 29. 5–6.
    • spiders: plague of, in Ethiopia, II, 3. 30. 1–2.
    • spirit: one of Egyptian elements; called Zeus, I, 1. 11. 6–12. 2.
    • Spithrobates a Persian: (334) satrap of Ionia; at Granicus, VIII, 17. 19. 4; slain by Alexander in single combat, 20. 2–6.
    • spondai: how, came to mean “truce,” II, 3. 71. 6.
    • Spondius: (241–237) leader of mercenaries in “Truceless war,” XI, 25. 3. 1; Hamilcar crucifies, 5. 1–2.
    • spontaneous generation, of mice in Egypt, I, 1. 10. 2–3, 6–7.
    • Stabrobates, an Indian king: defeats Semiramis, I, 2. 16. 2, 17. 4–19. 10.
    • Stageira: see Nicanor of.
    • Staphylus: father of Molpadia, Parthenos, and Rhoeo, III, 5. 62. 1.
    • —, general of Rhadamanthys, III, 5=. 79. 2.
    • Stasander of Cyprus: (321) Antipater assigns Aria and Dranginê to, IX, 18. 39. 6; (317) joins Eumenes in Susianê, 19. 14. 7; with Eumenes in battle with Antigonus, 27. 3.
    • Stasanor of Soli: (329) general of Alexander; defeats Satibarzanes, VIII, 17. 81. 3, S3. 4–6; (323) assigned Aria and Dranginê by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) Bactrianê and Sogdianê
    621
    • by Antipater, 39. 6, (316) Bactrianê by Antigonus, 19. 48. 1.
    • Stasioecus, king of Marion on Cyprus: (315) allied with Antigonus, IX, 19. 59. 1; supports Seleucus, 62. 6; (313) Ptolemy arrests, X, 19. 79. 4.
    • Stateira d. of Dareius: (326) Alexander marries, VIII, 17. 107. 6.
    • Steropê d. of Atlas, II, 3. 60. 4.
    • Stertinius Structor, T.: see T. Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus, cos., 441=V448.
    • Stesagoras of Athens: according to some, father of Cimon, IV, 10. 31. 1.
    • Stiboetes riv., in Hyrcania: (329) Alexander camps by, VIII, 17. 75. 2.
    • Stilbê d. of Peneius: mother of Lapithes and Centaurus by Apollo, III, 4. 69. 1, 5. 61. 3.
    • Stilpo: (c. 294) Agathocles sends, to plunder Bruttian coast, XI, 21. 8. 1.
    • Stiria, deme in Attica, VI, 14. 32. 1.
    • Stoic sage: the wise man superior to the strong, XII, p. 299, fr. 14
    • Stones, On, by Orpheus, III, 7. 1. 1.
    • stones, precious: colour of, produced by heat of sun, II, 2. 52. 1–4, 9.
    • Straits of Messana (Messene): see Messana, Straits of.
    • — (at entrance to Bed sea): Trogodytes live within, II, 3. 32. 4.
    • Stratocles: (425) archon, V, 12. 60. 1.
    • — of Athens: (307) writes decree honouring Demetrius and Antigonus, X, 20. 46. 2.
    • Straton, king of Tyre: (332) Alexander dethrones, VIII, 17. 47. 1.
    • Stratonicê, wife of Antigonus: (317) arranges escape of a commander of Alcetas, IX, 19. 16. 4; (301) goes to Cyprus with Demetrius, XI, 21. 1. 4b.
    • — d. of Demetrius: wife of Antiochus I Soter, XI, 21. 20. 1.
    • — d. of Antiochus II Theos: (c. 255) wife of Ariarathes III of Cappadocia, XI, 31. 19. 6.
    • Stratus, in Acarnania: (429) Lacedaemonians camp at, V, 12. 47. 4; (314) most Acarnanians move to, X, 19. 67. 4.
    • Strombichus: (303) holds Arcadian Orchomenus for Polyperchon; crucified by Demetrius, X, 20. 103. 5–6.
    • Strongylê isl., one of the Aeolides, III, 5. 7. 1, 3.
    • — isl (Dia, Naxos), one of Cyclades: Thracians settle on, III, 5. 50. 1–7, 51. 3; Otus and Ephialtes take, calling it Dia, 51. 1–2; Carians take, calling it Naxos, 51. 3. See Dia, Naxos.
    • Struthas, general of Artaxerxes: (390) defeats Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 99. 1–3.
    • struthocameli (ostriches): in Arabia, II, 2. 50. 3–7; in Ethiopia, 3. 28. 2–5.
    • Struthophagi (Struthocamelophagi): ostrich-eating Ethiopians; warred on by the Simi, II, 3. 28. 1–6.
    • Strymon riv., in Macedon: (424) Brasidas builds ships on, V, 12. 68. 4; (422) Cleon puts in at, 73. 3; (167) separates first and second Macedonian cantons, XI, 31. 8. 8.
    • Stymphaeum, in Epirus: (331) men from, in Alexander’s army, VIII, 17. 57. 2; (309) Polyperchon and Cassander at, X, 20. 28. 1.
    • Stymphalia, in Arcadia: (315) Apollonides general of Cassander captures, IX, 19. 63. 1.
    • Stymphalian lake; Heracles drives birds from, II, 3. 30. 4, 4. 13. 2.
    • Stymphalus, in Arcadia: Heracles returns to, II, 4. 33. 7; (373) river plunges underground near, VII, 15. 49. 5.
    • styptic earth: found only on Lipara and Melos, III, 5. 10. 2
    622
    • Successors, The: account of, begins in Book Eighteen, VIII, 17. 118. 4, IX, 18. 1. 5–6; History of, by Hieronymus, 42. 1.
    • Suessa, in Latium: (337=V340) Romans defeat Latins and Campanians at, VIII, 16. 90. 2.
    • Sulpicius, Q. Caeso: see Q. Sulpicius Longus, tr. mil. c. p., 387=V390, 382=V390,
    • — Camerinus, Ser.: (390=V393) cos., VI, 14. 99. 1; (388= V391) tr. mil. c. p., 107. 1; (385=V393) cos., 15. 8. 1; (383=V391) tr. mil. c. p., 15. 1.
    • — —, P. (or Ser. or C): (444=V451) Xvir, IV, 12. 23. 1.
    • — —, Q.: (399=V402) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 38. 1; (395=V398) 82. 1.
    • — — Cormitus, Ser.: (45C=V461) cos., IV, 11. 84. 1.
    • — — Praetextatus, Q.: (427=V434) tr. mil. c. p., V, 12. 53. 1.
    • — — Rufus, Ser.: (345=V345) cos., VIII, 16. 66. 1.
    • — Galus, C.: (164) Senate sends, to investigate charges against Eumenes, XI, 31. 7. 2 (pp. 357–359).
    • — Longus, C.: (334=V337) cos., VIII, 17. 17. l; (322=V323) IX, 18. 26. 1; (313=V314) X, 19. 73. 1.
    • — —, Q.: (387=V390) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 110. 1; (382 =V390) VII, 15. 20. 1.
    • — Peticus, C: (372=V380) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 50. 1; (361=V364) cos., 95. 1; (358=V361) 16. 6. l; (352=V355) 37. 1; (350=V353) 46. 1; (348=V351) 53. 1.
    • — Praetextatus, Ser.: (368=V376) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 71. 1; (366=V370) 76. 1; (364=V368) 78. 1.
    • — Rufus, Ser.: (380=V388) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 23. 1; (376=V384) 36. 1; (375 =V383) 38. 1; (369=V377) 61. 1.
    • — Saverrio, P.: (304) cos., X, 20. 91. 1.
    • sun: Egyptians worship, under name of Osiris, I, 1. 11. 1–6; Egyptian calendar based on the, 50. 2; in Egypt Oenopides of Chios learned of the orbit of, 98. 3; Chaldaeans do not predict eclipses of, 2. 31. 6; power of, in south produces bright colours in birds and precious stones, II, 2. 51. 3–53. 4; peculiarities of planets and, in Arabia Felix, 3. 48. 2–4; Uranus introduced year based on, 56. 4.
    • Sun, Islands of the: discovered by Iambulus, II, 2. 59. 7.
    • —, Spring of the: temperature of, near Amnion, VIII, 17, 50. 4–5.
    • —, Water of the: a river on Panchaea, III, 5. 44. 3.
    • sundials: gnomons of, cast no shadow at Cape of India, II, 2. 35. 2.
    • Sunium, Cape, in Attica: (480) Xerxes has won islands within Cyanean rocks, Triopium, and, IV, 11. 3. 8.
    • suppliant: law of rights of a, discovered by Athens, V, 13. 26. 3; (511) Croton undertakes war with Sybaris to protect a, IV, 12. 9. 3–4; (477) rights as a, denied to Pausanias, 11. 45. 5–7; (451) Syracuse recognizes Ducetius as a, 92. 1–4, 12. 8. 1; (413) rights of, urged for prisoners of war, V, 13. 21. 7, 24. 1, refused to them, 29. 3, 6; (400) Psammetichus ignores right of a, and kills Tamôs, VI, 14. 35. 3–5; (397) at sack of Motyê Siciliotes spare those who flee to temples, 53. 2–5.
    • Suppliants by Euripides: (406) Thrasybulus dreams of, before Arginusae, V, 13. 97. 6.
    • Surrentum, in Italy: Liparus becomes king of, III, 5. 7. 6.
    • Susa, in Susianê: Memnon s. of Tithonus builds palace in, I, 2. 22. 3–4; (525–522) Persians
    623
    • build palaces at, 1. 46. 4; (480) Xerxes moves from, IV, 11. 2. 3; (330) Alexander enters, and finds treasure, VIII, 17, 66. 1–7; he transfers gold from Persepolis to, 71. 2; he leaves Dareius’ mother in, 67. 1; (326) he returns to; at, he marries Stateira d. of Dareius, 107. 6–108. 2; (325) he leaves, 110. 3; (317) Eumenes receives money from treasury at, IX, 19. 12. 3, 15. 5; Xenophilus guards citadel of, 17. 3; Tigris (i.e., Pasitigris) riv. a six days’ inarch from, 17. 3; Antigonus at, 18. 1; (316) Antigonus acquires great wealth at, 48. 6–8.
    • Susian rocks (Persian gates), between Susianê and Persepolis: (330) Alexander bypasses Ariobarzanes, who holds, VIII, 17. 68. 1–7.
    • Susianê: location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; Ninus invades, I, 2. 2. 3; Memnon leads men of, to aid Priam, 22. 2; (330) Alexander takes, without opposition, VIII, 17. 65. 5–66. 2; (326) he returns to, 107. 1; (321) Antipater assigns, to Antigenes, IX, 18. 39. 6; (317) Eumenes gathers forces of upper satrapies in, 19. 13. 6–15. 1, 15. 6; Antigonus makes Seleucus satrap of, 18. 1; (316) he makes Aspisas satrap of, 55. 1; (312) Seleucus takes over, X, 19. 92. 5; civilians from Babylon come to, 100. 5.
    • Sutrium, in Etruria: (391=V394) Romans send colony to, VI, 14. 98. 5; (387=V390) Camillus drives Etruscans from, 117. 4; (309=V310) Romans defeat Etruscans at, X, 20. 35. 1–5.
    • suttee: origin of, VIII, 17. 91. 3, IX, 19. 33. 2–4; example of, 34. 1–6.
    • swords: Curetes invent, III, 5. 65. 4; Celtiberian way of making, 33. 3–4; (331) Dareius equips army with longer, VIII, 17. 53. 1.
    • Sybaris, in Colchis, II, 4. 48. 1.
    • —, in Bruttium: between Sybaris and Crathis rivers, IV, 11. 90. 3, 12. 9. 2; foundation of, III, 8. 17. 2, IV, 12. 9. 1; wealth and luxury of, III, 8. 18. 1–20. 1; (c. 510) destroyed by Croton, IV, 10. 23. 1, 11. 90. 3, 12. 9. 2–10. 1; during siege vainly seeks aid of Syracuse, 11. 48. 4–5; (453) Thessalians re-found, (446) but are driven out by Crotoniates, 90. 3–4, 12. 10. 2; founded on another site as Thurii, 10. 3–6; original citizens of, put to death, 11.1–2; (445) some from, settle on Traïs riv., but are expelled, 22. 1. See Thurii.
    • Sybaris riv., in Bruttium, IV, 11. 90. 3, 12. 9. 2.
    • Sydracae, Indian tribe: (326) Alexander wounded in taking city of, VIII, 17. 98. 1–99. 4.
    • Syenê, in Egypt: black stone from, I, 1. 47. 3.
    • Syennesis, of Cilicia: (401) pretends support of Cyrus, VI, 14. 20. 2–3.
    • Syleus: slain by Heracles, II, 4. 31. 7.
    • Syllius, L.: see L. Sempronius Asellio, pr., 96.
    • Symê, mother of Chthonius: island named for. III, 5. 53. 1.
    • Syme, isl. off Caria: Chthonius s. of Poseidon settles, III, 5, 53. 1; seized by Carians, then by Lacedaemonians, 53. 2–3; (319) Antigonus storms, IX, 18, 52. 8.
    • Symmachus of Sicilian Messenê: (428) stadion winner, V, 12. 49. 1; (424) 65. 1.
    • — of Athens: (423) drives Lesbian exiles from Antandrus, V, 12. 72. 3.
    • Synetus of Lacedaemon: (480) holds Tempê against Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 5.
    • Synnada, in Phrygia: (302) Lysimachus takes, X, 20. 107. 3–4.
    • Synod, Great, in India: philosophers invited to, II, 2. 40. 2.
    624
    • Syphax, king of Numidia: (203) Scipio Africanus defeats, XI, 27. 10. 1, and holds in free custody, 6. 1–2; warns Scipio against Sophonba, 7. 1.
    • Syracosium, harbour of Cyrnus (Corsica), III, 5. 13. 3.
    • Syracuse, in Sicily: Heracles at site of, II, 4. 23. 4; he institutes near, festivals to Corê still celebrated, 23. 4, III, 5. 4. 1–2, 5. 1; Corinth founds, VI, 14. 42. 2, VII, 16. 65. 2; (c. 491) Hippocrates of Gela defeats; he camps in, IV, 10. 28. 1–2; (c. 485) of their own will, accept Gelon as ruler, VI, 14. 66. 2–3; (480) under Gelon, defeat Carthaginians at Himera, IV, 11. 20. 5–24. 4, V, 13. 94. 5, VI, 14. 66. 1–2, 67. 1; Carthaginians use mercenaries against, III, 5. 11. 1; Gelon enriches, with captives and spoil, IV, 11. 25. 1, 5, 26. 7; receive news of victory at Salamis; hail Gelon as benefactor, 26. 5–6; (478) esteem him as he grows old, 23. 3; observe law against costly funerals even in his case, 38. 2–6; from time of Gelon, lay claim to leadership in Sicily, 12. 26. 3, V, 13. 22. 4–5; Hieron succeeds Gelon as ruler of, IV, 11. 38. 7, 48. 3; he suspects Polyzelus who is popular among, 48. 3; Hieron settles men from, in Catana and in Sicilian Naxos, 49. 1–2, 76. 3; (474) fleet of Cumae and, defeat Tyrrhenians, 51. 1–2; (472) defeat Thrasydaeus of Acragas; make peace, 53. 3–5, 12. 26. 3; (467) Hieron summons sons of Anaxilas to, 11. 66. 1; obey Hieron out of respect for Gelon, 67. 3–5; (466) Thrasybulus succeeds Hieron as ruler of, 66. 4, 67. 5; drive out Thrasybulus, 67. 1, 67. 5-68. 7; free other Sicilian cities from tyrants, 68. 5; (463) prosperity in, 72. 1–2; new citizens (Gelon’s mercenaries) being excluded from office in, seize Achradinê and the Island, 72. 3–73. 3; (461) defeat mercenaries, 76. 1–2; with Siceli, drive out Catanians and distribute their land, 76. 3; (454) suppress attempt of Tyndarides to become tyrant, 86. 3–5; adopt but soon discard “petalism” (=ostracism); increased demagoguery in, 86. 5–87. 6; (453) send Phaÿllus (who accepts bribe) and then Apelles against Tyrrhenian pirates, 88. 4–5; (451) execute Bolcon as cause of defeat by Ducetius, 91. 1–2; overpower and defeat Ducetius, 91. 2–4; grant Ducetius right of suppliant and send him to Corinth, 92. 1–4, 12. 8. 1; (440) attacked by Acragantini for freeing Ducetius; defeat them, 8. 1–4; Greek cities have accepted hegemony of, 26. 3; (440) conquer the Trinacians, all the other Siceli having already yielded, 29. 2–4; (439) increase forces; intend conquest of all Sicily, 30. 1; (427) attack Leontines, who seek Athenian aid, V, 12. 53. 1; Athenians attack Liparaeans because allies of, 54. 4; make peace with Leontines and give them Syracusan citizenship, 54. 7; (before 416) force Leontines to leave Leontini and come to, 83. 1; Nicias proxenos of, in Athens, 13. 27. 3; (416) refuse aid to Aegesta against Selinus, 12. 82. 7; Aegestaeans promise Athens financial aid against, 83, 3; Athens prepares for war with, 83. 4–84. 3, 13. 2. 1, VI, 14. 5. 5.
    • Book Twelve ends and Book Thirteen begins with war between Athens and, IV, 12. 2. 3, V, 12. 84. 4, 13. 1. 1–3; (415) first year of the war, 2. 1–6. 6; Athenians plan to enslave, 2. 6, 4. 1, 30. 3; seek allies against Athens, 4. 1–2; Athenian allies against, 4. 3–5,
    625
    • 43. 1, 44. 1; while, march on Catanê, Athenians occupy Olympieium of, 6. 2–6; (414) second year of war, 7. 1–8. 7; Lacedaemon and Corinth promise aid, 7. 1–2; Athenians occupy Epipolae and begin circumvallation of, 7. 3–6, VI, 14. 18. 2; take heart on news that Gylippus has reached Himera, V, 13. 7. 6; he gathers soldiers in Sicily and moves to, 7. 7, 106. 8; reinforced from Greece and Sicily; drive Athenians from Epipolae, 8. 1–4; launch ships, 8. 5–6; (413) third year of the war, 9. 2–33. 1; defeated by Athenians at sea, successful on land, 9. 3–6; provoke Athenians to fight, 10. 1, 4; strengthen prows of triremes, 10. 2–3; defeat Athenians in Great Harbour, 10. 4–11. 1; Eurymedon and Demosthenes join Athenians, 11. 2; drive Athenians from Epipolae, 11. 3–6; send Sicanus to allies announcing victory; receive more aid, 11. 6, 12. 4; Nicias fears to make peace without sanction from Athens, 12. 2; pestilence in Athenian camp, 12. 1, 4, VI, 14. 70. 5; defeat Athenian fleet; are defeated on land, V, 13. 13. 1–8; again defeat Athenians in Great Harbour, 14. 1–17. 5; occupy roads, 18. 3–6; slay many Athenians and capture rest, 19. 1–3, 34. 4, 43. 4, VI, 14. 67. 1; set up trophies and make offerings, V, 13. 19. 3–4; in Assembly, consider fate of captured, 19. 4–33. 1; after speech of Nicolaüs many, favour moderation, 28. 1; after speech of Gylippus, decree death for generals and allies and the quarries for the Athenians, 33. 1; (413–412) Diocles sets up laws for, 33. 2, 35. 1, VIII, 16. 82. 6; later build temple in honour of Diocles, V, 13. 35. 2; honour Gylippus and the Lacedaemonians, 34. 4.
    • (412) Under Hermocrates, send triremes to serve in Lacedaemonian fleet, V, 13. 34. 4, (411) 39. 4, 40. 5; embellish temples with spoil, 34. 5; provide for election of magistrates by lot, 34. 6; (410) promise Selinus aid against Aegesta, 43. 1–2, 44. 4–5; Carthaginians fear, but fail to alienate Selinus and, 43. 2–7; ships from, in Lacedaemonian fleet, 45. 7; (409) Selinus expects aid from, against Carthage, 54. 3, 55. 3; Hannibal avoids appearance of war against, 54. 5; cease war with Chalcidians but delay too long in aiding Selinus, 56. 1–2, 59. 1; move to aid Himera, 59. 9, but abandon its defence on rumour of Punic attack on, 61. 2–6; Hermocrates removed from naval command; he fails to establish self in, by force, 63. 1–3; some in, desire his return, 63. 5–6; (408) he sends back to, bones of citizens slain at Himera, 75. 2–4; exile Diocles; slay Hermocrates again attempting return, 75. 5–9; (407) bid Carthaginians cease aggression, 79. 8; (406) defeat Punic fleet, 80. 5–7; negotiate alliances with Greeks of Italy and Sicily and with Lacedaemonians, 80. 7–81. 2; send forces to aid Acragas, 86. 4–5; under Daphnaeus, defeat Carthaginians under Himilcon but permit defeated to escape, 87. 1–5; fail to take camp of Himilcar, 88. 1; Himilcar captures ships from, bringing supplies to Acragas, 88. 3–5; after fall of Acragas many Acragantini and other Siciliotes come to, 91. 1; later give Leontini as home for those driven from Acragas, 89. 4; place Dexippus in charge of Gela; Dionysius (the later tyrant) accuses generals and chief citizens of, 91. 2–5; made general by, he secures recall
    626
    • of exiles, 92. 1–7; send Dionysius to Gela; envoys of populace of Gela praise him, 93.1–4; he returns to, where he accuses other generals and is made supreme general, 93. 4–95. 1; many of, regret this act, 95. 2; he secures bodyguard and becomes tyrant of, 95. 3–6, 75. 9; he organizes tyranny in, 96. 1–4; (405) women of Gela refuse removal to, 108. 6; under Dionysius, march to aid Gela; are defeated by Carthaginians and withdraw into Gela, 109. 1–110. 7; Dionysius retires to Camerina and forces its people to go to, 111. 1–3; cavalry of, desert Dionysius, 112. 3–6; he recovers, and forces cavalry to retire to Aetnê, 113. 1–4; peace with Carthage leaves, subject to Dionysius, 114. 1–3; Book Thirteen ends with second war between Carthage and, 1. 3.
    • (404) Expecting, to seek liberty Dionysius makes freedmen citizens of, and distributes land to his supporters in, VI, 14. 7.1–5; the, in army mutiny; join cavalry at Aetnê, 7. 5–7; blockade Dionysius on the Island, 8. 1–6, X, 20. 78. 2–3; grant him permission to withdraw; become careless; Campanian mercenaries make way through, to him, VI, 14, 9. 1–4; he defeats, at Neapolis; few of, accept amnesty, 9. 5–9; Aristus (Aretes) sent by the Lacedaemonians rouses and then betrays the, 10. 2–3, 70. 3, Dionysius strengthens hold on, 10. 4, 14. 1; (403) he undertakes conquest of cities near, 14. 1–15. 3, sells captives as slaves in, 15. 3, transports Leontines and makes them citizens, 15. 4; (401) he strengthens walls of, in preparation for war with Carthage, 18. 1–8, V, 13. 35. 2; (399) exiles from, incite Rhegians to war with Dionysius, VI, 14. 40. 1–3; he makes peace when Rhegians retire 40. 3–6; filled with activity as he prepares for Libyan campaign, 41. 1–43. 4; catapult and quinqueremes invented in, 41. 3, 42. 1–2; (398) Dionysius enlists men in, and elsewhere, 44. 1–2; he seeks allies, 44. 3–8; his destined bride is brought to, 44. 7; persuaded to undertake war because of hatred of Carthage and desire to get weapons, 45. 2–5; seize possessions of Carthaginians in, 46. 1; declare war on Carthage unless Greek cities are freed, 46. 5, 47. 1–2; (397) Carthage awaits attack by, 47. 3; great size of army led from, by Dionysius, I, 2. 5. 6; under Dionysius, move on Motyê, VI, 14. 47. 4–7; Eryx yields to, 48. 1; take Motyê, 48. 1–53. 5; many Punic allies go over to, 48. 4–5; fleet sent by Himilcon destroys ships in harbour of, 49. 1–2, but fails to destroy fleet of, at Motyê, 50. 1–4; Dionysius returns to, after sack of Motyê, 53. 5.
    • (396) War with Carthage continues, VI, 14. 54. 2–76. 4; under Dionysius, plunder Carthaginian territory in Sicily, 54. 2–4; Himilcon recovers Motyê, 54. 4–55. 4; Dionysius withdraws to, 55. 5–7; Messenian cavalry in, when Himilcon attacks Messenê, 56. 4; after taking Messenê, Himilcon prepares to march on, 57. 6; Dionysius frees slaves in, 58. 1; he leads, to Taurus, 58. 2; fleet of, under Leptines defeated at Catanê, 59. 4–60. 7; Dionysius fearing naval attack on, refuses Siciliote demand for action, 61. 1–3; Campanian troops in, serve as hostages for loyalty of those elsewhere, 61. 6; Punic fleet fills Great Harbour and army advances on, 62. 2–5; Himilcon plunders temples of Demeter and Corê outside; thereafter his fortune changes,
    627
    • 63. 1, 70. 4; win naval victories without Dionysius, 64. 1–3, 69. 2–3; begin to think of liberty, 64. 4–5; in Assembly of, Theodorus delivers oration lauding past deeds of, and assailing Dionysius, 64. 5–70. 1; Pharacidas the Lacedaemonian halts effort of, to overthrow Dionysius, 70. 1–3; Carthaginians outside, suffer from plague, 70. 4–71. 4; under Dionysius, win complete victory on land and sea, 72. 1–75. 1, 95. 1; without knowledge of, Dionysius permits escape of Himilcon and Carthaginian citizens, 75. 1–3; Dionysius fears revolt of, if Carthage is destroyed, 75. 3; fail to prevent escape of Siceli, 75. 6; reversal in affairs of Carthage and, as example of Fortune, 76. 1–4; Carthaginian allies in Libya and Sicily revolt after betrayal by Himilcon at, 77. 1, 78. 4; under Dionysius, make campaigns against the Siceli, 78. 7; (394) Siceli defeat, 88. 1–5.
    • (393) Under Dionysius, defeat Carthaginians; fail to take Rhegium, VI, 14. 90. 1–7; (392) under Dionysius, move to meet Carthaginian invasion; make alliance with Agyris, 95. 2–7; provoked by Dionysius’ delays, desert him, 96. 1–2; (390) Dionysius sets out from, against Rhegium, and returns after losses in storm, 100. 1–5; (389) under Dionysius, defeat Italian Greeks, 103. 1–105. 4; many exiles from, in Croton, 103. 4; Dionysius makes terms with Rhegium, 106. 1–3; he transports people of Caulonia to, and gives citizenship, 106. 3; (388) he transports people of Hipponium to, 107. 2; under Dionysius, cross to Italy and begin siege of Rhegium, 108. 1–6; word spreads in, of failure of Dionysius’ poems at Olympia, 109. 5–6; (387) under Dionysius, take Rhegium; he sends prisoners to, 111. 1–4; (386) all quiet in, 15. 6. 1; (385) Alcetas the Molossian an exile in, 13. 2; Dionysius builds dockyards, walls, etc., in, 13. 5; (384) under Dionysius, raid Tyrrhenian coast; prepare for war on Carthage, 14. 3–4; (383) under Dionysius, first defeat Carthaginians at Cabala, 15. 1–4, then are defeated by them at Cronium, 16. 1–17. 5; (368) under Dionysius, make war on Carthaginian territory in Sicily, winning victory on land but losing fleet, VII, 15. 73. 1–4; news of Dionysius’ victory with tragedy at Athens is brought to, 74. 1; Dionysius dies; his son Dionysius II succeeds, 73. 5, 74. 2–5.
    • (Before 358) Dionysius II disarms people of, VII, 16. 10. 1; Dion brother-in-law of Dionysius I far surpasses others of, in courage and military skill, 6. 2–3; he escapes to Corinth and wins support for setting, free, 6. 4–5; (358) he sails for; Heracleides is to bring fleet to, 6. 5; (357) many Siciliotes join Dion as he moves on, 9. 1–6; welcomed at frontiers of, he arms the citizens, 10. 1–4; he enters, without opposition, Dionysius II being in Italy, 10. 4–11. 3, 6. 1, 9. 1–3, 16. 2; Dionysius II returns to the Island, makes truce, then violates it, 11. 3–5; build wall from sea to sea; repulse mercenaries of Dionysius with difficulty, 12. 1–5; he again seeks to make terms; his supplies are cut off, 13. 1–3; (356) aid Leon tines in driving Dionysius’ general Philistus from their city, 16. 1; make Heracleides co-general with Dion, 16. 2; defeat Philistus in naval battle, 16. 3–4; refuse to make terms with Dionysius,
    628
    • who sails to Italy leaving mercenaries holding citadel of, 16. 4–17. 2; divide into factions supporting Dion or Heracleides; Dion wins victory, 17. 1–5; Nypsius admiral of Dionysius occupies citadel of; then takes most of city, 18. 1–19. 4; Dion drives Nypsius from, and is made general with supreme power, 20. 1–6; (354) Callippus kills Dion and becomes tyrant of, 31. 7; (353) friends of Dion driven from; Hipparinus s. of Dionysius I defeats Callippus and rules, for two years, 36. 5; (351) under Leptines and Callippus, expel Dionysius II from Rhegium, 45. 9.
    • (346) Torn by civil strife; appeal to Corinthians, who name Timoleon to command, VII, 16. 65. 1–2, 7–9, VIII, 16. 66. 1; (345) Hicetas defeats Dionysius and takes all, except the Island, 67. 2, 68. 1–4; Andromachus a supporter of, welcomes Timoleon in Tauromenium, 68. 8; Timoleon defeats Hicetas and moves to, 68. 10–11; (344) control of, divided between Dionysius, Hicetas, and Timoleon, with Punic fleet in Great Harbour, 69. 3; Timoleon takes all, except citadel, and Carthaginians leave, 69. 4–6; (343) Dionysius II surrenders citadel of, and retires to Corinth, 70.1–3; Timoleon re-establishes democracy in, 70. 4–6, VII, 16. 65. 8–9; (342) repulse attack of Hicetas, VIII, 16. 72. 3–4; (340) under Timoleon, move into Carthaginian territory and win victory at Crimisus riv., 77. 4–81. 2, VII, 16. 65. 8–9; some of booty later dedicated in, VIII, 16. 80. 6; (339) Timoleon expels mercenaries who had deserted before Crimisus, 82. 1, 78. 3–79. 2; Carthage agrees not to aid tyrants at war with, 82. 3; Postumius an Etruscan raider puts in at, and is executed, 82. 3; under Timoleon, free cities and extend citizenship to many, 82. 4–5, 90. 1, IX, 19. 2. 8; colonists attracted to, from Greece, VIII, 16. 82. 5; Cephalus revises laws of, 82. 6–7, V, 13. 35. 3; Leontines transferred to, VIII, 16. 82. 7; wealth accumulated for later building activity, 83. 1–3; (337) bury Timoleon with honours, 90. 1.
    • (Before 317) Ruled by oligarchy of the Six Hundred Noblest, IX, 19. 4. 3, 5. 6, 6. 3; Carcinus and his son Agathocles come to, 2. 7; under Heracleides and Sostratus, aid Croton against Brutii, 3. 3; Sostratus and supporters gain control of, 3. 5, but are exiled, 4. 3; with Carthaginian aid Sostratus attacks, 4. 3; ingenuity of Agathocles before Gela, 4. 3–7; Acestorides of Corinth elected general of, 5. 1; make peace with Carthage and receive back those expelled with Sostratus, 5. 4; (317) violence in, as Agathocles seizes power, 5. 4–8. 6; elect him sole general, 9. 1–4, 18. 75. 3, 19. 1. 6, 2. 1; he wins favour in, 9. 4–7; (315) under Agathocles, make unsuccessful raids on Messenê, 65. 1–4; exiles from, aid defence of Messenê, 65. 4; (314) exiles from, persuade Acragas to drive Agathocles from, X, 19. 70. 1–2; Acrotatus persuades Tarentum to assist the, 70. 8; exiles from, attack Acrotatus when Sosistratus (Sostratus) is killed, 71. 5; by terms of treaty, most Greek towns are autonomous under hegemony of, 71. 7; Agathocles gains control of most of Greek Sicily, 72. 1–2, 102. 1; (312) exiles from, gather in Messenê; are expelled, 102. 1, 4; they seek aid of Carthage, 103. 1;
    629
    • Carthaginians raid Great Harbour, 103. 4; Agathocles defeats the exiles, 104. 1–4; (311) under Agathocles, are defeated by Carthaginians at Himeras riv., 106. 1–110. 1; Agathocles returns to, 110. 1–2, 5, 20. 3. 1; he prepares to invade Libya, 19. 110. 5.
    • (310) Carthage controls all Sicily except, X, 20. 3. 2, 70. 1; at beginning of Libyan campaign Agathocles leaves brother Antander in command of, 4. 1; under Agathocles, make campaign in Libya, 3. 3–18. 3; to prevent revolution in, he divides families, 4. 3–4; he exacts money from, 4. 5–8; he escapes Punic blockade of harbour of, 5. 2–4; regarded by Carthaginians as a prize, 6. 1; besieged by Carthaginians while Agathocles besieges Carthage, 13. 3–4; discord in, when Hamilcar spreads false news of Agathocles’ death, 15. 1–6; those exiled from, for favouring surrender take refuge with Hamilcar, 15. 3, 6; Hamilcar begins siege of, 15. 6–16. 2; word of Agathocles’ victory in Libya reaches; Hamilcar gives up siege of, 16. 3–9; (309) misled by prophecy, Hamilcar attacks, but is captured, 29. 2–30. 3; Acragas seeks leadership, expecting no opposition from, 31. 3; soldiers left in, by Agathocles plunder neighbouring cities, 32. 1–2; hard pressed by famine, 32. 3; ships sent to escort grain ships to, are driven ashore by Carthaginians, 32. 3–5; campaign of Agathocles in Libya, 33. 1–34. 7; (308) many from, serve in Carthaginian army in Libya, 39. 5; campaign of Agathocles in Libya, 38. 1–44. 7; he sends spoils to, 44. 7; (307) campaign in Libya under Agathocles, 54. 1–55. 5; he returns to Sicily, 55. 5, 56. 3–4 under generals of Agathocles, defeat Acragantines, 56. 2; exiles of, under Deinocrates gather forces, 57. 1–3; campaign in Libya under Archagathus, 57. 4–61. 4; Agathocles defeats Punic fleet freeing, from blockade, 61. 5–62. 1; Agathocles before returning to Libya puts 300 in, to death, 63. 6–7; he sails from, on second Libyan campaign, 63. 7; disasters of Agathocles in Libya, 64. 1–70. 4; on return he puts to death all relatives of those who had made Libyan campaign, 72. 1–5; (306) Agathocles offers to withdraw from, permit return of Deinocrates, and restore city to its citizens, 77. 3–78. 1; seeking sole rule in, Deinocrates prevents acceptance of these terms, 79. 1–5.
    • (299) Agathocles returns to, after campaign against Corcyra, XI, 21. 3. 1; (295) under Agathocles, take Croton, 4. 1; (294) make temporary conquest of Brutii, 8. 1; (289) effort of Agathocles to determine succession in, leads to series of assassinations; Menon plans to become tyrant of, 16. 1–7; Timaeus praises, for their courage, 17. 3; yield to Menon who is aided by Carthage, 18. 1; mercenaries cause strife in, 18. 1, 3; (280) Hicetas tyrant in, 22. 2. 1; (279) Thoenon s. of Mameus thrusts Hicetas from power, 7. 2–3; Sosistratus holds, 7. 6; (278) besieged by Carthage, call on Pyrrhus for aid, 8. 1–2; Pyrrhus accepts city from Sosistratus and Island from Thoenon, effecting reconciliation, 8. 3–5, 10. 1; he takes fleet, 8. 4; he carries siege engines from, for siege of Liiybaeum, 10. 2, 7; (269) under Hiero, defeat Mamertines on Loitanus riv., 13. 1–8; Polydorus frames laws for, V, 13. 35. 3; (264) when Romans cross to Sicily Hiero flees to, XI, 23.
    630
    • 3. 1; (236) remain subject to Hiero by terms of peace with Rome, 4. 1; (249) Roman fleet sailing from, is intercepted and defeated; cos. L. Junius Pullus seeks to return to, 24. 1. 7, 9; (214) overthrow Hieronymus who has succeeded Hiero, 26. 15. 1; vote to punish whole family of the tyrants, 15. 2; (211) M. Claudius Marcellus takes, in spite of Archimedes, a native of, 18. 1, XII, 37. 1. 3; Marcellus spares persons of, but confiscates property, XI, 26. 20. 1; become slaves to secure food, 20. 2; (104) slaves in, revolt; they are subdued, XII, 36. 3–6; (91) a Roman equestrian resident in, is adviser to governor of Sicily, 37. 8. 1.
    • Theatre in, the finest in Sicily, VIII, 16. 83. 3; Doric dialect used in, XI, 26. 18. 1 (p. 195); compared with Antioch on the Orontes, 19. 1; largest city in Greek world, V, 13. 96. 4, VII, 16. 5. 4, 9. 2. See Agathocles, Dionysius I and II, Gelon, Hicetas, Hiero I and II, rulers of; Antiochus, Archimedes, Astylus, Athanas, Callias, Damas, Dicon, Diocles, Hyperbius, Melitê, Orthon of; Ortygia (the Island), Pachynus in or near.
    • Syria: borders on Arabia, I, 1. 28. 2, II, 2. 48. 1, 50. 2, 54. 3, and on Egypt, I, 1. 60. 6, VII, 15. 42. 2, IX, 18. 6. 3; produces birds and beasts of bright colours, II, 2. 53. 2; named for Syrus s. of Apollo, III, 4. 72. 2; Zeus crosses, III, 6. 1. 10; Sesoösis builds wall to protect Egypt from, I, 1. 57. 4; Psammetichus of Egypt campaigns in, 67. 2–3; Derceto mother of Semiramis worshipped in, as a fish, 2. 4. 2–4; doves who nurture Semiramis honoured by, 4. 6; Onnes governs, under Ninus, 5. 1; a king of, builds Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 10. 1; Semiramis summons shipwrights from, to India, 16. 6–7; a queen of Asiatic Amazons subdues Asia as far as, II, 2. 46. 2; conquered by Libyan Amazons, 3. 55. 4; (460) Persians advance on Egypt through, IV, 11. 77. 1; (401) Cyrus feigns his campaign is against a satrap of, VI, 14. 20. 5; he enters, 21. 3–5; (362) take part in revolt against Persia, VII, 15. 90. 3; Tachôs of Egypt sends Nectanebôs to besiege cities of, 92. 4; (c. 344) many cross from, to Cyprus to plunder, 16. 42. 9; Artaxerxes III crosses, 44. 4; (333) Dareius sends baggage to, before Issus, VIII, 17. 32. 3; (331) Alexander returns to, from Egypt, 52. 7.
    • (323) Perdiccas assigns, to Laomedon, IX, 18. 3. 1; Alexander’s plan to build ships in, abandoned, 4. 4, 6; (321) Ptolemy meets body of Alexander in, 28. 3; Antipater assigns, to Laomedon, 39. 6; (315) Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander demand that Antigonus yield, to Ptolemy, 19. 57. 1; Antigonus orders viceroys of, to prepare wheat, 58. 1–2; (314) Antigonus leaves Demetrius to oppose Ptolemy in, X, 19. 69. 1; (312) Ptolemy sends Cilles to drive Demetrius from, 93. 2; Demetrius after defeating Cilles, asks Antigonus to come to, 93. 4; Ptolemy withdraws from, 93. 5–7; Antigonus gains all, without fighting, 94. 1; some Arabs till soil as do the, 94. 10; (306) Antigonus retires to, from Egypt, 20. 76. 3–6; (302) he sets out from, against Lysimachus, 108. 2; hearing that Antigonus is moving toward, Ptolemy withdraws from, 113. 1–2; Eulaeus and Lenaeus ministers of Ptolemy venture war for, XI, 30. 15. 1,
    631
    • 16. 1; (169) Antiochus IV Epiphanes conquers the Jews, XII, 34/5. 1. 3–4; (166) Ti. Sempronius Gracchus is sent to investigate, XI, 31. 17. 1; (c. 162) Ptolemy of Commagenê asserts independence from, 19a. 1 (p. 373); (c. 158) king of Pergamum sets up pretender for throne of, 32a. 1; (before 145) weakness of Alexander Balas as king of, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445), XII, 33. 3. 1; Aradians bribe Ammonius prime minister of, to betray Marathenes to them, 5. 1–6; (145) disorder and continual war in, under Demetrius II Nicator, 4. 1–4, 9. 1; revolt of Diodotus Tryphon in, 4a. 1; (c. 138) Diodotus murders Antiochus VI and assumes crown of, 28. l–28a. 1; Roman envoys come to, 28b. 3–4; (135) Antiochus VII Euergetes of, takes Jerusalem by siege, 34/5. 1. 1–5; (129) he is killed by Parthians, 15. 1–18. 1; (c. 128) Alexander II Zabinas of, recovers Laodiceia, 22. 1; (123) he meets due punishment for temple robbery, 28. 1–3; (111) Antiochus IX Philopator Cyzicenus falls into evil habits after becoming king of, 34. 1; (67) leaders of revolt against Antiochus XIII Asiaticus flee from, 40. 1a. 1; Azizus the Arab and Sampsiceramus of Emesa agree to divide, 1b. 1; (before 61) subdued by Pompey, 4. 1. Aphrodite called Syrian from her shrine in, III, 5. 77. 5–6. See Belesys, Eunus, Lenaeus, Sarapion of; Ascalon, Damascus, Gaza, Thapsacus in.
    • —, Coelê location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; Lake Serbonis separates Egypt and, I, 1. 30. 4; Ninus subdues, 2. 2. 3; excellence of dates from, II, 2. 53. 5–6; merchants of, trade with Arabians, III, 5. 42. 2; (320) Ptolemy occupies, to guard against attacks on Egypt, IX, 18. 43. 1–2; (318) Eumenes enrols mercenaries in, 61. 4; he moves through, 73. 2; (313) Demetrius waits in, to meet Egyptian army, X, 19. 80. 1–2; (312) Ptolemy decides on campaign into, against Demetrius, 80. 3; he remains in, after defeating Demetrius at Gaza, 93. 1; (307) Antigonus founds Antigoneia in Upper Syria to watch, 20. 47. 5; (306) Antigonus crosses, 73. 2; (302) Ptolemy subjugates cities of, 113. 1–2; (301) Seleucus leaves, to Ptolemy, XI, 21. 1. 5; (181) Ptolemy V Epiphanes denies neglect of, 29. 29. 1 (p. 271); (170) both Ptolemy VI Philometor and Antiochus IV Epiphanes claim, 30. 2. 1; Lenaeus minister of Ptolemy VI born in, 15. 1; (c. 146) Ptolemy VI and Demetrius II Nicator agree that Ptolemy rule, 32. 9c. 1 (p. 445); (138) generals of Demetrius II Nicator in, XII, 33. 28. 1. See Joppa in. See also Syria.
    • —, Phoenician: (312) before withdrawing from Syria, Ptolemy razes Akê in, X, 19. 93. 7.
    • —, Upper (Seleucid): location of, IX, 18. 6. 3; (321) Pithon and Arrhidaeus move from Nile into, 39. 1; (316) Antigonus goes into, 19. 57. 1; (313) Ptolemy moves to, X, 19. 79. 6; (312) Demetrius camps in, 93. 1; (307) Demetrius sends captives from Cyprus to, 20. 47. 4; Antigonus founds Antigoneia in, 47. 5.
    • Syrian gates: (333) Alexander passes, VIII, 17. 32. 2.
    • — goddess (Atargatis): (135) Eunus claims inspiration from, XII, 34/5. 2. 7.
    • — letters: Syrians claim invention of alphabet, III, 5. 74. 1; used by Semiramis, I, 2. 13. 2, (317) by Eumenes, IX, 19. 23. 3, (312) by Nabataean Arabs, X, 19. 96. 1.
    632
    • Syrians: (135) name given by Eunus to slave followers, XII, 34/5. 2. 24, 8. 1.
    • Syrtis, gulf on African coast: Libyans live by, II, 3. 49. 1; shapes of animals appear in sky beyond, 50. 4–51. 5; Argonauts driven to, 4. 56. 6; Ophellas crosses desert near the, X, 20. 42. 1–2.
    • Syrus s. of Apollo and Sinopê: king of Syria, which takes his name, III, 4. 72. 2.
    T
    • Tabraesians: (326) live beyond Ganges riv., VIII, 17. 93. 2.
    • Tachôs, admiral of Persian fleet: (383) succeeds Glôs as leader of revolt; founds Leucê; dies, VI, 15. 18. 1, 19. 1.
    • Tachôs, king of Egypt: (362) raises mercenaries and secures Lacedaemonian aid for war with Persia, VII, 15. 90. 1–3; moves to Phoenicia; Nectanebôs s. of, seizes Egyptian throne, 92. 1–5; makes terms with Artaxerxes, 92. 5; restored to throne by Agesilaüs, 93. 2–6.
    • Taenarum, in Laconia: (477) Pausanias betrays self to ephors at, IV, 11. 45. 4–5; (326) Harpalus goes to, with mercenaries, VIII, 17. 108. 7; (325) mercenaries gathered at, choose Leosthenes of Athens as leader, 111. 2–3; (323) mercenaries enrolled at, by Leosthenes, IX, 18. 9. 1–3, (322) by Thibron, 21. 1–3, (303) by Cleonymus, X, 20. 104. 2.
    • Talium: (310=V311) Romans defeat Samnites at, X, 20. 26. 3.
    • Talôs nephew of Daedalus: Daedalus kills, out of jealousy, III, 4. 76. 4–6.
    • Tamôs of Memphis: (401) commands Cyrus’ fleet, VI, 14. 19. 5; Cyrus appoints, satrap of Ionia and Aeolis, 19. 6; at coming of Tissaphernes, seeks safety with Psammetichus who puts him to death, 35. 3–5.
    • Tanagra d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1.
    • Tanagra, in Boeotia: (458) Athenians and Lacedaemonians make truce after drawn battle at, IV, 11. 80. 2–6; (457) Lacedaemonian army at, 81. 3; Athenians under Myronides take, by siege, 82. 5; (424) Nicias joins another Athenian force at, V, 12. 65. 3.
    • Tanaïs (Don) riv.: divides Europe from Asia, I, 1. 55. 4; King Sesoösis of Egypt visits Scythians as far as, 55. 4; Ninus of Assyria subdues barbarians as far as, 2. 2. 1, 3; Scythians subdue lands beyond, II, 2. 43. 2, 4; they move the Sauromatae to valley of, 43. 6; Asiatic Amazons push beyond, 45. 4, 46. 2; according to some the Argonauts return by the, to Cadiz, 4. 56. 3.
    • — (Oxus or Jaxartes?) riv.: (323) Sogdianê and Bactrianê border on, IX, 18. 5. 4.
    • Tanitic mouth of the Nile, I, 1. 33. 7.
    • Tantalus s. of Zeus: account of Pelops, Oenomaüs, and, III, 4. 73. 1–74. 4. See Pelops s. of; Niobê d. of.
    • — the Spartan: (424) sent to Athens by Nicias and confined, V, 12. 65. 9.
    • Taphos, isl. west of Greece: named in Delphic response, III, 8. 17. 1.
    • Tapyri, in Armenia (?): Ninus subdues, I, 2. 2. 3.
    • Tarentines: (317) cavalry in army of Antigonus, IX, 19. 29. 2, 5, 39. 2, 42. 2, (312) of Demetrius, X, 19. 82. 2.
    • Tarentum (Taras), in Calabria: Delphi bids the Epeunactae (Partheniae) settle at, III, 8. 21. 3, VII, 15. 66. 3; (473) Iapygians defeat the, IV, 11. 52. 1–5; (444) wage war with Thurians, 12. 23. 2; (433) found
    633
    • colony called Heracleia, 36. 4; (415) do not admit Athenian fleet, V, 13. 3. 4; (388) ships bringing home Dionysius’ delegation to Olympic Games wrecked at, VI, 14. 109. 4; (346) at war with Lucanians; Lacedaemonians prepare to send King Archidamus to aid, VII, 16. 61. 4, 62. 4; he is killed in service of, 63. 1, on day of battle at Chaeroneia, VIII, 16. 88. 3–4; (before 317) Agathocles a mercenary in, IX, 19. 4. 1–2; (314) Acrotatus persuades, to send ships for war on Agathocles, X, 19. 70. 8–571. 1; recall these ships, 71. 6; (303) Cleonymus brings mercenaries to aid, against Romans and Lucanians, 20. 104. 1–3; Cleonymus returns to, 105. 1; (278) Pyrrhus sails from, XI, 22. 8. 2. See Archytas, Cleinias, Dionysodorus, Heracleides, Micrinas of.
    • Tarpeius Montanus Capitolinus, Sp.: (447=V454) cos., IV, 12. 6. 1.
    • Tarquinii, in Etruria: (351 = V354) Romans put 260 from, to death, VII, 16. 45. 8; (308) Romans make truce with, X, 20. 44. 9.
    • Tarquinius, L., king of Rome: education and character of, III, 8. 31. 1.
    • —, Sex, s. of Tarquinius Super-bus: (510) violates Lucretia wife of L. Tarquinius Collatinus, IV, 10. 20. 1–21. 1.
    • — Collatinus, L.: (510) Sex. Tarquinius violates Lucretia wife of, X, 10. 20. 1.
    • — Superbus, king of Rome, 535–510: (c. 535) slays King Servius Tullius, IV, 10. 1. 1; ambitions of, distrusted by L. Junius Brutus, his nephew, 22. 1. See Sex. Tarquinius s. of.
    • Tarquitius Priscus, C.: (73) in plot against Sertorius, XII, 37. 22a. 1 (pp. 267–269).
    • Tarracinê, in Latium: (403 =V406) Romans take Anxor which is now called, from Volsci, VI, 14. 16. 5; (313=V314) Romans defeat Samnites at, X, 19. 76. 2–3.
    • Tarsus, in Cilicia: (401) Cyrus quickly masters, VI, 14. 20. 2, 4; (302) Antigonus arrives in, X, 20. 108. 2.
    • Tartessus, in Iberia: (237–228) Hamilcar Barca defeats, XI, 25. 10. 1.
    • Tasiaces, satrap of Egypt: (333) killed defending Dareius at Issus, VIII, 17. 34. 5.
    • Tauchira, in Cyrenê: (322) Thibron captures, IX, 18. 20. 6.
    • Tauri, Promontories of the, on west coast of Red sea, II, 3. 41. 1.
    • Tauric Chersonese, Tauris: see Cherronesus, Tauric.
    • Tauromenium (Taurus), in Sicily: Siceli claim to have held, before coming of Greeks, VI, 14. 88. 1; (396) occupied by Siceli, formerly settled in Naxos by Dionysius and now moved to Mt. Taurus by Himilcon, 59. 1–2; Himilcon moves from Messenê to, 59. 3; (394) Dionysius lays siege to, 87.4–5, 88. 2–4; (392) Dionysius receiving, by terms of peace drives out Siceli and settles mercenaries, 96. 4; (358) Andromachus settles at, those who survived sack of Naxos by Dionysius, VII, 16. 7. 1; (345) Timoleon comes to, VIII, 16. 68. 7–9; (312) Agathocles puts to death those of, who oppose him, X, 19. 102. 6; (311) after defeat of Agathocles at the Himeras, goes over to Carthage, 110. 3; (278) Pyrrhus puts in at, and makes alliance with Tyndarion tyrant of, XI, 22. 8. 3; (269) Hiero holds, 13. 2; (263) left to him by treaty with Rome, 23. 4. 1; (132) Romans recover, from Eunus and his slaves, XII, 34/5. 2. 20–21; (c. 21?) Augustus replaces inhabitants of, with Roman citizens, VII, 16. 7. 1. See
    634
    • Andromachus, Timaeus, Tyndarion of.
    • Tauropolos, a name of Artemis, II, 2. 46. 1, III, 5. 77. 6–7.
    • Taurus, Cilician: a mountain range beginning with the, extends through all Asia, IX, 18. 5. 1–2; Libyan Amazons conquer people of, II, 3. 55. 5; the Aegis ravages lands about, 70. 4; (318) Eumenes crosses, on way from Cappadocia to Cilicia, IX, 18. 59. 3; (315) timber from, for ship-building, 19. 58. 4; (314) after once being turned back by snow Antigonus crosses, X, 19. 69. 2; (312) Antigonus crosses, 93. 4; (302) 20. 108. 3; (189) Rome requires Antiochus III to withdraw from territory this side of, XI, 29. 10. 1, 24. 1; territory this side of, granted to Eumenes II, 11. 1; (c. 180) Seleucus IV Philopater moves as if to cross, 24. 1. See Cleon of Cilicia.
    • Taurus, in Sicily near Xaxos: see Tauromenium.
    • —, in Sicily near Syracuse: (396) Dionysius moves to, VI, 14. 58. 2.
    • Tautamus, a Lusitanian: (140) succeeds Viriathus as leader; cowed by Q. Servilius Caepio, XII, 33. 1. 4.
    • Taxiles I, a king in India: (327) dies; Mophis s. of, succeeds, VIII, 17. 86. 4.
    • — II: (327) Alexander restores kingdom to Mophis s. of Taxiles I and changes his name to Taxiles, VIII, 17. 86. 4–7; (326) Alexander refreshes army in land of, 87. 1; he intends to leave, in possession of kingdom, IX, 18. 3. 2; (323) Perdiccas leaves, in possession of realm, 3. 2; location of realm of, 6. 2; Perdiccas assigns to Pithon the satrapy next to, 3. 3; (321) Antipater continues, in his kingdom, 39. 6.
    • Taÿgetê d. of Atlas, II, 3. 60. 4.
    • Taÿgetus mts., in Laconia: (369) Epameinondas descends through the, to the Eurotas riv., VII, 15. 65. 2.
    • Tecmessa, an Amazon: Heracles slays, II, 4. 16. 3.
    • Tectamus s. of Dorus: leads Dorians into Crete, III, 4. 60. 2, 5. 80. 2.
    • Tegea, in Arcadia: aids Atreus against the Heracleidae, II, 4. 58. 2; king of Argos flees to, III, 7. 13. 2; (c. 560) Lacedaemonians receive ambiguous oracle re, IV, 9. 36. 2–3; (467) Micythus of Rhegium and Zanclê retires to, 11. 66. 3; (419) besieged by Argives and Athenians, seeks Lacedaemonian aid, V, 12. 79. 3; (370) prevails on Arcadians to form federation, VII, 15. 59. 1; Agesilaüs invades, and restores exiles, 59. 3–4; (363) heads Arcadians who wish peace with Eleians, 82. 2; secures Boeotian aid against Mantineia, 82. 3–4; Lacedaemonians raid, 82. 5; allies of, in battle at Mantineia, 84. 4; (317) Cassander gives up siege of, IX, 19. 35. 1. See Apollonides, Echemus of.
    • Tegeatis, in Arcadia: (369) Argives enter, VII, 15. 64. 2.
    • Tegyra, in Boeotia: (c. 371) Thebans under Pelopidas defeat Lacedaemonians at, VII, 15. 81. 2.
    • Teiresias of Thebes: bids Cad-means abandon Thebes, III, 4. 66. 4–5; death of, 67. 1. See Daphnê d. of.
    • Telamon s. of Aeacus: flees from Aegina; becomes king of Salamis; father of Ajax, III, 4. 72. 6–7; with the Argonauts, II, 4. 41. 2; Priam frees, when imprisoned by Laomedon, 49. 3–4; Heracles gives Hesionê d. of Laomedon to, 32. 5.
    • Telamon, in Etruria: name indicates visit by Argonauts, II, 4. 56. 6; (225) Romans defeat Gauls at, XI, 25. 13. 11.
    635
    • Telchines, ss. of Thalatta: first inhabitants of Rhodes; inventors and wizards, III, 5. 55. 1–3; foresee flood and leave Rhodes, 5G. 1. See Halia sister of the.
    • Telecles s. of Rhoecus: ancient sculptor, I, 1. 98. 5–6.
    • Teleclus: early Agiad king of Lacedaemonians, III, 7. 8. 2, at time of First Messenian War, VII, 15. 66. 3.
    • Telemachus s. of Odysseus: visits Menelaüs, I, 1. 97. 7.
    • Telephus s. of Heracles: account of, II, 4. 33. 7–12.
    • Telesphorus, general of Antigonus: (313) drives garrisons of Alexander s. of Polyperchon from most cities of Peloponnesus, X, 19. 74. 1–2; defeats Cassander, then is defeated by him, 75. 7–8; out of jealousy of Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus rebels, then yields, 87. 1–3.
    • Telestes, early king of Corinth, III, 7. 9. 5.
    • — of Selinus: (398) composer of dithyrambs, VI, 14. 46. 6.
    • —, general of Andriscus: (148) deserts to Rome, XI, 32. 9b. 1 (p. 431).
    • Teleutias of Lacedaemon: (382) brother of Agesilaüs; Olynthians defeat and slay, VII, 15. 21. 1–3.
    • Tellenae, a Latin city: Latinus Silvius founds, III, 7. 5. 9.
    • Tellias of Acragas: (406) wealth and hospitality of, V, 13. 83. 1–84. 1; killed in Punic sack of Acragas, 90. 2.
    • Telphossaeum, in Boeotia: Teiresias dies at, III, 4. 67. 1.
    • Telphusa, in Arcadia: (352) Thebans defeat Lacedaemonians near, VII, 16. 39. 6.
    • Telys of Sybaris: (511) secures exile of chief men of Sybaris, IV, 12. 9. 2–3.
    • Temenus: one of the Heracleidae, III, 7. 17. 1; becomes king of Argos, 13. 1; ancestor of Macedonian kings, 16. 1, 17. 1.
    • Tempê, valley in Thessaly: Heracles drains marshes of, II, 4. 18. 6; (480) Athenians and Lacedaemonians holding, against Xerxes withdraw, IV, 11. 2. 5–6; list of states submitting to Xerxes before and after Greek withdrawal from, 3. 1–5.
    • Ten Thousand, the: (401) gathered by Cyrus the Younger, VI, 14. 19. 7–8; march inland, 20. 1–21. 7; defeat Artaxerxes at Cunaxa, 21. 7–24. 7; refuse to yield to him after Cyrus’ death, 25. 1–20. 4; Tissaphernes kills leaders of, 26. 5–7; elect leaders and move toward Paphlagonia, 27. 1–2; make way to Black sea, 27. 2–31. 5. See Cyrus s. of Dareius, Cheirisophus, Clearchus, Xenophon.
    • Tenages s. of Helius: most highly endowed of the Heliadae of Rhodes; slain by brothers, III, 5. 56. 5, 57. 2, 61. 1.
    • Tenedos: various accounts of foundation of, by Tennes, III, 5. 83. 1–4; Greeks sack, during Trojan war, 83. 5; (480) send ships to Xerxes, IV, 11. 3. 8. See Phoenix of.
    • Tennes s. of Cycnus: various accounts of foundation of Tenedos by, III, 5. 83. 1–4; Achilles slays, 83. 5.
    • —, king of Sidon: (c. 344) drives Persians from Phoenicia, VII, 16. 42. 2; betrays Sidon to Artaxerxes III, 43. 1–4, 45. 1–3, who kills him, 45. 4.
    • Teos, in Ionia: claims to be birthplace of Dionysus, II, 3. 66. 1–2; (407) Callicratidas plunders, V, 13. 76. 4; (395) Conon induces, to secede from Lacedaemonians, VI, 14. 84. 3; (302) Prepelaüs secures, for Lysimachus and Cassander, X, 20. 107. 5.
    • terebinth, from Arabia Felix, II, 2. 49. 3.
    • Terentia wife of Cicero: (63) learns of plot of Catiline, XII, 40. 5. 1.
    636
    • Terentius, C: (372=V380) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 50. 1.
    • — Varro, C.: (210) cos.; Hannibal defeats, at Cannae, XI, 25. 19. 1 (p. 171).
    • Teres of Thrace: (c. 149) aids Andriscus, XI, 32. 15. 5–7.
    • Tereus: (133) cruelty of Ziselmius (Zibelmius) of Thrace revives tales of banquet of, XII, 34/5. 12. 1.
    • Terias, riv. in Sicily: (403) Dionysius camps by, VI, 14. 14. 3; (280) Carthaginians defeat Hicetas of Syracuse near, XI, 22. 2. 1.
    • Terina, in Lucania: (356) runaway slaves later called Brutii plunder, VII, 16. 15. 1–2.
    • Terires: (392) stadion winner, VI, 14. 94. 1.
    • Termessus, in Pisidia: (319) refuses to surrender Alcetas after his defeat by Antigonus, IX, 18. 45. 3, 46. 3; young men of, bury Alcetas, 47. 3; (145–139) ss. of Molcestes (Moceltes) reared in, XII, 33. 5a. 1.
    • —, in Spain: (c. 143) abortive truce between Rome and, XII, 33. 16. 1–2.
    • Terpander of Methymna: musician and poet; songs of, end civil strife in Lacedaemon, III, 8. 28. 1.
    • Terpsichorê, a Muse, II, 4. 7. 2, 4.
    • Terra: (91) in oath to M. Livius Drusus the Italians invoke, XII, 37. 11. 1.
    • Tethys: a Titan, III, 5. 66. 3; mother of the gods, I, 1. 12. 5, II, 3. 56. 2; sons of, give names to rivers, III, 4. 69. 1, 72. 1; (326) Alexander marks end of campaign by sacrifice to Oceanus and, VIII, 17. 104. 1.
    • Tetrapolis, in Attica: Heracleidae are settled in Tricorythus, a city of the, II, 4. 57. 4, V, 12. 45. 1; (430) Lacedaemonians raid all Attica except, 45. 1.
    • Teucer s. of Alcetas: (312) father sends, for reinforcements, X, 19. 88. 3; Lyciscus defeats Alcetas and, 88. 6.
    • — (Teucrus) s. of Scamandrus: first king of Troy, III, 4. 75. 1.
    • Teucrians: Trojans first called, from their first king, III, 4. 75. 1.
    • Teutamus, king of Assyria: sends Memnon to aid Priam against Greeks, I, 2. 22. 1–5.
    • —: (318) Antigenes and, leaders of Silver Shields promise to co-operate with Eumenes, IX, 18. 59. 3; plots against Eumenes but is dissuaded by Antigenes, 62. 4–7; (317) in battle with Antigonus, 19. 28. 1.
    • Teuthras, king of Mysia: receives Augê mother of Telephus, II, 4. 33. 10–12. See Argiopê d. of.
    • Thaïs of Attica: (330) palace at Persepolis burned at suggestion of, VIII, 17. 72. 1–6.
    • thalassocracies: list of, III, 7. 11. 1.
    • Thalatta, mother of the Telchines, III, 5. 55. 1.
    • Thaleia, a Muse, II, 4. 7. 2, 4.
    • Thales of Miletus: one of the Seven Wise Men; explains cause of Nile floods, I, 1. 38. 2–3; disclaims tripod “for the wisest,” IV, 9. 3. 3.
    • Thallestris, queen of Amazons: (329) visits Alexander in Hyrcania, VIII, 17. 77. 1–3.
    • Thamudeni: see Arabian tribes: Thamudeni.
    • Thamyras, poet and musician: pupil of Linus; maimed by jealous Muses, II, 3. 67. 2–3; with Orpheus, adds two strings to lyre, 59. 6.
    • Thapsacus (Thamyris), in Syria: (401) Cyrus reveals plans at, VI, 14. 21. 5–6; (396) Conon at, on way to Babylon, 81. 4.
    • Thapsus, in Libya: (310) Agathocles takes, X, 20. 17. 1.
    • Thasos: (464) Athens subdues revolt of, IV, 11. 70. 1; (424) Brasidas wins over colonies of,
    637
    • V, 12. 68. 4; (408) Thrasybulus forces, to enter Athenian alliance, 13. 72. 1; (360) settle Crenides (Philippi), VII, 16. 3. 7.
    • Thatis riv., in Cimmerian Bosporus: (c. 310) Satyrus defeats Eumelus by, X, 20. 22. 1–6; capital of the Siraces on, 23. 1.
    • Theageneides: (468) archon, IV, 11. 65. 1.
    • Thearides brother of Dionysius: (390) Dionysius makes, admiral, VI, 14. 102. 3; (389) defeats fleet of Rhegium, 103. 2–3; (388) in charge of mission to Olympic games, 109. 2.
    • Thebae: see Thebes.
    • Thebagenes: see Spartoi.
    • Thebaid, in Egypt: oldest part of Egypt, I, 1. 22. 6; spontaneous generation of mice in, 10. 2; Osiris founds Diospolis (Thebes) in, 15. 1; gold and copper discovered in, 15. 5; Chemmo a city of, 18. 2; people of, swear by “Osiris who lieth in Philae,” 22. 6; (165) Ptolemy VI Philometor crushes revolt in, XI, 31. 17b. 1.
    • Thebê d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1.
    • — d. of Cilix, wife of Corybas, III, 5. 49. 3.
    • — wife of Alexander of Pherae: (357) with brothers, assassinates husband, VII, 16. 14. 1.
    • Thebes, in Egypt: also called Diospolis, I, 1. 15. 1, 97. 7; known by Homer, 45. 6; founded by Osiris or some later king, 15. 1–2, 45. 4–7; black stone found about, 64. 7; post-stations between Memphis and, 45. 7; temples and tombs in, 45. 2, 46. 1–8; philosophy and astronomy originate in, 50. 1–2; Memphis replaces, as chief city, 50. 6; Cadmus father of Semelê a citizen of, 23. 4; Sesoösis presents ship to god held in reverence in, 57. 5; god of, appears to King Sabaco in dream, 65. 6; ten judges appointed from, 75. 3; hawk brings sacred book to priests of, 87. 8; eagle honoured in, 87. 9; Helen of Troy visits, 97. 7.
    • —, in Boeotia: mythical history of, IX, 19. 53. 3–8; Cadmus founds, II, 4. 2. 1, III, 5. 49. 2; birthplace of Dionysus (Osiris) s. of Zeus and Semelê, I, 1. 23. 2–8, II, 3. 64. 3, 6G. 3; Dionysus returns to, from India, 65. 7–8; Minyans enslave, 4. 18. 7, VII, 15. 79. 5; Heracles frees, from Minyans, 79. 5, II, 4. 10. 2–5, and punishes Minyans, 18. 7; Medea flees to Heracles at, 54. 7, 55. 4; sacrifice to Heracles as hero, 39. 1; two of the Thespiadae (sons of Heracles) remain in, 29. 4; Alcmenê receives divine honours in, 58. 6; Androgeos murdered on way to, III, 4. 60. 5; stories of Oedipus, 64. 1–65. 1, of the Seven against Thebes, 65. 1–9, and of the Epigoni, 66. 1–67. 1; the “Cadmean victory” of the Seven, V, 13. 97. 6; Homer a contemporary of the Seven, III, 7. 1. 1; captured and sacked by the Epigoni, III, 4. 66. 4–5, IX, 19. 53. 6; some Cadmeans return to, when Creon is king, III, 4. 67. 1; captured by Pelasgians while men are at Troy, IX, 19. 53. 7–8.
    • (480) divided in loyalty; 400 join Leonidas at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 4. 7; allied with Xerxes, 81. 1–2, VIII, 17. 14. 2; (479) Mardonius returns to, after plundering Attica, IV, 11. 29. 1, 30. 1; receives medizing Greeks after Plataea, 31. 3–32. 2; Pausanias moves on; those responsible for Persian alliance give selves up, 33. 4; (457) make alliance with Lacedaemonians; Boeotia made subject to, 81. 1–3; Athenians master all Boeotia except, 83.1; (431) some Plataeans plot to bring Plataea into Theban
    638
    • federation, V, 12. 41. 3; move on Plataea.; after initial success, are repulsed, 41. 4–42. 2; (424) Athenians defeat, 65. 4; in Boeotian army which defeats Athens at Delium, 70. 1–3; dedicate spoil, 70. 5; (421) with Argos. Corinth, and Elis form alliance against Athens and Lacedaemon, 75. 3–5; (420) aid Heracleia in Trachis, 77. 4; (404) save Athenian exiles from the Thirty, VI, 14. 6. 3; Lasthenes of, defeats horse in race from Coroneia to, 11. 5; (402) master Oropus; give Theban citizenship to its people, 17. 1–3; (401) aid Thrasybulus in occupying Phylê, 32. 1, VII, 15. 25. 4; (c. 400) Lysis the Pythagorean comes to, as teacher of Epameinondas, IV, 10. 11. 2; (396) 200, slain in Boeotian victory over Phocians and Lacedaemonians at Haliartus, VI, 14. 81. 2; victorious at Coroneia, 84. 1; (394) aid Conon in rebuilding wall of Peiraeus, 85. 3; (387) accept peace of Antalcidas unwillingly, 110. 4.
    • (382) Lacedaemonians under Phoebidas seize and garrison the Cadmeia, VII, 15. 20. 1–2, 16. 23. 2–3, 29. 2; subject to Lacedaemonians, 15. 20. 3, (380) 23. 4; (378) with Athenian aid, recover Cadmeia and defeat new Lacedaemonian force, 25.1–27. 3,28. 1,81. 1,4; fail in attack on Thespiae, 27. 4; (377) allied with Athens for war on Lacedaemonians, 28. 5, 29. 7, 32. 2; with Athenians, hold strong point against Lacedaemonians but refuse to fight in plain, 32. 2–33. 4; fail in attack on Thespiae, 33. 5–6; defeat second Lacedaemonian invasion, 34. 1–2; (376) defeat Lacedaemonians at Orchomenus; think of dominating Greece, 37. 1–2; (375) reject general peace because not permitted to sign for all Boeotia, 38. 2–3; Athenians and Lacedaemonians try to break federation of, 38. 4; eager to claim supremacy on land, 39. 1–3; (374) expel Plataeans from their city, 46. 4–5; (372) outside King’s peace; build Boeotian federation, 50. 4; Lacedaemonians fear for supremacy and prepare for war with, 50. 5–6; (371) Lacedaemonians move against, who are without allies, 51. 1–4; elect Epameinondas general, 52. 1–2; Pelopidas defeats Lacedaemonians at Tegyra, 81, 2; Epameinondas refuses to heed bad omens, 52. 3–7; he turns superstitions of, to advantage, 53. 4–54. 4; Jason brings Thessalian cavalry to aid; make truce with Lacedaemonians, which the latter break, 54. 5–7; under Epameinondas, defeat Lacedaemonians at Leuctra, 55. 1–56. 4, IV, 11. 82. 3, VI, 15. 1. 5, VII, 15. 33. 2–3, 39. 1–3; (370) seek alliances in central Greece, 57. 1; called unworthy of first rank, 60. 2; in Amphictyonic council, charge Lacedaemonians with having seized the Cadmeia, 16. 23. 2–3, 29. 2; (369) make alliance with Arcadians and send force into Arcadia, 15. 62. 3–5; Athenians and Lacedaemonians allied against, 63. 2; restore Messenians to Messenê, 66. 6; return home leaving garrison in Messenê, 67. 1; Philip of Macedon, s. of Amyntas, brought to, as hostage, 67. 4; force way through Lacedaemonians at Isthmus, 68. 4–5; reduce Epameinondas to the ranks, 72. 1–2; refuse to join in general peace, 70. 2; (368) send force to free Pelopidas arrested in Thessaly, 71. 2–4; bring judgment against boeotarchs for failure against Alexander of Pherae, 71. 7; restore Epameinondas to favour
    639
    • for saving retreating forces, 71. 0, 72. 2; (360) occupy Oropus, 76. 1: Sparto-Boeotian war ends on intervention of Artaxerxes II, 76. 3; (364) seek control of the sea, 78. 4–79. 1; destroy Orchomenus, 79. 3–6; defeat Alexander of Pherac; Pelopidas is killed, 80. 1–81. 1; debt of, to Pelopidas, 81. 1–4; (363) allied with Tegeans in battle against Lacedaemonians and allies at Mantineia; Epameinondas killed, 82. 3, 84. 1–88. 4, 33. 2–3; Epameinondas gained supremacy for, which is lost with his death, 79. 2, 88 4; (362) force certain Arcadians to live in Megalopolis, 94. 2–3.
    • (360) Illyrians place Philip of Macedon, s. of Amyntas, (whom they hold as hostage) in hands of, 16. 2. 2; (358) indecisive strife with Athenians in Euboea, 7. 2; (355) in Amphictyonic council, charge Lacedaemonians with failure to pay line for seizing the Cadmeia, 29. 2; Phocian envoy to, claims right to control Delphi, 27. 3–5; (354) Locrians seek aid of, against Phocians, 28. 3; (353) defeat Phocians who are besieging Chaeroneia, 33. 4; send force to aid Artabazus against Artaxerxes III, 34. 1–2; (352) enter Arcadia; withdraw after several battles with Lacedaemonians, 39. 2–7; drive Phalaecus from Chaeroneia, 39. 8; (351) gain Persian aid against Phocians, 40. 1; (c. 344) troops from, aid Egyptian campaign of Artaxerxes III, 44. 2, 46. 4, 8–9, 47. 2, 49. 1; (338) heed Demosthenes and make alliance with Athens, VIII, 16. 84. 5–85. 1; after Chaeroneia Philip maintains garrison in, 87. 3; (335) vote to drive Macedonians from Cadmeia, 17. 3. 4; panic in, as Alexander enters Boeotia, 4. 4; after he leaves Greece, throw off alliance, lay siege to Cadmeia, seek but do not receive aid from other states, 8. 2–9. 1; refuse Alexander’s offers, 9. 2–6; are puzzled by portents, 10. 1–6; Alexander storms and sacks, 11. 1–14. 1, 14. 4, 15. 1, 118. 2, IX, 18. 10. 4, 19. 53. 8, 61. 2, XI, 32. 4. 3; common council of Greeks adopts stern measures against, VIII, 17. 14. 3; Athens permitted to shelter fugitives from, 15. 4; Alexander gives lands of, to Boeotians, IX, 18. 11. 3–4; a review of the history of, 19. 53. 3–8; (316) Cassander re-establishes, 53. 2–3, 54. 1–3, 63. 3–4, VIII, 17. 118. 2, IX, 19. 61. 2, many Greek cities aiding, 54. 2; (315) Antigonus’ Macedonians order Cassander to destroy, 61. 3; (313) Cassander makes alliance with, X, 19. 77. 6; Ptolemy nephew of Antigonus takes Cadmeia and frees, 78. 5; (307) Demetrius of Phalerum flees to, 20. 45. 4; (291) Demetrius s. of Antigonus takes, and demolishes walls, XI, 21. 14. 1. See Amphion, Epameinondas, Laïus, Lasthenes, Pelopidas, Proxenus, Thrasondas. See also Boeotians, Cadmeans.
    • —, Phthiotic: (323) Achaeans except those of, join Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1; (302) Demetrius prevents Cassander from transporting people of Dium and Orchomenus to; Cassander strengthens garrison in, X, 20. 110. 3; (217) renamed Philippopolis, XI, 26. 9. 1.
    • Theëllus: (351) archon, VII, 16. 40. 1.
    • Themis: a Titan, III, 5. 66. 3; introduces divination and the ordinances of the gods, 67. 4; mother of Athena by Zeus, 6. 1. 9.
    • Themiscyra, on Thermodon riv.:
    640
    • city of the Amazons, II, 2. 45. 4, 4. 16. 1.
    • Themison, tyrant of Eretria: (366) seizes Oropus; loses it to Thebans who come to aid him, VII, 15. 76. 1.
    • — of Samos, officer of Antigonus: (315) brings ships to Antigonus, IX, 19. 62. 7; (307) with Demetrius in naval battle with Ptolemy, X, 20. 50. 4.
    • Themistocles of Athens, s. of Neocles: advises wealthy man on daughter’s marriage, IV, 10. 32. 1; (480) commands Athenians sent to hold Tempê, 11. 2. 5; at Artemisium, commands Athenian ships; advises attack, 12. 4–6; favours Salamis as site for battle, 15. 4–16. 1; tricks Persians into forcing Greeks to fight there, 17. 1–2; shares command with Eurybiades of Sparta, 17. 4–19. 4, but gains credit for victory at Salamis, 19. 5, 57. 2, 59. 1, 12. 1. 5, XII, 37. 1. 2; causes Xerxes to go with half army to guard bridge at Hellespont, IV, 11. 19. 5–6, 59. 2; accepts gifts from Lacedaemonians; removed from command by Athenians, 27. 3; (478) by wiles prevents Lacedaemonian interference with rebuilding of Athenian walls, 39. 4–40. 4; (477) both admired and suspected by Athenians, 42. 4–5; secretly plans to gain hegemony of sea for Athens, 41. 1–42. 1; Aristeides and Xanthippus although rivals of, approve these plans, 42. 2–3; makes Peiraeus a harbour and persuades Athenians to accumulate fleet, 42. 4–43. 3; (471) Athenians acquit, when charged with treason by Lacedaemonians, 54. 2–5; admits knowledge of Pausanias’ treachery, 55. 8; is ostracized and flees to Argos, 55. 1, 3; (c. 470) demanded by Lacedaemonians for trial, flees to Admetus of Molossians, 55. 4–56. 2, then to Xerxes, 56. 2–8, 23. 3; endangered by mob; tried and acquitted in Persian court, 57. 1–5; (after 470) lives in comfort and honour in Persia, 57. 6–7; various tales of death of, 58. 1–3. Character and fame of, 58. 4–59. 4, 23. 1–3, 41. 1, 82. 4, VII, 15. 88 2–3.
    • —: (347) archon, VII., 16 56. 1.
    • Theodorus s. of Rhoecus, early sculptor, I, 1. 98. 5–6.
    • —: (438) archon, IV, 12. 31. 1.
    • — of Syracuse: (396) assails Dionysius in Syracusan assembly, VI, 14. 64. 5–70. 1.
    • Theodotus: (387) archon, VI, 14. 110. 1.
    • —, admiral of Antigonus: (315) Polycleitus general of Seleucus defeats, IX, 19. 64. 5–8.
    • —, partisan of Perseus: (170) foiled in plot against cos. A. Hostilius Mancinus, XI, 30. 5a. 1.
    • theology, Pythagorean: borrowed from Egypt, I, 1. 98. 2.
    • Theophilus: (348) archon, VII, 16. 53. 1.
    • Theophrastus: (340) archon, VIII, 16. 77. 1.
    • —: (313) archon, X, 19. 73. 1.
    • Theopompus, Eurypontid king of Lacedaemon: tenth year of reign of, begins the First Olympiad, III, 7. 8. 2.
    • — of Thessaly: (436) stadion winner, IV, 12. 33. 1.
    • —: (411) archon, V, 13. 38. 1.
    • — of Chios, the historian: wrote Hellenic History, V, 13. 42. 5, VI, 14. 84. 7, and History of Philip, VII, 16. 3. 8, VIII, 16. 71. 3. Cited: I, 1. 37. 4, II, 4. 1. 3, III, 7. 17. 1.
    • Theos: see Antiochus II Theos.
    • Thera: (431) Aegean islands except Melos and, allied to Athens, V, 12. 42. 5.
    • Theramenes of Athens: (411) instrumental in dissolving the Four Hundred and reinstating democracy, V, 13. 38. 1–2; favours recall of Alcibiades,
    641
    • 42. 2, 38. 2; (410) fails to stop construction of causeway at Euripus; sails through the islands, 47. 6–8; in Macedonia and in Thrace, 49.1; summoned to Sestos; with other generals defeats Mindarus and Pharnabazus near Cyzicus, 49. 3–51. 8; (409) defeats Chalcedonians; makes terms with them, 64. 3, 66. 1–3; Alcibiades and, take Byzantium, 66. 3–67. 7; (406) although a private citizen, is given a command at Arginusae, 98. 3; at Athens, accused of leaving unburied bodies, turns charge against other generals and secures convictions, 101. 1–7; (404) vainly opposes establishment of the Thirty, VI, 14. 3. 6–7; elected one of the Thirty, 4. 1; opposes colleagues; killed at altar of Hestia, 4. 5–5. 5; (401) the Thirty ask Thrasybulus to take place of, 32. 5. Character and reputation of, V, 13. 38. 2, VI, 14. 5. 1–2.
    • Theren riv., in Crete, III, 5. 72. 4.
    • Thereus, a Centaur: Heracles kills, II, 4. 12. 7.
    • Thericles: (536) archon, IV, 10. 3. 1.
    • Therimachus of Sparta: (392) commands Methymnaeans; Thrasybulus slays, VI, 14. 94. 4.
    • Theripides of Lacedaemon: (377) drives tyrant Neogenes from Hestiaea and Oreüs, VII, 15. 30. 3–4.
    • Therma (Thermae), in Sicily: (407) Carthage establishes, V, 13. 79. 8; (before 317) Carcinus father of Agathocles settles in, then under Punic rule, IX, 19. 2. 2; (307) Agathocles takes, X, 20. 56. 3; (306) he asks that, be given him when he leaves Syracuse, 77. 3, 79, 4; (262) Hamilcar (not Barca) defeats Romans at, XI, 23. 9. 4; (253) Romans fail to take, 19. 1; (252) Romans take, 20. 1.
    • Thermodon riv., in Pontus: Amazons live along, II, 2. 45. 1; Amazons of Libya earlier than those of, 3. 52. 1–2; Themiscyra founded at mouth of, 2. 45. 4; Heracles sails to mouth of, 4. 16. 1; some Amazons survive in valley of, 28. 1; (329) Thallestris queen of Amazons rules country between the Phasis and the, VIII, 17. 77. 1.
    • Thermopylae: (480) Greeks under Leonidas occupy, IV, 11. 4. 1–7; Mycenaeans alone of Argives join Lacedaemonians at, 65. 2; Greeks reject Xerxes’ offer to let them depart unharmed, 5. 4–5, VI, 14. 25. 2–3; they repulse his forces, IV, 11. 6. 3–8. 3; when Persians gain rear of, Leonidas dismisses all but Lacedaemonians and Thespiaeans, 8. 4–9. 2; Lacedaemonians attack Persian camp at night; are killed at daybreak, 9. 3–10. 4; praise of those who died at, 11. 1–12. 1, 77. 4, VII, 15. 64. 4; on news of loss of, Greek fleet sails from Artemision, IV, 11. 13. 2–3, and Greek army is terrified, 16. 2; battle of Himera on same day as, 24. 1; Xerxes advances from, 14. 1; (479) inscriptions set up for those who died at, 33. 2; (428) all between Macedonia and, join Chalcidians against Thracians, V, 12. 51. 1–2; (395) Agesilaüs returning from Asia passes through, VI, 14. 83. 4; (352) Athenians check Philip at, VII, 16. 38. 1–2; (323) Leosthenes occupies, IX, 18. 11. 5; (317) Aetolians occupy, against Cassander, 19. 35. 2; (316) Cassander passes, with difficulty, 53. 1; (279) Gauls retreat from Delphi to, XI, 22. 9. 3.
    • Theron, tyrant of Acragas, 488–472: Acragantini return bones of Minos to Crete during reign of, III, 4. 79. 4; surpasses others in humanity to commons, IV, 10. 28. 3;
    642
    • (480) at Himera, summons Gelon of Syracuse for aid against Hamilcar, 11. 20. 5, 21. 3; (476) Polyzelus brother of Hieron of Syracuse takes refuge with, 48. 5–7; makes peace with Hieron and restores Polyzelus to favour, 48. 8; supplies new citizens for Himera, 49. 3; (472) dies; is accorded honours; Thrasydaeus s. of, succeeds, 53. 1–3; (406) portents follow when Carthaginians tear down tomb of, V, 13. 86. 2.
    • Thersander s. of Polyneices: bribes Eriphylê mother of Alcmaeon, III, 4. 66. 3.
    • Thersites: the proverbial scurrilous braggart, VIII, 16. 87. 2, XI, 21. 21. 12.
    • Theseum, in Athens: bones of Theseus placed in, III, 4. 62. 4.
    • Theseus: story of, III, 4. 59. 1–63. 5; son of Poseidon and Aethra, 59. 1, 63. 5; labours of, on road from Troezen to Athens, 59. 1–6; at Athens, exiles Medea, II, 4. 55. 6; slays Marathonian bull, III, 4. 59. 6; in Crete, slays Minotaur with aid of Ariadnê; leaves her on Naxos (Dia), 60. 1, 61. 4–7, 5. 51. 4; king of Athens, 4. 61. 6–8; Heracles gives the Amazon Antiopê (or Hippolytê) to; she has son Hippolytus by, II, 4. 16. 4, 28. 1–3; Athenians under, defeat Amazons seeking revenge for enslavement of Antiopê, 28. 1–4; marries Phaedra; her charges against Hippolytus, III, 4. 62. 1–3; at wedding of Peirithoüs and Hippodameia, slays Centaurs, 70. 3; with Peirithoüs carries off Helen; sends her to Aphidna, 63. 1–3; Peirithoüs and, confined in Hades for attempt to carry off Persephone; released by Heracles, 63. 4, II, 4. 26. 1; one of the leaders of the Heracleidae, 57. 6; incorporates the Attic demes in Athens, III, 4. 61. 8–9; meets death in foreign land, 62. 4.
    • Thesmophorus: name given to Isis and to Demeter, 1, 1. 14. 3–4, 25. 1, III, 5. 5. 2–3, 68. 3.
    • Thespeia d. of Asopus, III, 4. 72. 1.
    • Thespiadae: sons of Heracles and the fifty daughters of Thespius, II, 4. 29. 3, III, 5. 15. 1; two remain in Thebes, seven in Thespiae where their descendants are still honoured, II, 4. 29. 4; forty-one of, led by Iolaüs, found colony on Sardinia, 29. 5, 30. 2, 6, III, 5. 15. 1–2; their descendants settle in Cymê (Cumae), 15. 6.
    • Thespiae, in Boeotia: bears name of its king Thespius, II, 4. 29. 2; (480) Leonidas retains men of, at Thermopylae, IV, 11. 9. 2; Xerxes plunders, 14. 5; (479) after Plataea men of, pursue medizing Greeks, 32. 1; (378) Thebans unsuccessfully assail, VII, 15. 27. 4; (377) Lacedaemonians in, repel Thebans but are defeated when they leave walls, 32. 2, 33. 5–6; (374) Thebans pillage, 46. 6; (371) Thebes rejects Lacedaemonian demand that, be resettled, 51. 3–4; (335) share in Alexander’s sack of Thebes, VIII, 17. 13. 5. Descendants of Thespiadae still honoured in, II, 4. 29. 4.
    • Thespius s. of Erechtheus of Athens: king of Thespiae, II, 4. 29. 2; sons of, among the Argonauts, 41. 2, 48. 5; sons of Heracles and the fifty daughters of, found colony in Sardinia, 29. 1–5, III, 5. 15. 1–2. See Hypermnestra d. of.
    • — of Persia: (316) Antigonus kills, IX, 19. 48. 5.
    • Thesprotians: Heracles and the Calydonians defeat, II, 4. 36. 1.
    • Thessalonica: (169) Perseus’ order that shipyards at, be fired is not obeyed, XI, 30. 11. 1; capital of second Macedonian
    643
    • canton, 31. 8. 8; (c. 149) Andriscus claims knowledge of hidden treasure in, 32. 15. 2. (p. 425).
    • Thessalonicê d. of Philip II: (317) goes to Pydna with Olympias, IX, 19. 35. 5; (316) Cassander marries, 52. 1, 61. 2; (297) murdered by son Antipater I of Macedon, XI, 21. 7. 1.
    • Thessalus: s. of Jason and Medea, II, 4. 54. 1; escapes death at mother’s hands, 54. 7; reared at Corinth; becomes king at Iolcus and gives to Thessaly its name, 55. 2.
    • Thessaly: to escape Deucalion’s flood Pelasgians flee from, and settle in Po valley, VI, 14. 113. 2; Triopas and sons of Deucalion drive Pelasgians from, and are in turn driven out, III, 5. 61. 1–2; Boeotus comes to, then called Aeolis, 4. 67. 2; origin of name, II, 4. 55. 2–3; Argonauts return to, 50. 1; Heracles drains marshes in, 18. 6–7; ambush and slay Memnon s. of Tithonus before Troy, I, 2. 22. 5; Thracians from Strongylê land in, and seize devotees of Dionysus, III, 5. 50. 4–6; Phorbus called from, to Rhodes, 58. 5; Peneius makes home in, 4. 69. 1, 72. 1.
    • (480) Greek forces occupy Tempê in, IV, 11. 2. 5; some, submit to Xerxes before Greeks quit Tempê, others after, 2. 5–3. 2; (458) join Athenians in attack on Lacedaemonians; attack Athenians and are routed, 80. 1–6; (457) Athenians under Myronides make fruitless invasion of, 83. 3–4; (453) try without success to re-establish Sybaris, 90. 3, 12. 10. 2; (428) with other northern Greeks, force Sitalces to retire to Thrace, V, 12. 51. 1–2; (424) Brasidas crosses, 67. 1; (401) in army of Cyrus, VI, 14. 19. 8; (399) Lacedaemonians drive Oetaeans into, 38. 5; (395) Agesilaüs returns to Greece through, 83. 4; (393) restore Amyntas to Macedonian throne, 92. 3; (371) Jason of Pherae brings cavalry from, to Theban aid, VII, 15. 54. 5; (370) Jason suspected in, 57. 2, but prevails on, to claim Greek leadership under his command, 60. 1–2; Polydorus rules, after killing brother Jason, 60. 5; (369) Alexander of Pherae rules, after killing uncle Polydorus, 61. 2; Alexander II of Macedon occupies certain cities of, 61. 3–5; Pelopidas arranges affairs of, in interest of Boeotians, 67. 3–4; (368) Alexander of Pherae arrests Pelopidas; Thebans send force into, 71. 2–3; support Alexander against Thebans, who retire, 71. 4–72. 1; (367) Boeotians invade, and free Pelopidas, 75. 1–2; (364) with Boeotian aid, defeat Alexander, 80. 1–6; (363) with Thebans at Mantineia, 85. 2, 4–5, 8.
    • (357) Philip II of Macedonia wins lasting friendship of, by expelling tyrants, VII, 16. 14. 1–2; (354) at Boeotian request, grant aid against Phocians, 28. 4, 29. 1; Phocians defeat, at hill Argolas, 30. 4; (353) bribed by Onomarchus, abandon Boeotians, 33. 3, 34, 2; with Philip’s aid, defeat Lycophron of Pherae and the Phocians after initial reverses, 35. 1–6, 61. 2; (352) Philip orders affairs of, 38. 1; (346) after taking, Philip enters Locris, 59. 2; he sits in council with, and Boeotians after surrender of Phocians, 59. 4; Amphictyons vote that Philip with, and Boeotians hold Pythian games, 60. 2; (344) Philip expels tyrants from cities of, and wins the, as allies, VIII, 16. 69. 8; (335) recognize Alexander as leader of Greece, 17. 4. 1; (334)
    644
    • cavalry of, in army of Alexander at Granicus, 17. 4, 19. 6, 21. 4, (333) at Issus, 33. 2, (331) at Arbela, 57. 4, 00. 5–8; (323) most of, support Athens against Antipater, IX, 18. 11. 1, 12. 3; Antipater enters, 12. 2; Leonnatus crosses into, 14. 4–5; (322) cavalry of, defeats Leonnatus, 15. 2–4; Greeks under Antiphilus remain in, when Antipater withdraws, 15. 5–7; Craterus comes to, with aid for Antipater, 16. 4–5; valour of, at Crannon, 17. 4; Antipater makes terms with individual cities of, 17. 7; (321) Aetolians make campaign into, against Antipater, 38. 1–5; Polyperchon recovers, from Aetolians, 38. 6; (317) Cassander moves into, by sea, 19. 35. 2; (316) Polyperchon withdraws from, 52. 6; Cassander crosses, 53. 1; (315) he moves through, to Boeotia, 63. 3; (309) Polyperchon receives cavalry of, X, 20. 28. 3; (302) Cassander moves into, against Demetrius, 107. 1; operations of Cassander and Demetrius in, 110. 1–6; Antigonus recalls Demetrius from, 111. 1; Cassander takes cities of, 112. 1; (191) Antiochus III learns that, have joined Romans, XI, 29. 3. 1; (185) Philip V upbraids, for taking advantage of unexpected freedom, 16. 1; (173) Senate holds Perseus responsible for disorders in, following cancellation of debts, 33. 1; (103) in Roman army in Sicily, XII, 36. 8. 1. See Admetus, Pelias kings of; Echecrates, Jason, Medius a Friend of Alexander, Polydamas, Theopompus, Toryllas of; Iolcus, Larissa, Peneius riv., Pherae, Phthia, Phthiotic Thebes in.
    • Thestius: sons of, take hide of Calydonian boar from Atalantê, II, 4. 34. 4. See Althaea d. of.
    • —, descendant of Heracles and ancestor of Macedonian kings, III, 7. 17. 1.
    • Thestor: leads Rhodians to Lipara, III, 5. 9. 3.
    • Thetis, mother of Achilles, III, 4. 72. 6.
    • Thettalion: (c. 344) agent in betrayal of Sidon, VII, 16. 43. 2–4.
    • Thettalus s. of Heracles: takes the islands Calydna and Nisyros, III, 5. 54. 1.
    • — s. of Peisistratus: (c. 527) renounces tyranny, IV, 10. 17. 1.
    • Thibron of Lacedaemon: (400) commands against Tissaphernes, VI, 14. 36. 1–3; enlists mercenaries gathered by Xenophon, 37. 4; (399) replaced by Dercylidas, 38. 2; (390) made general against Persians; defeated and killed, 99. 1–3.
    • — of Lacedaemon: (326) in Crete, murders Harpalus, VIII, 17. 108. 8, IX, 18. 19. 2; takes his money and his mercenaries; (322) occupies Cyrenê, 19. 3–5; driven from Cyrenê, 20. 1–5; hires mercenaries at Taenarum; lays siege to Cyrenê, 20. 6–21. 5; defeated by Ophellas general of Ptolemy, 21. 6–9.
    • thievery: in Egypt, regulated to secure return of goods, I, 1. 80. 1–2.
    • Thirty Tyrants, of Athens: (404) Book Fourteen begins with, VI, 14. 2. 4; Lacedaemonians establish, in Athens, 3. 4–4. 4; permit death of Theramenes, 4. 5–5. 5; put wealthy to death, 5. 5–7; Lacedaemonians demand that all Athenian exiles be delivered to, 6. 1; exile or slay opponents, 32. 1, 4; (401) grant rights to 3000, 32. 4; Thrasybulus and exiles occupy Phylê against, 32. 1–3; he rejects offers from, 32. 5–6; seek aid from Sparta; defeated by Thrasvbulus near Acharnae and at Munychia, 32. 6–33. 3; Athenians remove, from office, 33. 5; moral reflections on the, V, 13. 103. 1, VI, 14. 2. 1.
    645
    • Thoas, general of Rhadamanthys, III, 5. 79. 2.
    • — the Aetolian: (189) Antiochus III surrenders, to Rome, XI, 29. 10. 1; Senate acquits, 31. 1.
    • Thoenon s. of Mameus: (279) Sostratus (Sosistratus) and, become rulers of Syracuse, XI, 22. 7. 2–3; holds the Island and wars on Sostratus in the city; both send to Pyrrhus, 7. 6; Pyrrhus reconciles the two, 8. 4.
    • Thon: husband of Polydamna, I, 1. 97. 7.
    • Thonis, in Egypt: Nile enters sea at, I, 1. 19. 4.
    • Thorax of Sparta: (407) Callicratidas sends, to Mitylenê with hoplites, V, 13. 76. 6; (404) Lysander makes, harmost of Samos, VI, 14. 3. 5.
    • Thorax, hill in Caria: (400) Thibron removes people of Magnesia on the Maeander to, VI, 14. 36. 3.
    • —, hill in Sicily: (c. 269) exiles from Messana attack Mamertines from behind, XI, 22. 13. 4.
    • Thousand, The, in Argos: (419) picked troops, V, 12. 79. 7; (418) set up short-lived oligarchy, 80. 2–3.
    • Thrace: bounded by lands of Scythians, II, 3. 55. 10, Dardanians, III, 5. 48. 3, and Macedonians, VII, 16. 22. 3; Osiris in, I, 1. 20. 2; King Sesoösis of Egypt ends campaign in, 55. 6–9; lands as far as, subdued by Scythians, II, 2. 43. 4–5, and by Amazons, 46. 2; defeat Amazons, 3. 55. 10–11; Dionysus conquers and gives, to Charops, 65. 5–6; celebrate biennial festivals of Dionysus, 4. 3. 2–3; Amazons advance against Athens through, 28. 2; Heracles and the Argonauts in, 43. 3–44. 7; Aristaeus visits Dionysus in, III, 4. 82. 6; how Samothrace got its name, II, 3. 55. 8, III, 5. 47. 1–2; Strongylê (Naxos) settled by, 50. 1–51. 3; secret rite practised in, introduced from Crete by Orpheus, 77. 3; third in list of thalassocracies, 7. 11. 1.
    • (C. 490) Destroy Milesian colony at Amphipolis, V, 12. 68. 1–2; (480) many from, enlist in Persian army, IV, 11. 3. 6; (479) 28. 4; (464) destroy Athenian colonists at Amphipolis, 70. 5, V, 12. 68. 2; (431) most tribes of, allied to Athens, 42. 5, 50. 3; (429) Athenians send force to Spartolus in, 47. 3; (428) under King Sitalces, invade Macedón and Chalcidicê, 50. 1–51. 2; (424) Brasidas wins over peoples of, 67. 2, (423) 72. 1; (422) Cleon and Brasidas in, 73. 2–74. 3, 76. 1; (416) with Byzantines and Chalcedonians, make war on Bithynia, 82. 2; (410) Theramenes and Thrasybulus with Athenian fleet off, 13. 49. 1, 3; (409) many, join army of Alcibiades, 66. 4; Thrasybulus brings cities of, over to Athens, 64. 3, (408) 72. 2; Alcibiades withdraws to Pactyê in, 74. 2; (405) he promises to Athens aid of kings of, 105. 3; (403) Byzantines at war with, VI, 14. 12. 2; (400) some of Cyrus’ mercenaries under Xenophon in, 31, 5, 37. 2–3; plunder wrecked ships, 37. 2; (399) Lacedaemonians waste lands of those, living in Bithynia, 38. 3; Lacedaemonians drive out, who have invaded Chersonesus, 38. 6–7; (395) Agesilaüs defeats, 83. 3; (392) Thrasybulus wins kings of, for Athens, 94. 2.
    • (383) Lacedaemonians seek control of, VI, 15. 19. 3; (377) in tenth division of Lacedaemonian empire, VII, 15. 31. 2; certain tribes of, plunder Abdera because of famine, 36. 1–4; (374) Timotheüs s. of Conon wins allies in, 47. 2; (360) Philip II conquers, 16.
    646
    • 1. 5; with aid of a king of, Pausanias hopes for Macedonian throne, 2. 6; Philip detaches this king from Pausanias, 3. 4; (358) Amphipolis strategically situated with regard to, 8. 3; (350) combine with others against Philip but submit on his approach, 22. 3; (343) plunder Greek cities of Hellespont; are checked by Philip, VIII, 16. 71. 1–2; (335) tribes of, submit to Alexander, 17. 8. 1, 9. 1; (334) Paeonian and Thracian scouts in Alexander’s army, 17. 4; (330) Antipater checks revolt of, led by Memnon governor of, 62. 4–6, 63. 1; Antipater sends, cavalry to Alexander, 65. 1; (324) send envoys to Alexander, 113. 2; (323) Perdiccas assigns, to Lysimachus, IX, 18. 3. 2; a few, join Athens against Antipater, 11. 1; Lysimachus wins doubtful victory over, 14. 2–4; (322) poorer citizens driven from Athens after Lamian war settle in, 18. 4–5; (317) Olympias orders certain, to kill Philip Arrhidaeus, 19. 11. 5; in armies of Peucestes, 14. 5, and of Eumenes, 27. 5, 29. 4; (313) join alliance against Lysimachus, X, 19. 73. 2; change sides at his approach, 73. 3–5; (311) assigned to Lysimachus when Cassander, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus settle with Antigonus, 105. 1; (c. 310) in army of Satyrus king of Cimmerian Bosporus, 20. 22. 4; (302) Cassander calls Lysimachus from, 106. 2; (c. 294) capture Agathocles s. of Lysimachus but release him, XI, 21. 11. l; (292) capture Lysimachus; by symbolic feast convince him of folly of war with, 12. 3–6; (292) Xermodigestus reveals treasure to a king of, 13. 1; (c. 149) Andriscus receives aid in, 32. 15. 5–7; (145) cruelty of Diegylis king of, to his subjects, XII, 33. 14. 1–15. 2, (133) and of his son Zibelmius (Ziselmius), 34/5. 12. 1. See Abrupolis, Cotys, Lycurgus, Lysimachus, kings of; Diomedes, Mopsus, Orpheus, Seuthes, Thamyris of; Bottiaeans, Chalcidians, tribes of.
    • Thracidae: (355) a group of Delphians slain by Philomel us, VII, 16. 24. 3.
    • Thraestus, in Elis: (402) Pausanias wins, over, VI, 14. 17. 8.
    • Thrasius of Phocis; (354) shares in sacrilege at Delphi but escapes punishment, VIII, 16. 78. 3–4; (340) in Sicily, leads mutiny against Timoleon, 78. 3–6; escapes with 1000 men, 79. 1; (399) these are killed by the Bruttians, 82. 1–2.
    • Thrasondas of Thebes: (406) commands Boeotians in Lacedaemonian forces at Arginusae, V, 13. 98. 4.
    • Thrasybulus of Syracuse: (467) succeeds brother Hieron as ruler, IV, 11. 66. 4; (466) driven from throne, 67. 1, 72. 2; enlists mercenaries and begins war on citizens, 67. 5–8; defeated and driven to Epizephyrian Locri, 68.1–7.
    • — of Athens: (411) Thrasyllus and, made generals to train navy at Samos, V, 13. 38. 3; they gather triremes at Lesbos, 38. 7; they defeat Lacedaemonians in Hellespont, 39. 1–40. 6, (410) and near Dardanus, 45. 7–46. 5; commands fleet off Thrace; is joined by Theramenes, 49. 1; summoned to Sestos, 49. 3; Alcibiades, Theramenes, and, defeat Lacedaemonian fleet near Cyzicus, 49. 5–51. 8; (409) attacks Ephesus; withdraws to Lesbos, 64. 1;* wins Thracian cities to Athens, 64. 3;* Alcibiades and, waste satrapy of Pharnabazus, 64. 4;* they take Lampsacus
    647
    • and defeat Chalcedonians, 06. 1–2;* (408) Alcibiades leaves, to command before Andros, 69. 3, 5; brings Thasos and Abdera into alliance, 72. 1–2; chosen general, 74. 1;* (406) ill-omened dreams of, before battle at Argiimsae, 97. 6–7;* after victory, returns to Athens; accused of leaving unburied dead, turns charge against other generals, 101. 1–7; (401) with Theban aid, gathers at Phylê those exiled by the Thirty, VI, 14. 32. 1–3; refuses offer from the Thirty, 32. 5–6; defeats them; occupies Munychia and Peiraeus, 33. 1–4; (392) general commanding fleet, operates throughout Aegean, 94. 2–4; (390) with fleet, moves to Aspendus where he is killed, 99. 4–5.
    • — of Athens: (334) general aiding Memnon against Alexander, VIII, 17. 25. 6.
    • Thrasydaeus s. of Theron of Acragas: (476) before father’s death, governs Himera and alienates citizens by harshness, IV, 11. 48. 6–7; (471) succeeds father as ruler of Acragas; rules lawlessly; is defeated by Hieron of Syracuse; dies in Nisaean Megara, 53. 1–5.
    • Thrasyllus of Athens: (411) Thrasybulus and, made generals to train navy at Sainos, V, 13. 38. 3; they gather allies at Lesbos, 38. 7; they defeat Lacedaemonians in Hellespont, 39. 1–40. 6, (410) and near Dardanus, 45. 7–46. 5; (406) one of the generals victorious at Arginusae, 98. 1–100. 1; condemned to death for leaving dead unburied, 101. 5–102. 5. See footnote on Thrasybulus of Athens.
    • Thrasymedes of Lacedaemon: (425) commands in attempt to recover Pylos, V, 12. 61. 3.
    • Thriambus, a name of Dionysus, II, 4. 5. 2.
    • Thronium, in Epicnemidian Locris: (430) Athenians reduce, by siege, V, 12. 44. 1; (353) Phocians take, VII, 16. 33. 3.
    • Thucydides of Athens, the historian: praised for accuracy; makes no mention of lands about Egypt, I, 1. 37. 4; (432) History by, begins, IV, 12. 37. 2, (411) and ends, V, 13. 42. 5, VI, 14. 84. 7.
    • Thudemus: (353) archon, VII, 16. 32. 1.
    • thunderbolt of Zeus, forged by the Cyclopes, III, 4. 71. 3.
    • Thuonê: see Thyonê.
    • Thuria, a spring: (446) Sybaris is re-established at, and called Thurii (Thurium), IV, 12. 10. 5–6.
    • Thuria, a street in Thurii (Thurium), IV, 12. 10. 7.
    • Thurii (Thurium), in Italy: (before 446) account of events leading to establishment of, IV, 12. 9. 1–10. 7, 35. 1–2; (446) strife between former Sybarites and newcomers; old Sybarites put to death; peace made with Croton, 11. 1–3; establish democratic government; divide city into tribes, 11. 3; make Charondas lawgiver; his laws, 11. 4–18. 4; (444) wage war with Tarantini, 23. 2; (434) Delphi calls Apollo founder of, 35. 1–3; (before 429) Clearchus the Lacedaemonian exiled for taking bribe spends life at, V, 13. 106. 10; (415) receive Athenian fleet with courtesy, 3. 4; at, Alcibiades escapes those taking him to Athens, 5. 3; (413) some, join forces of Demosthenes and Euryinedon 11. 1; (390) seek aid of other Italian Greeks against Lucanians; ambushed by Lucanians, VI, 14. 101. 1–102. 1; (386) welcome Philistus and Leptines exiled by Dionysius, 15. 7. 4; (356) occupied by runaway slaves (later called
    648
    • Bruttians, VII, 16. 15. 1–2; (317) exiles from Croton set out from, IX, 19. 10. 4. See Archylus, Damon of.
    • Thurina, street in Thurii (Thurium), IV, 12. 10. 7.
    • Thurium: see Sybaris, Thurii.
    • Thybarnae, in Lydia: (390) Agesilaiis plants ambush between Sardis and, VI, 14. 80. 2–5.
    • Thyestes: banquet of, as example of cruelty, XII, 34/5. 12. 1.
    • thymelic contests, invented by Dionysu3, II, 4. 5. 4.
    • Thymoetes s. of Thymoetes s. of Laomedon: contemporary of Orpheus; composed Phrygian poem, II, 3. 67. 5.
    • Thyonê: Semelê becoming immortal receives name, II, 4. 25. 4, 3. 62. 9.
    • Thyreae, in Laconia: (430) Lacedaemonians settle Aeginetans at, V, 12. 44. 3; (424) Nicias takes, by siege, 65. 9.
    • Tibarenê, in Pontus: (400) the Ten Thousand pass through, VI, 14. 30. 7.
    • Tiber riv., in Italy: formerly called Alba, III, 7. 5. 3; Heracles at, II, 4. 21. 1, 4–5; Alba Longa named for. III, 7. 5. 3; King Tiberius Silvius drowns in, and name is changed, 5. 10; (387=V390) Romans cross before and after defeat by Celts, VI, 14. 114. 2–115. 2; Cominius Pontius swims, 116. 4; (353=V356) Etruscans raid as far as, VII, 16. 36. 4.
    • Tiberius Silvius, king of Alba Longa: succeeds Calpetus; drowns in Tiber, III, 7. 5. 10.
    • Tibur: a Latin city, foundedby Latinus Silvius, III, 7. 5. 9.
    • tidal wave: (373) does great damage in Peloponnesus, VII, 15. 48. 1–4.
    • tides: very high, off coast of Britain and Gaul, III, 5. 22. 2–3.
    • Tigris riv.: on one side of Mesopotamia, IX, 18. 6. 3; course of; trade upon, I, 2. 11. 1–3; Semiramis establishes cities on, 11. 1; (331) Dareius keeps, on his right as he moves from Babylon, VIII, 17. 53. 3; Alexander crosses, by unguarded ford, 55. 1–6; (325) Alexander crosses, 110. 3; (318) Eumenes attacked near, IX, 18. 73. 3; (317) he camps on, 19. 12. 3; he crosses, 12. 4, 13. 5–6; Antigonus crosses, on pontoon bridge, 17. 2; (312) Seleucus attacks Xicanor from marshes about, X, 19. 92. 2–3; civilians from Babylon cross, 100. 5.
    • — riv.: see Pasitigris riv.
    • “tiles, public”: (387=V390) roof tiles supplied by state in rebuilding Rome, VI, 14. 116. 8.
    • Tilphossaeum (Tilphosium), Mt., in Boeotia: the Cadmeans flee to, when Epigoni sack Thebes, III, 4. 66. 5, 67. 1, IX, 19. 53. 7.
    • Timaenetus: see Timoleon, Timophanes ss. of.
    • Timaeus of Tauromenium. the historian: s. of Andromachus, VII, 16. 7. 1: banished from Sicily by Agathocles, XI, 21. 17. 1; prejudiced against Agathocles, 17. 1–3; criticizes others but is himself inaccurate, V, 13. 90. 6–8. Cited: II, 4. 21. 7, 22. 6, 56. 3, III, 5. 1. 3, 6. 1, V, 13. 54. 5, 60. 5, 80. 5, 82. 6, 83. 2, 84. 1, 85. 3, 90. 5, 108. 4–5, 109. 2, VI, 14. 54. 6, X, 20. 79. 5, 89. 5, XI, 21. 16. 5.
    • Timarchides: (447) archon, IV, 12. 6. 1.
    • Timarchus of Athens: (409) defeats Megarians, V, 13. 65. 1–2.
    • — of Miletus: (c. 161) satrap of Media; by corruption secures decree of Senate against Demetrius I Soter; gains control of kingdom, XI, 31. 27a. 1.
    • Timasitheiis, genera] of Liparaeans: (393=V396) frees Roman envoys to Delphi captured by Liparaeans, VI, 14. 93. 4–5; (c. 252) Romans take Lipara
    649
    • from Cartilage and free descendants of, from taxes, 93. 5.
    • Timocles: (441) archon, IV, 12. 27. 1.
    • —: (304) pirate chief allied to Demetrius; captured by Rhodes, X, 20. 97. 5.
    • Timocrates: (364) archon, VII, 15. 78. 1.
    • Timoleon s. of Timaenetus, of Corinth: (346) kills brother who is attempting tyranny, VII, 16. 65. 3–7; is named by Corinthian Senate in answer to Syracusan appeal for aid, 65. 2–3, 7–9, VIII, 16. 66. 1; (345) favourable omens attend voyage of, 66. 1–5; Punic envoys warn, not to enter Sicily; moves from Metapontum to Rhegium, 66. 5–7; escapes Carthaginian trap and sails to Tauromenium, 68. 4–8; defeats Hicetas at Adranum; moves on Syracuse, 68. 9–11; (344) receives reinforcements from Adranitae and Tyndaritae, from Marcus (Mamercus?) of Catana, and from Corinth; occupies city of Syracuse when Punic fleet leaves harbour, 69. 3–5; recovers Messana, 69. 6; (343) Dionysius II surrenders Island to, 70. 1, 4; establishes democracy in Syracuse with new priesthood, the “amphipoly,” 70. 4–6; (342) fails to take Leontini; restores autonomy of Engyum and Apollonia, 72. 2–5, and of Entella, 73. 2; plunders Punic Sicily, 73. 1; Greeks, Sicels, and Sicani begin to seek alliance with, 73. 2; Carthage prepares strong force against, 73. 3; (340) makes peace with Hicetas, 77. 5; moves into Carthaginian territory, 78. 1–2; quells mutinous mercenaries led by Thrasius, 78. 3–79. 2; accepts wild celery as sign of victory, 79. 3–4; defeats Carthaginians at Crimisus riv., 79. 5–80. 6, IX, 19. 2. 8, VII, 16. 65. 9; distributes spoil, VIII, 16. 80. 6–81. 1; Carthaginian envoys come to, seeking peace, 81. 3–4; (339) drives followers of Thrasius from Syracuse, 82. 1–2; terms of peace with Carthage, 82. 3; welcomes new colonists, 82. 3; offers Syracusan citizenship to all Greeks, 82. 5, IX, 19. 2. 8; wipes out Campanians in Aetna; overthrows tyrannies; ends war with Hicetas, VIII, 16. 82. 4–5; with aid of Cephalus of Corinth, revises laws of Diodes, 82. 6–7, V, 13. 35. 3; brings people of Leontini to Syracuse; sends settlers to Camarina, VIII, 16. 82. 7; establishes peace and prosperity throughout Greek Sicily, 83. 1, 90. 1; dies, 90. 1. Praise of, 90. 1, X, 19. 70. 3.
    • Timoleonteium, in Syracuse: (317) Agathocles gathers supporters at, IX, 19. 6. 4.
    • Timophanes s. of Timaenetus, of Corinth: (346) seeks to become tyrant; slain by brother Timoleon, VII, 16. 65. 3–4.
    • Timosthenes: (478) archon, IV, 11. 38. 1.
    • Timotheüs of Miletus: (398) composer of dithyrambs, VI, 14. 46. 6.
    • — s. of Conon, of Athens: (377) elected general, VII, 15. 29. 7; (376) succeeds Chabrias; wins allies; defeats Lacedaemonian fleet off Leucas, 36. 5–6; (374) aids democrats of Zacynthos; denounced by Lacedaemonians, 45. 2–4; ordered to aid Corcyra but sails first to Thrace; reaches Corcyra after Lacedaemonian defeat, 47. 2–3, 7; (364) takes Toronê and Potidaea; relieves Cyzicus, 81. 6; (356) Iphicrates and, are accused of shirking light in Hellespont and are removed from command, 16. 21. 1–4: (338) dead before time of Chaeroneia, VIII, 16. 85. 7; among famous generals of time, VII, 15. 88. 2–3. See Conon s. of.
    650
    • — tyrant of Heracleia Pontica: (353) succeeds father, VII, 16. 36. 3; (338) dies, VIII, 16. 88. 5.
    • —: (c. 163) charged with provoking fratricide; assassinated, XI, 31. 20. 1, 17c. 1 (p. 363).
    • —: (c. 158) Orophernes makes gift to, XI, 31. 32. 1.
    • tin: mined in India, II, 2. 36. 2, in Britain, III, 5. 22. 1–23. 1, in Britain and Iberia, 38. 4–5.
    • Tiribazus, satrap of Armenia: (401) makes truce with Greek mercenaries (the Ten Thousand), VI, 14. 27. 7; (394) commands land forces in Asia Minor for Artaxerxes II; accuses Conon of using Persian fleet for Athenian profit, 85. 4; (386) commands sea-forces for attack on Evagoras of Cyprus, 15. 2. 2, 4. 2; (385) Evagoras refuses terms offered by, 8. 1–3, 9. 1, 10. 2; charged by Orontes with treason, arrested and sent to King, 8. 3–9. 1; Olds brother-in-law of, frightened by charges against, revolts, 9. 3; at trial, recounts services to King; is acquitted, 10. 1–11. 2.
    • Tiridates: (330) delivers Persepolis to Alexander, VIII, 17. 69. 1–2.
    • —: (329) Alexander places, over Arimaspians and Cedrosians, VIII, 17. 81. 2.
    • Tirimmus, early king of Macedon: succeeds Coenus, III, 7. 15. 1.
    • Tiryns, in Argolis: Amphitryon banished from, II, 4. 10. 2; Heracles in, 31. 3; Eurystheus banishes Heracles from, 33. 2.
    • Tisander: youngest son of Jason and Medea, II, 4. 54. 1; Medea kills, 54. 7.
    • —: (414) archon, V, 13. 7. 1.
    • Tisia: see Isiae, in land of the Brutii.
    • Tisiphonus of Pherae; (357) Lycophron and, assassinate Alexander tyrant of Pherae and succeed him; Philip II defeats, VII, 16. 14. 1–2.
    • Tissaphernes, a Persian noble: (before 401) denounces Cyrus to Artaxerxes II, VI, 14. 80. 6; (401) succeeds to command at Cunaxa when Artaxerxes is wounded, 23. 6; given Cyrus’ old office, 26. 4; tricks and captures generals of Cyrus’ Greek mercenaries, 26. 5–7; after following mercenaries to the Carduchi, sets out for Ionia, 27. 2–4; (400) takes command of satrapies by the sea; ail satraps except Tamos yield to, 35. 2–4; Asiatic Greeks seek Lacedaemonian aid against; fails to take Cymê, 35. 6–7; Thibron the Lacedaemonian takes Magnesia on the Maeander, then retires at approach of, 36. 1–3; (399) makes peace with Dercylidas the Lacedaemonian at Ephesus, 39. 4–6; (396) defeated by Agesilaüs; withdraws to Sardis, 80. 1–5; killed by agent of Artaxerxes, 80. 6–8.
    • Titaea: mother of the Titans by one of the Curetes, III, 5. 66. 2, or by Uranus; name changed to Gê, II, 3. 57. 1–2.
    • Titan, s. of Uranus and Hestia, III, 6. 1. 9.
    • Titans: ss. of Uranus and Titaea (Gê); reared by half-sister Basileia, II, 3. 57. 1–2; sons of Uranus and Gê, or of one of the Curetes and Titaea, III, 5. 66. 2; names of the, 66, 3; still living about Cnossus when the Curetes were young, 66. 1; their benefactions to mankind, 66. 3–67. 4, for which they are deified and are first to dwell on Olympus, 67. 5; kill Horus s. of Isis, I, 1. 25. 6; slay Osiris and are slain by Isis, II, 4. 6. 3; some, aid Cronus in defeating Amnion, 3. 71. 2–3; kill Helius and Selenê who become divine, 57. 4–5; rend Dionysus, 62. 6–7, III, 5. 75. 4; Zeus subdues, II, 3. 61. 4, III, 5. 55. 5, 6. 4. 1; tale of this war brought from Egypt by Melampus, I, 1.
    651
    • 97. 4; Libyan Dionysus defeats, II, 3. 71. 3–6, 72. 4, 73. 7–8, 74. 6; horses of Achilles were formerly, III, 6. 3. 1. See Cronus, Basileia, Hyperion, Mnemosynê, Rhea, Tethys, Themis.
    • Tithonus: s. of Laomedon; makes campaign into Ethiopia; begets Memnon by Eos, III, 4. 75. 4; governor of Persis and father of Memnon; bones of Memnon returned to, from Troy, I, 2. 22. 1–5.
    • Tithraustes: (470) s. of Xerxes; commands Persian fleet, IV, 11. 60. 5.
    • —: (396) agent of Artaxerxes II in killing Tissaphernes; makes truce with Agesilaüs, VI, 14. 80. 7–8.
    • Titinius, M.: (104) defeated by slaves, XII, 36. 4. 3.
    • — Gadaeus, C.: (104) a condemned criminal; for a bribe betrays slaves under Varius, XII, 36. 3. 5–6.
    • — Pansa Saccus, L.: (393=V396) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 90. 1.
    • Tius, on Black sea: (181) mercenaries in, slaughtered after surrendering on terms, XI, 29. 23. 1.
    • Tlepolemus: s. of Heracles, II, 4. 36. 1; words of, as given by Homer, 32. 2; Licymnius and, admitted to Argive citizenship, 58. 5; exiled for killing Licymnius; becomes king of Rhodes; takes part in Trojan war, 58. 7–8, III, 5. 59. 5–6.
    • —: (463) archon, IV, 11. 71. 1.
    • —: (323) Carmania assigned to, by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 3. 3, (321) and by Antipater, 39. 6; (317) comes to Eumenes at Susianê, 19. 14. 6; in Eumenes’ army against Antigonus, 28. 3; (316) Antigonus permits, to retain Carmania, 48. 1.
    • Tnephachthus, king of Egypt: invades Arabia, I, 1. 45. 2.
    • Tocae, in Libya: (307) Eumachus takes, for Archagathus, X, 20. 57. 4.
    • toga praetexta: origin of, III, 5. 40. 1.
    • Tolmides of Athens: (456) commands fleet; raids Laconian coast; establishes Messenians at Naupactus, IV, 11. 84. 1–8; (455) in Boeotia, 85. 1; (453) distributes land on Euboea and Naxos to Athenians, 88. 3; (447) seizes Chaeroneia; Boeotians defeat and kill, at Coroneia, 12. 6. 1–2.
    • topaz: production of, on island in Red sea, II, 3. 39. 5–9.
    • Torgium, in Sicily: (305) Agathocles defeats Deinocrates at, X, 20. 89. 2–3.
    • Toronê, on Chalcidicê: (424) surrenders to Brasidas, V, 12. 68. 6; (422) he leaves; Cleon takes, by storm, 73. 2–3; (364) Athenians under Timotheus take, VII, 15. 81. 6; (348) Philip II secures, by treachery, 16. 53. 2.
    • Torquatus: see T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus, cos., 337=V340.
    • “tortoises”: (441) first used at siege of Samos by Pericles, IV, 12. 28. 3.
    • Toryllas of Thessaly: (460) stadion winner, IV, 11. 77. 1.
    • towers, movable: (409) used by Hannibal at sieges of Selinus, V, 13. 54. 7–55. 7, (406) and of Acragas, 85. 5; (397) by Syracusans at siege of Motyê, VI, 14. 51. 1, 7; (332) by Alexander at Tyre, VIII, 17, 43. 7, 45. 2, 5; (318) by Polyperchon at Megalopolis, IX, 18. 70. 4–7; (305) on shipboard by Demetrius at Rhodes, X, 20. 85. 1, 88. 7. See helepolis.
    • Toxeus s. of Eurytus: Heracles slays, II, 4. 37. 5.
    • Trachis, Trachinia, in Thessaly: Heracles makes home in, II, 4. 36. 5, 37. 4, V, 12. 59. 4; he returns to, tortured by cloak of Nessus, II, 4. 38. 2; Iolaüs and companions return to, after Heracles’ death, 39. 1;
    652
    • Heracleidae remain at, until forced out by Eurystheus, 57. 2–4; Lacedaemonians called colonists from, V, 12, 59. 4; (480) a certain man of, conducts Xerxes around pass of Thermopylae, IV, 11. 8. 4–5, 9. 3, 10. 1; (426) depopulated by long war with Oetaeans, V, 12. 59. 4; colonized by Lacedaemonians and re-named Heracleia, 59. 3–5; (395) those exiled from, by Lacedaemonians restored by Argives and Boeotians, VI, 14. 82. 7. See Heracleia Tracheia.
    • tragelaphoi (goat-stags): produced in Arabia, II, 2. 51. 2.
    • Traïs riv., in Bruttium: (445) Sybarites settle beside; are later driven out by Brettii, IV, 12. 22. 1.
    • Tralles, in Ionia: (400) Thibron fails to take, VI, 14. 36. 2; (330) men of, in Alexander’s army, VIII, 17. 65. 1–2; (313) Antigonus takes, X, 19. 75. 5.
    • transmigration of souls: Pythagoras teaches, IV, 10. 6. 1–3, which he had borrowed from Egypt, I, 1. 98. 2.
    • transportation of populations: (323) Alexander’s plan to interchange peoples of Asia and Europe cancelled by Perdiccas, IX, 18. 4. 4, 6.
    • transportation, water: time required for certain voyages, II, 3. 34. 7.
    • transports, horse: (480) in Xerxes’ fleet, IV, 11. 3. 9.
    • Trapezus, on the Pontus: (401) Greek mercenaries (the Ten Thousand) spend 30 days at, and receive ships, VI, 14. 30. 3–5.
    • Trausian plain: (387=V390) Cerii cut Celts to pieces on, VI, 14. 117. 7.
    • Trebonius (Tribonius), P.: (371 = V379) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 51. 1.
    • Tretus, Mt., in Argolis: cave of Nemean lion on, II, 4. 11. 3.
    • triaconters: (480) in Xerxes, fleet, IV, 11. 3. 9.
    • Triballians, of Thrace: (376) raid Abdera; Chabrias of Athens defeats, VII, 15. 36. 1–4; (334) in Alexander’s army, VIII, 17. 17. 4.
    • tribes, Athenian: (323) Athenian citizen army divided by, IX, 18. 10. 2; (307) Demetrias and Antigonis added to ten older, X, 20. 46. 2.
    • —, Roman: (309) cens. Ap. Claudius enrols each citizen in tribe he wishes, X, 20. 36. 4.
    • —, Thurian: (446) ten, established in Thurii, IV, 12. 11. 3.
    • Tribonius: see Trebonius.
    • tribunes, military: (205) accuse Pleminius; are killed by him, XI, 27. 4. 1, 4–5.
    • —, military, with consular power: (437=V434) first elected in Rome in place of consuls, IV, 12. 32. 1. For election of, see table preceding the Index.
    • —, plebeian: (443=V450) instituted in Rome, IV, 12. 25. 2–3; (287) those ineligible for, barred from vote sanctioned by, XI, 21. 18. 2; (205) investigate affair of Pleminius, 27. 4. 6–7.
    • Tricca, in Thessaly: (319) Polyperchon’s edict does not restore exiles of, IX, 18. 56. 5.
    • Tricorythus, a city of the Attic Tetrapolis: Athens settles the Heracleidae in, II, 4. 57. 4; they return to, after death of Hyllus, 58. 4–5.
    • Trigeminus: see P. Curiatius Fistus Trigeminus.
    • Trinaciê, a city of the Siceli: (440) resists Syracusans and is destroyed, IV, 12. 29. 2–4.
    • Trinacria, a name of Sicily, III, 5. 2. 1.
    • Triocala, in Sicily: (104) headquarters of Salvius (Tryphon), the slave leader, XII, 36. 7. 2–4; (103) he returns to, after defeat, 8. 2–5.
    • Triopas: son of Helius, III, 5. 56. 5, 61. 1, or of Poseidon or Lapithes, 61. 3, or of Phorbas
    653
    • s. of Lapithes, II, 4. 58. 7, III, 4. 69. 2; shares in killing his brother Tenages; seizes Cape Triopium in Caria, 5. 57. 2, 6; purified; drives Pelasgians from Thessaly; founds city Triopium, 61. 1–2; leads Greeks to Rhodes, II, 4. 58. 7.
    • —: father of Xanthus king of Argos, III, 5. 81. 1.
    • Triopium, city and promontory in Caria: named for Triopas s. of Helius, III, 5. 57. 6, 61. 2; (480) Xerxes controls islands between Cyanean rocks, Sunium, and, IV, 11. 3. 8.
    • —, in Italy: (303) Cleonymus takes, X, 20. 105. 2.
    • Triops, early settler of Symê, III, 5. 53. 1.
    • Triparadeisus, in Syria: (321) at, Antipater becomes guardian of the “kings,” IX, 18. 39. 1–4, and redistributes the satrapies, 39. 5—7, 19. 12. 2.
    • Triphylia, in Arcadia: (365) Arcadians and Eleians dispute ownership of, VII, 15. 77. 1–4.
    • Triphylius: see Zeus Triphylius.
    • tripod: origin of the, at Delphi, VII, 16. 26. 1–5.
    • Tripolis in Phoenicia: (c. 351) chief city of Phoenicians; stirs rising against Artaxerxes III, VII, 16. 41. 1–3; (332) Amyntas (a renegade Macedonian) reaches, before Alexander, VIII, 17. 48. 2; (315) Antigonus establishes shipyard in, IX, 19. 58. 3–4; (312) Demetrius moves to, after defeat by Ptolemy, X, 19. 85. 5.
    • Tripolus, in Crete: Plutus born in, III, 5. 77. 1.
    • Triptolemus: with Osiris on his campaign, I, 1. 18. 2; Osiris assigns Attic agriculture to, 20. 3; Demeter gives wheat to, III. 5. 68. 2.
    • triremes: invented in Corinth, VI, 14. 42. 3; (540–532) used by Polycrates of Samos, IV, 10. 16. 1; (413) bows of, modified by Syracusans, V, 13. 10. 2–3.
    • Tritogeneia: a name of Athena variously explained, I, 1. 12. 8, III, 5. 72. 3.
    • Triton, a Libyan king: explains the Syrtes to the Argonauts, II, 4. 56. 6.
    • Triton riv., in Libya: flows around island of Libyan Nysa, II, 3. 68. 5; flows into swamp Tritonis, 53. 4; Athena born from the earth beside the, 70. 2.
    • — riv., in Crete: umbilical cord of infant Zeus falls near, III, 5. 70. 4; Athena produced by Zeus at source of, 72. 3.
    • Tritonis, a name of Athena, II 3. 70. 2.
    • Tritonis: a swamp into which the Libyan Triton flows, II, 3. 53. 4; Libyan Amazons dwell near, and build city in, 53. 4–6; vanishes during an earthquake, 55. 3.
    • triumph: first, celebrated by Dionysus before deification, II, 4. 3. 1; (167) description of, of L. Aemilius Paullus, XI, 31. 8. 9–12.
    • Troad: Ilus founds Ilium in, III, 4. 75. 3; Heracles lands on coast of, II, 4. 32. 3; Argonauts on return voyage land in, 49. 3, 8; Ninus of Assyria subdues, I, 2. 2. 3; Priam king of, is vassal of Assyria, 22. 2; Tlepolemus meets death in, III, 5. 59. 6; Homeric heroes require ten years to conquer, XII, 37. 1. 2; (before 480) ships built in, for Xerxes, IV, 11. 2. 1; (399) Lacedaemonians take cities of, VI, 14. 38. 2–3; (335) Macedonians under Callas withdraw before Persians in, VIII, 17. 7. 10; (334) Alexander crosses to, 17. 1–2, 6. See Colonê, Sigeium in.
    • Troezen, in Argolis: Theseus reared at, II, 4. 55. 6, III, 4. 59. 1; he sends his son Hippolytus to, 62. 1–2; Hippolytus honoured as a god at, 62. 4; (478) Athenians bring families from, after victory at Plataea, IV, 11. 39. 1; (419) lands of, plundered by Argives and
    654
    • Athenians, V, 12. 78. 2, (369) by Boeotians under Epameinondas, VII, 15. 69. 1.
    • Trogodytes (Troglodytes), of Libya: account of, II, 3. 14. 6, 31. 4–38. 1; separated from Egypt by difficult journey, I, 1. 30. 3; country of, bounded by the Red sea, II, 3. 15. 1, 38. 4, 40. 1, 41. 4, the desert, 38. 5, and the Psebaean mts., 41. 4; life and death of the, 31. 4–33. 7; climate of land of, 33. 7–34. 8, 48. 5, fauna of, 35. 1–38. 1; explanation of source of the Nile given by, I, 1. 37. 8. See Bolgii.
    • Trojan war: see Troy.
    • Trophonius: Epameinondas encourages Boeotians before Leuctra by feigned oracle from, VII, 15. 53. 4.
    • Tros s. of Erichthonius: Trojans receive name from; father of Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymedes, III, 4. 74. 4, 75. 3.
    • Troy, in Egypt: established on bank of Nile by Trojans escaping from Menelaüs, I, 1. 56. 4, or by followers of Semiramis, 56. 5.
    • —, in Troad: Teucer first king of city later called, followed by Dardanus, III, 4. 75. 1, 5. 48. 3; receives name from Tros, 4. 75. 3; Poseidon builds walls of, for Laomedon; he sends monster when his pay is withheld, II, 4. 42. 1–3; Heracles slays the monster, 42. 3–7; Heracles (with or without the Argonauts) defeats, and slays Laomedon; he gives, to Priam, 32. 1–5, 49. 1–8; Greeks under Agamemnon make campaign against, I, 2. 22. 2; Greek war against, not as great as Roman Social war, XII, 37. 1. 1–2; Greeks permit Aeneas to depart from, with followers, III, 7. 4. 1–4; mother of Ascanius a woman of, 5. 8; on return voyage from, Agamemnon’s ships are wrecked on Calydna, 5. 54. 2; Trojan captives of Menelaüs escape in Egypt, I, 1. 56. 4, certain Greeks returning from, found Meschela in Libya, X, 20. 57. 6; war chariots like those of, still in use in Britain, III, 5. 21. 5; Macedonian phalanx of Philip II imitates formation of Greeks at, VII, 16. 3. 2; spoils of, hang on temple wall in Argos in time of Pythagoras, IV, 10. 6. 2–3; capture of, depicted on temple of Zeus in Acragas, V, 13. 82. 4; account of Greek war against, given by Dionysius Skytobrachion, II, 3. 66. 6, and by Homer, XII, 37. 1. 1–2.
    • Named as leaders or peoples taking part in war against: Achilles, III, 4. 72. 6, 75. 4, 5. 83. 5; Agamemnon, I, 2. 22. 2, II, 4. 58. 8, III, 4. 71. 4, 72. 6, 5. 53. 2, 54. 2, 59. 6, 79. 4, XII, 33. 11. 1; Ajax, III, 4. 72. 7; Antiphus, 5. 54. 1; Arcesilaüs, 4. 67. 7; Idomeneus, 5. 79. 4; Machaon, 4. 71. 4; Menestheus, I, 1. 28. 6; Menelaüs, 56. 4; Meriones, III, 5. 79. 4; Nestor, 4. 68. 1, 6; Nireus, 5. 53. 2; Pheidippus, 54. 1; Prothoenor, 4. 67. 7; Podaleirius, 71. 4; Sarpedon, 5. 79. 3; Tlepolemus, 59. 6, II, 4. 58. 8; Boeotians, III, 4. 67. 7; men of Calydna, and Nisyros, 5. 54. 1; Thebans, IX, 19. 53. 7; Thessalians, I, 2. 22. 5. Named as leaders or peoples supporting: Aeneas, III, 4. 75. 5; Euphorbus, IV, 10. 6. 1–3; Hector, III, 4. 75. 4; Memnon, I, 2. 22. 5, III, 4. 75. 4; Penthesileia, II, 2. 46. 5–6; Ethiopians sent by Assyrians, I, 2. 22. 1–5; Amazons (from Thermodon), II, 2. 46. 5–6. 3. 52. 1–3.
    • Fall of, or war against, used as a date: I, 1. 4. 6, 5. 1, 24. 2, 5, 62. 1, II, 3. 52. 2, 74. 4, III, 4. 79. 6, 5. 53. 2, 83. 5, 84. 4, 7. 1. 1, 5. 1–2, 8. 1–2, 11. 1, IV, 11. 37. 6, V, 13. 1. 2, VI,
    655
    • 14. 2. 4, 3. 1, 113. 2, VII, 15. 66. 2, IX, 19. 1. 10, X, 20. 2. 3, XII, 40. 8. 1. See Ilium.
    • “Truceless War”: (241–237) account of the so-called, a revolt of mercenaries against Carthage, IX, 25. 2. 1–6. 1; causes of, 6. 1; services of Hamilcar Barca in, 8. 1.
    • Truth: image called, worn by chief judge in Egypt, I, 1. 48. 6, 75. 5, 7; Portal of, near Egyptian place of tombs, 96. 9.
    • Tryphon: see Diodotus (Tryphon); Salvius (Tryphon).
    • Tucca, in Spain; (145) wavers between Rome and Lusitania, XII, 33. 7. 5–7.
    • Tullius: see Servius Tullius.
    • Tullius Cicero, M.: (63) cos., learns of Catiline’s plot, XII, 40. 5. 1; accuses him before Senate, 5a. 1.
    • Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome: sends envoys who make formal demands on Alba and declare war, III, 8. 25. 1–4.
    • Tunis (Tynes), in Libya: (396) rebellious allies of Carthage seize,VI, 14. 77. 3; (310) Carthaginians seize Agathocles’ camp near, and lay siege to, X, 20. 17. 1–2; he tricks, then defeats Punic forces besieging, 17. 3–18. 3; (309) mutinous troops of Agathocles seize, 33. 8; (308) he leaves Archagathus with part of army before, 38. 1; (307) Archagathus leaves garrison in, 60. 1; Archagathus returns to, and is shut in by Himilco, 61. 1–4.
    • —, White, in Libya: (310) Agathocles destroys, X, 20. 8. 7.
    • tunnel: Semiramis builds, under Euphrates, I, 2. 9. 1–4; she brings water to Ecbatana through, 13. 6–8. See mines and countermines.
    • Turtle-eaters: see Chelonophagi.
    • Tuscans: see Tyrrhenians.
    • Tusculum: a Latin city, founded by Latinus Silvius, III, 7. 5. 9; (478=V484) Romans take, by siege, IV, 11. 40. 5.
    • Twelve Gods: (336) Philip II enthrones self beside the, VIII, 16. 92. 5.
    • Twelve Tables of the Law: (442=V449) set up before Senate house in Rome, IV, 12. 26. 1.
    • twilight: strange phenomenon of, in the south, II, 3. 48. 2–4.
    • Twin Gulfs: Dionysus forms two islands in the, III, 5. 75. 5.
    • “two-horse cavalry”: (317) in Antigonus’ army, IX, 19. 29. 2.
    • Tychê, part of Syracuse: (466) citizens occupy, in revolt against Thrasybulus, IV, 11. 68. 1.
    • Tychon, a name of Priapus, II, 4. 6. 4.
    • Tydeus: s. of Oeneus and Periboea, II, 4. 35. 2; slays cousins in Calydon; flees to Argos, III, 4. 65. 2; marries Adrastus’ daughter; sent to Thebes; escapes ambush, 65. 3–4; one of the Seven in attack on Thebes, 65. 4–9.
    • Tyndareüs, father of the Dioscuri: brother Hippocoön exiles; Heracles restores to throne, II, 4. 33. 5; Glaucus foretells that sons of, will be called Dioscuri and will receive divine honours, 48. 6; Lacedaemonians offer sons of, as allies to Epizephyrian Locrians, III, 8. 32. 1–2.
    • Tyndarides of Syracuse: (454) fails in bid for supreme power, IV, 11. 86. 4–5.
    • Tyndarion: (280) tyrant in Tauromenium, XI, 22. 2. 1; makes alliance with Pyrrhus, 7. 4, 8. 3.
    • Tyndaris, in Sicily: (396) Dionysius settles Peloponnesian exiles in, VI, 14. 78. 5–6; (344) makes alliance with Timoleon, supplying troops, VIII, 16. 69. 3; (c. 269) Hiero welcomed in; he blocks the Mamertines, XI, 22. 13. 2; (c. 263) Carthaginians prevent, from surrendering to Rome, 23. 5. 1;
    656
    • (254) expels Punic garrison and yields to Rome, 18. 5.
    • Tynes: see Tunis.
    • Typhon (Egyptian): s. of Zeus and Hera, I, 1. 13. 4; slays Osiris, 21. 2, 85. 5; throws his private parts into Nile, 22. 6; slain by Isis and Horus aided by Osiris returned as wolf from Hades, 21. 3–4, 88. 4, 6; sacrifice of red oxen and red-haired men permitted since, was red, 88. 4–5.
    • — (Greek), a Giant slain by Zeus in Phrygia, III, 5. 71. 2.
    • tyranny: discussion of origin of tyrants, IX, 19. 1. 1–8; Dionysius establishes in Syracuse the longest and strongest, V, 13. 96. 4.
    • Tyrcaeus mt., at widest point of Red sea, II, 3. 38. 4.
    • Tyre, in Phoenicia: Carthage a colony of, X, 20. 14. 1–2; (405) Carthage sends to, a colossal statue of Apollo seized at Gela, V, 13. 108. 4; (386) Evagoras of Cyprus master of, as he begins war with Artaxerxes II, VI, 15. 2. 3–4; (351) Tripolis chief city of Phoenicia made up of A radians, Sidonians, and, VII, 16. 41. 1; (332) prevent Alexander from entering the city for sacrifice to Tyrian Heracles; prepare for siege, VIII, 17. 40. 2–3; Macedonians under Alexander take, by siege, 40. 3–46. 5; falls on same day that the Apollo, mistreated in, had been captured in Gela, V, 13. 108. 4–5, VIII, 17. 41. 8, 4G. 6; Alexander installs Ballonymus as king of, 46. 6; (321) Archelaüs commander of, delivers, to Attains, IX, 18. 37. 3–4; (315) Antigonus camps at Old Tyre for siege of, 19. 58. 1; (314) capitulates after siege of 15 months, 61. 5; ships from, in new fleet of Antigonus, 62. 8; he leaves garrison under Andronicus in, 61. 5, X, 19. 86. 2; (312) Andronicus refuses to surrender, to Ptolemy; soldiers in, mutiny and expe Andronicus, 86. 1–2; (310) Carthaginians defeated by Agathocles send offerings to gods of, 20. 14.1–4. See Abdemon of.
    • —, Old: see Old Tyre.
    • Tyrittus, in Sicily: (c. 263) Romans take, XI, 23. 5. 1.
    • Tyro d. of Salmoneus: meaning of name, III, 6. 6. 5, 7, 2; mother of Pelias and Neleus by Poseidon; ill-treated by father or step-mother, 7. 3–4, 4. 68. 1–3; descendants of, as far as Nestor, 68. 3–6.
    • Tyrrhastiadas of Cymê: (480) at Thermopylae, deserts Persians and warns Leonidas of their attack, IV, 11. 8. 5.
    • Tyrrhenians (Etruscans): visited by Heracles, II, 4. 21. 1, and by the Argonauts, 56. 6; account of islands between coast of, and Iberia, III, 5. 13. 1–18. 4; account of the, III, 5. 40. 1–5; Roman official insignia borrowed from, 40. 1; skill of, in interpreting signs, 40. 2; ancient power of, on land and sea, 40. 1; Liparaeans check piracy of, 9. 4–5; great luxury of, 40. 3–5, 8. 18. 1; drive Phocaeans from Corsica and found Nicaea, 5. 13. 4; Carthaginians prevent, from sending colony to wonderful island in the west, 20. 4; Tiberius Silvius of Alba campaigns against, 7. 5. 10; (c. 575) Pythagoras perhaps born in, IV, 10. 3. 2; (474) fleets of Cumae and Syracuse defeat, 11. 51. 1–2; (453) Syracusans send generals against pirates of, 88. 4–5; (387=V390) Celts cross Alps and expel, from Po valley, VI, 14. 113. 1–2; Celts plunder territory of Clusium; Romans send envoys to, 113. 3–4; raid Roman territory; Romans from Veil defeat, 116. 1; diet. M. Furius Camillus defeats, and triumphs, 117. 4, 6; (384) Dionysius raids, 15. 14. 3–4;
    657
    • (353=V356) raid as far as the Tiber, VII, 16. 36. 4; (309=V310) lay siege to Sutrium; Romans defeat, X, 20. 35. 1–5; (308) Romans invade, then make truce, 44. 9; (307) ships from, aid Agathocles, 61. 5–8; (295) Romans defeat, at Sentinum, XI, 21. 6. 1–2; (145) Etruscan diviners in Rome, 32. 12. 2 (pp. 455–457); (88) XII, 38/9. 5. 1 (p. 241); doctrine of eight races and ages, 5. 1 (pp. 241–243). Mercenaries from, in armies of Hamilcar, X, 19. 106. 2, Agathocles, 20. 11. 1, 64. 2, XI, 21. 3. 1. Roman military borrowings from, 23. 2. 1–2. See Postumius of; Poplonium in.
    • — of Lemnos: (c. 520) abandon Lemnos through fear of Persians; give island to Miltiades, IV, 10. 19. 6.
    • Tyrrhenian sea: lies along Italy; formerly controlled by Tyrrhenians, III, 5. 40. 1; Aeolus takes possession of islands called Aeolian in, 4. 67. 6; Argonauts name harbour on, II, 4. 56. 5; men of Cnidus and Rhodes sail on, III, 5. 9. 3–4; account of the islands of, 12. 4–16. 1; (269) Hiero blocks the Mamertines by holding Tyndaris on, XI, 22. 13. 2.
    • — trumpet, invented by Tyrrhenians, III, 5. 40. 1.
    • Tyrtaeus of Athens: sent by Athenians as leader in Second Messenian war, inspires the Lacedaemonians, III, 8. 27. 1–2, VII, 15. 66. 3.
    U
    • Uchoreus, king of Egypt: founds Memphis; names it for daughter, I, 1. 50. 3–51. 3.
    • Umbria: (308) Romans cross, X, 20. 44. 9.
    • Undisciplined, Company of the: (329) Alexander places those suspected of mutiny in, VIII, 17. 80. 4.
    • Urania, a Muse, II, 4. 7. 2, 4.
    • Urania, in Cyprus: (307) Demetrius takes, X, 20. 47. 2.
    • Uranium: Carians fleeing drought on Symê come to, III, 5. 53. 2.
    • Uranus: the first to be king; father of sons including Titans and Cronus and of daughters including Basileia, Rhea, and Demeter, II, 3. 56. 3–57. 2, III, 6. 1. 8–9, 5. 66. 2; Zeus brother of, is earlier than Olympian Zeus, II, 3. 61. 1; according to some the Muses are daughters of, 4. 7. 1; Ammon marries Rhea d. of, 3. 68. 1; kingdom of, divided among sons, chief of whom are Atlas and Cronus, 60. 1, III, 6. 1. 9; while king, liked to tarry on “Throne of Uranus” on Panchaea, 5. 44. 5–6; deeds of, as mortal king recorded on inscription in Panchaea, 46. 7, 6. 1. 7; before battle with Giants, Zeus sacrifices to, 5. 71. 3; Zeus visits Panchaea and sets up altar to, 6. 1. 10.
    • Utica, in Libya: (307) Agathocles takes, by storm and slaughters its people; he leaves garrison in, X, 20. 54. 2–55. 3; (241–237) Hippo and, revolt from Carthage, XI, 25. 3. 2, 5. 3; (149) Romans come to, and demand surrender of arms by Carthaginians, 32. 6. 2; (82) burn pr. C. Fabius Hadrianus alive because of wickedness, XII, 38/9. 11. 1.
    • Utopia, discovered by Iambulus: see Ceylon.
    • Uxii, a tribe of Persis: (330) the Tigris (i.e., Pasitigris) riv. rises in mountains of, VIII, 17. 67. 2; country of, described, 67. 3–4; one of, guides Alexander around Persian position, 67. 4–5; Alexander takes cities of, 67. 5; (317) unconquered tribesmen around the Tigris (Pasitigris) riv., IX, 19. 17. 3.
    658
    V
    • Vaccaei: most advanced of tribes neighbouring on Celtiberians, III, 5. 34. 3.
    • Valeria: (204) as best of women, selected to welcome Great Mother to Rome, XII, 34/5. 33. 2.
    • Valerius, Caeso: see K. Duillius, cos., 333=V336.
    • — Corvus, M.: (344=V348) cos., VIII, 16. 69. 1; (342=V346) 72. 1; (340=V343) 77. 1; (332=V335) 17. 40. 1.
    • — Flaccus, L.: (86) cos. suf., unable to prevent plundering, XII, 38/9. 8. 1.
    • — Lactucinus Maximus, M.: (392=V395) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 94. 1.
    • — Maximus, M.: (311=V312) cos., X, 19. 105. 1.
    • — — Lactuca, M.: (449=V456) cos., IV, 12. 4. 1.
    • — — Messala, M’.: (263) cos., in Sicily takes many cities; moves on Syracuse, XI, 23. 4. 1.
    • — Poplicola, L.: (381=V389) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 22. 1; (379=V387) 24. 1; (375=V383) 38. 1; (372=V380) 50. 1.
    • — —, M.: (352=V355) cos., VII, 16. 37. 1; (350=V353) 46. 1.
    • — —, P.: (470=V475) cos., IV, 11. 60. 1; (455=V460) 85. 1.
    • — — P.: (349=V352) cos., VII, 16. 52. 1.
    • — — Potitus, L.: (442=V449) cos., IV, 12. 26. 1.
    • — Potitus, C: (329=V331) cos., VIII, 17. 74. 1.
    • — —, L.: (477=V483) cos., IV, 11. 41. 1; (465=V470) 69. 1.
    • — —, L. (or C): (411=V414) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 38. 1; (403=V406) VI, 14. 12. 1; (400=V403) 35. 1; (395=V398) 82. 1; (389=V392) cos., 103.1; (384=V392) 15. 14. 1.
    • — — Poplicola, P. (or C): (372=V380) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 50. 1; (369=V377) 61. 1.
    • — —Volusus, C: (407=V410) cos., V, 13. 76. 1; (404–V407) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 3. 1; (401=V404) 19. 1.
    • —Publilius: see Vol. Popillius Philo, tr. mil. c. p., 396–V399.
    • — Publius, L.: see L. Valerius Potitus, cos., 477=V483.
    • — Publicola, L.: see L. Valerius Potitus, cos., 465=V470.
    • — Turpinus, L.: see L. Valerius Poplicola Potitus, cos., 442=V449.
    • Varius: (104) leader of rising of Sicilian slaves, XII, 36. 3. 4–6.
    • Veascium: (387=V390) Celts returning from Rome attack, VI, 14. 117. 5.
    • Veii, in Etruria: (472=V477) defeat Romans at Cremera, IV, 11. 53. 6; (403=V406) Rome makes war on, VI, 14. 16. 5; (399=V402) Romans besieging, are put to flight, 43, 5; (393=V396) Romans capture; gold bowl from spoil of, sent to Delphi, 93. 2–4; (390=V393) Rome portions out land of, 102. 4; (387–V390) Romans flee to, after defeat by Celts, 115. 2, gain arms by defeating Tyrrhenians, 116. 1–2, and send Cominius Pontinus to Rome, 116. 3–4.
    • Velitrae, in Latium: (401=V404) Rome increases number of colonists at, VI, 14. 34. 7; (390=V393) revolts; Rome begins war on, 102. 4.
    • Venusia, in Apulia: (88) Romans take, from Italians, XII, 37. 2. 10.
    • Verginia d. of L. Verginius: (443=V450) Ap. Claudius fails to seduce, then claims, as slave of client, IV, 12. 24. 2–3; father kills, to avoid dishonour, 24. 4–5.
    • Verginius, C: see C. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus, tr. mil c. p., 369=V377.
    • —, L., tr. pl., 442=V449: (443=V450) kills daughter to save her from Ap. Claudius; appeals to soldiers on Mt. Algidus, IV, 12. 24. 4–5.
    659
    • — Caeliomontanus, A.: (464=V469) cos., IV, 11. 70. 1.
    • — Tricostus, L.: (381=V389) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 22. 1.
    • — —, Pro.: (428=V435) cos., V, 12. 49. 1.
    • — — Caeliomontanus, Sp.: (449=V456) cos., IV, 12. 4. 1.
    • — — —, T.: (441=V448) cos., IV, 12. 27. 1.
    • — — — Esquilinus, L.: (399=V402) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 38. 1.
    • — — Rutilus, A.: (471=V476) cos., IV, 11. 54. 1.
    • — — —, Pro.: (480=V486) cos., IV, 11. 1. 2.
    • — — —, T.: (474=V479) cos., IV, 11. 51. 1.
    • Verrugo, in Italy: (391=V391) Romans expelled from, VI, 14. 98. 5.
    • Vesta: (91) invoked by Italians in oath to M. Livius Drusus, XII, 37. 11. 1; (82) perpetual tire in temple of, not profaned by murder of A. Mucius Scaevola, 38/9. 17. 1.
    • Vesuvius: now quiet but violent in earlier times, II, 4. 21. 5.
    • Vetilius, C: (147) pr., defeated by Viriathus, XII, 33. 1. 3.
    • Vettius, T.: (104) a leader in slave war, XII, 36. 2. 2–6. See Minucius.
    • Veturius Calvinus, T.: (331=V334) cos., VIII, 17. 49. 1.
    • — Cichorius (Cicurinus), C: (448=V455) cos., IV, 12. 5. 1.
    • — Crassus Cicurinus, C: (369=V377) tr. mil. c. p., VII, 15. 61. 1; (365=V369) 77. 1.
    • — — —, M.: (396=V399) tr. mil. c. p., VI, 14. 54. 1.
    • — — —, Sp. (or T., or L.): (444=V451) Xvir, IV, 12. 23. 1; (443=V450) 24. 1.
    • — — —, Sp.: (414=V417) tr. mil. c. p., V, 13. 7. 1.
    • — Geminus Cicurinus, T.: (457=V462) cos., IV, 11. 81. 1.
    • Victomela (Victumula), in Liguria: (218) citizens forced to yield; slay selves and destroy city, XI, 25. 17. 1.
    • Victory: (322) statues of, on funeral car of Alexander, IX, 18. 26. 6; golden statue of, sent to Rome by Diodotus Tryphon, XII, 33. 28a. 1.
    • vine: grows wild in Sicily, III, 5. 2. 4; discovered by Osiris (Dionysus), I, 1. 15. 8, II, 3. 70. 8, 4. 2. 5, III, 5. 75. 4; he teaches culture of, to men, I, 1. 17. 1–2, 18. 2, II, 3. 73. 5. See Dionysus,
    • vine, golden: (316) Antigonus acquires, in Susa, IX, 19. 48. 7.
    • Viriathus, a Lusitanian: (before 147) early years of, XII, 33. 1. 1–3; (147–145) defeats Romans in many battles, 1. 3, 2. 1; (145) marries daughter of Astolpas; scorns Astolpas’ wealth, 7. 1–4; reproaches people of Tucca for wavering, 7. 5–7; (144) is checked by procos. Q. Eabius Maximus Aemilianus, 1. 3–4; (140) defeats procos. Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus, 1. 4; (139) cos. M. Popillius Laenas conceals full Roman demands from, 19. 1; defeated by procos. Q. Servilius Caepio; assassinated by own kinsmen, 1. 4, 21. 1. Character of, 1.1–3, 5, 7. 1–7, 21a. 1.
    • Vitellius, L.: (121) friend of C. Sempronius Gracchus; receives gold for Gracchus’ head, XII, 34/5. 29. 1.
    • Vodostor (Bodostor?), a Carthaginian: (244) disobeys Hamilcar; loses heavily, XI, 24. 9. 1. See Bodostor.
    • Volscians: (479=V485) Romans defeat, IV, 11. 37. 7; (439=V446) 12. 30. 6; (404=V407) recover Erruca from Rome, VI, 14. 11. 6; (403=V406) Rome takes city of, then called Anxor but now Tarracine, 16. 5; (388=V391) Romans defeat, 109. 7; (387=V390) 117. 1–3.
    • Volumnius Amentius Gallus, P.: (456=V461) cos., IV, 11. 84. 1.
    660
    • — Elanima Violens, L.: (307) cos., X, 20. 45. 1.
    • voyages: length of certain, II, 3. 34. 7.
    • Vulcan: see Hephaestos, III, 6. 4. 1.
    W
    • war: Roman ritual for declaring, III, 8. 26. 1; (169) Antiochus IV Epiphanes violates laws of, in taking Pelusium, XI, 30. 18. 2.
    • war–dance, invented by Curetes, III, 5. 65. 4.
    • Water from Darkness, a name of the Nile, I, 1. 37. 9.
    • wax, exported from Cyrnus (Corsica), III, 5. 13. 4.
    • wealth, the evils of, XII, 37. 30. 1–3.
    • weights and measures, invented by Hermes, III, 5. 75. 2.
    • wet, the: one of the (Egyptian) elements, called Oceanê, I, 1. 11. 6, 12. 5, 9.
    • whales: one tribe of the Ichthyophagi live on, II, 3. 21. 6; a tribe in Cedrosia live on stranded, VIII, 17. 105. 3–5; Nearchus reports a school of gigantic, 106. 6–7.
    • wheat (πυρός): barley and, grew wild, were discovered by Isis, and their cultivation developed by Osiris, I, 1. 14. 1–2, 17. 1–2; grown in India, II, 2. 36. 3–4; barley and, grew wild in Sicily; their culture was discovered by Demeter and given to Sicily and Athens, III, 5. 2. 4, 4. 3–4, 69. 3. See corn (σῖτος)
    • White Fortress, in Egypt: (462) Athenians and Egyptians force Persians into, IV, 11. 74. 4; (461) Athenians continue siege of, 75. 4; (360) Persian forces break siege of, 77. 2.
    • White Maidens: (279) the Pythia promises that the, will protect Delphi from Gauls, XI, 22. 9. 5.
    • wife: in Egypt the, had authority over the husband, I, 1. 27. 2; men’s worst ills due to their, IV, 9. 10. 4; held in common by the Ichthyophagi, II, 3. 15. 2; (327) with their children accompany husbands in armies of Alexander, VIII, 17. 84. 3–6, (326) 94. 4, (317) and Eumenes, IX, 19. 43. 7.
    • wildcats: mountain in Libya full of, X, 20. 58. 2.
    • wine: Osiris (Dionysus) first to drink wine and teach its use, I, 1. 15. 8, II, 3. 70. 8, 73. 5, 4. 2. 5, 3. 4–5, III, 5. 75. 4; originally drunk unmixed, II, 4. 4. 6–7; excellence of the, of Naxos, III, 5. 52. 3.
    • wisdom: poem in praise of, quoted, XII, 37. 30. 3.
    • wolf: held in honour among the Egyptians, I, 1. 18. 1, 83. 1; various explanations, 88. 6–7.
    • women: among Scythians, train for war, II, 2. 44. 1–2. See Amazons.
    • Wood–eaters; see Hylophagi.
    • wool: exported from Pityussa, III, 5. 16. 2.
    • Worker, the: a name of Athena among the Cretans, III, 5. 73. 8.
    • wrestling: Hermes invents, I, 1. 16. 1; III, 5. 75. 3; music and, not in favour in Egypt, I, 1. 81. 7.
    • writing: invented by Hermes, I, 1. 16. 1; discovery of, by Egyptians later than the first kings, 9. 2, 69. 5; two kinds of, in use in Egypt, 81. 1; sacred, used by priests in Egypt and by all in Ethiopia, II, 3. 3. 4–5; this writing described, 4. 1–4; letters discovered by the Syrians, who taught the Phoenicians, who taught the Greeks, III, 5. 74. 1, 57. 5, 58. 3; perfected by the Tyrrhenians, 40. 2; Greeks claim prior invention of, which was lost in the flood, 57. 3–5.
    X
    • Xandrames: (326) king of Gandaridae, VIII, 17. 93. 2–3.
    661
    • Xanthicus, month in Macedonian calendar, IX, 18. 56. 5.
    • Xanthippus: (479) archon, IV, 11. 27. 1.
    • — s. of Ariphron, of Athens: (479) elected general in place of Themistocles, IV, 11. 27. 3; with Leotychides the Lacedaemonian, collects fleet after Salamis, sails to Delos, and then to Samos, 34. 2–3; defeats Persians at Mycalê, 36. 1–6; urges Asian Greeks to move to Europe, 37. 1–2; takes Sestus, dismisses allies, and returns home, 37. 4–5; (477) Assembly names Aristeides and, to consider Themistocles’ secret plan, 42. 1–3. See Pericles s. of.
    • — of Sparta: (255) a mercenary, inspires Carthaginians to victory over Romans, XI, 23. 14. 1–16. 1; killed by those he has saved, 16. 1.
    • Xanthus: one of horses of Achilles, formerly a Titan; foretells death of Achilles, III, 6. 3. 1.
    • — s. of Triopus: king of Argos, seizes Lycia and Lesbos, III, 5. 81. 1–2.
    • Xanthus, in Lycia: (309) Ptolemy takes, X, 20. 27. 1.
    • — riv., in Lycia: Lycus of Rhodes dedicates temple of Apollo Lycius beside. III, 5. 56. 1.
    • Xenetus of Epizephyrian Locri: (398) Doris d. of, married to Dionysius, VI, 14. 44. 6.
    • Xenocles of Sparta: (396) officer of Agesilaü, VI, 14. 80. 2–3.
    • Xenocritus: (446) a founder of new Sybaris (Thurii), IV, 12. 10. 3–4.
    • Xenodicus (Xenodocus) of Acragas: (309) elected general; frees many cities from Syracuse, X, 20. 31. 4–32. 2, 56. 1; (307) twice defeated by generals of Agathocles, 56. 1–2; 62. 2–5; held responsible for defeats; goes into exile, 62. 5.
    • Xenopeithes: (317) commands Antigonus’ garrison in Termessus; killed by escaping prisoners. IX, 19. 16. 1.
    • Xenophilus, treasurer at Susa: (317) obeys Eumenes’ order not to give Antigonus funds. IX, 19. 17. 3, 18. 1; (316) turns over funds to Antigonus on Seleucus’ order, 48. 6–8.
    • Xenophon of Corinth: (464) stadion winner, IV, 11. 70. 1.
    • — of Athens: (429) in Thrace as general; defeated and killed by Bottiaeans, V, 12. 47. 3.
    • — of Athens, the historian: (400) after return to Greece some of the Ten Thousand elect, general for war on Thracians, VI, 14. 37. 1–3; (411) period covered by Greek History of, begins, V, 13. 42. 5; accuracy of, praised, I, 1. 37. 4; (363) History of, ends with battle at Mantineia, VII, 15. 76. 4, 89. 3. Among men of culture of the period, 76. 4.
    • Xermodigestus of Paeonia: (292) claims to have buried treasures in Sargentius riv., XI, 21. 13. 1.
    • Xerxes I of Persia, 485–4(54: s. of Dareius, I, 1. 58. 4, 95. 4; Book Ten ends with crossing of, to Europe; Book Eleven begins with campaign of, against Greece, IV, 11. 1. 1, 12. 2. 3; (before 480) reasons for campaign of, against Greeks, 11. 1. 2–3, 2. 2; Carthage promises to cooperate with, 1. 4–5; gathers forces, 2. 1–2; Greeks seek alliance with Gelon of Syracuse against, 10. 33. 1; Eleians take no part in any war, even in that against, III, 8. 1. 2–3; (480) sends men to bridge Hellespont and cut Athos; demands submission of Greeks, IV, 11. 2. 3–4; Greeks about Tempê yield to, 2. 6; Greek alliance formed at Isthmus refuses to submit to, 3. 5; Lysitheides entertains entire host of, 56. 5; crosses into Europe from Abydus, 3. 6; crossing Thrace, enlists Greeks
    662
    • and Thracians. 3. 6; numbers his forces, 3. 7–9, 5. 2–3, I, 2. 5. 5, XII, 37. 1. 2; crosses Macedonia, VI, 14. 83. 3; has won islands of northern Aegean, IV, 11. 3. 8; advances to Gulf of Malis; summons European forces, 5. 1–2; vainly offers amnesty to Greeks at Thermopylae, 5. 4–5, VI, 14. 25. 2–3; scoffs at Greeks, IV, 11. 6. 1–2; Greeks repulse, for two days, 6. 3–8. 3; sends troops around pass under guidance of a Trachinian, 8. 4–5; in peril when Lacedaemonians attack his camp, 10. 3–4; Gelon’s victory at Himera on same day as battle at Thermopylae, 24. 1; those Greeks who died at Thermopylae did more for liberty than those who later defeated, 11. 5; orders his admiral Megabates to fight at sea, 12. 1–2; spares Doris as an ally; plunders Phocis, 14. 1–2; secures Theban alliance, 81. 1, VIII, 17. 14. 2; sends force to sack Delphi, IV, 11. 14. 2; sacks Thespiae, Plataea, Attica, and Athens, 14. 5, V, 13. 25. 2; destruction of temples by, later repaid by burning of palace at Persepolis, VIII, 17. 72. C; Greeks under Eurybiades and Themistocles defeat, at Salamis, IV, 11. 17. 1, 18. 1–19. 3; supreme command against, held by a Lacedaemonian, VII, 15. 78. 4; watches battle at Salamis from shore, IV, 11. 18. 3; Naxians first to withdraw from fleet of, and aid in his defeat, III, 5. 52. 3; punishes Phoenicians who were first to flee at Salamis, IV, 11. 19. 4; tricked by Themistocles, leaves Mardonius in Greece and goes to Hellespont, 19. 5–6, 23. 2, 26. 4–5, 28. 4, 59. 2.
    • (479) After victory over, at Plataea, Greeks swear eternal enmity to Persia, IV, 9. 10. 5; Persian admirals at Mycalê tell men that, is coming to their aid, 11. 35. 4, 36. 3; on news of Plataea and Mycalê, returns to Ecbatana, 36. 7; removes certain Boeotians to Sittacenê. VIII, 17. 110. 4–5; (478) Lacedaemonians claim rebuilding of walls of Athens might aid, IV, 11. 39. 3; (477) Pausanias plans to marry daughter of; he betrays Greeks to, 44. 3; (471) Themistocles accused of cooperating with Pausanias, 54. 3–4; (after 470) Lysitheides takes Themistocles to, 56. 5–8, 23. 3; absolves Themistocles, 56. 8; saves him from a mob and has him tried; honours him and provides for him, 57. 3–7; according to some, vainly sought Themistocles’ aid for new Greek campaign, 58. 2–3; (465) slain by Artabanus, 69. 1–2, 6; Artaxerxes I succeeds, and punishes murderers of, 71. 1–3; (463) disorder in Egypt on death of, 71. 3. Brought Greece to greatest danger, but led to great glory and prosperity, 12. 1. 2–5. Herodotus the historian a contemporary of, I, 2. 32. 2. Crossing of Hellespont by, as a date, III, 7. 11. 1. See Artaxerxes s. of; Tithraustes illegitimate son of; Mandanê sister of.
    • — H of Persia: (424) succeeds Artaxerxes and reigns less than year, V, 12. 64. 1, 71. 1.
    • Xiphonia, in Sicily: (263) Hannibal comes to, to aid Hiero, XI, 23. 4. 1.
    • Xuthia, in Sicily: Xuthus becomes king of, III, 5. 8. 2.
    • Xuthus s. of Aeolus: becomes king of Xuthia, III, 5. 8. 1–2.
    • —: leads colonists to Symê, III, 53. 3.
    Z
    • Zabirna, in Libya: Libyan Dionysus camps near, II, 3. 72. 2.
    • Zacantha (Saguntum), in Spain:
    663
    • (219) Hannibal takes, XI, 25. 15. 1.
    • Zacynthus, tel. off Peloponnesus: (456) Athenians take, from Cephallenians, IV, 11. 84. 7; (396) Dionysius settles exiles from, in Sicily, VI, 14. 78. 5–6; (374) parties in, seek aid of Athens and of Lacedaemon, VII, 15. 45. 2–4; Athens sends Ctesicles to command exiles from, 46. 3; (358) Dion s. of Hipparinus sails from, on return to Sicily, 16. 6. 5, 9. 4; (354) mercenaries from, in pay of Callippus slay Dion, 31. 7. See Phalynus of.
    • Zaleucus of Epizephyrian Locri: (c. 650) lawgiver; examples of his laws, IV, 12. 19. 3–21. 2.
    • Zalmoxis (Gebeleïzis): Hestia gives, laws for the Getae, I, 1. 94. 2.
    • Zanclê: see Messana (Messenê).
    • Zanclus, king of Zanclê: Orion builds mole for, III, 4. 85. 1.
    • Zarathustra: see Zathraustes (Zoroaster).
    • Zarcaeus (Zagros), Mt., in Media: Semiramis builds road through, I, 2. 13. 5.
    • Zarina, queen of the Sacae: commands against Medes, I, 2. 34. 3–5.
    • Zathraustes (Zoroaster, Zarathrustra): the Good Spirit gave laws for the Arians to, I, 1. 94. 2.
    • Zen, a name of Zeus among the Atlantians, II, 3. 61. 6, and Cretans, III, 5. 72. 1.
    • Zeno of Elea, the philosopher: (c. 440) endures torture and death for conspiracy against Nearchus, IV, 10. 18. 1–6.
    • —, the historian: relates Rhodian antiquities, III, 5. 56. 7.
    • Zenophanes of Cilicia: (c. 158) aids Pergamean king in setting up Syrian pretender, XI, 31. 32a. 1.
    • Zephyrium, in Cilicia: (318) Ptolemy comes to, with fleet, IX, 18. 62. 1.
    • Zereia, in Chalcidicê: (349) Philip II takes, VII, 16. 52. 9.
    • Zethus: Amphion and, build lower city of Thebes, IX, 19. 53. 5.
    • Zeugma, on Euphrates riv.: (c. 161) Timarchus of Miletus marches against, XI, 31. 27a. 1.
    • Zeus, brother of Uranus: king of Crete; father of the Curetes by Idaea; dies and is buried, II, 3. 61. 1–2.
    • — s. of Cronus: according to the Egyptians: identified with the element “spirit,” I, 1. 12. 1; Athena (the element “air”) born from head of, 12. 7; distinguished from Zeus Amnion, a deified mortal, 13. 2; the son of Cronus and Rhea; by Hera the father of Osiris, Iris, Typhon, Apollo, and Aphrodite, 13. 4, 15. 3, 6; tale of Osiris (Dionysus) s. of Zeus and Semelê devised by Orpheus, 23. 2–8; an early Heracles, s. of, and an unknown mother, 24. 3–4; founded many cities in Egypt, 12. 6; Osiris also called, 25. 2; Giants destroyed by Osiris and, 26. 8; concubines of, buried near Thebes, 47. 1; statue of, in monument of King Osymandyas, 49. 4; eagle honoured as bird of, 87. 9; Homer borrowed stories of, from Egypt, 97. 9; temple of, in Egyptian Thebes, 45. 2.
    • According to Ethiopians: a human deified for his benefactions to men, II. 3. 9. 1–2.
    • According to Atlantians and Libyans (from Dionysius Skytobrachion): Olympian (distinguished from the brother of Uranus), s. of Cronus and Rhea, pre–eminent in all goodness, becomes king over all, II, 3. 61. 1, 4–6, 72. 6; Libyan Dionysus makes, king of Egypt with Olympus as guardian, 73. 4; crosses to Crete to defend Amnion against Titans; defeats Titans with aid of Libyan Dionysus and becomes king of all, 73. 7–8, 74. 6,
    664
    • 70. 6; father of the second Dionysus by Io, 74. 1, and of the third by Semelê, 74. 1, 6; father of Hermes by Maia, 60. 4.
    • According to Cretans: s. of Cronus and Rhea, III, 5. 68. 1; reared on Ida by the Curetes and by them saved from Cronus, 60. 2, 65. 4, 70. 1–6, XII, 33. 10. 1; Demeter angry with, after rape of Persephonê, III, 5. 68. 2; succeeds Cronus as king of Crete, 70. 1; establishes order in Crete, slaying robbers and Giants, 71. 1–3; also defeats Giants on Phlegraean plain and in Macedon, 71. 4–6; because of his benefactions, is accorded everlasting kingdom and dwelling on Mt. Olympus, 71. 6; titles given to, 72. 1–2; produces Athena beside Triton riv. in Crete, 72. 3; marriage of, and Hera, 72. 4; father of divine children: Aphroditê, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Dikê, Dionysus, Eileithyia, Eirenê, Eunomia, Hephaestus, Heracles, Hermes, the Graces, the Muses; to them he entrusts his discoveries, 72. 5–76. 2; all men pray to, as the Perfecter, 73. 2; Dionysus s. of Persephone and, born in Crete, 75. 4; father of a Heracles many years before the son of Alcmenê, 76. 1; father of Dictynna by Carmê, 76. 3, of Minos, Rhadamanthys, and Sarpedon by Europe, 78. 1, 79. 3.
    • According to Euhemerus: succeeds Cronus as king; father of Curetes by Hera, of Persephone by Demeter, and of Athena by Themis, III, 6. 1. 9; visits many nations and is proclaimed a god, 1. 10.
    • In Greek myth: born and reared in Crete, II, 4. 17. 3; Homer represents, as absent in Ethiopia, 3. 2. 3; Dionysus s. of Persephonê or Demeter and, earlier than the s. of Semelê and, 62. 6–8, 64. 1, 4. 4. 1; birth of Dionysus and destruction of Semelê, 2. 1–4, 3. 04. 3–5, 66. 3, III, 5. 52. 1–2; father of the third Dionysus by Demeter, 3. 62. 6–8; name Dionysus from “Zeus” and “Nysa,” 4. 2. 4, 3. 64. 6; rationalization of re-birth of Dionysus from thigh of, II, 3. 62. 10; father of the Muses by Mnemosynê, 4. 7. 1, of Perseus by Danaê, 9. 1, of Heracles by Alcmenê, a descendant of Perseus, 9. 1–3; tricked by Hera, makes Eurystheus king and requires Labours of Heracles, 9. 4–5, 10. 7–11.1; Heracles establishes Olympic games in honour of, 14. 1; began to beget human beings with Niobê and ended with Alcmenê, 14. 4; grants name “Olympian” only to Dionysus and Heracles of his sons by mortal women, 15. 1; chains Prometheus to rock, 15. 2; fate of Heracles left to, 38. 3; persuades Hera to adopt the deified Heracles, 39. 2–4; carries Europê to Crete; begets Minos, Rhadamanthys, and Sarpedon, III, 4. 60. 2–3; perhaps father of Minos II s. of Idê, 60. 3; Minos educated by, XII, 33. 10. 1; Minos establishes laws given by, III, 5. 78. 3, I, 1. 94. 1; sends drought on Athens for murder of Androgeos s. of Minos, III, 4. 61. 1; father of Helen by Leda, 63. 2; slays Salmoneus for impiety, 68. 2, 6. 6. 4, 7. 1–3; purifies Ixion, then punishes him, 4. 69. 4–5; slays Asclepius at urging of Hades, 71. 2–3; punishes Apollo for slaying Cyclopes, 71. 3, 6. 8. 1; carries off Aegina, begets Aeacus, 4. 72. 5; Oenomaüs sacrifices ram to, 73. 4; changes the Cretan “Mothers,” who had nurtured him, into stars, 80. 1–2; gives Sicily to Persephone at her
    665
    • marriage with Pluton, 5. 2. 3; rain of, falls on Sicily, 2. 4; Athena, Artemis, and Core weave robe of, 3. 4; Sicily called “beloved of,” 5. 1; strikes Phaëthon with thunderbolt, 23. 3; gods originated in Crete and are led to Panchaea by Zeus, 46. 3, 7; father of Saon of Samothrace by Nymphê, 48. 1, of Dardanus, Iasion, and Harmonia by Electra d. of Atlas, 48. 2; instructs Iasion in Samothracian mysteries, 48. 4; by nymph Himalia of Rhodes begets Spartaeus, Cronius, and Cytus, 55. 5, 56. 2; changes the Titans Xanthus and Balius into horses and gives them to Peleus, 6. 3. 1; other gods grant, a crown after defeat of Titans, 4. 1; Castor and Polydeuces judged to be sons of, because of valour, 6. 1; Busiris sacrifices strangers to, II, 4. 27. 3.
    • King Aramulius (Romulus) Silvius of Alba Longa opposes, and is slain by lightning, III, 7. 5. 11, 7. 1; Romans employ Tyrrhenians to interpret signs from, 5. 40. 2; Delphi calls Lycurgus of Sparta “loved by,” 7. 12. 1; Macedonian kings descended from, 16. 1; Eleans made sacred to, by common consent, 8. 1. 1, 3; marriage of Hera and, as example of union of brother and sister, IV, 10. 31. 1; (c. 491) Hippocrates of Gela camps by temple of, near Syracuse, IV, 10. 28. 1–2; (after 480) inscription in temple of Athena Pronaea thanks, for saving Delphi, 11. 14. 4; (414) Athenians surround temple of, near Syracuse, V, 13. 7. 5; (406) temple of, at Acragas described, 82. 1–4; (396) Himilcon occupies temple of, near Syracuse, VI, 14. 62. 3, 63. 3, 76. 3; after defeating plague–stricken Carthaginians, Dionysius camps near temple of, 74. 5; (389 = V392) votive games for. in Home, 106. 4; (371) festival for, instituted at Lebadeia, VII, 15. 53. 4; (335) in honour of, Alexander repeats dramatic contest instituted by Archelaüs, VIII, 17. 16. 3–4; (323) Alexander’s plan for temple to, at Dium is cancelled, IX, 18. 4. 4–6; (187) Antiochus III pillages temple of, at Elymaïs and is destroyed with his army, XI, 28. 3. 1, 29. 15. 1; (157) Orophernes of Cappadocia plunders temple of, 31. 34. 1; (149) Nicomedes kills father in temple of, 32. 21. 1; (123) Alexander II Zabinas attempts to rob temple of, XII, 34/5. 28. 1–2; (87) Sulla confiscates treasure in temple of, in Olympia, 38/9. 7. 1; he who has treasure stands farthest from, 37. 30. 3. Invoked in oaths or prayers: IV, 9. 33. 4, V, 13. 29. 2, 32. 1, 3, 6, 33. 3, VI, 14. 66. 5. See: Picus (Zeus); Aeacus, Apollo, Crinacus, Dardanus, Heracles, Minos, Perseus, Scythes, Tantalus sons of; Ganymedes, cupbearer of.
    • Zeus, the planet Jupiter: Greeks and Chaldaeans agree in naming, I, 2. 30. 3.
    • Zeus Aetnaeus: (133) mission from Roman Senate visits altars of, throughout Sicily, XII, 34/5. 10. 1.
    • — Ammon: a terrestrial god, I, 1. 13. 2, formerly king of Egypt, 15–3. See Ammon.
    • — Atabyrius: Althaemenes builds temple to, in Rhodes, III, 5. 59. 2.
    • — Belus (Marduk): Semiramis erects statue and temple of, in Babylon, I, 2. 8. 7, 9. 4–9; Mt. Bagistanus sacred to, 13. 2; Belesys makes vow to, 28. 2.
    • — Eleutherios: (463) Syracusans set up statue of, IV, 11. 72. 2.
    • — Olympius: s. of Cronus and Rhea, distinguished from earlier
    666
    • Zeus brother of Uranus and king of Crete, II, 3. 01. 1; Heracles insitutes games to, in Elis, II, 4. 53. 4–6; (347) Athenians charged with impiety toward, VII, 16. 57. 3; (343) in Syracuse Timoleon institutes annual “amphipoly” of, VIII, 16. 70. 6; (254) during sack of Acragas the folk take refuge in temple of, XI, 23. 18. 2.
    • — Soter: origin of drinking cry to, II, 4. 3. 4; (406) generals make vow to, before Arginusae, V, 13. 102. 2; (401) Greek mercenaries (the Ten Thousand) sacrifice to, on reaching Trapezus, VI, 14. 30. 3.
    • — Teleios: all men sacrifice to Zeus the Perfecter, III, 5. 73. 2.
    • — Trophylius: while still a mortal built temple on Panehaea, III, 6. 1. 6–7; this temple described, 5. 42. 6–44. 5; people of Panara on Panchaea called “suppliants of,” 42. 5.
    • — Xenios: (after 247) a prisoner mistreated by the Atilii calls on, XI, 24. 12. 2.
    • Zeuxippê d. of Hippocoön: wife of Antiphates, III, 4. 68. 5.
    • Zeuxis, a slave: (135) denounces and kills Damophilus, XII, 34/5. 2. 14.
    • Zibytes, king of Bithynia: (315) forced into alliance by Ptolemy general of Antigonu9, IX, 19. 60. 3.
    • Ziselmius (Zibelmius) s. of Diêgylis, king of Thrace: (c. 133) surpasses father’s cruelty, XII, 34/5. 12. 1.
    • zodiac: signs of, according to the Chaldaeans, I, 2. 30. 6–7.
    • Zoïlus: wrote nothing except Against Homer, XII, pp. 297–299, fr. 2.
    • Zopyrus: see Megabyzus.
    • Zoroaster: see Zathraustes.
    • Zuphones, Libyan tribe: (308) Carthage wins back some of the, X, 20. 38. 2.
    • zythos: a fermented drink made from barley, I, 1. 20. 4, 34. 10, II, 3. 73. 6, 4. 2. 5, III, 5. 26. 2.
    667
    Concordance of Editions

    Thefollowing table equates the numbering of the fragments in this edition, which is based on Vogel-Fischer(Leipzig, 1888 ff.) for Books Six to Tenandon Dindorf’s fourth edition (Leipzig, 1866–1868) for Books Twenty-One to Forty, with that of the only earlier editions in which the fragments are distributed among the books (Bekker, 1853–1854: Dindorf-Mueller, 1842–1844). This will not only make this index usable with the earlier editions, but it will also facilitate locating in the present edition references using the other numbers.

    Minor variations in section division (usually inadvertent) are not noticed. Bekker’s edition lacks section numbers.

    Brackets with no number enclosed are used to indicate passages from other books included without numbers among the fragments of Books Six to Ten but numbered in Dindorf4 and Dindorf-Mueller.

    In the last twenty books there are a number of fragments not found in Dindorf4 but added by Professor Walton. Theseare not distinguished in the concordance.

    669
    Loeb; Vogel-FischerDindorf 4th ed.BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    Book VI
    [ ]1.11.1
    1.1–112.1–1112.1–11
    2.12.1222.12
    3.13.133.1
    4.14.144.1
    5.1–35.1–355.1–3
    6.1
    6.1–57.1–56–106.1–5
    7.1–4
    8.17.6–711–126.6–7
    9.17.8
    Book VII
    [ ]
    [ ]1.1–2
    1.11a.111.1
    2.1
    3.11a.4
    4.1–42.1–422.1–4
    5.1–53.1–533.1–5
    5. 6–73a.1–243a.1–2
    5.83a.3–443a.3–4
    5.93a.5–743a.5–7
    5.103a.8–1043a.8–10
    5.113a.10–1143a.10–11
    5.123a.l243a.12
    6.13b.1
    7.14.154.1
    [ ]5.15.1
    [ ]6.16.1
    [ ]7.17.1
    8.1–48.1–468.1–4
    9.1–69.1–579.1–6
    8
    10.110.1910.1
    [ ]11.111.1
    [ ]12.112.1
    11.113.11013.1
    12.114.11114.1
    12.2–414.2–41214.2–4
    12.5–614.51314.5
    12.7–814.6–714–1514.6–7
    13.114a.1
    13.214b.1
    14.16.136.6.8
    15.1–316.1–27.177.16.1–5
    16.117.11817.1
    17.115.11615.1
    Loeb; Vogel-FischerDindorf 4th ed.BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    Book VIII
    1.1–21.1–211.1–2
    1.31.321.3
    2.12.132.1
    3.13.1
    4.1–23a.1–243.1–2
    5.14.154.1
    6.1–34.2–464.2–4
    4.54.5
    7.1–65.1–675.1–6
    8.1–36.1–386.1–3
    9.17.197.1
    10.1–48.1–4108.1–4
    11.1–29.1–2119.1–2
    12.1–510.1–41210.1–4
    12.6–911.1–41211.1–4
    12.10–162.1–61212.1–6
    13.1–213.1–213–1413.1–2
    14.114.11514.1
    15.1–315.1–31615.1–3
    15.4–515.4–517–1815.4–5
    16.116.11916.1
    17.1–217.1–220–2117.1–2
    18.118.12218.1
    18.2–318.2–32318.2–3
    19.1–219.1–22419.1–2
    20.120.12520.1
    21.1–321.1–32621.1–3
    22.122.12724.1
    23.1–423.1–428–3125.1–4
    24.124.13226.1
    25.1–425.1–43322.1–4
    26.126.13423.1
    27.1–227.1–235–3627.1–2
    28.128.13728.1
    29.129.13829.1
    29.229.229.2
    30.1–230.1–239–403.1–2
    31.131.14131.1
    32.1–232.1–24232.1–2
    32.332.34332.3
    Book IX
    1.1–21.1–211.1–2
    1.3–41.3–42–31.3–4
    2.1–42.1–442.1–4
    2.52.552.5
    3.1–23.1–263.1–2
    3.33.373.3
    670
    Loeb; Vogel-FischerDindorf 4th ed.BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    4.1–24.1–284.1–2
    5.15.195.1
    6.l5.2105.2
    7.16.1116.1
    8.17.1127.1
    9.18.1138.1
    10.1–49.1–5149.1–5
    10.510.1–21410.1–2
    10.610.31510.3
    11.1–211.1–216–1711.1.2
    12.1–312.1–318–2012.1–3
    13.1–313.1–321–2313.1–3
    14.1–214.1–224–2514.1–2
    15.115.115.1
    16.116.12616.1
    17.117.12717.1
    18.118.1
    18.119.12819.1
    19.120.120.1
    20.1–321.1–32921.1–3
    20.421.43021.4
    [ ]22.1–222.1–2
    21.123.13123.1
    22.124.13224.1
    23.124.23324.2
    24.124.33424.3
    25.1–225.1–23525.1–2
    26.1–526.1–53626.1–5
    27.1–427.1–43727.1–4
    28.128.13828.1
    29.1–229.1–23929.1–2
    30.130.14030.1
    31.1–331.1–541–4431.1–5
    32.132.14532.1
    33.1–433.1–446–4933.1–4
    34.134.15034.1
    35.1–335.1–35135.1–3
    36.1–236.1–252–5336.1–2
    36.336.3–45436.3–4
    36.436.55536.5
    37.137.15637.1
    37.2–337.2–35737.2–3
    Book X
    1.11.111.1
    2.12.122.1
    3.1–33.1–333.1–3
    3.4–53.4–54–53.4–5
    4.1–64.1–664.1–6
    Loeb; Vogel-FischerDindorf 4th ed.BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    5.1–25.1–27–85.1–2
    6.16.196.1
    6.2–36.2–3106.2–3
    6.46.4116.4
    7.1–37.1–3127.1–3
    7.47.4137.4
    8.18.1148.1
    8.2–38.2–3158.2–3
    9.1–99.1–916–249.1–9
    10.1–210.1–225–2610.1–2
    11.1–211.1–227–2811.1–2
    12.1–311.3–42911.3–4
    13.112.13012.1
    14.1–313.1–331–3313.1–3
    15.114.13414.1
    16.1–415.1–435–3815.1–4
    17.1–216.1–33916.1–3
    17.316.44016.4
    18.117.14117.1
    18.2–617.2–64217.2–6
    [ ]18.118.1
    19.1–619.1–643–4819.1–6
    20.1–320.1–34920.1–3
    21.1–521.1–55021.1–5
    22.122.15122.1
    23.123.15223.1
    24.1–324.1–353–5524.1–3
    25.124.45624.4
    25.2–325.157–5825.1
    25.425.25925.2
    26.125.36025.3
    27.1–326.1–36126.1–3
    28.1–227.1–26227.1–2
    28.327.36327.3
    29.128.128.1
    30.1–229.1–264–6529.1–2
    31.130.130.1
    32.131.16631.1
    [ ]
    33.132.16732.1
    34.1–532.2–668–7232.2–6
    34.6–833.17333.1–3
    34.9–1333.27433.4–8
    Fragments of Uncertain Location
    [ ]1.11.1
    1.1–22.1–22.1–2
    2.13.13.1
    671
    Loeb; Vogel-FischerDindorf 4th ed.BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    3.14.14.l
    4.15.15.1
    Loeb; Dindorf4BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    Book XXI
    1.111.1
    1.22–31.2
    1.31.3
    1.4a, 4b41.4
    1.551.5
    l.6l.6
    2.1–36–82.1–3
    3.19.103.1,2
    4.1–5.111–124.1–5.1
    6.1–2136.1–2
    7.1–11.114–187.1–11.1
    12.1–219–2012.1–2
    12.3–52112.3–5
    12.62212.6
    13.12313.1
    14.1–324–2614.1–3
    15.12715.1
    16.1–62816.1–6
    16.72916.7
    17.1–33017.1–3
    17.43117.4
    18.1–332–3418.1–3
    19.119.1
    20.13520.1
    21.1–153621.1–15
    Book XXII
    1.1–31–31.1–3
    2.1–242.1–2
    2.3–45–62.3–4
    3.1–2783.1–2
    4.194.1
    5.1–210–115.1–2
    6.1–312–146.1–3
    7.1–6157.1–6
    8.1–5168.1–5]
    8.6178.6
    9.1–3189.1–3
    9.4–519–209.4–5
    10.1–72110.1–7
    11.1–22211.1–2
    Loeb; Dindorf4BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    12.12312.1
    13.1–92413.1–9
    Book XXIII
    1.111.1
    1.2–421.2–4
    2.1–23–42.1–2
    3.153.1
    4.1–26–74.1–2
    5.1–7.18–105.1–7.1
    8.1–311–138.1–3
    9.1–5149.1–5
    10.1–215–1610.1–2
    11.1–12.117–1811.1–12.1
    12.11912.2
    13.12013.1
    14.1–221–2214.1–2
    15.1–52315.1–5
    2415.6
    15.72515.7
    26–2715.8–9
    15.102814,3, 15.10
    15.11–122814.4–5
    15.11–12
    16.13016.1
    17.12917.1
    18.1–53118.1–5
    19.1–22.133–3619.1–22.1
    Book XXIV
    11.1–1111.11–1
    2.1–4.12–42.1–4.1
    5.1–25–65.1–2
    6.176.1
    7.1–28–97.1–2
    8.1108.1
    9.111–129.1
    9.2–313–149.2–3
    10.1–215–1610.1–2
    11.11711.1
    11.31811.3, 2
    12.1–31912.1–3
    13.1–14.120–2113.1–14.1
    Book XVV
    1.111.1
    2.1–22–32.1–2
    3.1–24–53.1–2
    672
    Loeb; Dindorf4BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    4.164.1
    4.274.2, 3
    5.1–28–95.1–2
    5.3105.3, 4
    6.1116.1
    7.17.1
    8.1–9.112–138.1–9.1
    10.1–41410.1–4
    10.51710.5
    11.1–215–1611.1–2
    12.11712.1
    13.1–19.118–2413.1–19.1
    Book XXVI
    1.1–311.1–3
    2.122.1
    3.133.1
    3.2–34–53.2–3
    4.1–5.16–74.1–5.1
    6.1–28–96.1–2
    7.1–10.110–137.1–10.1
    11.114–1611.1–3
    12.1–417–2012.1–4
    13.12113.1
    14.1–222–2314.1–2
    15.1–224–2515.1–2
    16.1–19.126–2916.1–19.1
    20.1–230–3120.1–2
    21.1–23.132–3421.1–23.1
    24.1–235–3624.1–2
    Book XXVII
    1.1–21–21.1–2
    2.132.1
    2a.1
    3.143.1
    4.1–754.1–7
    4.864.8
    5.175.1
    6.1–28–96.1–2
    7.1–10.110–137.1–10.1
    11.1–214–1511.1–2
    12.1–216–1712.1–2
    13.1–18.31813.1–18.3
    Book XXVIII
    1.1–7.11–71.1–7.1
    8.1–28–98.1–2
    Loeb; Dindorf4BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    9.1–11.110–129.1–11.1
    12.11314.1
    13.11412.1
    14.11513.1
    15.1–41615.1–4
    Book XXIX
    1.1–5.11–51.1–5.1
    6.1–36–86.1–3
    7.197.1
    8.1–210–118.1–2
    9.1–33.112–369.1–33.1
    34.13733.2
    34.23834.1
    Book XXX
    1.1–5.11–51.1–5.1
    5a.1—–
    6.1–7.16–76.1–7.1
    7.2–387.2–3
    8.198.1
    9.1–210–119.1–2
    10.1–212–1310.1–2
    11.1–214–1511.1–2
    12.1–17.116–2112.1–17.1
    18.1–222–2318.1–2
    19.1–20.124–2519.1–20.1
    21.1–426–2921.1–4
    22.13022.1
    23.1–231–3223.1–2
    24.13324.1
    Book XXXI
    1.1–5.11–51.1–5.1
    5.2a–2b65.2
    5.375.3
    6.186.1
    7.1–29–107.1–2
    8.1–2118.1–2
    8.3128.2
    8.4–12138.3–11
    8.13148.12
    9.1–5159.1–5
    9.6169.6
    9.79.7
    10.1–21710.1–2
    11.1–31811.1–3
    12.1–15.119–2212.1–15.1
    673
    Loeb; Dindorf4BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    15.2–315.2–3
    15a.1–4
    16.12316.1
    16.2–32416.2–3
    17.12517.1
    17a.1.
    17c. 1
    18.12618.1
    18.2–32718.2–3
    18a.l
    19.1–82819.1–8
    19.92919.9
    20.13020.1
    21.1–24.131–3421.1–24.1
    25.1–235–3625.1–2
    26.1–73726.1–7
    27.1–83827.1–8
    27a.l
    28.1–32.139–4328.1–32.1
    32a.1–32b.1
    33.1–40.144–5133.1–40.1
    40a.1
    41.1–45.152–5641.1–45.1
    Book XXXII
    1.1–6.31–61.1–6.3
    6.476.4
    7.1–8.18–97.1–8.1
    9.11314.2
    9a.1109.1
    9a.2–314–1515.1–2
    9b.l–9c.1
    9d.1–12.31110.1–12.3
    13.113.1
    14.11214.1
    15.1–7
    16.11717.1
    17.1
    17.21616.1
    18.1–25.118–2518.1–25.1
    26.1–52626.1–5
    27.1–327–2927.1–3
    Book XXXIII
    1.1–411.1–4
    1.521.5
    2.1–3.13–42.1–3.1
    4.1–454.1–4
    Loeb; Dindorf4BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    4a.1
    5.1–365.1–3
    5.4–675.4–6
    5a.1
    6.186.1
    6a.1Uncertain fr. 3
    7.1–397.1–3
    7.4–7107.4–7
    8.1–16.211–198.1–16.2
    17.1–19.122–2419.1–21.1
    20.1–21.1
    21a.1–22522.1–2
    22.1–25.126–2923.1–26.1
    26.1–230–3127.1–2
    27.13228.1
    28.1
    28a.12017.1
    28b.l–42118.1–4
    Book XXXIV and XXXV
    1.1–511.1–5
    2.1–2322.1–23
    2.2432.24
    2.24b
    2.25–2642.25–26
    2.27–3152.27–31
    2.32–336–72.32–33
    2.34–3682.34–36
    2.37–489–202.37–48
    3.1213.1
    4.1–222–234.1–2
    5.1245.1
    6.1–225–266.1–2
    7.1–327–297.1–3
    8.1–16.130–388.1–16.1
    17.1–239–4017.1–2
    18.1–24.141–4718.1–24.1
    25.1–248–4925.1–2
    26.1–27.150–5126.1–27.1
    28.1–352–5428.1–3
    28a.l
    29.1–30.155–5629.1–30.1
    30a.1–30c.1
    31.15731.1
    32.158–5932.1
    32a. 1
    33.1–86033.1–8
    34.1–35.161–6234.1–35.1
    674
    Loeb; Dindorf4BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    35a.1
    36.1–39.163–6636.1–39.1
    Book XXXVI
    1.1–2.611.1–2.6
    2a.1
    3.1–9.113.1–9.1
    9.229.2
    10.1–3310.1–3
    11.1–3411.1–3
    12.1–16.15–912.1–16.1
    Book XXXVII
    1.1–611.1–6
    2.1–1422.1–14
    3.1–533.1–5
    3.643.6
    4.1–5.15–64.1–5.1
    5.2–375.2–3
    5.485.4
    5a.1
    6.1–7.19–106.1–7.1
    8.1–3118.1–3
    8.4128.4
    9.1139.1
    10.11510.2
    10.21410.1
    10.31610.3
    11.1–15.317–2111.1–15.3
    16.12619.1
    17.1–18.122–2316.1–17.1
    19.1–224–2518.1–2
    19.3–528–3020.2–4
    20.12720.1
    21.1–22.131–3221.1–22.1
    Loeb; Dindorf4BekkerDindorf-Mueller
    22a.1–22b.1
    23.1–29.133–3923.1–29.1
    29.2–54029.2–5
    30.1–34130.1–3
    Books XXXVIII and XXXIX
    1.1–7.11–71.1–7.1
    8.1–48–118.1–4
    9.1–17.112–209.1–17.1
    18.1–221–2218.1–2
    19.1–21.123–2519.1–21.1
    22.1–326–2822.1–3
    Book XL
    1.1–311.1–3
    1a.1–1b.1
    2.1–4.12–42.1–4.1
    5.1
    5a.1–25–65.1–2
    6.16.1
    7.1–47.1–4
    8.178.1
    Fragments of Uncertain Location
    1.1
    1a.12.1
    2.11.1
    3.14.1
    4.13.1
    5.1–13.15.1–13.1
    14.1Frag. Dub. 1
    15.1
    675
    676
    Addenda and Corrigenda
    • Vol. XI
    • p. 45, note 1. Add: On Decius Vibellius see now Broughton, Magistrates (Suppl.), p. 69, who follows Livy, Per. 12, in defining his office as prefect, rather than tribune.
    • p. 277, line 18. For on stooping read in stooping.
    • p. 334, line 24. For ἔρριπτο δ᾿ read ἔρριπτο δ᾿ οὖν. Add note: So A: ἐρρίπτουν δ᾿ M.
    • p. 334, note 3. Read τακτὰ M: τὰ κατὰ Α, τὰ ἔγκατα A2.
    • p. 364, line 12. For δυεῖν read δυοῖν. Add note: So A: δυεῖν M.
    • p. 366, line 21. πρεσβύτατος]. Add note: So M: πρεσβύτερος A.
    • p. 368, note 1. Read So A: ὑποβάλλεσθαι M.
    • p. 394, note 1. For Dindorf read Dübner. (For this and the following correction see Alfred Firmin Didot’s “Addition” to Piccolos, Nicolas de Damas, Vie de César, Paris, 1850, p. 100.)
    • p. 395, note 5. For Dindorf read Alfred Didot.
    • p. 451, line 14. For her man read a man.
    • p. 453, note 2. Read So Stephanus: καλούμενον συριγγωθέντα A, καλούμενον τόπον συριγγωθέντος M.
    • p. 454, line 3. καυλίσκον]. Add note: So M: αὐλίσκον A2.
    • Vol. XII
    • p. 2, line 10. For συνεθίσας δὲ read συνείθισε δὲ. Add note: So M: συνειθίσας A2, συνήθησε A.
    • p. 4, note 1. Henry records ἐξῆρε as the reading of A.
    • p. 68, line 21. For ἔσφαζον read ἔφθαζον. Delete note 5 on p. 69. Both A and M read ἔφθαζον ἀπαυχενίσανες, and since φθάζω=φθάνω has good Byzantine warrant, it should be retained. Translate: “they tried to anticipate their fate by beheading one another with the sword.”
    677
    • p. 148, note 1. Read ταύτῃ A: ταυτὶ A2, ταύτην M.
    • p. 165, note 3. Λ has Τρύφωνα (Τρόφνωα M).
    • p. 170, line 18. ἐνάτην]. Add note: So AM: ἕκτην A2.
    • p. 192, line 5. καθιδρύθησαν]. Add note: So B: καθίδρυσαν AM.
    • p. 261, note 1. Add: On the names Felix-Epaphroditus see also E. Valgiglio, Silla e la crisi repubblicana (Firenze, 1956), esp. pp. 171 ff.
    678
    679
    680