Anyway. Holcombe also cites another work which lists two Muslim states, the Umayyad and Abbasid, which used a system analogues with Europe's feudalism, based on the aforementioned iqta. So we're back where we started, the timar system with its predecessor is a type of feudalism.
Up until this point we successfully avoided sketching up the characteristics of feudalism, so gentlemen, please present your lists, what makes feudalism feudalism.