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But Mr. Trump has in essence resurrected the Monroe Doctrine, officials and analysts say, seeking to assert Washington’s supremacy in the Americas. U.S. officials say that has given them some direction to make sure that actors like Russia and China do not gain a foothold in the region.

The White House did not respond to a request for comment.

In recent years, Moscow has also dispatched high-level officials to the region, including Nikolai Patrushev, the head of Russia’s Security Council and a longtime aide to President Vladimir V. Putin.

“The significance of this region for Russia is growing rapidly,” Mr. Patrushev said while touring it last year. “These are countries standing at the forefront of the struggle for the true sovereignty of Latin America.”

‘The Vienna of Latin America’

Russia has long used Mexico as a base for espionage operations, earning it the nickname “the Vienna of Latin America” during the Cold War. But American officials say those efforts scaled up after Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022.

That year, the United States and its European allies expelled more than 100 Russian intelligence officers from their countries. They had already forced out scores of Russians from embassies and consulates a few years earlier, after the poisoning of a former Russian spy in Britain.

American and European officials then watched as Moscow relocated spies to Mexico City, according to eight current and former Western officials. Several of the officials interviewed by The New York Times spoke on the condition of anonymity because they had not been authorized to speak publicly.