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Article 1, Section 8. That's it.
Well, then why did it take 177 pages? But there's more.
The Congresses have passed multiple statutes and even more.
Historically, presidents have used all kinds of trade tools to influence and affect international commerce, foreign policy and national security.
It simply does not just come down to the powers of the purse.
Article 2, Section 1 gives the President great power over conducting foreign policy.
What are tariffs? Tariffs are effectively taxes imposed on foreign governments.
Well, isn't that foreign policy? Yes.
And when a President uses tariffs to influence foreign governments, whether it's over war and peace, whether it's over economic policy, whatever it's over.
Is that not the conduct of foreign policy? Of course it is.
Seventh, the court bobbed and weaved, touching on Congressional delegation or non-delegation, cherry-picking the historical record where Presidents have imposed tariffs and other international trade tools to influence and affect foreign policy, with the majority - we think - essentially ignoring or rejecting all contrary precedent in history.
All precedent in history that came before is essentially written off.
Number eight, the Chief Justice of the United States, John Roberts, bluntly states that when he reads the text of the 1977 statute at issue, even those words specifically authorizing the President to, quote, regulate importation.
It's in the statute. They're in the law.
And in fact, are in several other laws, by the way, authorizing the President to impose tariffs.
In this case, he says, there are just too many words between the words "regulate" and "importation."